1914-1918: The World at War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints

“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”

“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”

“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Inevitability of War

June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated

July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check” – pledging military

assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia

July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum

Inevitability of War

July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia

July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops

August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia

August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops

“Belgium is a country, not a road”

King Albert I of Belgium denied permission

August 2, 1914 Germany declared war on France– Why??? – The Schlieffen Plan!

August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

http://youtu.be/lJXAcl8D51Y 4 min

The Schlieffen Plan

Invade western front 1st

After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front

Avoid fighting a 2 front war

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris

Underestimated speed of the British mobilization– Quickly sent troops to

France

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

Sept 6-10, 1914– Battle of Marne– Stopped the Germans but

French troops were exhausted

– Both sides dug trenches for shelter

STALEMATE

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

Glorification of Glorification of War!War!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

Glorification of Glorification of War!War!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate

Many Europeans were excited about war– “Defend yourself against

the aggressors”– Domestic differences

were put aside

1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate

War would be over in a few weeks– Ignored the length and

brutality of the American Civil War

(prototype to World War I)

1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate

Belief that Modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months

“Home by Christmas”

1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate

“Fatal attraction of war”– Exhilarating release from

every day life– A glorious adventure– War would rid the

nations of selfishness– Spark a national re-birth

based on heroism– Dulce Et Decorum Esthttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeftgx_dulce-et-decorum-est-wilfred-

owen_creation

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland

6,250 miles 6 to 8 feet deep Immobilized both sides

for 4 years

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

http://youtu.be/SXtsiqrhqsU

Opening Scene All Quiet on the Western Front - 4 min

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Life in the Trenches

Elaborate systems of defense– barbed wire– Concrete machine gun nests– Mortar batteries– Troops lived in holes underground

Life in the Trenches

Boredom– Soldiers read to pass

the time– Wrote Poetry

(Wilfred Owen)

“Death is everywhere”

“We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.” Death numbed the soldier’s minds.

Shell shock Psychological devastation

“Death is everywhere” Mustard gas

– Carried by the wind– Burned out soldier’s

lungs– Deadly in the

trenches where it would sit at the bottom

[I saw his round mouth's crimson deepen as it fell],Like a Sun, in his last deep hour;Watched the magnificent recession of farewell,Clouding, half gleam, half glower,And a last splendour burn the heavens of his cheek.And in his eyesThe cold stars lighting, very old and bleak,In different skies. 

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Eastern Front

Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914– Defeated

The Austrians kicked out of Serbia

Italians attacked Austria in 1915

G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory

The Eastern Front

Much more mobile more than the West– But loss of life still very

high– 1915: 2.5 million

Russians killed, captured, or wounded

The Eastern Front

Germany and Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915– Attacked and eliminated

Serbia from war

The The Russian Russian

RevolutioRevolutionn1917

Lacked food, weaponry & infrastructure– Ottoman Empire shut down ally supply

lines

People lost faith, Duma had no power, protests were raging– Duma called for reform Czar

Nicholas dissolved the Duma– Army sided with the people– Duma refused to disband– Czar abdicated the throne & was

imprisoned with his family

Russia in WWIRussia in WWI

Lenin & the BolsheviksLenin & the Bolsheviks Provisional government

fractionalized– Petrograd Soviet of

Workers & Soldiers Deputies Socialists

Gov’t opposed land reform – wanted to continue war

The Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin forced power to be turned over to the Soviets (council)

Peace, Land & BreadPeace, Land & Bread

Lenin argued for an end to the war & food & land redistribution for the people

Marxists – believed in a bourgeoisie revolution needed a capitalist system – (Russia lacked that too)

Lenin argued for a middle class rev could establish a proletariat dictatorship supported by the peasantry

Peace & Civil WarPeace & Civil War Nov. 7, 1917 Bolshevicks overthrew

the provisional gov’t– Renamed The Communist Party– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – gave up most of

the Eastern front– Executed the Czar & his family

Civil War broke out (3 yrs)– Red vs. White Army– death & destruction of land, industry &

population– Fear of communism– U.S. & allies supported the White Army– 1921 Red Army won, Communist gov’t

formed– 1922 renamed USSR

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

American InvolvementAmerican Involvement

Neutrality– Sold arms, ammunition &

food to both sides– Effect of the Allied Blockade– Boosted the U.S. economy

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

May 7, 1915 Wilson demanded an apology, $

and a commitment not to use subs Sussex Pledge

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram British intelligence

intercepted the note– From Arthur

Zimmerman to Ger. Ambassador to Mexico

Pres. Wilson had it published causing anti-German sentiment & just cause for war

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming! April 6, 1917 American Expeditionary

Forces June 14, 1917 By July 1 million

American in Europe By Nov 2 million

Battle of Argonne ForestBattle of Argonne Forest

Sept 1918 Last major battle of the

war Goal: cut Germany

supply lines Allies achieve their goal

even in the toughest conditions

47 days, 1.2 mil. Americans

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

War of Attrition = War of Attrition = 9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

War of Attrition = War of Attrition = 9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total2,133,19

0387,800