World War I

World War I1914-1918Going to WarEagerness to go to war

Government Propaganda

Previous Wars

The Glorious Adventure

The Schlieffen Plan

The First Battle of the Marne

WEAPONSThe Machine Gun

Foot soldiers

Tanks

Heavy cannons

Aviation

Poison Gas

The War in the East

1918 (MP18)

BAR (1918

7.92mm (adopted 1908

The Pulemyot Maxima PM1910 comprised a 7.62mm water cooled Russian machine gun adopted in 1910 and modeled closely on the original Maxim gunTrying to Find New AlliesItaly

Public Opinion

The Treaty of London

Other attempts at gaining allies. http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/index.html

The War in the East

Flame Throwers

Colt 1911

Throwing hand grenades.Trench Warfare

Life in the trenches. www.firstworldwar.com

VerdunGerman Chief of Staff: Erich von Falkenhayn

Verdun

bleed France white

Crown Prince Wilhelm

Meuse River

VerdunFebruary 1916

French Commander in Chief Joseph Joffre.

Numbers (troops)

Goals

VerdunVaux

Douaumont

Henri-Phillippe Petain (Commander of the French 2nd Army)

Voie Sacree

VerdunSpring 1916

Le Morte-homme

Robert Neville

Phosgene gas

Somme

VerdunThe Chancellors Opinion (Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg)

Mangin replaces Nivelle and retakes Douaumont and Vaux

December 15-18, 1916

Results

The War at HomeCivilian Morale

Social levelshttp://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/france.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/uk.htm SommeJuly 1916

Numbers

Joseph Joffre

Why was the date of the attack moved?

Goals

SommeBritish Commander in Chief Sir Douglas Haig

Haigs Goals

Effectiveness of the bombardment

Attempts at crossing No Mans Land.

SommeNumbers

Effectiveness of Tanks

Results

CanadaCanada enters the WarWhy?

Army 4,000 men

Navy 2 obsolete ships

Militia 70,000 poorly trained

In the first month, 30,000 enlisted.

BackgroundImperial Defense

Effects of Navalism

French Canadians vs. English Canadians

Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier

Canadas New Navy

Canada goes to WarTrade Agreements with the USA

Exit Laurier

Enter Robert Borden

War Measures Act 1914

Canadian 1st Division

Sir Sam HughesOne of Canadas most colorful characters, some historians think Hughes was crazy. One high ranking officer called him the Mad Mullah of the Militia. Others claim he was crazy like a fox. Historians agree that Hughes was a nationalist and from the outset, was determined that the Canadian army would be Canadian lead, Canadian equipped and carry Canadian made weapons. A noble and popular position in l914.

Sir Sam HughesUnfortunately, he fumbled the ball with bad Canadian officers, defective Canadian boots and the much maligned Canadian designed Ross rifle.

Ypres l915First battle

April 22nd to 25th, l914

Canadians withstood first use of poison gas.

Saved the British line but the cost was heavy 6,000 casualties of 18,000 men.

Vimy RidgeEaster morning April 9th l917

the Canadian army had grown to over 100,000 commanded by the legendary Julian Byng.

The Following months of intensive training and reorganization, the Canadians attacked.

It was Canadas greatest victory and in the view of many historians, made this colony a nation.

The cost: 10,000 casualties; the bloodiest day in Canadian history.

Colony to a NationPrime Minister Borden was determined that sacrifice on the battlefield would not be in vain. In England May l917 the PM demanded and won concessions from the Britain that Canada be treated as an ally, not a colony.

Lloyd George was not impressed but Borden stuck to his guns; he knew the British needed our troops and threatened to withdraw. Bordens tenacity earned Canada a seat in the Imperial War Cabinet.

The Home Front in CanadaCasualties and Sacrifices

The use of French in schools

Abandoning French Instruction

The Conscription CrisisDivision over Conscription

Bordens Promise to Great Britain

Increased need for agricultural workers

The Conscription CrisisFrench Canadians vs. English Canadians

French Canadians in the military

The Royal 22nd Battalion (The Vandoos)

The Conscription CrisisThe Military Service Act (1917)

Domestic Unrest

Protests

Exemptions for Farmers sons

The Canadian EconomyExtensive Borrowing

The First National Income Tax

Nationalized Railroads

Canadians of Enemy Origin

Increased Cost of livingCanadian AgricultureCanadas Agriculture

Wheat Prices

Labor and equipment costs

Debt amongst the farmers

Results

Woman and the WarWoman in the workforce

Wages

Nurses

War in the AirA new technology in l914, by l918 air warfare had become very important.Over 10,000 Canadians flew in the Royal Flying Corps

Finishing the JobOn August 8th, l918, The Canadian and Australian corps ripped a huge gap in the German line and advanced 8 and 7 miles respectively by days end.

The black day of the German Army.

The Battle of Amiens

Finishing the JobThe 100 Hundred DaysAugust to November l918.

During this period the Canadian corps fought and won nine major battles. Affirming its reputation as the British Armys best.

The cost was heavy; over 30,000 casualties.

doing and dyingCurries Commanders

The Canadians had learned the hard lessons by doing and dying.

The were lead by a gifted leader who surrounded himself with very capable officers; a winning combination.

The Last to FallOn November 11th l918, at 10:58 a.m. two minutes before the armistice, George Price 28th bn, was shot and killed by a German sniper. Likely the last allied soldier to be killed in that war.

The New CanadaNo nation can endure such turmoil and return to its former ways.

What would the new nation look like? How would Canada grieve its dead, bind their wounds and bind over the French vs English schism created by the conscription crisis.

Time would tell.

The War At SeaContraband

Noncontraband

International law

Neutrals

Protests from the United States

The War at Seafreedom of the seas

Mutual bad feelings

Submarines

war zones

LusitaniaThe Lusitania

Warnings

Deliberately unfriendly

Jutland31 May 1 June 1916

Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer

Admiral Sir John Jellicoe

goals

JutlandThe Germans' plan

Breaking the codes

Eliminating the Submarine factor

Results

The United StatesAmericas Viewpoint

Woodrow Wilson

Keeping the door open.

Control of the colonies.

The United StatesAmerican security

The threat of German victory

Staying neutral

The United Statespromoting the economic and commercial interests of the U.S.

Recession in 1913-1914

Trading with both sides.

Realizations

unrestricted submarine warfare

The United StatesDollars and sense

Loans

Bonds

The United StatesTypes of Government

Reasons for support

Propaganda

The United StatesWhat is unrestricted submarine warfare?

The Sussex

The Sussex Pledge

The United StatesThe Zimmerman Note

German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman.

1846-1848: Mexican American War

Pancho Villa

Mexican President Lazaro Carranza

The United StatesGerman Spies

Effects of unrestricted submarine warfare.

The Convoy

The United StatesThe United States enters the war.

February 3rd, 1917

April 2, 1917

April 6, 1917

The United StatesHolding the lines.

Neville and Petain

Invading Italy

Giving the Americans time

The United StatesConscription in the United States

Sending money and troops

Unity of Command

Ferdinand Foch

The United StatesThe Battle of Chateau-Thierry

Back to the Marne

The Argonne Forrest

New Decisions

The Collapse of EmpiresBulgarians

Turks

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The Armistice

Early attempts at Communists Revolutions in Germany

The Collapse of EmpiresCharles I

Austria becomes a republic

Hungary

Czechoslovakia

Yugoslavia

Romania

The Home FrontWar Industries Board

Nationalized Railroads

The Great Migration

Women in the Workforce

The Committee on Public Information

The Home FrontLiberty Cabbage

Teaching German

Harassing German-Americans

The Espionage Act of 1917

The Sabotage and Sedition Acts of 1918

The Home FrontThe Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

The dispute between the American Government and the IWW

The ConsequencesGermany: 1.8 millionRussia: 1.7 millionFrance: 1.4 millionAustria-Hungary: 1.2 millionThe British Empire: 908,000Italy: 650,000Romania: 336,000The Ottoman Empire: 325,000The United States: 126,000Consequences57% of the men mobilized into the armed forces were casualties.

In the U.S. it was 8.2%.

Civilian Casualties

The Influenza epidemic of 1918-1919Technology and the home fronttotal war

Home front

Handling the work force

Attacks on shipping

Attacks on civilians

Communist UprisingsCommunists

Stab in the back theory

Soviet Republics

Austria and Hungary

Short run effects