1914-1918: The World at War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

Differing Viewpoints “ “Family Feud”Family Feud” “ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles” “ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars” “ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

1. The Alliance SystemTriple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%

Germany

73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

A few years earlier, Bosnia had been taken over by Austria-Hungary, a move that angered many Bosnians who wanted closer ties to nearby Serbia and other Slavic ethnic groups.

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, made an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Austria-Hungary's province of Bosnia. Ferdinand was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

On the day of the visit, several terrorists, trained and armed by a Serbian group, waited in the crowd.

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin:GavriloPrincipEarly in the day, as the

royal couple rode through the city in an open car, a terrorist hurled a bomb at their car. The bomb bounced off the hood and exploded nearby. Unharmed, the couple continued their visit. Another terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, was waiting farther down the route. When the car came into view, Princip fired several shots into the car, killing the royal couple.

Who’s To Blame?

Mobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mill

ions

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies

“Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Both the Allies and the Central powers launched propaganda campaigns designed to whip up support for their side. Propaganda is information or rumor spread by a group or government to promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea. The information in the propaganda may or may not be accurate. Either way, the intention of propaganda is not to inform, but rather to persuade others to adopt the view or to take the action supported by the propagandist.

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

Wilson protested that sinking merchant ships without protecting the lives of passengers and crews violated international law. He warned that the United States would hold Germany to "strict accountability" for any American casualties in such attacks.

The policy of "strict accountability" was soon put to a test. On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania without warning. Among the 1,198 dead were 128 Americans.

The Sinking of the Lusitania

February 1917. Britain had gotten hold of a note sent in code by the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister in Mexico. Zimmermann suggested that if the United States entered the war, Mexico and Germany should become allies. Germany would then help Mexico regain "lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona." The Zimmermann note created a sensation in the United States and stirred anti-German feeling across the nation.

The Zimmerman Telegram

Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany if it did not stop surprise attacks. In an agreement called the Sussex pledge, Germany promised to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships. But it attached a condition: The United States must force Britain to end its illegal blockade. Wilson accepted the pledge but would not accept the condition.

The United States Enters the War In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war. “It is a

fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into . . . the most terrible and disastrous of all wars,” he said. “Civilization itself seems to be hanging in the balance.” Library of Congress

On April 2, 1917, Wilson spoke to a special session of Congress. He reminded lawmakers of the loss of life caused by German U-boats and how these attacks hurt the nation's ability to trade freely with other countries. Then he turned to his main theme:

Neutrality is no longer feasible [practical] . . . where the peace of the world is involved . . . The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty . . . The right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts—for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments.

—Woodrow Wilson's War Message, address to Congress, 1917

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchers

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922Erzerum 215,000 1,500Van 197,000 500Kharbert 204,000 35,000Diarbekir 124,000 3,000Bitlis 220,000 56,000Sivas 225,000 16,800     Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey    

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000European Turkey 194,000 163,000Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total 2,133,190 387,800