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World War I
World War I1914-1918Going to WarEagerness to go to war
Government Propaganda
Previous Wars
The Glorious Adventure
The Schlieffen Plan
The First Battle of the Marne
WEAPONSThe Machine Gun
Foot soldiers
Tanks
Heavy cannons
Aviation
Poison Gas
The War in the East
1918 (MP18)
BAR (1918
7.92mm (adopted 1908
The Pulemyot Maxima PM1910 comprised a 7.62mm water cooled Russian machine gun adopted in 1910 and modeled closely on the original Maxim gunTrying to Find New AlliesItaly
Public Opinion
The Treaty of London
Other attempts at gaining allies. http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/index.html
The War in the East
Flame Throwers
Colt 1911
Throwing hand grenades.Trench Warfare
Life in the trenches. www.firstworldwar.com
VerdunGerman Chief of Staff: Erich von Falkenhayn
Verdun
bleed France white
Crown Prince Wilhelm
Meuse River
VerdunFebruary 1916
French Commander in Chief Joseph Joffre.
Numbers (troops)
Goals
VerdunVaux
Douaumont
Henri-Phillippe Petain (Commander of the French 2nd Army)
Voie Sacree
VerdunSpring 1916
Le Morte-homme
Robert Neville
Phosgene gas
Somme
VerdunThe Chancellors Opinion (Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg)
Mangin replaces Nivelle and retakes Douaumont and Vaux
December 15-18, 1916
Results
The War at HomeCivilian Morale
Social levelshttp://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/france.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/uk.htm SommeJuly 1916
Numbers
Joseph Joffre
Why was the date of the attack moved?
Goals
SommeBritish Commander in Chief Sir Douglas Haig
Haigs Goals
Effectiveness of the bombardment
Attempts at crossing No Mans Land.
SommeNumbers
Effectiveness of Tanks
Results
CanadaCanada enters the WarWhy?
Army 4,000 men
Navy 2 obsolete ships
Militia 70,000 poorly trained
In the first month, 30,000 enlisted.
BackgroundImperial Defense
Effects of Navalism
French Canadians vs. English Canadians
Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier
Canadas New Navy
Canada goes to WarTrade Agreements with the USA
Exit Laurier
Enter Robert Borden
War Measures Act 1914
Canadian 1st Division
Sir Sam HughesOne of Canadas most colorful characters, some historians think Hughes was crazy. One high ranking officer called him the Mad Mullah of the Militia. Others claim he was crazy like a fox. Historians agree that Hughes was a nationalist and from the outset, was determined that the Canadian army would be Canadian lead, Canadian equipped and carry Canadian made weapons. A noble and popular position in l914.
Sir Sam HughesUnfortunately, he fumbled the ball with bad Canadian officers, defective Canadian boots and the much maligned Canadian designed Ross rifle.
Ypres l915First battle
April 22nd to 25th, l914
Canadians withstood first use of poison gas.
Saved the British line but the cost was heavy 6,000 casualties of 18,000 men.
Vimy RidgeEaster morning April 9th l917
the Canadian army had grown to over 100,000 commanded by the legendary Julian Byng.
The Following months of intensive training and reorganization, the Canadians attacked.
It was Canadas greatest victory and in the view of many historians, made this colony a nation.
The cost: 10,000 casualties; the bloodiest day in Canadian history.
Colony to a NationPrime Minister Borden was determined that sacrifice on the battlefield would not be in vain. In England May l917 the PM demanded and won concessions from the Britain that Canada be treated as an ally, not a colony.
Lloyd George was not impressed but Borden stuck to his guns; he knew the British needed our troops and threatened to withdraw. Bordens tenacity earned Canada a seat in the Imperial War Cabinet.
The Home Front in CanadaCasualties and Sacrifices
The use of French in schools
Abandoning French Instruction
The Conscription CrisisDivision over Conscription
Bordens Promise to Great Britain
Increased need for agricultural workers
The Conscription CrisisFrench Canadians vs. English Canadians
French Canadians in the military
The Royal 22nd Battalion (The Vandoos)
The Conscription CrisisThe Military Service Act (1917)
Domestic Unrest
Protests
Exemptions for Farmers sons
The Canadian EconomyExtensive Borrowing
The First National Income Tax
Nationalized Railroads
Canadians of Enemy Origin
Increased Cost of livingCanadian AgricultureCanadas Agriculture
Wheat Prices
Labor and equipment costs
Debt amongst the farmers
Results
Woman and the WarWoman in the workforce
Wages
Nurses
War in the AirA new technology in l914, by l918 air warfare had become very important.Over 10,000 Canadians flew in the Royal Flying Corps
Finishing the JobOn August 8th, l918, The Canadian and Australian corps ripped a huge gap in the German line and advanced 8 and 7 miles respectively by days end.
The black day of the German Army.
The Battle of Amiens
Finishing the JobThe 100 Hundred DaysAugust to November l918.
During this period the Canadian corps fought and won nine major battles. Affirming its reputation as the British Armys best.
The cost was heavy; over 30,000 casualties.
doing and dyingCurries Commanders
The Canadians had learned the hard lessons by doing and dying.
The were lead by a gifted leader who surrounded himself with very capable officers; a winning combination.
The Last to FallOn November 11th l918, at 10:58 a.m. two minutes before the armistice, George Price 28th bn, was shot and killed by a German sniper. Likely the last allied soldier to be killed in that war.
The New CanadaNo nation can endure such turmoil and return to its former ways.
What would the new nation look like? How would Canada grieve its dead, bind their wounds and bind over the French vs English schism created by the conscription crisis.
Time would tell.
The War At SeaContraband
Noncontraband
International law
Neutrals
Protests from the United States
The War at Seafreedom of the seas
Mutual bad feelings
Submarines
war zones
LusitaniaThe Lusitania
Warnings
Deliberately unfriendly
Jutland31 May 1 June 1916
Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
goals
JutlandThe Germans' plan
Breaking the codes
Eliminating the Submarine factor
Results
The United StatesAmericas Viewpoint
Woodrow Wilson
Keeping the door open.
Control of the colonies.
The United StatesAmerican security
The threat of German victory
Staying neutral
The United Statespromoting the economic and commercial interests of the U.S.
Recession in 1913-1914
Trading with both sides.
Realizations
unrestricted submarine warfare
The United StatesDollars and sense
Loans
Bonds
The United StatesTypes of Government
Reasons for support
Propaganda
The United StatesWhat is unrestricted submarine warfare?
The Sussex
The Sussex Pledge
The United StatesThe Zimmerman Note
German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman.
1846-1848: Mexican American War
Pancho Villa
Mexican President Lazaro Carranza
The United StatesGerman Spies
Effects of unrestricted submarine warfare.
The Convoy
The United StatesThe United States enters the war.
February 3rd, 1917
April 2, 1917
April 6, 1917
The United StatesHolding the lines.
Neville and Petain
Invading Italy
Giving the Americans time
The United StatesConscription in the United States
Sending money and troops
Unity of Command
Ferdinand Foch
The United StatesThe Battle of Chateau-Thierry
Back to the Marne
The Argonne Forrest
New Decisions
The Collapse of EmpiresBulgarians
Turks
Kaiser Wilhelm II
The Armistice
Early attempts at Communists Revolutions in Germany
The Collapse of EmpiresCharles I
Austria becomes a republic
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Romania
The Home FrontWar Industries Board
Nationalized Railroads
The Great Migration
Women in the Workforce
The Committee on Public Information
The Home FrontLiberty Cabbage
Teaching German
Harassing German-Americans
The Espionage Act of 1917
The Sabotage and Sedition Acts of 1918
The Home FrontThe Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
The dispute between the American Government and the IWW
The ConsequencesGermany: 1.8 millionRussia: 1.7 millionFrance: 1.4 millionAustria-Hungary: 1.2 millionThe British Empire: 908,000Italy: 650,000Romania: 336,000The Ottoman Empire: 325,000The United States: 126,000Consequences57% of the men mobilized into the armed forces were casualties.
In the U.S. it was 8.2%.
Civilian Casualties
The Influenza epidemic of 1918-1919Technology and the home fronttotal war
Home front
Handling the work force
Attacks on shipping
Attacks on civilians
Communist UprisingsCommunists
Stab in the back theory
Soviet Republics
Austria and Hungary
Short run effects
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