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2. EARLIER LITERATURE:
PHYTOCHEMlCAL IMPORTANCE OF LEGUMINOSAE
In Leguminosae there are many well known medicinal plants which are of
therapeutic importance. Based on many herbal uses the species of this family has
been extensively investigated for its secondary metabolites. The species are rich in all
classes of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, tannins, gums and muscilages.
~ e ~ k i n o u s members are well endowed with flavonoid constituents. Anthocyanin
pigments are widely distributed in floral tissues like many flavone and flavonol
glycosides have been obtained fiom both flower and lenf tissues. A wide range of
terpenoids have been reported in Leguminosae (Harborne et ul, I979 ; Lnngenheim,
1981). The most characteristic constituent is the diterpene acid namely hardwickic
acid present in wood resins of Copaijera and Hymenaea species. Diterpene a growth
regulator in the gibberellin series have been isolated from the seeds of Phaseofus
coccines and Pisum sativum. Not less than twenty three known gibberellins have
been encountered from legumes. Triterpenoid saponins are widely present in fodder
legumes like Medicago sativa are the derivatives of medicagenic acid. Carotenoids
are formally tetraterpenoids have been identified in the flowers of legumes
(Goodwin, 1982). Castanospermine fiom Castanosperrnum australe is well known
because of its antiviral activity against the treatment of AIDS (Fellows, 1986).
A typical flavonol glycoside robinin was first recorded in the leaf of the
Robinia pseudoacacia. Chalcones and flavonones are the two classes of flavonoids
very less in occurrence. The alkaloid pyrrolizidine namely crotalanine is isolated from
Crotalaria rerusa (Fellows, 1986). Steroids namely P sitosterol is isolated from
Bauhinia manaca (Achenbach et al,, 1988). The Anthraquinone chrysophanol is
reported from Cawin abbreviata (Mutasa and Khan, 1995). Karina et al (2000)
isolated two phytochemical constituents present in the B. forflcuta leaves are fl- sitosterol and kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside (kaempferitein), a medicinal plant
employed in folk medicine specially for the treatment of diabetes. A meroterpene and
four flavonoids were isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylrfolia and identified as
bakuchiol (meroterpene) bavachinin, bavachin, isobavachin and isobavachalcone,
they inhibited NADPH ascorbate, t.BuOOH and CC14 included lipid pmxidation in
microsomes and shown to be effective in protecting biological membranes against
various oxidative stresses. (Hiroyuki Hmguchi el al., 2000). The aqueous root extract
of Pueraria lobata showed more potent antioxidant activity than that of R thomsmii
(Ren wang jiang el al., 2005). Isoquinolines namely &tidine is isolated fbm
Erythrina umerlma (Garcia Mateas et al., 2005). In a preliminary antiprotozoal
screening the methanolic extracts of Allanblaekia monticola and Synphania
globulifcra showed high invitro leishmanicidal activity. Further phytochemical
investigation led to the isolation of garcinol, cambogin, guttiferone and allanxanthone
from A. monticola hits , guttiferone and xanthone h m S. globulifra (Bruno
Ndjakan Lenta et al., 2007). The major constituents of essential oils namely
Isopropyl toluene, camphene and o-cymene from Rhynchosia minima shows
antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (Gundidza et a1.,2008 ).
Saponins, tannins and alkaloids, phenols and steroids are highly concentrated
in stem and root of Prosopis afiicana. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts shows the
inhibitory effect on the growth of the cartdida albicans, srreptococcrcs mutans,
staphylococcus saprophyticus (Kolapo et a!., 2009). Phytochanicals studies on
ethanolic extracts of Caesalpinia bonduc yielded two new homoisoflavonoids
caesalpinianone, 6-0-methyl caesalpinianone along with known natural products
namely haernotoxylol, stereochenol A, 2-O-P-D-ylucosyloxy-4-methoxy benzene
propanoic acid. All these compounds exhibits different levels of Glutathione S-
Transferase (GST) inhibitory and antifungal activities (Athar Ata et al., 2009).
HERBAL USAGES OF LEGUMINBSAE
Many Leguminous species are used against dysentery and diarrhoea like the
roots of Tephrosia purpurea, Rhyncasiu bracteata, Desmodium trijlorum, stem of
Acacia pinnaia seeds of Sesbania bispinosa and bark of Saraca indica , A.
ferruginea, A. leucophloea, Albizzia lebbeck. The extracts of Lycopus europaeu.u
are used in the folk medicine for the treatment of hyper thyroid symptoms (Winter
hoff et al., 1994 ). Diabetes can be treated by using the leaves of Buiea monosperma,
Cassia senna, C. tora, flowm of C. auriculata, seeds of Dolichos bijlorus,
Desmodium motorium and bark of Caesalpinia sappan, Saraca axoca, Ougenia
wjeinensis and Pierocorpus marsupium, (Manickam, 1997). Bronchial disorders like
Asthma and Pulmonary infections whole plant of Hedera helir, Tephrosia
purpurea, leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc, Dalbergia seisuo, seeds of Adenanthera
pavonia, &ria tern&, Indigofera tinctow roots of PsevdartMP vZscidcr md
bark of A. cotechu, A. sinuda, AIbirzio Icbbeck are used (Irfan Khan & Atiya
Khanurn, 1998). Leaves of Abrus pncatodus, Cassia angustyolia and seeds of
Tamarindus inrlica are used for the treatment of Jaundice (Rao et al., 1999). For
uterine infections and as abortibcients, leaves of A. precatorius, A. ferrugrhea, root
bark of Saraca indica, A. &ucophloea are very much used by the
herbalists(Yoganarasimhan, 2001). In treating dreadful diseases like malaria and
cholera the bark of A. famesiana, for cancer treatment leaves of A. nilotica, for
tuberculosis roots of Pueraria tukrosa and for elephantiasis the mots of
Dichrostachys cinerea, seeds of Mucuma pruriens are used by the
herbalists(Yoganar~~imhan, 2001). Leaves of A. pncarorius, R variegata, C. hirsute,
C senna, T. indica, nfood of A. catechu, A. ferruginea, A. nilotica, C, sappan, P.
santalinus, seeds of C. alaia, M. pruriens, P, sativum, P. pinnata, T. purpurea are
used as remedies for several skin diseases (Prajapathi sf al., 2004). Wounds and
tumors are treated by using the seeds of angustifolia, C senna and B. variegata,
(Prajapathi er al, 2004) (Table -5).
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF LEGUMlNOSAE
A: PAPILIONACEAE:
Phytochemically the members of this family contains many Secondary
metabolites. The genus Baptisia with 18 species fiom North America contain 9
flavones, 16 flavonols and 18 Isoflavone glycosides (Markham ef al., 1970).
Thermopsb is also rich in flavonoids (Dement and Mabry, 1972). The Calfiundru
species contain several metabolites namely pipecolic acid derivatives in the leaves of
C haematocephafa (Marlier ef al., 1979), tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosidw in
C portoricensis (Aguwa and Lawal, 1987) and condensed tannins in the leaves of C,
calothyrsus (Ahn ef al., 1989). Mostly phenylated flavones, flavonoids with a
methylenedioxy group, 5, 7-deoxyflavonoids are present in this family and this is
closely related to Rutaceae (Wollen Weber, 1982). Non protein minoacid
Canavanine in Canavalia ensifomis, Tyrosine in Mucuna prurita and in Mcia
faba, Pipecolic acid in the seeds of Phaseolw vulgaris. lsoflavones are also profusely
found in this family. They are found in the flowers, leaves, seeds, roots and heart
wood of C@us, Ufex, Trifofium and in M y r u s (Haborne and Turner, 1984).
Glycosides are present in the flower pigments of the tribe Vicieae (Harborne and
Turner, 1984). Scsbanirr ~ r u consists of condensed tannin glycoside
methyloleanolate (Kalyanagurunatham, 1985; And01 and Sulochha, 1986). S s a s h
contains saponin glucomnide oleanolic acid (Dorsaz er aL, 1988). Leaves of
Gliricidia sepium shows pinitol, condensed tannins and cyanogenic glycosides, seeds
shows canavarine and a heat stable toxin (Mamidol, 1985; Soteo er al,, 1986; Cdle el
a/., 1987; Ahn et al., 1989). Rhpchosia bracteata is used for treating dysentery and
leucorrhoea, it has isorientin, isovitexin, vitexin and orientin (Roodsari, 1990). Whole
plant is used to treat bronchial disease with antispasmodic activity as it contains
phenolic compounds like rutin, kaempferol, 3-0-rutinoside, quercetin, 3-0-glucoside,
chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and pmtocatechuic acid (Trute
and Nahstedt, 1997). Bark of Plerocarpus marsupium is used for the treatment of
diabetes contains a flavonoid epicatechin (Manickam, 1997).
Majority of the Fabaceae members are used as pulses and vegetables &urn
sativam, Dolichos lablab, Cajanus cajan, Phareolus , Vigna, Canavalia and
CymopsLr tetragonoloba etc Timber h i n Dalbergia sissw and Pterocarpus
santalinus, dye from Indigofera tinctoria (leaves) and Butea monosperma (flowers
& bark) are used Fatty oils from the seeds of Arachb hypogea. GIycyrrhiza glabra
used for sore throat and cough Derris ellipta is used as insecticide. Seeds of Sesbania
bkpinosa as ernmenogue, stimulant and astringent, heal chronic ulcers and removes
smallpox eruptions, it consists of galactose and mannose (Pal and Jain,1998). Seeds
of Dolichos biJlorus contain urease enzyme and extraction showed marked
hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolaemic effect (Shankar Gopaljoshi, 2000). The
famous plant Tephrosia purpurda is toxic, laxative diuretic and deobstruent used in
bronchitis and bleeding piles the stem contain pongamol, p-sitosterol, ursolic acid,
spinosterol, roots contain flavonoids purpurenone, purpurin, mackain, pongamol. The
decoction of roots is given in dypsesia, diarrhoea, rheumatism, asthma and urinary
disorders. Seeds of Aknatherapavonia has flavonoids and non-protcinic aminowids
whereas the kernels has stigmasterol dulcitol and polysaccharides. Decoction of seeds
and wood used in pulmonary infection and externally applied in chronic ophthalmic
diseases (Yoganarasimhan, 2001). The leaves and roots of Abrusprecatorlrrs contain
glycyrrhizin, precol, abrol, abrasive and precarine. Fresh juice of leaves ig applied
for itching, skin diseases and fresh leaves are eaten to harden the teeth and gums.
Leaves of this plant are used for cough, cold, pain. Roots are diuretic, emetic
alexenteric used to treat jaundice. The seeds contain gallic acid, abrine,
hyphaphonin, alanine, serine, valine, choline, trigonelline, precatone and methyl ester,
5-B-cholamic acid, abrine A&B. The seeds are purgative, aphmdiasiac, abortifacient (
Prajapathi et a/., 2004). Another famous plant Clilodrr tern- where the leaves are
useful in otalgis, hepatopathic and eruptions as it contain kaempferol, seeds are
cathartic and are usehl in visceralgiasic containing the flavonoid metabolites
flavonol, flavones, flowers contain delphidin, malvidin, kaempferol (Prajapathi el al.,
2004) (Table-6).
Aeschynomene sensitive has reported to possess insecticidal activity (Sievers
et al., 1949). Some biological studies on this genus have been reported that it has
been claimed a 50% EtOWH20 extract and a saponin fraction obtained from the
entire plant ofA. indica are spermicidal (Setty er al., 1976; Dhawun el ol., 1977; Setty
et a1 ., 1977). Anatomicaly the nodule tissue consists of a central infected zone and an
uninfected cortical tissue which surrounds the infected zone, no uninfected intestitial
cells were noted within the infected zone of mature nodules (Vaughn and Elmore,
1985). 95% Et OWH20 extract of the extire plant of A. stolzli ha. been found to be
cytotoxic (Suffness el al., 1988). Aeschynomene minos@lia root yielded a new
neoflavonoid, mimosofoliol and museial C -16-trycyclo-heptonone derivative
mimosifolenone (Fullas, 1996). A flavonoid reynoutrin and the aminoacid
potassium aeschynomate were isolated firom A.indica (Veda et al., 1999).
The major phytochemicals in leaflets of Macroptilium atropurpureum
(Siratro), leaflets and petioles of Desmodium intortum and D, tortuosum are
cyclitol, D(+)- Pinitol, D-glucose, D-galactose and myo-inositol, malonic acid, oxalic
acid, succinic acid and Proant1,ocyanidins (Ford, 1990). Williams (1995) compared
49 representative taxa of the genera Phaseolous, Yigna, Macroptiium, Strepho~les
and Dysolobium for their flavonoid profiles and identified 35 compounds of
flavonoids as flavonol-0-glucuronides, flavone-0-glycosides, flavanol glycosides
mbinin and rutin. .
B: CAESALPINACEAE:
Tannins and carotenoids in flowers of DelonLr reg&, anthraquinones in
Cassia flowers, non protein arninoacids in the seeds of Caesalpinia pulcherima are
present (Evans and Bell, 1978). Heartwood of Haematoxyon compech&num is the
source of the dye haematoxylon as nuclear strain in biological sciences Caesalpinia
bonducelfa (fever nut tree) is also used medicinally. Saraca indica is useful in
menorrhagia due to uterine fibrioids in leuoohoea, and internal bleeding
haemonhoids, haemorrhagic dysentery as the bark contains proanthocyanidin
epicatechin, B 2-n-alkanes, esters, tannins, essential oil, k m s t m l and ceponin
(Yoganarasimhan., 2001). The leaves of Bauhinia wriegda consists of kaempfml,
kaempferol 3-0-a-rhamnoside and chalcone, thernpeutically they are used in
traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors, wounds, dysentery, piles and skin
diseases (Koteswara Rao, 2002). Caes&inia sappan shows four isoflavonoids, 4-0-
methil sappanol, protosappanin A, brazilin and caesalpin J and it is used as an
antihyper-cholesteremic, anti-complementary, immuno modulation and anti-
inflammatory (Niranjan Reddy el al., 2003). The Fruits of C. fistula used
medicinally and those of Tamarindus i n d h most carminative and laxative. Fruits
and leaves of T. indica has flavonoids namely vitexin, orientin, homo-orientin and
they were used as astringent, anthelmentic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, diuretic,
febrifuge, scabies, pharyngitis, constipation, hamnorrhoids and opthalmipathy
(Prajapathi et al., 2004).
In this family Cassia species are predominant both therapeutically and
phytochemically. Cassia hirsuta leaves shows kaempferol, quercetin and rutin where
they are used for the treatment of skin diseases, jaundice, liver disorders and snake
bite (Venkateswara Rao., 1993). Cassia senna contains Sennosides A & B lire useful
against skin diseases, leucoderma, Jaundice and tumors. Fruits and seeds are used to
cure tumors, migraine headache and bark is used to treat anthelmentic ulcers, leprosy
and skin digeases (Irfan khan & Atiya khanurn, 1998). Cassia angustifolia leaves
contains flavonoids, isorhamarletin, kaempferol as the leaves are laxative and
purgative used in constipation, loss of apetite spleenomegaly, jaundice and anaemia
(Prajapathi et al., 2004) (Table-6).
C: MIMOSACEAE:
Non protein aminoacid albezzine is reported in the seeds of Albizzia
julibrissin. A. kbbeck leaves, flowers and roots h a various sterols pipecolic acid
derivatives echinocystic acid (Asid el al., 1996; Sotelo el al., 1986). Bark and seeds
are useful in Leprosy, leucoderma, ulcers, diarrhoea and all types of poisoning, skin
diseases, chronic cough and bronchitis (Irfan khan and Atiya khanurn., 1998).
Phytochernically and economically Acacia qm are interesting mcmbms to the
ethnobotanists as it was used hy the tribal people of diffennt puts of the country. It
was used in many of the Ayurvedic medicines, cosmetics, gums and resins.
Phytochemically tannins are rich constituents, glycoside dihydroacacipetalin is
reparted in Acacia sps. The plant part namely leaf and bark contains tannins in A.
salicinia. (Everist, 1969). A. aneura (mulgu) leaf contains condensed tannins
(Gartner and Hutwood, 1976). Cyanogenic glycosides, hydrolase, oxalates are
in A. canrbagei (Cunningham ct al.. 1981). The leaf shows selenium in
Acacia cana the stem and leaf in A. doratoxylon and the stem in A, georglna
contains cyanogenic glycosides, hydrolases, tluroacetate (Cunningham ct al., 1981).
A. sinuata (Seekaya plant) bark is useful in asthma. The green bark juice is given in
small doses daily for few days, as an effective remedy in asthma (Narayana Rao,
1990). Tender leaves of A, ferruginea bruised in a little water are swallowed for the
treatment of gonorrhoea, pods and round yellow heads contain a balsamic liquid
which is employed as an adjunt to aprodiasic in spmatorrhoea (Basi Reddy, 1991;
Agharkar, 1991).Gum with sugars like arabinose, rhamnose, galactose and glucoronic
acid are present in Acacia sps (Bhattacharya and Johri., 1998).
A. nilotica namely nalla thurnma where bark and stem used as astringent. In
pharmacy used for preparing emulsions, tablets and pills, leaves acts as
anticarcinogenic (Irfan khan and Atiya khanum, 1998), leaves, stem, bark and flowers
powder acts against leucorrhoea (Sudarshanam, 1987). The whole plant used as
inflammation and mouth sores (Khanna, 2002). A. nllotlca var. gungeticus yields
he1 and gum. Pods of A. farfidesiana are used medicinally and also for tanning.
Flowers of this sps yield perfume. A. catechrr stem bark is usehl in diarrhoea It is
also acts as a antipyretic, antidiabetic and antifungal. A. pinnata called karusikaya
bark juice as antidote to snake poison, powdered bark as reliever to dandruff,
decoction of young leaves used to relieve bodypains, fever and headache
(Guhabaksha et a1 ., 1999). Decoction of stem and bark powdered with garlic & black
pepper used to cure chronic diarrhoea in cattle. Stem used for diarrhoea and
dysentery (Basi Reddy, 1N1). The phytochemicals like acacineric acid and
triterpenoids are reported in A. cue& (Bharat kumar, 2000). The antibacterial activity
of aqueous extract of different solvent extracts and isolated constituents of the leaves
of A. nilorica were evaluated by the cup diffision method againat three
phytopathogenic Xanthomonas pathovurs vk, are X amnopodlq pv malvacearum;
X axonop& pv phamli; X cornpsstris pv wsicateria and 24 human pathogenic
bacteria also tested. (Raphavendra et a!., 2002). The plant parts of A. nil& are
used in Inflammation and mouth sores (Khanna, 2002). A. condnna is used to control
dandruff, pods suit powder is used instead of soap (Francis er al.. 2002). P o w d d
leaves acts as a mild laxative. Decoction of leaves and pods is aperiet in bilious
affecbons. Pods are expectorant and good emetic. Decoction of pods removes
dandruff and promotes growth of hair (Agharkar, 1991). A. farnesiana commomly
called kasturi thumrna where various parts of the plant are used in treating cholera,
convulsion delirium, epilepsy, madness, sores and sterility in women (Gopal and
Singh, 2002).
lncha plant namely A. intvia bark and tender stem decoction with
Cymbopogan cirrus roots and leaves are taken bath in water is act a. antimicrobial
(Johney Mani thottam el a1 ., 2002). A. modesta young branches used as toothbrush
and gum as restorative. A. senegal commonly called kumta gum arabic is obtained
Erom stem bark used in rheumatism, obesity and as a tonic for general debility (Bhatt,
2002). Heart wood of A. catechu contains tlavonoids namely catechin, epicatechin,
kaempferol, procyanidin A, quercetin, taxifolin. Bark of A. pennata contains stemls
and triterpenoids. A. leucophloea stem bark contains tannins, beta sitostml, A.
nilotica stem yields tannins, gums and gallic acid. A. catechu commonly called as
Sandra Bark useful in diarrhoea either alone or in combination with Cinnamonium or
Opium decoction given internally to Leprosy. The concentrated aqueous extract
known as Khayer gum or catch is astringent, cooling and digestive beneficial in cough
and dianhoea applied extemdly to ulcers, boils and eruptions of skin, liver
protectants and cirrhosis & hepatitis. A. leucophloea commonly called tella thumma
bark used as abortifacient, astringent, bark ash is applied as antidote against any
poison (Farooq, 2003). The bark of A. ¤.v is used for tanning and dyeing,
bark-astringent, coaling alexetic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, cures bronchitis, leprosy,
biliousness, thrist, vomitings, spermaturice and diarrhoea (Sambamurthy, 2005).
Acaciaside A & B, the two acylated bisglycoside saponins originally isolated from
the fbnicles of A. auriculiformis are known to have antihelminthic activity. Their
antifungal and antibacterial activities were also investigated (Mandal et a/., 2005)
(Table-7).
PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
Dhar et a1 (1968), have conducted screening of some Indian plants for
biological activity. Kapoor et a1 (1969) surveyed lndik plants for saponins,
alkaloids and flavonoids. Bramham and Saxena (1989) have done phytochemical
screening of the plants from Orissa for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids.
Sinha and Dogra (1985) surveyed plants of Bhagalpur and Santal paraganas for
saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The phjtochemical investigations are conducted
by Nagaraju (1986) on plants of Rayalaseema, Sudmhanam (1987) on plants of
Chittoor district, Vedavathy (1992) on plants of Tirumala & Tinipathi hills. Reddy
(1995) of Cuddapah district, Saiprasad Goud (1995) of Kurnool district, D h m a
Chandra kumar (1997) of Tirunelveli hills have also screened plants for alkaloids
flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins and reported their antimicrobial activity.
The study of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem bark of Rerocarpus
santalinus (Fabaceae) revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins,
glycosides flavonoids, triterpenoids, sterols and tannins (Manjunatha, 2005).
Preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Olw
subscropiodea (0lacaceae)shows tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids,
steroids and also shows antimicrobial activity against Eschirichia coli, Proteus
vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus & antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A,
tamari, (Ayandele and Abebiyi, 2006). Jigna parekh and Sumitra chanda (2006)
studied with the crude powder of 12 species of leguminosae resulted as, in Abrus
precatorius saponins and alkaloids, in Caesalpiniapulcherima tannins, saponins and
alkaloids. Preliminary phytocliemical screening of crude callus extracts of of
Soymida febrfiga (Meliaceae). represented alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols,
glycosides, lipins, tannins, saponins and terpenoids (Kishore kwnar (2007). Reuben
el a1 (2008) with the methanolic extract of Croton zambesiens (Euphorbiaceae)
shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids,
saponins, terpenoids and steroids but tannins are absent. Adegoki et a1 (2008) with
both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lasienthera amanurn (Celastraceae) the
alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and
cyanogenic glycosides were detected. The plant extracts of Bridellea ferruginea
(Euphorbiaceae) shows the presence of phenols and tannins, sesquiterpenes,
anthraquinones whereas the saponins were not detected in the extracts (Irobi on et
al., 2009).
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
Phenolic compounds are the major compounds among the secondary
metabolites distributed in the plant kingdom. These m p o u n d s were isolated and
identified through different techniques. The plant cell cultures are known to produce
desirable secondary products that may also be designed to preserve the compounds
and also isolated through the cell culture techniques. Cournarins and melilotic acid
was isolated through cell culture in Glyricidia sepium (Fabaceae)(Griffiths, 1962).
The Phenolic acids namely vanilic acid, synngic acid, P-hydroxy benzoic acid,
protocatechuic acid, gallic acids and trans-p-coumaric acids are isolated from the
major species of Rhynchosia and Polygonum glabrum. Knanpferol-3-rutinoside
from Rhynchosia cyanosperma (Ramachandraiah chetty, 1984). In Polygonum
glabrum (Polygonaceae) kaempferol ,quercetin, rutin and gallic acid are screened.
(Shyam sundar, 1987). In Hedera helix (Araliaceae) the phenolic acids like
chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid are
isolated (Trute and Nahrstdt, 1997).
Kaempferol from Trigonella sps (Kwaqhty, 1998 ). Kaempferol through cell
culture from Dolichos lab lab, Glycine max, f i w m sativum, (Srinath Rao and
Govinda Raj, 1999). Three new phenolic glycosides named eriosemusides A-C, one
novel (named eriosernatin F) and four known phenolic constituents were isolated
from the n-BuoH-soluble fraction of the roots of Eriosema tuberosum. All the
phenolic compounds were hngitoxic except the phenolic glycosides (Wei Guang Ma
et al., 1999). Chlorogenic acid and Kmpferol-3,5-$-D-diglycoside were isolated
from the leaves of Indigofera I;:rsuta, (Rao et al., 1984; Bergeron, 2000). Many of
the Phenolic acids are isolated from Pierocarpus suntalinus (Sudhakar, 2001). In
Bauhinia variegata the compounds like Kaempferol, Kaempferol 3-0-a-L-
rhomnoside were isolated (Koteswara Rao, 2002). The phenolic compounds like
flavones, flavonones, Isoflavones, chalcones and pterocarpanes from GEycirrhizu
species are reviewed in respect their structure botanical source and biological activity
(Al-Hazimi and Aljaber, 2003). The phenolic and flavonoid constituents shows
antioxidant activity in Pterodon emarginaius seeds (Rafael el al.. 2008).
Bio-activity of phenolic compounds: (Table No.42)
The phenolic compounds have been studied inview of the phmacological
application (Fairbairn, 1959) and as possible agents in the development of disease
resistance in plants (Pridham, 1960). Tannins and other phenolic compounds such as
chlorogenic acid are reputed to be important factors in resistance to diseases.
Protocatechuic acid along with' chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid
with some of the flavonoids with synergic action play an important role in treating
bronchial diseases (Trute and Nahhrstedt, 1997). Chlorogenlc acld has been known
for antioxidant due to its scavenging activity of hydroxyl ions (Shi-Guan et a1 .,
2000). Protocatechuic acid combined with chlorogenic acid probably have special
functions in disease resistance of certain plants.
Protcatechuic acid prevents spore germination and growth of smudge fungi
and also other kngi (Markh and Lysogar. 1973). Dean (1952), Markh and Lysogar
(1975) observed antimiorobial activity of protecatechuic acid some observations has
recently been repeated against Salmonella aureus, Bacillrts cereus, S. ryphemuriurn,
Listeria monocystogens and E. coli and this activity was not affected by heat
treatment. The compounds like protocatechuic acid, Gallic acid and Leucocyanidins
isolated &om pods of Acacia nilotica is used in relieving from skin disorders and
itching caused by it. It helps in relieving from dandruff (Ayushveds, 2010).
Protocatechuic acid isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa is anticancerigenous and
antitumorus in nature (Tsui-Hwa Tsenga et a1 ., 1997). The wood of Pter'ocarpus
marsupium contain protocatechuic acid is useful in skin diseases, diabetes, anaemia
and obesity (IMPGC, 2003). The correlation between phenolic content and rust
resistance in plants has been demonstrated by Cruick shank and Swain (1956).
Couwrins are phenolic acids responsible for the characteristic odour of hay
(Kennedy and Thorn, 1997) and may be of important in the protective mechanism of
plant against pathogen attack. They are antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and
vasodialatory in functions (Piler, 1975; Thastrup el al., 1985; Namba el al,, 1988).
Trans-p-coumaric acid has been reported to possess strong antibacterial potential
against both gram tve and gram-ve bacterial strains (Pereira et al., 2007). This
compound represses the expression of T3SS genes of the plant pathogen Dickeya
dadanti, suggesting that plants can also defend against bacterial pathogens by
manipulating the expression of the T3SS PCA (P-Coumaric Acid) which regulates
genes through the Hrpx/y two componenet system (Yan Li el al., 2008). Hydroxy
cinnamic acid related to coumarins forms to be inhibitory to gram +ve bacteria
(Femanda et a]., 1986). Antifungal activities of phenolics have been studied in onion
epidennal cells where the compounds mainly the derivatives of ferulic acid and
cinnamic acid increased key role in resistance by preventing h g a l degradation of the
cell wall (Mclusky et al., 1999). The hydroxyl cinnamic wid amides of a thiozle
synthesized from p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid shows antiviral
activity against influenza vim (Ivanka stankova et a1 ., 2008). Some of the
synthesized phenolic compounds showed the same activity as that of original plant
compounds.
Caffeic acid and ferulic acid acts as anti-inflammatory and antifungal
(~ernhdez et al., 1996; Mehmtra, 1997). Caffeic acid Phemethyl ester (CAPE) a
natural product propolis produced by honeybee shows strong anti-oxidant activity
than gallangin (Russo et al.. 2002). Synthetic caffeic acid derivatives,
substoichiometrically oxidized with KMn04 exhibit antigonadotropin to a greater
degree than caffeic acid itself. The cell cultures of Lavender (Lavendula oflcinalis)
were analysed for the metabolic profile under normal conditions only, rosmaric acid
was synthesized but under stress as well as Jasmaric acid treatment , the cinnamic
acid derivative, caffeic acid was synthesized and both of them shows the antioxidant
activity (Astrid Nitzsche et al.. 2007). P-hydroxy benzoic acid esters shows
antimicrobial against candida albicans (Lehner et al., 1992). This compound in
Paeonia peregrine and P, tenuifolia shows antimicrobial properties against S aurcus,
E.coli and candida albicans (Anto aneta Ivanova et al., 2002). Scopoledn is a
coumarin that induced cell proliferation on normal T lymphocytes, so the scopoletin
causes a potential antitumoural compound to be used for cancer treatment (Maria
Gabriela Manucle et al., 2006). Scopoletin in hybrid Nicofiana sps showed a direct
antimicrobial activity against Cercospora nicotianae, Phyrophthera parasitica var.
Nicotianae, Pseudomonas syringae pvs (Anil Goy et al., 1993). It also shows
hepatoprotective activity when it was isolate from Solanum lyratum (So young kang
et a/., 1998). This compound in sweet potato and in cloves shows antifungal activity
against four pathogenic fungi (Peterson Joseph ct al., 2003). The scopoletin found in
cell suspension culture from Ulmw pumila and Ulmus compestris showed a direct
antifungal activity against Ophiostoma ulmi spore germination being sensitive to
inhibitory activity than mycelial growth (Vallet et al., 1997).
FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids are important class of Phenolic compounds shows a major e&rt
on the human metabolic processes. Que~et in is a flavonol isolated from Bauhhiu
wriegata and B. purpurea (Ramachandran & Josh, 1967). Bhalla and Dhakewake
(1978) reported kaempferol and rutin from Indogofera tinctoriu, apiyenin from I.
mysurensis, (Sarada, 1981). From Desmodium ~rifrorum and R. minima Vitexin was
isolated (Ramachandraiah chetty, 1984; Shym sundar, 1987). The Dihydm
kaenipferide, naringenin, aromadrin, taxifolin, prunin, catechin From wood of Sdix
caprea (Malterual, 1985). Flavonone Apigenin from B. variegata nnd Apigenin 7-0-
P-D-glucopyranoside from both B, wriegata und B. purpurea, (Wahab et al., 1987).
Orientin, Isorientin in R. roothi (Venkata Rao, 1988). Dihydro chalcones like
isoliquiritigenin, lsoliquiritigenin methyle-ether, 2.4, dihydroxy-4, methoxy dihydro
chalcones from & manaca (Achenbach et a1 ., 1988). The mnjor compound Rutin
was reported in I. tinctoria, (Kamal and Mangla, 1990) and also in R. cyanosperma.
(Ramachandraiah chetty, 1984) . Flavonones chrysin from B. purpurea, (Kuo et al.,
1998). Yadava and Sodhi,(1999) isolated flavonols 6-4-dihydroxy 3'preny, 1-3.4,7,5'-
tetramethoxy flavone,b-0-E-I-rhamnopyranoside from B. purpurea. Anthraquinones
Rhein from C angustifolia, Apigenin was from Trigonella scnparia, Chalcones and
deoxytlavones compounds namely diadzein from Phaseolus aureus and among
flavones and flavonoids Apigenin from Clycine max are isolated through cell culture
(Srinath Rao and Govinda Raj, 1999 ). A new acelyted isoflavone glucoside from
heartwood of santalinus was isolated and characterized as the extracts have been
used in the treatment of inflammations, mental aberrations, ulcers and in diabetes
(Krishnaveni & Srinivasa Rao, 2000). Two new flavonoids, 5,7-dimethoxy, 3-4-
methylene dioxy flavonone and lsobonducellin along with 2'- hydroxyl-2,3,4',6'-
tetra methoxy chalcone, $7- dimethoxy flavone and bonducellin were isolated from
the aerial parts of C. pukherrima. The structures of these compounds were settled
mainly by interpretation of their ID and 2D NMR spectra, (Srinivas, et al., 2003).
Pistelli et a1 (2003) investigated in Calicotome villosa the two new acylated flavone
glycosides namely chrysin-7 (6"-O-acytyl)-0-$-D-glucopyranoside and chrysin-7-(4"-
O-acety1)-0-p-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the aerialparts of the plant.
Isoflavones are major flavonoids isolated in Medcugo sativa seeds (Prajapathi et al.,
2004). lsoflavonones and rotenones were reported in Atyalosh (e Cicer (Kew repoh9,
2007). The flavonol Azalcatin is dctected in C pulchenima and quercetin flavonol is
found in Senna a h (Gordian er al.. 2007 ).
Bio-activity of flavonoid compounds: (Table No.43)
Flavonoids are phenolic substances isolated from a wide range of vascular
plants more than 8000 individual compounds. Flavonoids are generally present in the
form of glycosides. They occupy a significant place among plant phenolics and are
considered to be important in disease resistant mechanisms. Fukuda (1932) reported
flavonoids were cardiac stimulants and vaso constrictors and that they increased
blood pressure. They seem to be absorbed in the intestinal canal h m the
subcutaneous tissue and exerted unchange in the urine and in the bile. The biological
function of this group of compounds in man and animal was first suggested by Gyorgi
(1938). They act in plants as antioxidants, antimicrobial, photorcccptors, visual
attractors, feeding rcpellets and for light screening. And also these compounds exhibit
biological activities including anti-allergic,antiviral, anti-inflammatory and
vasodialatory. Anon (1955) and Galton (1955) stated that flavonoids are used in the
treatment of cold. Flavonoids are also been studied in the treatment of allergy,
protection against x rays and other radiation injury, haemorrhage, dermatitis and
alburnineric diseases (Willaman, 1955). Griffih et al., (1955) and Fairborn, (1959)
stated that rutin has the same medicinal properties. Quercetin is also used in urethritis
and cystitis. It exerts an antiseptic action on .the urinary tract. Rutin, p-coumaric acid
and kaempferol are used as an ointment in veterinary medicine. Quercetin has anti-
inflammatory activity inhibiting both manufacture and release of histamine and other
allergiclinflarnmatory mediators. In addition it exerts potent antioxidant activity and
Vitamin-C-sparing action. In vitro quercetin shows some antitumour activity.
Luteolm the digitiflavone obtained from Digitalis putpurea also showed diuretic
action (Wagner and Luck, 1955).
Rutin is of clinical use in medicine. It has a protective function in preventing
capillary fragility such as degeneration vascular disease diabetes and allergic
manifestations (Thappe et al., 1982). Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and
myricetin found mainly in the leaves and in the surface layers of grains found to
hinder the induced tumors in mice and rats (Andlauer and Furst 1997). Sato et a1
(2000 ) studied antibacterial potentiality of Apigenln and Luteolin isolated h m
Scutella barbata against methilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). They
reported that tbose flavonoid congeners were selbctively toxic to So mrreus including
MRSA and methilin sensitive S, aurew strains. The compounds namely
idiverbascoside, oleuropein, luteolin T-o-glucoside, rutin, apigenin 7-o-glucoside
shows antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonos aemginosa, Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella albicans and Cryptococcus neoformanas in Olea eurupaea (Pereira et al.,
2007). Phenolic acids like aesculetin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and flavonoids like
myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin and apigenin are known to be antimicrobial (Go deon
et al., 2003). Myricetin in 30 medicinal plants are used against Jaundice and
hepatitis (Arshad Mehmood ct a/., 2008). Knempferol exerts profound
antisteoclastogenic effect by specially antagonizing TNF receptor family acts on bone
cells (Ran L Pang et al., 2006). It is flavonol is against colon cancer cells and tumors
(Wei Li el al., 2008).
The role of plant flavonoids in legumes as biological molecules for usehl
exploitations (Dakora, 1995). The flavonoids role in interacting between plants and
soil micro-organismsm (Brachy Rhimbiurn), Vesicular Arbuscular
Mycorrhizae(VAM), mycosymboints, microbial pathogens, insect predators, insect
pollinators and herbivores have been studied. Hence flavonoids play an important role
in the interaction between plants and soil. The effect of flavonoids role in treating
diabetes, hypertension rheumatic fever and arthritis was reported (Pearson, 1957). The
multiple pharmacological properties of tlavonoids such as anti-inflammatory,
antibiotic and cardiovascular activities are due to large polyphenols with radical
scavenging nature (Yao, 1997). Besides that certain flavonoids such as hikinoflavone
possess specific properties as artiviral and anti tumoral properties. Flavones among
the natural products are of considerable value both in allelopathic and ayurvedic
systems of medicine. Flavonoids have been proved as the anticanccrigenous by many
scientists in India and abroad. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids which is mainly
due to the ability toreduce free radical formation and to scavenge free radicals (Pietta,
2000 ; Watanabe et al., 2000).
ANTHOCYANIDIN COMPOUNDS
Malvidin-3-glucoside a anthocyanin isolated fiorn I. pseudolindoriu which
shows the occurrence of anthocyanidins in Indigofera, (De castrocotin and Antasio,
1977 ; Nariyaku et al., 1978 ). The Cyanidin was reported in Dirnorphothica
aurinrlata, Haplopspppus gracilis and the Delphidin was reported in A auricWa
was isolated through cell culm. (Srinath Rao and Govinda Raj, 1999).
Bio-activity of Anthocyanidin compounds: (Table No.44)
Anthocyanidins are the chemical compounds especially present in flowers,
h i t s and vegetables of all plants such as blue bemes, red cabbages and purple sweet
potatoes. These are the important flavonoid compounds which shows the inhibitory
effect on micro organisms in several ways. The Delphidin inhibits the vascular
endothelial growth factor in cardio vascular diseases (Sylvie Lany el al., 2005). Six
kinds of anthocyanidins representing the aglycons were used to examine their effects
on tumor promotion in mouse JB6 cells, a validated model for screening cancer
chemopreventive agents and elucidating the molecular mechanisms. They are having
only ortho-dihydroxy phenyl structures on the B-ring contributes the inhibitory action
against tumour promotion in mouse JB6 cells screened, ( De-xing How a a/ ., 2004 ).
Anthocyanidins are the best antioxidants which prevent heart diseases (Areaia el a/.,
2006). These compounds acts as anti carcinogenic and improvement of vision
induction apophysis , Neuro protective effect, (Muza, 2004).
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTNlTY
Centuries before scientific study on plants and their products used in the
treatment of infections was made possible by the development of microbiology ,
which lead to antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial activity of plant drugs.. Earlier
researches leading to the discovery of certain phytochemical constituents, as definite
remedies for bacterial, protozoal and even viral diseases. Cepharanthine
(Antituberculosis), Rutin (Antimalarial), Vincristine, Vinblartine (Antiviral) formed
great encouragement for conducting researches in this area of study. Farouk ot a1
(1983) worked on antimicrobial activity on sudanese folkloric medicinal plants.
Almoghoul et a1 (1 985 a &b) worked on Sudanese plants for antimicrobial activity. In
recent years a number of studies have been reported dealing with antimicrobial
screening of extracts of medicinal plants. Forty three species of Spanish Lamiaceae
members showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, volatile oils, tannins,
flavonoids, leuwanthocyanins, cyamogenetic heterosides and anthraquinones and
variable ranges of antimicrobial activity (Diaz, 1988 ).
Naqui et a1 (1991) investigated India medicinal plants for their antibacterial,
antifungal and anthelmentic activity. Mehrotra et a1 (1993) on Arthbia sp and
Adebola and his associates (1999) on 5 Eu~~~rjlptus species growing in Nigeria have
investigated antimicrobial activity of essential oils. The methanolic extract of
Pulicaria dysenterica (wmpositae) shows against 6 tested bacteria (Bahrnan
Neckavar and Farm Mojab, 2003). The essential oil of Roja damascene petals shows
antibacterial effects against three strains of Xaiantl~ontonas aronopodis sps, vesicatoria,
( ~ a s i m and Baqim, 2003). The Tereschuk et al., 2003 studied on the leaf methanolic
extracts of the leaves of Tagetes terrijrbra shows against gram positive and gram
negative strains. The acetone extract of Helichrysum melanacma isolated the
compounds namely 3-0-methylquercetin and quercetin were actie against the micro-
organisms (Lal et al.. 2006). Phenolic compounds like idiverbascoside, oleuropein
Luteolin 7-0-glucoside, rutin, apigenin, 7-0-glucoside in Olive leaves shows
antibacterial and antifungal activity, (Ana and Pereira el al., 2007 ). The aqueous and
methanolic extract of Lasienthera africanum inhibit the growth of Dcherisia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella @pi, Klebsiella pneumonia at different
concentrations, (Adegoki, et al., 2008). Reuben (2008) investigated the antibacterial
assay of the extract of Croton zambesicus , stem bark and revealed that the maximum
inhibition was shown in staphylococcus aureus and Eschersia coU and minimum
inhibition on staphylococcus pyogens. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Bri&lia
ferruginea shows inhibition against staphylococcus aureus, candih dbicans,
staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, proteus vulgaris, pmirabilis, streprococcur
hctiu, s pyogenes and klebsielfa sps by agar diffusion method, (lrobi On el al.,
2009).
Krishnaveni, and Srinivasa Rao, (2000) studied the stem bark extract of P.
santdinus showed maximum activity against Enterobader aerogene, Alcaligenes
faecalis, E.Coli, Pseudomonas aerreginosa etc., the leaf extract showed maximum
activity against E.coli, A. faecalis, E. aerogenes and P. aerruginosa Parimala Devi,
et a1 2003 investigated on C t'ernata root and revealed that methanolic extract of
roots shows anti-inflammtory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Khan and Omoloso
(2003) has studied with different chemical extracts of Pterocarpus indicus leaves,
toots, stembark exhibit the antimicrobial activity. More activity pronounced in
butanol and methanolic fraction. Root and bark methanolic extracts of Peltophorum
a f i m u m shows antimicrobial activity against several microbes like BucIIlus
subtilis, pantoea agglamerans, enterobacter c l w w etc. The methanolic extract of
Mucuna coriacea bark shows the activity by disc diffusioh method against Bacillw
cereus, Stapkylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecah and S&onella cholerae.
The whole plant acetone extract of Zornia mineana shows inhibition against BaciUns
cereus, 3. pumulis, R subtilis, Enterococcus faecal& E. cloacae, Paniocn
aggimeraus and sdmonella cholerae by disc difision assay, ( Salmie eta/., 2005).
The species of Erylhroxy areolaturn, E, mimutt~oIium E. claen.~is, E.
areolatum, E. poeppigiana shows antiviral activity, (Gonzalezlavant ct a/., 2006).
Crude piant extracts of Abrus precatorius, aqueous and methanolic extracts of
Caesalpinia pullcherima, Delonix regia shows this activity with somc bacteria.
(Parekh and Chanda, 2006). The callus cultures of CauUsi0 fistula contains
anthraquinones, tlavonoids, tlavans oils shows antioxidant nature (Theeshan Bahomm
et a/.. 2005). Jigna Parekh and Sumitri chanda (2007) studied methanolic extract of
Cassia Jt\lula which shows inhibition against Stophylmccus aureus & ethanolic
extract of Arachis hypogea shows inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, S.
epidermidis, and S. subfava. The methanolic extract of the same plant shows
inhibition against klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, Aqueous extract of
Arachb hypogea shows the activity against Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella
pneumonia but the ethanolic activity of the same Arachk shows inhibition only to
klebsiella pneumoniae and proteus vulgaris (Parekh, and Chandi~,., 2007). The
aqueous extract of Vigna radiate shows inhibition against S. aureus, S. epidermidi~,
but ethanolic extract for the same plant shows inhibition only with S. subfava. The
saw dust extract of Tectona grurdis produce inhibitory activity against S. aureus and
Escherisia coli and candida albicans, (Shalini & Rachana Srivastava, 2009). The
protocatechuic acid isolated from Euphorbia h im , the ethanolic extract inhibits the
growth of E.wli, S, aureus, P.aeruginosa and B.subtiIi.~ (Sunil Kumar eta/., 2010).
Ethanolic extract of Indigofera tinetoria leaves showed anti-inflammatory activity
(Pramod et a1 . ,201 Y)).
TABLE - 5 f 45.64
Desmodium fri/mlium Dysentely & A. pinnuto, Seshuniu bispinosu
diarrhea A. ferrugineu, A. Icucophloeu, Alhizziu
HERBAL USAGE OF LECUMINOSAE SPECIES
1 lehbeck 1 Leaves I Bufed rnonnspemra, C. smnu, C (oru
Flowers C ouriculu/u Diabetes I Seeds I Do1icho.v h i j l o u Dumodium mutorim
S''No
I .
2'
3.
4.
5 .
Cuesulpiniu auppun. Surucu indicu, Eugenia
- -----
Name of the Disorder
Jaundice
Uterine infections andps abortifacient
Sk~n diseases
Wounds& Tumors
Malaria Cholera Cancer Tuberculosis Elephantiasis
Part used
Leaves
Fruits Seeds Leaves Rark Roots Leaves
Wood
Seeds
Seeds
Bark Leaves Roots Roots Seeds Roots
S p i e r
Ahrus precuforius, Cassia angusf$oliu, C.sennu. C. Obtusijoliu, C. Fisrulu, Tumarindus indicu Abmsprecofariu.~, Acuciu.fimgineu Surucu inBcu. A. 1eucophlut.a Abms prrcatorius, Bouhiniu vuriegutu. Cassia hirsute, C. sennn. Tumorindu.~ indicrc Acaciu cute~hu. A. femgineu, A.~liloficu, Caesulpinio suppun, Pirmcorpus .sanfulus C. ulufu, Mucumu /~~r ien.c . Pi.sun sutiaun~, Buuhiniu vuriegutu. Aje~rugineu Pongumiu pinnofu. Psaruleu cnc~i ) I iu , Tephrosiul)urpureu
C. ungusf~foliu. C, senna, Buultiiniu vuriegute A. Jbrnr,shno A. nikotiru, A. cufechu Puerurio tuhero,su Dichrusfuc\~j,s dnereu Mucumupmtiens
Tephrosiu purpureu. Rhyncosia brucrrura,
I Albizziu lebbeck
1 Bark I A, catechu, A, niloticu, Alhizziu lebbeck,
Bronchial disorders like Asthma and Pulmonaly infections
Leprosy C. toru, Indigofem fincloriu
Pi.rum sutivum. Pongumiu pinnatu, Psuruleu
Leucorrhoea I Whole plant I A. niloticu
Leaves Seeds
Roots Bark
Rao, cr a/., 1999 Bai Reddy., 1991
. . Cue.olpiniu honduc, Dolherggiu scivso Adenanthero puvoniu, Cliroriu ternole, Indigofiru ternare Pseudurthriu viscidu A. cafechu, A..uinuufu.
Bas1 Reddy., 1991
Pmjapthi, el (11.. 2004
lrfnn khan and Atiya khmum,
1998.
Basi Reddy., 1991
Sudnrshanam. 19117
TABLE - 6
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF LECUMINOSAE
SI.No
I .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 ,
7 .
8.
ThcrnpeoticActivity
I ) Leaves arc uwd for cough,
cold, pain, fnrh juice is
applied on skin for itching
and skin diseases.
2) Root., are diuretic, emetic
alexenteric, jaundice.
3) Seeds are purgative,
aprodiasiac, ahnifacieat
Decoclio~~ of seeds and wood
used in pulmonary affection and
extemnlly applied in chronic
ophthalmic
Oil is used in Nephropathy and
dislocated joints
--
-
-
I ) Leaves a n useful in
otalgia, hepatopethic and
eruptions.
2 ) Seeds are caharlic and a n
useful in viseralgiuic.
Seeds extraction
showed marked hypoglycemic
and hypochole!iterolaemic
effect
Reference
Prajspathi
rt ul .,2004.
Yoganam-
simhan, 2001.
lrfan Khan and
Khanum,
1998.
Ahn, ef a/.,
1989.
Marlier
el a/ ,, 1979.
Aguwa and
Lawal, 1987.
Prajepathi
et al., 2W4.
Shanknr
Gopaljorhi,
2000.
A: Paplionaceat
Plant Name
Abrus precaiorius
, Leaves
Roots
Setds
Adcnanfhera
pavonia
Seeds
Arachls hypogea
Seeds
Calliandra
caloihyrsus
Leaf
Calliandra
haematocephala
Leaf
Calliandra
porfon'CCnsi,F
Leaf
Clitoria lernata
Roots
Leaves
Seeds
Dolichos biforus
Seeds
Pbytocbemicrl Study
Leaves and Roots contain
glycyrhizin pncol. abml.
abrasive and pncarine from
roots.
(jalli acid, abrine, hyphaphonin,
alanine, serine, valine, cholino,
trigonelline. precatone and
methyl ester, 5-B-cholamic acid,
abrine A& ahrinB from seeds.
Seeda contain flavonoids, non-
protein aminoacids, kernels
contain stigmasterol dulcirol and
polysaccharides
-
Condensed tannins
Pipecolic acid derivatives
Tannins, saponins, flavonoids,
glycosides
Leaves contain kaempferol,
flowers contain delphidin,
malvidin, kaempferol white
flower contain only kaempferol.
Seeds contain flavonol, flavones.
Seeds rich Source of
8: C~dpinaceac
7 This species is used in traditional
Baauhinio
Variegala
Leaves
Caesalpinia
sappan
Whole plant
Laves contain kaempferol,
Kaempferol3-0-a-rhamnoside and chalcone
Plant contain four
homoisoflavonoids. 4-0-
methylsappanol protosappanin
A, brazilin and caestlpin
medicine for the beabnent of
tumors, wounds, dysentery as
antipyntic, curing skin disease,
piles etc.
Bark is uaed as tonic and
anthelmentic ulcers, lepmsy and
other skin diseases. The fruits
and seeds are used to cure
tumors, half headache
It is used an
antihypercholesteremic.
nnti complementary.
immunomodulation and
I I I I nnti-inflammatory agent I
Koteswm Rao
2002.
lrfan Khan and
Atiya Khanum
1998.
Ni~anjan Reddy
i't R/.. 2003.
I I Leaves are laxative and purgative 1
18.
19.
20.
21.
I I used in constipation, Loss of I Prajapali er
Cassia
angustifolio
Leaves
C. senna
Leaves
C hirsuta Leaves
Saraca indica
Bark
isorhamnetin kaempferol.
I I cure tumors headache. I Atiya Khanum
19911.
Sennosides A,
1 Sennosides B, / Ieuc~denna~ Jaundice, t u n m Khanum 1991, I Vcnkateawarn
quercetin and rutin skin diseases, jaundice liver Rao, 1993
disorders and snake bite.
epicatechin and procyanidin I affections. I t is useful in men I 1 82 -n-alkanes, esters, oxytic I orrhagia due to uterine librioids I Yoganamimha,
principle, lamin essential oil,
kprosterol, Caponin
in Lcucorrhoes and internal
hleeding naemorrhoids,
haemorrhagic dyxentery
Tamarindus h d i a
22. Roots
Bark
I I 1
Leaves contain flavonoid,
vitexin orientin, homo-orientin
I Leaves ure astringent, I anthelmintic, anti-inflammatoly,
scabies, pharyngitir, cl al., 2004. constipation, haemorrhoids and
opthalmipathy
C. Mimarcere
r
23.
24.
Afbiuia lebbeck
Leaf, roo^ Bark,
Seeds
Lelrcaena
Ieucocephala
Lcaf
Various sterols Pipecolic acid
derivatives echinocystic acid
Minlosiw
Condensed tannins
Flavonol glycosides
--
I'he Bark and seeds an useful in
Lepmsy leucodermea ulcers,
diarrhea and nll typs o f
poisoni~~g, skin diseases, chronic
cough and bronchitis
.-
--
Asid el al*,
1996.
Romeo 1984.
Sotelo el a/.,
1986
Irfan Khnn and
Khanun~ 1998.
flegar?y rt a!.,
1964
Ahn el a/., I989
Lowry et a/.,
1984.
TABLE - 7
A REVIEW OF ETHANOBOTANICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY ON
Acacia sps.
'IN0
I .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name of the
Plant
Acacia coneinno
' Pulincha
A. catechu
Sandra
A. decurrens
A. farnesiana
Kasturi
Thumma
A. ferrughea
Ansandra
A. inlsip
lncha
Therapeutic actlvity
1) To control dandruff it is applied on head as a shampoo. Pod is powdered and used instead of soap.
Powdend leaves acts as a mild laxative, leaves decoction and
pods is aperiet in bilious affections, also eepectolant and good
emetic. Decoction of pods removes dandruff and promotes
growth of hair.
1) Bark useful in diarrhea, either alone or in combination with Cinnumonium or Opium decoction given internally
to Leprosy.
2) Concentrated aqueous extroct known as Khayer gum or cutch is astringent, cooling and digestive, beneficial in
cough and diarrhoea applied externally to ulcers, boils and
eruptions of skin.
3) Liver protectants and cirrhosis and hepatitis.
4) Act as antipyretic, antidiabetic and antifungal agents.
The bark is used for tanning and dyeing
-. Bark is used for treating malaria, astringent, demulcent used in
antifertility.
Various parts of h e plant are used in treating cholea,
convulsion delirium, epilepsy, madness, sores and sterility in women.
Wood oil used for scabies.
1) Stem is used for diarrhoea and dysentery. Bark and Pods
are aslringent . 2) Gum-demulcent and nutrient.
,
3) Tender leaves cmished in a little water are swallowed for
the treatment of Gonorrhoea, pod^ and round yellow
heads contain a balsamic liquid which is employed as an
adjunct to aprodisiac in spermatorrhoca.
Bark, tender stems are used. Boil the bark and tender stem
decoction Acacia in!sin and cymbopogcm cilratus root$ and
leaves and taken bath in water is act a antimicrobial.
Reference
Francis et a/.,
2002.
Aghnrkar, 1991.
Fnrooq, 2003.
Guhabaksha
el a/,, 1999.
Sambamurthy, 2005.
Guhabakvhn el. a/.. 1999.
Gopal and Singh
2002.
Guhabaksha
et. a/., 1999.
Basi Reddy, 1991.
Aghadar,
1991.
Johney Mani
thonam
el ub, 2002.
Farooq, 2003
Guhb.Lth
Et 01.. 1999.
Guhabakrha
et ul,, 1999.
Farooq, 2003
Guhabaksha el a/.,
1999.
lrfan Ali Khan and Atiya
Khanum. 1998.
Sudarshanam,
1987.
Khanna, 2003.
Guhabaksha
ct al., 1999.
Basi Reddy, 1991.
Bhak 20Q2.
Narayana Rao,
1990.
1) Root is used as abortifacient
2) Bark is as astringent.
3) Bark ash is applied as antidote against any poimn.
Bark is used as cooling alexetic. anthelmintic. rtntipyreIic_
cures bronchitis, lcprasy, biliousness, thrist vomitings,
spermaturice and diarrhoea:
1) Young branches used as toothbrush.
2) Gum as restorative.
bark and stem as astringent
In pharmacy used for preparing emulsions, able^, pills, elc.,
decoction of bark is used for gargling. -
leaves acts as anticarcinogenic
-- leaf, stem, hark and tlower powder acb against leucorhoen.
The whole plant used in inflammation and mouth sores.
1) Bark juice as antidote lo snake poison.
2) Dried bark powder used to relieve dandruff.
3) Decoction of young leaves used to relieve bodypains, fever and headache.
4) Decoction of stem and bark powdered with garlic& black pepper is used to cure chronic diarrhoea in cattle.
5) Stem is used for diarrhoea and dysentery.
Gum arabic is obtained from stem hark used in
rheumatism,obesity and as a tonic for general debility.
Bark is us.ful in asthma, green bark juice is given in small
doses daily for few days, as an effective remedy in asthma.
7.
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
A. kucophloea
TeU"humma '
A. modesfa
Phulai
A. nilotica
Nullu th~cmnlu
A. pinnata
Karusikaya
A. sencpl
~~~t~
A. sinuata
seekaya
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