View
222
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
1
Relations between PM and persistent toxic substances
Alexey Ryaboshapko,
Meteorological Synthesizing Center “East”
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
2
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
What pollutants do we consider?
3
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
What pollutants do we consider?
Heavy Metals (HMs):
The first priority: Cd, Pb, Hg
The second priority: As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn
4
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
What pollutants do we consider?
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):
Dioxins / Furans - 210 compoundsPolychlorinated biphenyls - 209 compoundsPolyaromatic hydrocarbons - hundredsPesticides - hundreds
5
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Physical properties of HMs in the atmosphere
HM Typical particle size range, m
Particulate share, %
Life-time in the atmosphere
Pb 0.5 – 2 100 2 – 3 days
Cd 0.5 – 2 100 2 – 3 days
Hg 0.5 – 1 1 – 5 1 year
As 0.5 – 2 95 2 – 3 days
Cr 1 – 3 100 1 – 2 days
Cu 1 – 3 100 1 – 2 days
Ni 1 – 3 100 1 – 2 days
Zn 0.5 - 3 100 1 – 3 days
6
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Physical properties of POPs in the atmosphere
POP Typical particle size range, m
Particulate share, %
Life-time in the atmosphere
Dioxins 0.3 – 1 5 - 95 3 – 5 days
PAHs 0.5 – 2 90 – 100 7 – 15 days
PCBs 0.3 – 1 40 – 60 40 – 60 days
Lindane 0.3 - 1 0 – 1 2 – 3 months
7
Comparison of main categories of sources for primary PM and HMs
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
PPM10PPM10
Cd Pb
Power Plants
Residentialcombustion
Industry
Metallurgy
Transport
Other
8
Comparison of main categories of anthropogenic sources for PM and POPs
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Power Plants
Residentialcombustion
Industry
Metallurgy
Transport
Other
PPM10PPM10
PCDD/Fs BaP
9
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Airborne concentrations of primary PM10, Cd and mass fraction of Cd in PPM10
Sources: Primary PM10 concentration distribution: CCC & MSC-West (4 / 2004)
Pollutant concentration distributions: MSC-East report (2 / 2004)
PPM10, g/m3 Cd, ng/m3 Cd in PPM10, %
10
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ?
11
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Yes !
Threshold concentration levels for residential areas are set in most European countries as air quality standards.
Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ?
12
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Thresholds accepted for Heavy Metals
by the 1st Daughter Directive and
the 4th Daughter Directive of EU*, ng/m3:
Arsenic 6
Cadmium 5
Lead 500
Nickel 20
*) For the total content in PM10 averaged over one year
13
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Thresholds accepted for the sum of dioxins
and furans, fg TEQ/m3:
Russia - 500
Italy - 40
USA - 20
14
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Thresholds accepted for particulate matter, μg/m3
Particle size
Time period
USA1996
Nether-lands1996
Sweden1997
Russia1991
WHO1987
EU2005
EU2010
(proposed)
PM2.5 Annual 15
Daily 65
PM10 Annual 50 40 20 40 20
Daily 150 70 100 70 50 50
TSP Annual
Daily 150
15
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Approach to assessment of integral pollution by PM
Individual pollutants have different toxicity…
We need to find a quantitative criterion, which has property of additivity…
An approach based on idea of “threshold concentration level” is widely used
16
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Quantitative additive criterion:
A portion of an air volume, which could become unsuitable for humans because of presence of a given pollutant in air.
Let us call this portion “Hazard Quotient” (HQ):
HQ = C / T, where
C – airborne concentration of a given pollutant;
T - permissible threshold concentration
for a given pollutant.
17
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
An example:Cadmium within particulate matter could make 10% of an air volume unsuitable for human
1 cubic meter
Cd – 10%
clean air
18
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
An example:B[a]P within particulate matter could make 15% of an air volume unsuitable for human
1 cubic meter
B[a]P – 15%
clean air
Cd – 10%
19
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
An example:Particulate matter itself could make 20% of an air volume unsuitable for human
1 cubic meter
PM – 20%clean air
B[a]P – 15%
Cd – 10%
20
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Integral PM pollution
(HQi) = Hazard Index for PM (dimensionless)
HI = (HQi) = 0.45
1 cubic meter
PM – 20%clean air
B[a]P – 15%
Cd – 10%
21
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Integral Pollution by Particulate Matter (Hazard Index)
Cij – mass concentration of the i-the pollutant within the j-th pollutant class;
φij – share of the concentration in particulate phase…
Tij - permissible threshold concentration…
COVj – coverage coefficient for the j-th pollutant class.
m
j j
n
i ji
jiji
COV
T
C
HI1
1 ,
,,
22
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, B[a]P)
23
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, B[a]P)
24
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Northeastern Germany
Pollutant Annual concentration
Threshold limit suggested by EU
Hazard quotient
Cadmium 0.15 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 0.03
Nickel 2 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 0.10
Lead 10 ng/m3 500 ng/m3 0.02
Benzo[a]pyrene 0.2 ng/m3 1 ng/m3 0.20
PM10 12 g/m3 40 g/m3 0.30
Hazard Index for PM : 0.65
25
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
“Black Triangle”
Pollutant Annual concentratio
n
Threshold limit suggested by EU
Hazard quotient
Cadmium 0.5 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 0.10
Nickel 6 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 0.30
Lead 20 ng/m3 500 ng/m3 0.04
Benzo[a]pyrene 1 ng/m3 1 ng/m3 1.00
PM10 20 g/m3 40 g/m3 0.50
Hazard Index for PM : 1.94
26
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Examples of usage of the approach to assess cumulative risk caused by different pollutants
Novikov G.V. and Dudarev A.Ya., 1978. Sanitary protection of the environment of a modern city. Leningrad, Medicina, 215 pp.
Berlyand M.E. (editor), 1994. Yearbook on the state of air pollution and emissions of pollutants into the atmospheres of cities and industrial centers of Russian Federation. Sankt-Peterburg, Main Geophysical Observatory, 407 pp.
Hampshire Research Institute(www.hampshire.org/risk01.htm)
US EPA, 2003EPA/630/P-02/001F May 2003
27
EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
Possible output information:
Spatial distribution (50*50 km) of hazard index for PM averaged over one year.
Number of days during a year when the hazard index is higher than unity in all EMEP grid cells.
Product of hazard index for PM and population in all EMEP grid cells for population risk assessment.
Recommended