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1914-1918: The World at War. Differing Viewpoints. “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”. Causes of the War. 1. The Alliance System. Triple Entente :. Triple Alliance :. Two Armed Camps!. Allied Powers :. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
Differing Viewpoints “ “Family Feud”Family Feud” “ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles” “ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars” “ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
1. The Alliance SystemTriple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%
Germany
73%
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
A few years earlier, Bosnia had been taken over by Austria-Hungary, a move that angered many Bosnians who wanted closer ties to nearby Serbia and other Slavic ethnic groups.
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, made an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Austria-Hungary's province of Bosnia. Ferdinand was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
On the day of the visit, several terrorists, trained and armed by a Serbian group, waited in the crowd.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin:GavriloPrincipEarly in the day, as the
royal couple rode through the city in an open car, a terrorist hurled a bomb at their car. The bomb bounced off the hood and exploded nearby. Unharmed, the couple continued their visit. Another terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, was waiting farther down the route. When the car came into view, Princip fired several shots into the car, killing the royal couple.
Who’s To Blame?
Mobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mill
ions
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
“Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan
dada
Both the Allies and the Central powers launched propaganda campaigns designed to whip up support for their side. Propaganda is information or rumor spread by a group or government to promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea. The information in the propaganda may or may not be accurate. Either way, the intention of propaganda is not to inform, but rather to persuade others to adopt the view or to take the action supported by the propagandist.
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
Wilson protested that sinking merchant ships without protecting the lives of passengers and crews violated international law. He warned that the United States would hold Germany to "strict accountability" for any American casualties in such attacks.
The policy of "strict accountability" was soon put to a test. On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania without warning. Among the 1,198 dead were 128 Americans.
The Sinking of the Lusitania
February 1917. Britain had gotten hold of a note sent in code by the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister in Mexico. Zimmermann suggested that if the United States entered the war, Mexico and Germany should become allies. Germany would then help Mexico regain "lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona." The Zimmermann note created a sensation in the United States and stirred anti-German feeling across the nation.
The Zimmerman Telegram
Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany if it did not stop surprise attacks. In an agreement called the Sussex pledge, Germany promised to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships. But it attached a condition: The United States must force Britain to end its illegal blockade. Wilson accepted the pledge but would not accept the condition.
The United States Enters the War In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war. “It is a
fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into . . . the most terrible and disastrous of all wars,” he said. “Civilization itself seems to be hanging in the balance.” Library of Congress
On April 2, 1917, Wilson spoke to a special session of Congress. He reminded lawmakers of the loss of life caused by German U-boats and how these attacks hurt the nation's ability to trade freely with other countries. Then he turned to his main theme:
Neutrality is no longer feasible [practical] . . . where the peace of the world is involved . . . The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty . . . The right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts—for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments.
—Woodrow Wilson's War Message, address to Congress, 1917
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of
Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922Erzerum 215,000 1,500Van 197,000 500Kharbert 204,000 35,000Diarbekir 124,000 3,000Bitlis 220,000 56,000Sivas 225,000 16,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000European Turkey 194,000 163,000Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800