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1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] 2.[ S I believed [ S him to be kind]] 3.[ S NP seems [ S John to shout]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
Answer: Don’t operate on the trees,but annotate them with relevant informationabout syntactic functions and semantic arguments.
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
AP
to
V
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to V
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INF
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INFINF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
XCOMP
INF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
OBLag
XCOMP
INF
SUBJ
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRET
KILL ‹OBLag SUBJ›’
BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
The functional information in the annotations
is represented in a separate functional structure
(f-structure), in the form of an attribute-value graph:
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pret
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nom
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
How to incorporatef-structure information
into a grammar
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
Index the c-structure nodes
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
The tree has done its job:Forget it.
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Collect the instantiated equationsinto an f-description
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
f4
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
f4
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f3
f4
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
Notice: The f-structure hasfewer levels than the c-structurebecause of the nodes annotatedwith ↓
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.A set of nodes which project the same f-structureare said to constitute a functional domain.
A functional domain
Let us now move from
I forced him to leave
to
I believed him to leave
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
believed: ( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
The only change is in the mapping between syntactic functionsand argument positions, as expressed in the value of PRED.The syntax as such is unchanged.
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