2. EARLIER LITERATURE:

PHYTOCHEMlCAL IMPORTANCE OF LEGUMINOSAE

In Leguminosae there are many well known medicinal plants which are of

therapeutic importance. Based on many herbal uses the species of this family has

been extensively investigated for its secondary metabolites. The species are rich in all

classes of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, tannins, gums and muscilages.

~ e ~ k i n o u s members are well endowed with flavonoid constituents. Anthocyanin

pigments are widely distributed in floral tissues like many flavone and flavonol

glycosides have been obtained fiom both flower and lenf tissues. A wide range of

terpenoids have been reported in Leguminosae (Harborne et ul, I979 ; Lnngenheim,

1981). The most characteristic constituent is the diterpene acid namely hardwickic

acid present in wood resins of Copaijera and Hymenaea species. Diterpene a growth

regulator in the gibberellin series have been isolated from the seeds of Phaseofus

coccines and Pisum sativum. Not less than twenty three known gibberellins have

been encountered from legumes. Triterpenoid saponins are widely present in fodder

legumes like Medicago sativa are the derivatives of medicagenic acid. Carotenoids

are formally tetraterpenoids have been identified in the flowers of legumes

(Goodwin, 1982). Castanospermine fiom Castanosperrnum australe is well known

because of its antiviral activity against the treatment of AIDS (Fellows, 1986).

A typical flavonol glycoside robinin was first recorded in the leaf of the

Robinia pseudoacacia. Chalcones and flavonones are the two classes of flavonoids

very less in occurrence. The alkaloid pyrrolizidine namely crotalanine is isolated from

Crotalaria rerusa (Fellows, 1986). Steroids namely P sitosterol is isolated from

Bauhinia manaca (Achenbach et al,, 1988). The Anthraquinone chrysophanol is

reported from Cawin abbreviata (Mutasa and Khan, 1995). Karina et al (2000)

isolated two phytochemical constituents present in the B. forflcuta leaves are fl- sitosterol and kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside (kaempferitein), a medicinal plant

employed in folk medicine specially for the treatment of diabetes. A meroterpene and

four flavonoids were isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylrfolia and identified as

bakuchiol (meroterpene) bavachinin, bavachin, isobavachin and isobavachalcone,

they inhibited NADPH ascorbate, t.BuOOH and CC14 included lipid pmxidation in

microsomes and shown to be effective in protecting biological membranes against

various oxidative stresses. (Hiroyuki Hmguchi el al., 2000). The aqueous root extract

of Pueraria lobata showed more potent antioxidant activity than that of R thomsmii

(Ren wang jiang el al., 2005). Isoquinolines namely &tidine is isolated fbm

Erythrina umerlma (Garcia Mateas et al., 2005). In a preliminary antiprotozoal

screening the methanolic extracts of Allanblaekia monticola and Synphania

globulifcra showed high invitro leishmanicidal activity. Further phytochemical

investigation led to the isolation of garcinol, cambogin, guttiferone and allanxanthone

from A. monticola hits , guttiferone and xanthone h m S. globulifra (Bruno

Ndjakan Lenta et al., 2007). The major constituents of essential oils namely

Isopropyl toluene, camphene and o-cymene from Rhynchosia minima shows

antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (Gundidza et a1.,2008 ).

Saponins, tannins and alkaloids, phenols and steroids are highly concentrated

in stem and root of Prosopis afiicana. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts shows the

inhibitory effect on the growth of the cartdida albicans, srreptococcrcs mutans,

staphylococcus saprophyticus (Kolapo et a!., 2009). Phytochanicals studies on

ethanolic extracts of Caesalpinia bonduc yielded two new homoisoflavonoids

caesalpinianone, 6-0-methyl caesalpinianone along with known natural products

namely haernotoxylol, stereochenol A, 2-O-P-D-ylucosyloxy-4-methoxy benzene

propanoic acid. All these compounds exhibits different levels of Glutathione S-

Transferase (GST) inhibitory and antifungal activities (Athar Ata et al., 2009).

HERBAL USAGES OF LEGUMINBSAE

Many Leguminous species are used against dysentery and diarrhoea like the

roots of Tephrosia purpurea, Rhyncasiu bracteata, Desmodium trijlorum, stem of

Acacia pinnaia seeds of Sesbania bispinosa and bark of Saraca indica , A.

ferruginea, A. leucophloea, Albizzia lebbeck. The extracts of Lycopus europaeu.u

are used in the folk medicine for the treatment of hyper thyroid symptoms (Winter

hoff et al., 1994 ). Diabetes can be treated by using the leaves of Buiea monosperma,

Cassia senna, C. tora, flowm of C. auriculata, seeds of Dolichos bijlorus,

Desmodium motorium and bark of Caesalpinia sappan, Saraca axoca, Ougenia

wjeinensis and Pierocorpus marsupium, (Manickam, 1997). Bronchial disorders like

Asthma and Pulmonary infections whole plant of Hedera helir, Tephrosia

purpurea, leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc, Dalbergia seisuo, seeds of Adenanthera

pavonia, &ria tern&, Indigofera tinctow roots of PsevdartMP vZscidcr md

bark of A. cotechu, A. sinuda, AIbirzio Icbbeck are used (Irfan Khan & Atiya

Khanurn, 1998). Leaves of Abrus pncatodus, Cassia angustyolia and seeds of

Tamarindus inrlica are used for the treatment of Jaundice (Rao et al., 1999). For

uterine infections and as abortibcients, leaves of A. precatorius, A. ferrugrhea, root

bark of Saraca indica, A. &ucophloea are very much used by the

herbalists(Yoganarasimhan, 2001). In treating dreadful diseases like malaria and

cholera the bark of A. famesiana, for cancer treatment leaves of A. nilotica, for

tuberculosis roots of Pueraria tukrosa and for elephantiasis the mots of

Dichrostachys cinerea, seeds of Mucuma pruriens are used by the

herbalists(Yoganar~~imhan, 2001). Leaves of A. pncarorius, R variegata, C. hirsute,

C senna, T. indica, nfood of A. catechu, A. ferruginea, A. nilotica, C, sappan, P.

santalinus, seeds of C. alaia, M. pruriens, P, sativum, P. pinnata, T. purpurea are

used as remedies for several skin diseases (Prajapathi sf al., 2004). Wounds and

tumors are treated by using the seeds of angustifolia, C senna and B. variegata,

(Prajapathi er al, 2004) (Table -5).

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF LEGUMlNOSAE

A: PAPILIONACEAE:

Phytochemically the members of this family contains many Secondary

metabolites. The genus Baptisia with 18 species fiom North America contain 9

flavones, 16 flavonols and 18 Isoflavone glycosides (Markham ef al., 1970).

Thermopsb is also rich in flavonoids (Dement and Mabry, 1972). The Calfiundru

species contain several metabolites namely pipecolic acid derivatives in the leaves of

C haematocephafa (Marlier ef al., 1979), tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosidw in

C portoricensis (Aguwa and Lawal, 1987) and condensed tannins in the leaves of C,

calothyrsus (Ahn ef al., 1989). Mostly phenylated flavones, flavonoids with a

methylenedioxy group, 5, 7-deoxyflavonoids are present in this family and this is

closely related to Rutaceae (Wollen Weber, 1982). Non protein minoacid

Canavanine in Canavalia ensifomis, Tyrosine in Mucuna prurita and in Mcia

faba, Pipecolic acid in the seeds of Phaseolw vulgaris. lsoflavones are also profusely

found in this family. They are found in the flowers, leaves, seeds, roots and heart

wood of C@us, Ufex, Trifofium and in M y r u s (Haborne and Turner, 1984).

Glycosides are present in the flower pigments of the tribe Vicieae (Harborne and

Turner, 1984). Scsbanirr ~ r u consists of condensed tannin glycoside

methyloleanolate (Kalyanagurunatham, 1985; And01 and Sulochha, 1986). S s a s h

contains saponin glucomnide oleanolic acid (Dorsaz er aL, 1988). Leaves of

Gliricidia sepium shows pinitol, condensed tannins and cyanogenic glycosides, seeds

shows canavarine and a heat stable toxin (Mamidol, 1985; Soteo er al,, 1986; Cdle el

a/., 1987; Ahn et al., 1989). Rhpchosia bracteata is used for treating dysentery and

leucorrhoea, it has isorientin, isovitexin, vitexin and orientin (Roodsari, 1990). Whole

plant is used to treat bronchial disease with antispasmodic activity as it contains

phenolic compounds like rutin, kaempferol, 3-0-rutinoside, quercetin, 3-0-glucoside,

chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and pmtocatechuic acid (Trute

and Nahstedt, 1997). Bark of Plerocarpus marsupium is used for the treatment of

diabetes contains a flavonoid epicatechin (Manickam, 1997).

Majority of the Fabaceae members are used as pulses and vegetables &urn

sativam, Dolichos lablab, Cajanus cajan, Phareolus , Vigna, Canavalia and

CymopsLr tetragonoloba etc Timber h i n Dalbergia sissw and Pterocarpus

santalinus, dye from Indigofera tinctoria (leaves) and Butea monosperma (flowers

& bark) are used Fatty oils from the seeds of Arachb hypogea. GIycyrrhiza glabra

used for sore throat and cough Derris ellipta is used as insecticide. Seeds of Sesbania

bkpinosa as ernmenogue, stimulant and astringent, heal chronic ulcers and removes

smallpox eruptions, it consists of galactose and mannose (Pal and Jain,1998). Seeds

of Dolichos biJlorus contain urease enzyme and extraction showed marked

hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolaemic effect (Shankar Gopaljoshi, 2000). The

famous plant Tephrosia purpurda is toxic, laxative diuretic and deobstruent used in

bronchitis and bleeding piles the stem contain pongamol, p-sitosterol, ursolic acid,

spinosterol, roots contain flavonoids purpurenone, purpurin, mackain, pongamol. The

decoction of roots is given in dypsesia, diarrhoea, rheumatism, asthma and urinary

disorders. Seeds of Aknatherapavonia has flavonoids and non-protcinic aminowids

whereas the kernels has stigmasterol dulcitol and polysaccharides. Decoction of seeds

and wood used in pulmonary infection and externally applied in chronic ophthalmic

diseases (Yoganarasimhan, 2001). The leaves and roots of Abrusprecatorlrrs contain

glycyrrhizin, precol, abrol, abrasive and precarine. Fresh juice of leaves ig applied

for itching, skin diseases and fresh leaves are eaten to harden the teeth and gums.

Leaves of this plant are used for cough, cold, pain. Roots are diuretic, emetic

alexenteric used to treat jaundice. The seeds contain gallic acid, abrine,

hyphaphonin, alanine, serine, valine, choline, trigonelline, precatone and methyl ester,

5-B-cholamic acid, abrine A&B. The seeds are purgative, aphmdiasiac, abortifacient (

Prajapathi et a/., 2004). Another famous plant Clilodrr tern- where the leaves are

useful in otalgis, hepatopathic and eruptions as it contain kaempferol, seeds are

cathartic and are usehl in visceralgiasic containing the flavonoid metabolites

flavonol, flavones, flowers contain delphidin, malvidin, kaempferol (Prajapathi el al.,

2004) (Table-6).

Aeschynomene sensitive has reported to possess insecticidal activity (Sievers

et al., 1949). Some biological studies on this genus have been reported that it has

been claimed a 50% EtOWH20 extract and a saponin fraction obtained from the

entire plant ofA. indica are spermicidal (Setty er al., 1976; Dhawun el ol., 1977; Setty

et a1 ., 1977). Anatomicaly the nodule tissue consists of a central infected zone and an

uninfected cortical tissue which surrounds the infected zone, no uninfected intestitial

cells were noted within the infected zone of mature nodules (Vaughn and Elmore,

1985). 95% Et OWH20 extract of the extire plant of A. stolzli ha. been found to be

cytotoxic (Suffness el al., 1988). Aeschynomene minos@lia root yielded a new

neoflavonoid, mimosofoliol and museial C -16-trycyclo-heptonone derivative

mimosifolenone (Fullas, 1996). A flavonoid reynoutrin and the aminoacid

potassium aeschynomate were isolated firom A.indica (Veda et al., 1999).

The major phytochemicals in leaflets of Macroptilium atropurpureum

(Siratro), leaflets and petioles of Desmodium intortum and D, tortuosum are

cyclitol, D(+)- Pinitol, D-glucose, D-galactose and myo-inositol, malonic acid, oxalic

acid, succinic acid and Proant1,ocyanidins (Ford, 1990). Williams (1995) compared

49 representative taxa of the genera Phaseolous, Yigna, Macroptiium, Strepho~les

and Dysolobium for their flavonoid profiles and identified 35 compounds of

flavonoids as flavonol-0-glucuronides, flavone-0-glycosides, flavanol glycosides

mbinin and rutin. .

B: CAESALPINACEAE:

Tannins and carotenoids in flowers of DelonLr reg&, anthraquinones in

Cassia flowers, non protein arninoacids in the seeds of Caesalpinia pulcherima are

present (Evans and Bell, 1978). Heartwood of Haematoxyon compech&num is the

source of the dye haematoxylon as nuclear strain in biological sciences Caesalpinia

bonducelfa (fever nut tree) is also used medicinally. Saraca indica is useful in

menorrhagia due to uterine fibrioids in leuoohoea, and internal bleeding

haemonhoids, haemorrhagic dysentery as the bark contains proanthocyanidin

epicatechin, B 2-n-alkanes, esters, tannins, essential oil, k m s t m l and ceponin

(Yoganarasimhan., 2001). The leaves of Bauhinia wriegda consists of kaempfml,

kaempferol 3-0-a-rhamnoside and chalcone, thernpeutically they are used in

traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors, wounds, dysentery, piles and skin

diseases (Koteswara Rao, 2002). Caes&inia sappan shows four isoflavonoids, 4-0-

methil sappanol, protosappanin A, brazilin and caesalpin J and it is used as an

antihyper-cholesteremic, anti-complementary, immuno modulation and anti-

inflammatory (Niranjan Reddy el al., 2003). The Fruits of C. fistula used

medicinally and those of Tamarindus i n d h most carminative and laxative. Fruits

and leaves of T. indica has flavonoids namely vitexin, orientin, homo-orientin and

they were used as astringent, anthelmentic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, diuretic,

febrifuge, scabies, pharyngitis, constipation, hamnorrhoids and opthalmipathy

(Prajapathi et al., 2004).

In this family Cassia species are predominant both therapeutically and

phytochemically. Cassia hirsuta leaves shows kaempferol, quercetin and rutin where

they are used for the treatment of skin diseases, jaundice, liver disorders and snake

bite (Venkateswara Rao., 1993). Cassia senna contains Sennosides A & B lire useful

against skin diseases, leucoderma, Jaundice and tumors. Fruits and seeds are used to

cure tumors, migraine headache and bark is used to treat anthelmentic ulcers, leprosy

and skin digeases (Irfan khan & Atiya khanurn, 1998). Cassia angustifolia leaves

contains flavonoids, isorhamarletin, kaempferol as the leaves are laxative and

purgative used in constipation, loss of apetite spleenomegaly, jaundice and anaemia

(Prajapathi et al., 2004) (Table-6).

C: MIMOSACEAE:

Non protein aminoacid albezzine is reported in the seeds of Albizzia

julibrissin. A. kbbeck leaves, flowers and roots h a various sterols pipecolic acid

derivatives echinocystic acid (Asid el al., 1996; Sotelo el al., 1986). Bark and seeds

are useful in Leprosy, leucoderma, ulcers, diarrhoea and all types of poisoning, skin

diseases, chronic cough and bronchitis (Irfan khan and Atiya khanurn., 1998).

Phytochernically and economically Acacia qm are interesting mcmbms to the

ethnobotanists as it was used hy the tribal people of diffennt puts of the country. It

was used in many of the Ayurvedic medicines, cosmetics, gums and resins.

Phytochemically tannins are rich constituents, glycoside dihydroacacipetalin is

reparted in Acacia sps. The plant part namely leaf and bark contains tannins in A.

salicinia. (Everist, 1969). A. aneura (mulgu) leaf contains condensed tannins

(Gartner and Hutwood, 1976). Cyanogenic glycosides, hydrolase, oxalates are

in A. canrbagei (Cunningham ct al.. 1981). The leaf shows selenium in

Acacia cana the stem and leaf in A. doratoxylon and the stem in A, georglna

contains cyanogenic glycosides, hydrolases, tluroacetate (Cunningham ct al., 1981).

A. sinuata (Seekaya plant) bark is useful in asthma. The green bark juice is given in

small doses daily for few days, as an effective remedy in asthma (Narayana Rao,

1990). Tender leaves of A, ferruginea bruised in a little water are swallowed for the

treatment of gonorrhoea, pods and round yellow heads contain a balsamic liquid

which is employed as an adjunt to aprodiasic in spmatorrhoea (Basi Reddy, 1991;

Agharkar, 1991).Gum with sugars like arabinose, rhamnose, galactose and glucoronic

acid are present in Acacia sps (Bhattacharya and Johri., 1998).

A. nilotica namely nalla thurnma where bark and stem used as astringent. In

pharmacy used for preparing emulsions, tablets and pills, leaves acts as

anticarcinogenic (Irfan khan and Atiya khanum, 1998), leaves, stem, bark and flowers

powder acts against leucorrhoea (Sudarshanam, 1987). The whole plant used as

inflammation and mouth sores (Khanna, 2002). A. nllotlca var. gungeticus yields

he1 and gum. Pods of A. farfidesiana are used medicinally and also for tanning.

Flowers of this sps yield perfume. A. catechrr stem bark is usehl in diarrhoea It is

also acts as a antipyretic, antidiabetic and antifungal. A. pinnata called karusikaya

bark juice as antidote to snake poison, powdered bark as reliever to dandruff,

decoction of young leaves used to relieve bodypains, fever and headache

(Guhabaksha et a1 ., 1999). Decoction of stem and bark powdered with garlic & black

pepper used to cure chronic diarrhoea in cattle. Stem used for diarrhoea and

dysentery (Basi Reddy, 1N1). The phytochemicals like acacineric acid and

triterpenoids are reported in A. cue& (Bharat kumar, 2000). The antibacterial activity

of aqueous extract of different solvent extracts and isolated constituents of the leaves

of A. nilorica were evaluated by the cup diffision method againat three

phytopathogenic Xanthomonas pathovurs vk, are X amnopodlq pv malvacearum;

X axonop& pv phamli; X cornpsstris pv wsicateria and 24 human pathogenic

bacteria also tested. (Raphavendra et a!., 2002). The plant parts of A. nil& are

used in Inflammation and mouth sores (Khanna, 2002). A. condnna is used to control

dandruff, pods suit powder is used instead of soap (Francis er al.. 2002). P o w d d

leaves acts as a mild laxative. Decoction of leaves and pods is aperiet in bilious

affecbons. Pods are expectorant and good emetic. Decoction of pods removes

dandruff and promotes growth of hair (Agharkar, 1991). A. farnesiana commomly

called kasturi thumrna where various parts of the plant are used in treating cholera,

convulsion delirium, epilepsy, madness, sores and sterility in women (Gopal and

Singh, 2002).

lncha plant namely A. intvia bark and tender stem decoction with

Cymbopogan cirrus roots and leaves are taken bath in water is act a. antimicrobial

(Johney Mani thottam el a1 ., 2002). A. modesta young branches used as toothbrush

and gum as restorative. A. senegal commonly called kumta gum arabic is obtained

Erom stem bark used in rheumatism, obesity and as a tonic for general debility (Bhatt,

2002). Heart wood of A. catechu contains tlavonoids namely catechin, epicatechin,

kaempferol, procyanidin A, quercetin, taxifolin. Bark of A. pennata contains stemls

and triterpenoids. A. leucophloea stem bark contains tannins, beta sitostml, A.

nilotica stem yields tannins, gums and gallic acid. A. catechu commonly called as

Sandra Bark useful in diarrhoea either alone or in combination with Cinnamonium or

Opium decoction given internally to Leprosy. The concentrated aqueous extract

known as Khayer gum or catch is astringent, cooling and digestive beneficial in cough

and dianhoea applied extemdly to ulcers, boils and eruptions of skin, liver

protectants and cirrhosis & hepatitis. A. leucophloea commonly called tella thumma

bark used as abortifacient, astringent, bark ash is applied as antidote against any

poison (Farooq, 2003). The bark of A. &curren.v is used for tanning and dyeing,

bark-astringent, coaling alexetic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, cures bronchitis, leprosy,

biliousness, thrist, vomitings, spermaturice and diarrhoea (Sambamurthy, 2005).

Acaciaside A & B, the two acylated bisglycoside saponins originally isolated from

the fbnicles of A. auriculiformis are known to have antihelminthic activity. Their

antifungal and antibacterial activities were also investigated (Mandal et a/., 2005)

(Table-7).

PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

Dhar et a1 (1968), have conducted screening of some Indian plants for

biological activity. Kapoor et a1 (1969) surveyed lndik plants for saponins,

alkaloids and flavonoids. Bramham and Saxena (1989) have done phytochemical

screening of the plants from Orissa for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids.

Sinha and Dogra (1985) surveyed plants of Bhagalpur and Santal paraganas for

saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The phjtochemical investigations are conducted

by Nagaraju (1986) on plants of Rayalaseema, Sudmhanam (1987) on plants of

Chittoor district, Vedavathy (1992) on plants of Tirumala & Tinipathi hills. Reddy

(1995) of Cuddapah district, Saiprasad Goud (1995) of Kurnool district, D h m a

Chandra kumar (1997) of Tirunelveli hills have also screened plants for alkaloids

flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins and reported their antimicrobial activity.

The study of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem bark of Rerocarpus

santalinus (Fabaceae) revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins,

glycosides flavonoids, triterpenoids, sterols and tannins (Manjunatha, 2005).

Preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Olw

subscropiodea (0lacaceae)shows tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids,

steroids and also shows antimicrobial activity against Eschirichia coli, Proteus

vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus & antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A,

tamari, (Ayandele and Abebiyi, 2006). Jigna parekh and Sumitra chanda (2006)

studied with the crude powder of 12 species of leguminosae resulted as, in Abrus

precatorius saponins and alkaloids, in Caesalpiniapulcherima tannins, saponins and

alkaloids. Preliminary phytocliemical screening of crude callus extracts of of

Soymida febrfiga (Meliaceae). represented alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols,

glycosides, lipins, tannins, saponins and terpenoids (Kishore kwnar (2007). Reuben

el a1 (2008) with the methanolic extract of Croton zambesiens (Euphorbiaceae)

shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids,

saponins, terpenoids and steroids but tannins are absent. Adegoki et a1 (2008) with

both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lasienthera amanurn (Celastraceae) the

alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and

cyanogenic glycosides were detected. The plant extracts of Bridellea ferruginea

(Euphorbiaceae) shows the presence of phenols and tannins, sesquiterpenes,

anthraquinones whereas the saponins were not detected in the extracts (Irobi on et

al., 2009).

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

Phenolic compounds are the major compounds among the secondary

metabolites distributed in the plant kingdom. These m p o u n d s were isolated and

identified through different techniques. The plant cell cultures are known to produce

desirable secondary products that may also be designed to preserve the compounds

and also isolated through the cell culture techniques. Cournarins and melilotic acid

was isolated through cell culture in Glyricidia sepium (Fabaceae)(Griffiths, 1962).

The Phenolic acids namely vanilic acid, synngic acid, P-hydroxy benzoic acid,

protocatechuic acid, gallic acids and trans-p-coumaric acids are isolated from the

major species of Rhynchosia and Polygonum glabrum. Knanpferol-3-rutinoside

from Rhynchosia cyanosperma (Ramachandraiah chetty, 1984). In Polygonum

glabrum (Polygonaceae) kaempferol ,quercetin, rutin and gallic acid are screened.

(Shyam sundar, 1987). In Hedera helix (Araliaceae) the phenolic acids like

chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid are

isolated (Trute and Nahrstdt, 1997).

Kaempferol from Trigonella sps (Kwaqhty, 1998 ). Kaempferol through cell

culture from Dolichos lab lab, Glycine max, f i w m sativum, (Srinath Rao and

Govinda Raj, 1999). Three new phenolic glycosides named eriosemusides A-C, one

novel (named eriosernatin F) and four known phenolic constituents were isolated

from the n-BuoH-soluble fraction of the roots of Eriosema tuberosum. All the

phenolic compounds were hngitoxic except the phenolic glycosides (Wei Guang Ma

et al., 1999). Chlorogenic acid and Kmpferol-3,5-$-D-diglycoside were isolated

from the leaves of Indigofera I;:rsuta, (Rao et al., 1984; Bergeron, 2000). Many of

the Phenolic acids are isolated from Pierocarpus suntalinus (Sudhakar, 2001). In

Bauhinia variegata the compounds like Kaempferol, Kaempferol 3-0-a-L-

rhomnoside were isolated (Koteswara Rao, 2002). The phenolic compounds like

flavones, flavonones, Isoflavones, chalcones and pterocarpanes from GEycirrhizu

species are reviewed in respect their structure botanical source and biological activity

(Al-Hazimi and Aljaber, 2003). The phenolic and flavonoid constituents shows

antioxidant activity in Pterodon emarginaius seeds (Rafael el al.. 2008).

Bio-activity of phenolic compounds: (Table No.42)

The phenolic compounds have been studied inview of the phmacological

application (Fairbairn, 1959) and as possible agents in the development of disease

resistance in plants (Pridham, 1960). Tannins and other phenolic compounds such as

chlorogenic acid are reputed to be important factors in resistance to diseases.

Protocatechuic acid along with' chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid

with some of the flavonoids with synergic action play an important role in treating

bronchial diseases (Trute and Nahhrstedt, 1997). Chlorogenlc acld has been known

for antioxidant due to its scavenging activity of hydroxyl ions (Shi-Guan et a1 .,

2000). Protocatechuic acid combined with chlorogenic acid probably have special

functions in disease resistance of certain plants.

Protcatechuic acid prevents spore germination and growth of smudge fungi

and also other kngi (Markh and Lysogar. 1973). Dean (1952), Markh and Lysogar

(1975) observed antimiorobial activity of protecatechuic acid some observations has

recently been repeated against Salmonella aureus, Bacillrts cereus, S. ryphemuriurn,

Listeria monocystogens and E. coli and this activity was not affected by heat

treatment. The compounds like protocatechuic acid, Gallic acid and Leucocyanidins

isolated &om pods of Acacia nilotica is used in relieving from skin disorders and

itching caused by it. It helps in relieving from dandruff (Ayushveds, 2010).

Protocatechuic acid isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa is anticancerigenous and

antitumorus in nature (Tsui-Hwa Tsenga et a1 ., 1997). The wood of Pter'ocarpus

marsupium contain protocatechuic acid is useful in skin diseases, diabetes, anaemia

and obesity (IMPGC, 2003). The correlation between phenolic content and rust

resistance in plants has been demonstrated by Cruick shank and Swain (1956).

Couwrins are phenolic acids responsible for the characteristic odour of hay

(Kennedy and Thorn, 1997) and may be of important in the protective mechanism of

plant against pathogen attack. They are antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and

vasodialatory in functions (Piler, 1975; Thastrup el al., 1985; Namba el al,, 1988).

Trans-p-coumaric acid has been reported to possess strong antibacterial potential

against both gram tve and gram-ve bacterial strains (Pereira et al., 2007). This

compound represses the expression of T3SS genes of the plant pathogen Dickeya

dadanti, suggesting that plants can also defend against bacterial pathogens by

manipulating the expression of the T3SS PCA (P-Coumaric Acid) which regulates

genes through the Hrpx/y two componenet system (Yan Li el al., 2008). Hydroxy

cinnamic acid related to coumarins forms to be inhibitory to gram +ve bacteria

(Femanda et a]., 1986). Antifungal activities of phenolics have been studied in onion

epidennal cells where the compounds mainly the derivatives of ferulic acid and

cinnamic acid increased key role in resistance by preventing h g a l degradation of the

cell wall (Mclusky et al., 1999). The hydroxyl cinnamic wid amides of a thiozle

synthesized from p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid shows antiviral

activity against influenza vim (Ivanka stankova et a1 ., 2008). Some of the

synthesized phenolic compounds showed the same activity as that of original plant

compounds.

Caffeic acid and ferulic acid acts as anti-inflammatory and antifungal

(~ernhdez et al., 1996; Mehmtra, 1997). Caffeic acid Phemethyl ester (CAPE) a

natural product propolis produced by honeybee shows strong anti-oxidant activity

than gallangin (Russo et al.. 2002). Synthetic caffeic acid derivatives,

substoichiometrically oxidized with KMn04 exhibit antigonadotropin to a greater

degree than caffeic acid itself. The cell cultures of Lavender (Lavendula oflcinalis)

were analysed for the metabolic profile under normal conditions only, rosmaric acid

was synthesized but under stress as well as Jasmaric acid treatment , the cinnamic

acid derivative, caffeic acid was synthesized and both of them shows the antioxidant

activity (Astrid Nitzsche et al.. 2007). P-hydroxy benzoic acid esters shows

antimicrobial against candida albicans (Lehner et al., 1992). This compound in

Paeonia peregrine and P, tenuifolia shows antimicrobial properties against S aurcus,

E.coli and candida albicans (Anto aneta Ivanova et al., 2002). Scopoledn is a

coumarin that induced cell proliferation on normal T lymphocytes, so the scopoletin

causes a potential antitumoural compound to be used for cancer treatment (Maria

Gabriela Manucle et al., 2006). Scopoletin in hybrid Nicofiana sps showed a direct

antimicrobial activity against Cercospora nicotianae, Phyrophthera parasitica var.

Nicotianae, Pseudomonas syringae pvs (Anil Goy et al., 1993). It also shows

hepatoprotective activity when it was isolate from Solanum lyratum (So young kang

et a/., 1998). This compound in sweet potato and in cloves shows antifungal activity

against four pathogenic fungi (Peterson Joseph ct al., 2003). The scopoletin found in

cell suspension culture from Ulmw pumila and Ulmus compestris showed a direct

antifungal activity against Ophiostoma ulmi spore germination being sensitive to

inhibitory activity than mycelial growth (Vallet et al., 1997).

FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS

Flavonoids are important class of Phenolic compounds shows a major e&rt

on the human metabolic processes. Que~et in is a flavonol isolated from Bauhhiu

wriegata and B. purpurea (Ramachandran & Josh, 1967). Bhalla and Dhakewake

(1978) reported kaempferol and rutin from Indogofera tinctoriu, apiyenin from I.

mysurensis, (Sarada, 1981). From Desmodium ~rifrorum and R. minima Vitexin was

isolated (Ramachandraiah chetty, 1984; Shym sundar, 1987). The Dihydm

kaenipferide, naringenin, aromadrin, taxifolin, prunin, catechin From wood of Sdix

caprea (Malterual, 1985). Flavonone Apigenin from B. variegata nnd Apigenin 7-0-

P-D-glucopyranoside from both B, wriegata und B. purpurea, (Wahab et al., 1987).

Orientin, Isorientin in R. roothi (Venkata Rao, 1988). Dihydro chalcones like

isoliquiritigenin, lsoliquiritigenin methyle-ether, 2.4, dihydroxy-4, methoxy dihydro

chalcones from & manaca (Achenbach et a1 ., 1988). The mnjor compound Rutin

was reported in I. tinctoria, (Kamal and Mangla, 1990) and also in R. cyanosperma.

(Ramachandraiah chetty, 1984) . Flavonones chrysin from B. purpurea, (Kuo et al.,

1998). Yadava and Sodhi,(1999) isolated flavonols 6-4-dihydroxy 3'preny, 1-3.4,7,5'-

tetramethoxy flavone,b-0-E-I-rhamnopyranoside from B. purpurea. Anthraquinones

Rhein from C angustifolia, Apigenin was from Trigonella scnparia, Chalcones and

deoxytlavones compounds namely diadzein from Phaseolus aureus and among

flavones and flavonoids Apigenin from Clycine max are isolated through cell culture

(Srinath Rao and Govinda Raj, 1999 ). A new acelyted isoflavone glucoside from

heartwood of santalinus was isolated and characterized as the extracts have been

used in the treatment of inflammations, mental aberrations, ulcers and in diabetes

(Krishnaveni & Srinivasa Rao, 2000). Two new flavonoids, 5,7-dimethoxy, 3-4-

methylene dioxy flavonone and lsobonducellin along with 2'- hydroxyl-2,3,4',6'-

tetra methoxy chalcone, $7- dimethoxy flavone and bonducellin were isolated from

the aerial parts of C. pukherrima. The structures of these compounds were settled

mainly by interpretation of their ID and 2D NMR spectra, (Srinivas, et al., 2003).

Pistelli et a1 (2003) investigated in Calicotome villosa the two new acylated flavone

glycosides namely chrysin-7 (6"-O-acytyl)-0-$-D-glucopyranoside and chrysin-7-(4"-

O-acety1)-0-p-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the aerialparts of the plant.

Isoflavones are major flavonoids isolated in Medcugo sativa seeds (Prajapathi et al.,

2004). lsoflavonones and rotenones were reported in Atyalosh (e Cicer (Kew repoh9,

2007). The flavonol Azalcatin is dctected in C pulchenima and quercetin flavonol is

found in Senna a h (Gordian er al.. 2007 ).

Bio-activity of flavonoid compounds: (Table No.43)

Flavonoids are phenolic substances isolated from a wide range of vascular

plants more than 8000 individual compounds. Flavonoids are generally present in the

form of glycosides. They occupy a significant place among plant phenolics and are

considered to be important in disease resistant mechanisms. Fukuda (1932) reported

flavonoids were cardiac stimulants and vaso constrictors and that they increased

blood pressure. They seem to be absorbed in the intestinal canal h m the

subcutaneous tissue and exerted unchange in the urine and in the bile. The biological

function of this group of compounds in man and animal was first suggested by Gyorgi

(1938). They act in plants as antioxidants, antimicrobial, photorcccptors, visual

attractors, feeding rcpellets and for light screening. And also these compounds exhibit

biological activities including anti-allergic,antiviral, anti-inflammatory and

vasodialatory. Anon (1955) and Galton (1955) stated that flavonoids are used in the

treatment of cold. Flavonoids are also been studied in the treatment of allergy,

protection against x rays and other radiation injury, haemorrhage, dermatitis and

alburnineric diseases (Willaman, 1955). Griffih et al., (1955) and Fairborn, (1959)

stated that rutin has the same medicinal properties. Quercetin is also used in urethritis

and cystitis. It exerts an antiseptic action on .the urinary tract. Rutin, p-coumaric acid

and kaempferol are used as an ointment in veterinary medicine. Quercetin has anti-

inflammatory activity inhibiting both manufacture and release of histamine and other

allergiclinflarnmatory mediators. In addition it exerts potent antioxidant activity and

Vitamin-C-sparing action. In vitro quercetin shows some antitumour activity.

Luteolm the digitiflavone obtained from Digitalis putpurea also showed diuretic

action (Wagner and Luck, 1955).

Rutin is of clinical use in medicine. It has a protective function in preventing

capillary fragility such as degeneration vascular disease diabetes and allergic

manifestations (Thappe et al., 1982). Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and

myricetin found mainly in the leaves and in the surface layers of grains found to

hinder the induced tumors in mice and rats (Andlauer and Furst 1997). Sato et a1

(2000 ) studied antibacterial potentiality of Apigenln and Luteolin isolated h m

Scutella barbata against methilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). They

reported that tbose flavonoid congeners were selbctively toxic to So mrreus including

MRSA and methilin sensitive S, aurew strains. The compounds namely

idiverbascoside, oleuropein, luteolin T-o-glucoside, rutin, apigenin 7-o-glucoside

shows antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonos aemginosa, Escherichia coli and

Klebsiella albicans and Cryptococcus neoformanas in Olea eurupaea (Pereira et al.,

2007). Phenolic acids like aesculetin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and flavonoids like

myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin and apigenin are known to be antimicrobial (Go deon

et al., 2003). Myricetin in 30 medicinal plants are used against Jaundice and

hepatitis (Arshad Mehmood ct a/., 2008). Knempferol exerts profound

antisteoclastogenic effect by specially antagonizing TNF receptor family acts on bone

cells (Ran L Pang et al., 2006). It is flavonol is against colon cancer cells and tumors

(Wei Li el al., 2008).

The role of plant flavonoids in legumes as biological molecules for usehl

exploitations (Dakora, 1995). The flavonoids role in interacting between plants and

soil micro-organismsm (Brachy Rhimbiurn), Vesicular Arbuscular

Mycorrhizae(VAM), mycosymboints, microbial pathogens, insect predators, insect

pollinators and herbivores have been studied. Hence flavonoids play an important role

in the interaction between plants and soil. The effect of flavonoids role in treating

diabetes, hypertension rheumatic fever and arthritis was reported (Pearson, 1957). The

multiple pharmacological properties of tlavonoids such as anti-inflammatory,

antibiotic and cardiovascular activities are due to large polyphenols with radical

scavenging nature (Yao, 1997). Besides that certain flavonoids such as hikinoflavone

possess specific properties as artiviral and anti tumoral properties. Flavones among

the natural products are of considerable value both in allelopathic and ayurvedic

systems of medicine. Flavonoids have been proved as the anticanccrigenous by many

scientists in India and abroad. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids which is mainly

due to the ability toreduce free radical formation and to scavenge free radicals (Pietta,

2000 ; Watanabe et al., 2000).

ANTHOCYANIDIN COMPOUNDS

Malvidin-3-glucoside a anthocyanin isolated fiorn I. pseudolindoriu which

shows the occurrence of anthocyanidins in Indigofera, (De castrocotin and Antasio,

1977 ; Nariyaku et al., 1978 ). The Cyanidin was reported in Dirnorphothica

aurinrlata, Haplopspppus gracilis and the Delphidin was reported in A auricWa

was isolated through cell culm. (Srinath Rao and Govinda Raj, 1999).

Bio-activity of Anthocyanidin compounds: (Table No.44)

Anthocyanidins are the chemical compounds especially present in flowers,

h i t s and vegetables of all plants such as blue bemes, red cabbages and purple sweet

potatoes. These are the important flavonoid compounds which shows the inhibitory

effect on micro organisms in several ways. The Delphidin inhibits the vascular

endothelial growth factor in cardio vascular diseases (Sylvie Lany el al., 2005). Six

kinds of anthocyanidins representing the aglycons were used to examine their effects

on tumor promotion in mouse JB6 cells, a validated model for screening cancer

chemopreventive agents and elucidating the molecular mechanisms. They are having

only ortho-dihydroxy phenyl structures on the B-ring contributes the inhibitory action

against tumour promotion in mouse JB6 cells screened, ( De-xing How a a/ ., 2004 ).

Anthocyanidins are the best antioxidants which prevent heart diseases (Areaia el a/.,

2006). These compounds acts as anti carcinogenic and improvement of vision

induction apophysis , Neuro protective effect, (Muza, 2004).

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTNlTY

Centuries before scientific study on plants and their products used in the

treatment of infections was made possible by the development of microbiology ,

which lead to antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial activity of plant drugs.. Earlier

researches leading to the discovery of certain phytochemical constituents, as definite

remedies for bacterial, protozoal and even viral diseases. Cepharanthine

(Antituberculosis), Rutin (Antimalarial), Vincristine, Vinblartine (Antiviral) formed

great encouragement for conducting researches in this area of study. Farouk ot a1

(1983) worked on antimicrobial activity on sudanese folkloric medicinal plants.

Almoghoul et a1 (1 985 a &b) worked on Sudanese plants for antimicrobial activity. In

recent years a number of studies have been reported dealing with antimicrobial

screening of extracts of medicinal plants. Forty three species of Spanish Lamiaceae

members showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, volatile oils, tannins,

flavonoids, leuwanthocyanins, cyamogenetic heterosides and anthraquinones and

variable ranges of antimicrobial activity (Diaz, 1988 ).

Naqui et a1 (1991) investigated India medicinal plants for their antibacterial,

antifungal and anthelmentic activity. Mehrotra et a1 (1993) on Arthbia sp and

Adebola and his associates (1999) on 5 Eu~~~rjlptus species growing in Nigeria have

investigated antimicrobial activity of essential oils. The methanolic extract of

Pulicaria dysenterica (wmpositae) shows against 6 tested bacteria (Bahrnan

Neckavar and Farm Mojab, 2003). The essential oil of Roja damascene petals shows

antibacterial effects against three strains of Xaiantl~ontonas aronopodis sps, vesicatoria,

( ~ a s i m and Baqim, 2003). The Tereschuk et al., 2003 studied on the leaf methanolic

extracts of the leaves of Tagetes terrijrbra shows against gram positive and gram

negative strains. The acetone extract of Helichrysum melanacma isolated the

compounds namely 3-0-methylquercetin and quercetin were actie against the micro-

organisms (Lal et al.. 2006). Phenolic compounds like idiverbascoside, oleuropein

Luteolin 7-0-glucoside, rutin, apigenin, 7-0-glucoside in Olive leaves shows

antibacterial and antifungal activity, (Ana and Pereira el al., 2007 ). The aqueous and

methanolic extract of Lasienthera africanum inhibit the growth of Dcherisia coli,

Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella @pi, Klebsiella pneumonia at different

concentrations, (Adegoki, et al., 2008). Reuben (2008) investigated the antibacterial

assay of the extract of Croton zambesicus , stem bark and revealed that the maximum

inhibition was shown in staphylococcus aureus and Eschersia coU and minimum

inhibition on staphylococcus pyogens. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Bri&lia

ferruginea shows inhibition against staphylococcus aureus, candih dbicans,

staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, proteus vulgaris, pmirabilis, streprococcur

hctiu, s pyogenes and klebsielfa sps by agar diffusion method, (lrobi On el al.,

2009).

Krishnaveni, and Srinivasa Rao, (2000) studied the stem bark extract of P.

santdinus showed maximum activity against Enterobader aerogene, Alcaligenes

faecalis, E.Coli, Pseudomonas aerreginosa etc., the leaf extract showed maximum

activity against E.coli, A. faecalis, E. aerogenes and P. aerruginosa Parimala Devi,

et a1 2003 investigated on C t'ernata root and revealed that methanolic extract of

roots shows anti-inflammtory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Khan and Omoloso

(2003) has studied with different chemical extracts of Pterocarpus indicus leaves,

toots, stembark exhibit the antimicrobial activity. More activity pronounced in

butanol and methanolic fraction. Root and bark methanolic extracts of Peltophorum

a f i m u m shows antimicrobial activity against several microbes like BucIIlus

subtilis, pantoea agglamerans, enterobacter c l w w etc. The methanolic extract of

Mucuna coriacea bark shows the activity by disc diffusioh method against Bacillw

cereus, Stapkylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecah and S&onella cholerae.

The whole plant acetone extract of Zornia mineana shows inhibition against BaciUns

cereus, 3. pumulis, R subtilis, Enterococcus faecal& E. cloacae, Paniocn

aggimeraus and sdmonella cholerae by disc difision assay, ( Salmie eta/., 2005).

The species of Erylhroxy areolaturn, E, mimutt~oIium E. claen.~is, E.

areolatum, E. poeppigiana shows antiviral activity, (Gonzalezlavant ct a/., 2006).

Crude piant extracts of Abrus precatorius, aqueous and methanolic extracts of

Caesalpinia pullcherima, Delonix regia shows this activity with somc bacteria.

(Parekh and Chanda, 2006). The callus cultures of CauUsi0 fistula contains

anthraquinones, tlavonoids, tlavans oils shows antioxidant nature (Theeshan Bahomm

et a/.. 2005). Jigna Parekh and Sumitri chanda (2007) studied methanolic extract of

Cassia Jt\lula which shows inhibition against Stophylmccus aureus & ethanolic

extract of Arachis hypogea shows inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, S.

epidermidis, and S. subfava. The methanolic extract of the same plant shows

inhibition against klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, Aqueous extract of

Arachb hypogea shows the activity against Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella

pneumonia but the ethanolic activity of the same Arachk shows inhibition only to

klebsiella pneumoniae and proteus vulgaris (Parekh, and Chandi~,., 2007). The

aqueous extract of Vigna radiate shows inhibition against S. aureus, S. epidermidi~,

but ethanolic extract for the same plant shows inhibition only with S. subfava. The

saw dust extract of Tectona grurdis produce inhibitory activity against S. aureus and

Escherisia coli and candida albicans, (Shalini & Rachana Srivastava, 2009). The

protocatechuic acid isolated from Euphorbia h im , the ethanolic extract inhibits the

growth of E.wli, S, aureus, P.aeruginosa and B.subtiIi.~ (Sunil Kumar eta/., 2010).

Ethanolic extract of Indigofera tinetoria leaves showed anti-inflammatory activity

(Pramod et a1 . ,201 Y)).

TABLE - 5 f 45.64

Desmodium fri/mlium Dysentely & A. pinnuto, Seshuniu bispinosu

diarrhea A. ferrugineu, A. Icucophloeu, Alhizziu

HERBAL USAGE OF LECUMINOSAE SPECIES

1 lehbeck 1 Leaves I Bufed rnonnspemra, C. smnu, C (oru

Flowers C ouriculu/u Diabetes I Seeds I Do1icho.v h i j l o u Dumodium mutorim

S''No

I .

2'

3.

4.

5 .

Cuesulpiniu auppun. Surucu indicu, Eugenia

- -----

Name of the Disorder

Jaundice

Uterine infections andps abortifacient

Sk~n diseases

Wounds& Tumors

Malaria Cholera Cancer Tuberculosis Elephantiasis

Part used

Leaves

Fruits Seeds Leaves Rark Roots Leaves

Wood

Seeds

Seeds

Bark Leaves Roots Roots Seeds Roots

S p i e r

Ahrus precuforius, Cassia angusf$oliu, C.sennu. C. Obtusijoliu, C. Fisrulu, Tumarindus indicu Abmsprecofariu.~, Acuciu.fimgineu Surucu inBcu. A. 1eucophlut.a Abms prrcatorius, Bouhiniu vuriegutu. Cassia hirsute, C. sennn. Tumorindu.~ indicrc Acaciu cute~hu. A. femgineu, A.~liloficu, Caesulpinio suppun, Pirmcorpus .sanfulus C. ulufu, Mucumu /~~r ien.c . Pi.sun sutiaun~, Buuhiniu vuriegutu. Aje~rugineu Pongumiu pinnofu. Psaruleu cnc~i ) I iu , Tephrosiul)urpureu

C. ungusf~foliu. C, senna, Buultiiniu vuriegute A. Jbrnr,shno A. nikotiru, A. cufechu Puerurio tuhero,su Dichrusfuc\~j,s dnereu Mucumupmtiens

Tephrosiu purpureu. Rhyncosia brucrrura,

I Albizziu lebbeck

1 Bark I A, catechu, A, niloticu, Alhizziu lebbeck,

Bronchial disorders like Asthma and Pulmonaly infections

Leprosy C. toru, Indigofem fincloriu

Pi.rum sutivum. Pongumiu pinnatu, Psuruleu

Leucorrhoea I Whole plant I A. niloticu

Leaves Seeds

Roots Bark

Rao, cr a/., 1999 Bai Reddy., 1991

. . Cue.olpiniu honduc, Dolherggiu scivso Adenanthero puvoniu, Cliroriu ternole, Indigofiru ternare Pseudurthriu viscidu A. cafechu, A..uinuufu.

Bas1 Reddy., 1991

Pmjapthi, el (11.. 2004

lrfnn khan and Atiya khmum,

1998.

Basi Reddy., 1991

Sudnrshanam. 19117

TABLE - 6

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF LECUMINOSAE

SI.No

I .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6 ,

7 .

8.

ThcrnpeoticActivity

I ) Leaves arc uwd for cough,

cold, pain, fnrh juice is

applied on skin for itching

and skin diseases.

2) Root., are diuretic, emetic

alexenteric, jaundice.

3) Seeds are purgative,

aprodiasiac, ahnifacieat

Decoclio~~ of seeds and wood

used in pulmonary affection and

extemnlly applied in chronic

ophthalmic

Oil is used in Nephropathy and

dislocated joints

--

-

-

I ) Leaves a n useful in

otalgia, hepatopethic and

eruptions.

2 ) Seeds are caharlic and a n

useful in viseralgiuic.

Seeds extraction

showed marked hypoglycemic

and hypochole!iterolaemic

effect

Reference

Prajspathi

rt ul .,2004.

Yoganam-

simhan, 2001.

lrfan Khan and

Khanum,

1998.

Ahn, ef a/.,

1989.

Marlier

el a/ ,, 1979.

Aguwa and

Lawal, 1987.

Prajepathi

et al., 2W4.

Shanknr

Gopaljorhi,

2000.

A: Paplionaceat

Plant Name

Abrus precaiorius

, Leaves

Roots

Setds

Adcnanfhera

pavonia

Seeds

Arachls hypogea

Seeds

Calliandra

caloihyrsus

Leaf

Calliandra

haematocephala

Leaf

Calliandra

porfon'CCnsi,F

Leaf

Clitoria lernata

Roots

Leaves

Seeds

Dolichos biforus

Seeds

Pbytocbemicrl Study

Leaves and Roots contain

glycyrhizin pncol. abml.

abrasive and pncarine from

roots.

(jalli acid, abrine, hyphaphonin,

alanine, serine, valine, cholino,

trigonelline. precatone and

methyl ester, 5-B-cholamic acid,

abrine A& ahrinB from seeds.

Seeda contain flavonoids, non-

protein aminoacids, kernels

contain stigmasterol dulcirol and

polysaccharides

-

Condensed tannins

Pipecolic acid derivatives

Tannins, saponins, flavonoids,

glycosides

Leaves contain kaempferol,

flowers contain delphidin,

malvidin, kaempferol white

flower contain only kaempferol.

Seeds contain flavonol, flavones.

Seeds rich Source of

8: C~dpinaceac

7 This species is used in traditional

Baauhinio

Variegala

Leaves

Caesalpinia

sappan

Whole plant

Laves contain kaempferol,

Kaempferol3-0-a-rhamnoside and chalcone

Plant contain four

homoisoflavonoids. 4-0-

methylsappanol protosappanin

A, brazilin and caestlpin

medicine for the beabnent of

tumors, wounds, dysentery as

antipyntic, curing skin disease,

piles etc.

Bark is uaed as tonic and

anthelmentic ulcers, lepmsy and

other skin diseases. The fruits

and seeds are used to cure

tumors, half headache

It is used an

antihypercholesteremic.

nnti complementary.

immunomodulation and

I I I I nnti-inflammatory agent I

Koteswm Rao

2002.

lrfan Khan and

Atiya Khanum

1998.

Ni~anjan Reddy

i't R/.. 2003.

I I Leaves are laxative and purgative 1

18.

19.

20.

21.

I I used in constipation, Loss of I Prajapali er

Cassia

angustifolio

Leaves

C. senna

Leaves

C hirsuta Leaves

Saraca indica

Bark

isorhamnetin kaempferol.

I I cure tumors headache. I Atiya Khanum

19911.

Sennosides A,

1 Sennosides B, / Ieuc~denna~ Jaundice, t u n m Khanum 1991, I Vcnkateawarn

quercetin and rutin skin diseases, jaundice liver Rao, 1993

disorders and snake bite.

epicatechin and procyanidin I affections. I t is useful in men I 1 82 -n-alkanes, esters, oxytic I orrhagia due to uterine librioids I Yoganamimha,

principle, lamin essential oil,

kprosterol, Caponin

in Lcucorrhoes and internal

hleeding naemorrhoids,

haemorrhagic dyxentery

Tamarindus h d i a

22. Roots

Bark

I I 1

Leaves contain flavonoid,

vitexin orientin, homo-orientin

I Leaves ure astringent, I anthelmintic, anti-inflammatoly,

scabies, pharyngitir, cl al., 2004. constipation, haemorrhoids and

opthalmipathy

C. Mimarcere

r

23.

24.

Afbiuia lebbeck

Leaf, roo^ Bark,

Seeds

Lelrcaena

Ieucocephala

Lcaf

Various sterols Pipecolic acid

derivatives echinocystic acid

Minlosiw

Condensed tannins

Flavonol glycosides

--

I'he Bark and seeds an useful in

Lepmsy leucodermea ulcers,

diarrhea and nll typs o f

poisoni~~g, skin diseases, chronic

cough and bronchitis

.-

--

Asid el al*,

1996.

Romeo 1984.

Sotelo el a/.,

1986

Irfan Khnn and

Khanun~ 1998.

flegar?y rt a!.,

1964

Ahn el a/., I989

Lowry et a/.,

1984.

TABLE - 7

A REVIEW OF ETHANOBOTANICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY ON

Acacia sps.

'IN0

I .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Name of the

Plant

Acacia coneinno

' Pulincha

A. catechu

Sandra

A. decurrens

A. farnesiana

Kasturi

Thumma

A. ferrughea

Ansandra

A. inlsip

lncha

Therapeutic actlvity

1) To control dandruff it is applied on head as a shampoo. Pod is powdered and used instead of soap.

Powdend leaves acts as a mild laxative, leaves decoction and

pods is aperiet in bilious affections, also eepectolant and good

emetic. Decoction of pods removes dandruff and promotes

growth of hair.

1) Bark useful in diarrhea, either alone or in combination with Cinnumonium or Opium decoction given internally

to Leprosy.

2) Concentrated aqueous extroct known as Khayer gum or cutch is astringent, cooling and digestive, beneficial in

cough and diarrhoea applied externally to ulcers, boils and

eruptions of skin.

3) Liver protectants and cirrhosis and hepatitis.

4) Act as antipyretic, antidiabetic and antifungal agents.

The bark is used for tanning and dyeing

-. Bark is used for treating malaria, astringent, demulcent used in

antifertility.

Various parts of h e plant are used in treating cholea,

convulsion delirium, epilepsy, madness, sores and sterility in women.

Wood oil used for scabies.

1) Stem is used for diarrhoea and dysentery. Bark and Pods

are aslringent . 2) Gum-demulcent and nutrient.

,

3) Tender leaves cmished in a little water are swallowed for

the treatment of Gonorrhoea, pod^ and round yellow

heads contain a balsamic liquid which is employed as an

adjunct to aprodisiac in spermatorrhoca.

Bark, tender stems are used. Boil the bark and tender stem

decoction Acacia in!sin and cymbopogcm cilratus root$ and

leaves and taken bath in water is act a antimicrobial.

Reference

Francis et a/.,

2002.

Aghnrkar, 1991.

Fnrooq, 2003.

Guhabaksha

el a/,, 1999.

Sambamurthy, 2005.

Guhabakvhn el. a/.. 1999.

Gopal and Singh

2002.

Guhabaksha

et. a/., 1999.

Basi Reddy, 1991.

Aghadar,

1991.

Johney Mani

thonam

el ub, 2002.

Farooq, 2003

Guhb.Lth

Et 01.. 1999.

Guhabakrha

et ul,, 1999.

Farooq, 2003

Guhabaksha el a/.,

1999.

lrfan Ali Khan and Atiya

Khanum. 1998.

Sudarshanam,

1987.

Khanna, 2003.

Guhabaksha

ct al., 1999.

Basi Reddy, 1991.

Bhak 20Q2.

Narayana Rao,

1990.

1) Root is used as abortifacient

2) Bark is as astringent.

3) Bark ash is applied as antidote against any poimn.

Bark is used as cooling alexetic. anthelmintic. rtntipyreIic_

cures bronchitis, lcprasy, biliousness, thrist vomitings,

spermaturice and diarrhoea:

1) Young branches used as toothbrush.

2) Gum as restorative.

bark and stem as astringent

In pharmacy used for preparing emulsions, able^, pills, elc.,

decoction of bark is used for gargling. -

leaves acts as anticarcinogenic

-- leaf, stem, hark and tlower powder acb against leucorhoen.

The whole plant used in inflammation and mouth sores.

1) Bark juice as antidote lo snake poison.

2) Dried bark powder used to relieve dandruff.

3) Decoction of young leaves used to relieve bodypains, fever and headache.

4) Decoction of stem and bark powdered with garlic& black pepper is used to cure chronic diarrhoea in cattle.

5) Stem is used for diarrhoea and dysentery.

Gum arabic is obtained from stem hark used in

rheumatism,obesity and as a tonic for general debility.

Bark is us.ful in asthma, green bark juice is given in small

doses daily for few days, as an effective remedy in asthma.

7.

8

9.

10.

11.

12.

A. kucophloea

TeU"humma '

A. modesfa

Phulai

A. nilotica

Nullu th~cmnlu

A. pinnata

Karusikaya

A. sencpl

~~~t~

A. sinuata

seekaya