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1914-1918: The World at War. Differing Viewpoints. “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”. Causes of the War. 1. The Alliance System. Triple Entente :. Triple Alliance :. Two Armed Camps!. Allied Powers :. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints
“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”
“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”
“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”
“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
Inevitability of War
June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated
July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check” – pledging military
assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia
July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum
Inevitability of War
July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia
July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops
August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia
August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops
“Belgium is a country, not a road”
King Albert I of Belgium denied permission
August 2, 1914 Germany declared war on France– Why??? – The Schlieffen Plan!
August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
http://youtu.be/lJXAcl8D51Y 4 min
The Schlieffen Plan
Invade western front 1st
After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front
Avoid fighting a 2 front war
The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature
Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris
Underestimated speed of the British mobilization– Quickly sent troops to
France
The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature
Sept 6-10, 1914– Battle of Marne– Stopped the Germans but
French troops were exhausted
– Both sides dug trenches for shelter
STALEMATE
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
MobilizationMobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
Glorification of Glorification of War!War!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
Glorification of Glorification of War!War!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate
Many Europeans were excited about war– “Defend yourself against
the aggressors”– Domestic differences
were put aside
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate
War would be over in a few weeks– Ignored the length and
brutality of the American Civil War
(prototype to World War I)
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate
Belief that Modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months
“Home by Christmas”
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate
“Fatal attraction of war”– Exhilarating release from
every day life– A glorious adventure– War would rid the
nations of selfishness– Spark a national re-birth
based on heroism– Dulce Et Decorum Esthttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeftgx_dulce-et-decorum-est-wilfred-
owen_creation
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres
U-BoatsU-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland
6,250 miles 6 to 8 feet deep Immobilized both sides
for 4 years
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
http://youtu.be/SXtsiqrhqsU
Opening Scene All Quiet on the Western Front - 4 min
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Life in the Trenches
Elaborate systems of defense– barbed wire– Concrete machine gun nests– Mortar batteries– Troops lived in holes underground
Life in the Trenches
Boredom– Soldiers read to pass
the time– Wrote Poetry
(Wilfred Owen)
“Death is everywhere”
“We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.” Death numbed the soldier’s minds.
Shell shock Psychological devastation
“Death is everywhere” Mustard gas
– Carried by the wind– Burned out soldier’s
lungs– Deadly in the
trenches where it would sit at the bottom
[I saw his round mouth's crimson deepen as it fell],Like a Sun, in his last deep hour;Watched the magnificent recession of farewell,Clouding, half gleam, half glower,And a last splendour burn the heavens of his cheek.And in his eyesThe cold stars lighting, very old and bleak,In different skies.
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
The Eastern Front
Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914– Defeated
The Austrians kicked out of Serbia
Italians attacked Austria in 1915
G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory
The Eastern Front
Much more mobile more than the West– But loss of life still very
high– 1915: 2.5 million
Russians killed, captured, or wounded
The Eastern Front
Germany and Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915– Attacked and eliminated
Serbia from war
The The Russian Russian
RevolutioRevolutionn1917
Lacked food, weaponry & infrastructure– Ottoman Empire shut down ally supply
lines
People lost faith, Duma had no power, protests were raging– Duma called for reform Czar
Nicholas dissolved the Duma– Army sided with the people– Duma refused to disband– Czar abdicated the throne & was
imprisoned with his family
Russia in WWIRussia in WWI
Lenin & the BolsheviksLenin & the Bolsheviks Provisional government
fractionalized– Petrograd Soviet of
Workers & Soldiers Deputies Socialists
Gov’t opposed land reform – wanted to continue war
The Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin forced power to be turned over to the Soviets (council)
Peace, Land & BreadPeace, Land & Bread
Lenin argued for an end to the war & food & land redistribution for the people
Marxists – believed in a bourgeoisie revolution needed a capitalist system – (Russia lacked that too)
Lenin argued for a middle class rev could establish a proletariat dictatorship supported by the peasantry
Peace & Civil WarPeace & Civil War Nov. 7, 1917 Bolshevicks overthrew
the provisional gov’t– Renamed The Communist Party– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – gave up most of
the Eastern front– Executed the Czar & his family
Civil War broke out (3 yrs)– Red vs. White Army– death & destruction of land, industry &
population– Fear of communism– U.S. & allies supported the White Army– 1921 Red Army won, Communist gov’t
formed– 1922 renamed USSR
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
American InvolvementAmerican Involvement
Neutrality– Sold arms, ammunition &
food to both sides– Effect of the Allied Blockade– Boosted the U.S. economy
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
May 7, 1915 Wilson demanded an apology, $
and a commitment not to use subs Sussex Pledge
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram British intelligence
intercepted the note– From Arthur
Zimmerman to Ger. Ambassador to Mexico
Pres. Wilson had it published causing anti-German sentiment & just cause for war
The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming! April 6, 1917 American Expeditionary
Forces June 14, 1917 By July 1 million
American in Europe By Nov 2 million
Battle of Argonne ForestBattle of Argonne Forest
Sept 1918 Last major battle of the
war Goal: cut Germany
supply lines Allies achieve their goal
even in the toughest conditions
47 days, 1.2 mil. Americans
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
War of Attrition = War of Attrition = 9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
War of Attrition = War of Attrition = 9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of
Western Armenia in Turkey1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total2,133,19
0387,800