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資訊檢索與擷取Information Retrieval and Extraction
陳信希Hsin-Hsi Chen
台大資訊系
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Information Retrieval• generic information retrieval system
select and return to the user desired documents from a large set of documents in accordance with criteria specified by the user
• functions– document search
the selection of documents from an existing collection of documents
– document routingthe dissemination of incoming documents to appropriate users on the basis of user interest profiles
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Detection Need• Definition
a set of criteria specified by the user which describes the kind of information desired.– queries in document search task– profiles in routing task
• forms– keywords– keywords with Boolean operators– free text– example documents– ...
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Example
<head> Tipster Topic Description<num> Number: 033<dom> Domain: Science and Technology<title> Topic: Companies Capable of Producing Document
Management<des> Description:Document must identify a company who has the capability toproduce document management system by obtaining a turnkey-system or by obtaining and integrating the basic components.<narr> Narrative:To be relevant, the document must identify a turnkey documentmanagement system or components which could be integratedto form a document management system and the name of eitherthe company developing the system or the company using thesystem. These components are: a computer, image scanner oroptical character recognition system, and an information retrievalor text management system.
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Example (Continued)
<con> Concepts:1. document management, document processing, office automationelectronic imaging2. image scanner, optical character recognition (OCR)3. text management, text retrieval, text database4. optical disk<fac> Factors:<def> DefinitionsDocument Management-The creation, storage and retrieval of documents containing, text, images, and graphics.Image Scanner-A device that converts a printed image into a videoimage, without recognizing the actual content of the text or pictures.Optical Disk-A disk that is written and read by light, and are sometimes associated with the storage of digital images because oftheir high storage capacity.
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search vs. routing
• The search process matches a single Detection Need against the stored corpus to return a subset of documents.
• Routing matches a single document against a group of Profiles to determine which users are interested in the document.
• Profiles stand long-term expressions of user needs.• Search queries are ad hoc in nature.• A generic detection architecture can be used for both the
search and routing.
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Search• retrieval of desired documents from an existing corpus• Retrospective search is frequently interactive.• Methods
– indexing the corpus by keyword, stem and/or phrase– apply statistical and/or learning techniques to better
understand the content of the corpus– analyze free text Detection Needs to compare with
the indexed corpus or a single document– ...
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Document Detection: Search
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Document Detection: Search(Continued)
• Document Corpus– the content of the corpus may have significant
the performance in some applications
• Preprocessing of Document Corpus– stemming– a list of stop words– phrases, multi-term items– ...
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Document Detection: Search(Continued)
• Building Index from Stems– key place for optimizing run-time performance
– cost to build the index for a large corpus
• Document Index– a list of terms, stems, phrases, etc.
– frequency of terms in the document and corpus
– frequency of the co-occurrence of terms within the corpus
– index may be as large as the original document corpus
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Document Detection: Search(Continued)
• Detection Need– the user’s criteria for a relevant document
• Convert Detection Need to System Specific Query– first transformed into a detection query, and then a
retrieval query.– detection query: specific to the retrieval engine, but
independent of the corpus– retrieval query: specific to the retrieval engine, and to
the corpus
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Document Detection: Search(Continued)
• Compare Query with Index
• Resultant Rank Ordered List of Documents– Return the top ‘N’ documents – Rank the list of relevant documents from the
most relevant to the query to the least relevant
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Routing
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Routing (Continued)
• Profile of Multiple Detection Needs– A Profile is a group of individual Detection
Needs that describes a user’s areas of interest.– All Profiles will be compared to each incoming
document (via the Profile index).– If a document matches a Profile the user is
notified about the existence of a relevant document.
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Routing (Continued)
• Convert Detection Need to System Specific Query
• Building Index from Queries– similar to build the corpus index for searching– the quantify of source data (Profiles) is usually
much less than a document corpus– Profiles may have more specific, structured
data in the form of SGML tagged fields
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Routing (Continued)
• Routing Profile Index– The index will be system specific and will make use
of all the preprocessing techniques employed by a particular detection system.
• Document to be routed– A stream of incoming documents is handled one at
a time to determine where each should be directed.– Routing implementation may handle multiple
document streams and multiple Profiles.
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Routing (Continued)
• Preprocessing of Document– A document is preprocessed in the same manner that
a query would be set-up in a search
– The document and query roles are reversed compared with the search process
• Compare Document with Index– Identify which Profiles are relevant to the document
– Given a document, which of the indexed profiles match it?
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Routing (Continued)
• Resultant List of Profiles– The list of Profiles identify which user should
receive the document
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Summary
• Generate a representation of the meaning or content of each object based on its description.
• Generate a representation of the meaning of the information need.
• Compare these two representations to select those objects that are most likely to match the information need.
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Documents Queries
DocumentRepresentation
QueryRepresentation
Comparison
Basic Architecture of an Information Retrieval System
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Research Issues
• Given a set of description for objects in the collection and a description of an information need, we must consider
• Issue 1– What makes a good document representation?– What are retrievable units and how are they
organized?– How can a representation be generated from a
description of the document?
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Research Issues (Continued)
• Issue 2How can we represent the information need and how can we acquire this representation either from a description of the information need or through interaction with the user?
• Issue 3How can we compare representations to judge likelihood that a document matches an information need?
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Research Issues (Continued)
• Issue 4How can we evaluate the effectiveness of the retrieval process?
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Information Extraction
• Generic Information Extraction SystemAn information extraction system is a cascade of transducers or modules that at each step add structure and often lose information, hopefully irrelevant, by applying rules that are acquired manually and/or automatically.
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Information Extraction (Continued)
• What are the transducers or modules?
• What are their input and output?
• What structure is added?
• What information is lost?
• What is the form of the rules?
• How are the rules applied?
• How are the rules acquired?
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Example: Parser
• transducer: parser• input: the sequence of words or lexical items• output: a parse tree• information added: predicate-argument and
modification relations• information lost: no• rule form: unification grammars• application method: chart parser• acquisition method: manually
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Modules
• Text Zonerturn a text into a set of text segments
• Preprocessorturn a text or text segment into a sequence of sentences, each of which is a sequence of lexical items, where a lexical item is a word together with its lexical attributes
• Filterturn a set of sentences into a smaller set of sentences by filtering out the irrelevant ones
• Preparsertake a sequence of lexical items and try to identify various reliably determinable, small-scale structures
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Modules (Continued)
• Parserinput a sequence of lexical items and perhaps small-scale structures (phrases) and output a set of parse tree fragments, possibly complete
• Fragment Combinerturn a set of parse tree or logical form fragments into a parse tree or logical form for the whole sentence
• Semantic Interpretergenerate a semantic structure or logical form from a parse tree or from parse tree fragments
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Modules (Continued)
• Lexical Disambiguationturn a semantic structure with general or ambiguous predicates into a semantic structure with specific, unambiguous predicates
• Coreference Resolution, or Discourse Processingturn a tree-like structure into a network-like structure by identifying different descriptions of the same entity in different parts of the text
• Template Generatorderive the templates from the semantic structures
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Topics
1. Introduction to Information Retrieval and Extraction2. Conventional Text-Retrieval Systems (Salton, Chapter 8) - Database Management and Information Retrieval - Text Retrieval Using Inverted Indexing Methods - Extensions of the Inverted Index Operations - Typical File Organization - Text-Scanning Systems3. Automatic Indexing (Salton, Chapter 9) - Indexing Environment - Indexing Aims - Single-Term Indexing Theories - Term Relationships in Indexing - Term-Phrase Formulation - Thesaurus-Group Generation
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4. Advanced Information-Retrieval Models (Salton, Chapter 10) - The Vector Space Model - Automatic Document Classification - Probabilistic Retrieval Model - Extended Boolean Retrieval Model5. File Structures (Frakes & Baeza-Yates, Chapters 3-5) - Inverted Files - Signature Files - PAT trees6. Term and Query Operations (Frakes & Baeza-Yates, Chapters 7-9,10) - Lexical Analysis and Stoplists - Stemming Algorithms - Thesaurus Construction - Relevance Feedback7. Evaluation Metrices (Jones & Willett, Chapter 4) - The Pragmatics of Information Retrieval Experimentation, Revisited - The TREC Conferences
Topics (Continued)
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8. IR on the World Wide Web (Cheong, Chapter 4) - Spiders for Indexing the Web - Web Indexing Spiders - WebCrawler: Finding What People Want - Lycos: Hunting WWW Information - Harvest: Gathering and Brokering Information - WebAnts: Hunting in Packs - Issues of Web Indexing - Spiders of the Future 9. Cross-Language Information Retrieval (Hsin-Hsi Chen)10. Information Extraction (Jerry R. Hobbs) - What information extraction is - What is involved in building information extraction systems, and some how to? - What kinds of resources and tools are needed, and how to access them
Topics (Continued)
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Information Sources• Books
– Salton, G. (1989) Automatic Text Processing. The Transformation, Analysis and Retrieval of Information by Computer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
– Frakes, W.B. and Baeza-Yates, R. (Eds.) (1992) Information Retrieval: Data Structures and Algorithms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
– Cheong, F. (1996) Internet Agents: Spiders, Wanderers, Brokers, and Bots. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders, 1996.
– Karen Sparck Jones and Peter Willett (1997) Readings in Information Retrieval, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
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Information Sources
• Conference Proceedings– ACM SIGIR Annual International Conference on Research
and Development in Information Retrieval (1978-)
• Journals– ACM Transactions on Information Systems
– Information Processing and Management (formerly Information Storage and Retrieval)
– Journal of the American Society for Information Science (formerly American Documentation)
– Journal of Documentation
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