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Transport as a Tool for Urban DesignProblems, Better Processes, Best Practices
Urban Transportation PlanningMIT Course 1.252j/11.380j
Fall 2002
Mikel Murga, MIT Research Associate
October 11, 2001
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Day 6
Transport as a Tool for Urban Design
! Transport and Land Uses! Problems
! Solutions! Best Practices
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Transport and Land Uses
! Let us design a new freeway! Present traffic on existing roads?! Design speed? Desired LOS? Budget?
! But! How many new dwellings will be built nearby?! How many office bldgs? Technology parks?
! How many parking places are needed?
! What size for the new shopping center?! ??
! From road builders to urban planners!
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Transport and Land Uses
! Thanks to
J.Kenworthy and F.Laube TheMillennium Cities.Data base forSustainableTransportsponsored by the
UITP, we knowthat someparameters arevery critical
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Day 6
Urban Density is critical
Source ISTP-UITP
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The higher the density, the higher
the percentage of sustainable modes
U.S.A.
Western Europe
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Job density is also a critical parameter
As Joel Garreau says(The Edge Cities),when the presidentmoves to thesuburbs, he takes
the office along
Source ISTP-UITP
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Day 6
Percentage of non-motorized trips
correlated withdensity andmixed uses
Source ISTP-UITP
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Day 6
The automobile will govern if
Source ISTP-UITP
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Economic efficiency
Source ISTP-UITP
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Day 6
The cost of a balanced system
Economic sustainability
U.S.A.
Western Europe
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Day 6
The high price of road fatalities
U.S.A.
Western Europe.
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Problems
! Triggers:! Housing density
! Suburban job centers
! Segregation of land uses
! Parking availability and cost
! Results:! Unbalanced modal split! Increased economic, environmental and social
costs
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Day 6
Better Processes
! Transport projects opportunities:! Development (macro):
! Strategic and long-term
! Examples like Curitiba, Toronto, Stockholm
! Self-containment vs dispersal
! Urban growth along axes through zoning and land-use incentives
! Rehabilitation (micro):! Tactical, short term but also effective
! In-fill development vs new demand management
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Better Processes
! Development (macro):!
Curitiba as an example
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Better Processes
! Rehabilitation (micro):! It can be implemented rather quickly
! Local actions spilling over the metropolitan scale
! Zrichs per capita transit trips above Curitibas
! Any transport project however minor canbe approached as an improvementopportunity, for instance:! Improving a traffic intersection and
! The excuse of a new Light Rail
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Day 6
A traffic intersection
Town of Amorebieta, Basque Country, Spain
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Again, nothing like simulation
!Although traffic analyses per se will not
stop traffic growth
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Day 6
A traffic intersection
Espacios existentes
Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )
ESPACIOS PEATONALES
Espacios existentes
Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )
ESPACIOS PEATONALES
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Day 6
Transit
Opportunity forurban
rehabilitation
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The power of a LRT project
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Strasbourg
New public spaces around the LRT
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Day 6
Zrich
A true success story, thanks to full priority, strict
parking policies and pedestrian schemes
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Day 6
The power of a LRT project
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The power of a LRT project
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The power of a LRT project
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Day 6
Or simply just closing off a street
Courtesy of Jan Gehl
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Day 6
or removing some parking spots
Courtesy of Jan Gehl
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The benefits of a few extra turns for the cars
City Hall in Copenhagen
Courtesy of Jan Gehl
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Transport Solutions
! Car Parking:
! Critical for modal split! To be seen in a wider context than just on-
site provision! Complementary measures (pedestrian
improvements, transit) a must
! On-site parking to distinguish betweenshoppers and commuters
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Transport Solutions
! Park-Ride facilities:
!Visible, well signed and secure!Again to be seen in a larger context
! It should not preclude high-densitydevelopment near rail stations
! Price should be lower than downtown
! Shuttle service of prime quality: frequentservice, priority to reach downtown fasterthan by car (similar to an airport car rental shuttle)
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Transport Solutions
! Traffic Management:
! Traffic Calming a first step:! It fosters more convivial public spaces
! It triggers a new relationship betweenpedestrians and cars
! It facilitates biking
!
Other steps:! To divert through traffic
! Priority for bus or LRT service
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Transport Solutions
! Pedestrians and
Cyclists:! O-D pathing
! Road crossings
! Street furniture! Traffic calming
!
Balanced activitiesthroughout the day
! Public activities
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Best Practices
! The Netherlands ABC location policy:! Locations:
!A: main transit hub few parking - downtown
! B: district center or small town bus junction
! C: Not served by transit!Activities:
!A: People intensive land uses
! B: Commercial and service activities with lowturnout (e.g..: car sales, furniture dealers)
! C: Goods intensive uses
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Best practices
! West Midlands Regional Planning Guidance:
! Development within existing urban fabric! Maximize re-use of vacant and derelict sites
! Maximize use of existing infrastructure
! Strong support for public transport! Measures to control car congestion in town centers
! Coordination of strategic parking requirements
! Strong support for pedestrian and cyclists facilities
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Best practices
! The priorities of the City of York Council:
! Pedestrians! People with disabilities
! Cyclists
! Public Transport passengers! Commercial and business vehicles
! Car-borne shoppers
! Coach-borne visitors
! Car-borne long-stay commuters
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Best practices
! The resulting measures in the City of York:
! Strict parking policy! 5 park-and-ride sites
! Reallocation of road space among buses, cyclists
and pedestrians! Traffic calming measures: 30 mph on major radials
and 20 mph, elsewhere
! Safe and continuous cycle network! Implementation of a pedestrian route network
throughout the city
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Best Practices
! Global Vision, Local Action
! Dont let the global vision rob you fromopportunities for local change
! Local change, however limited, is important:! We need early winners to jumpstart a new process
! Small changes may become showcases
!
Dont forget we need a new model! To start a process more effective
than relying only on end-state planning
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Upon starting a process, remember Jane JacobsSystems of Survival
! Commercial Syndrome! Shun force
! Come to voluntary agreements! Be honest
! Collaborate easily with strangers andaliens
! Compete! Respect contracts
! Use initiative and enterprise
! Be open to inventiveness and novelty
! Be efficient! Promote comfort and convenience
! Dissent for the sake of the task
! Invest for productive purposes
! Be industrious! Be thrifty
! Be optimistic
! Guardian Syndrome! Shun trading
! Exert prowess! Be obedient and disciplined
! Adhere to tradition
! Respect hierarchy
! Be loyal! Take vengeance
! Deceive for the sake of the task
! Make rich use of leisure
! Be ostentatious! Dispense largesse
! Be exclusive
! Show fortitude
! Be fatalistic! Treasure honor
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A Closing Thought
Do we have to resign ourselves to the
role of the frog1? Or, can we act now?1 See MITs Peter Senge The Fifth Discipline
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