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July/August 200www.archaeology.org A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America January/February 20
Cambodia: Exploring a Sacred Mountain
PLUS:Iron Age Heist,Paleo-escargot,Viking Blacksmith,Hollywood Sphinx
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For 24 years, The Great Courses has brought theworlds foremost educators to millions who want togo deeper into the subjects that matter most. Noexams. No homework. Just a world of knowledgeavailable anytime, anywhere. Download or streamto your laptop or PC, or use our free mobile appsfor iPad, iPhone, or Android. Over 500 courses
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Exploring the Rootsof ReligionTaught by Professor John R. Hale
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King Solomon was one of the wealthiest rulers of the ancient world. His vast empireincluded hoards of gold, priceless gemstones and rare works of art. For centuries,fortune hunters and historians dedicated their lives to the search for his fabled
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departments
More from the IssueFor video of the authorstrip to Phnom Kulen, Cambodia, go to www.archaeology.org/
cambodia. For more photos and video of the wrecks of
Thunder Bay, go to www.archaeology.org/thunderbay
Interactive DigsRead about the latest discoveriesat Johnsons Island, a Civil War site in Ohio; and Achill
Island in Ireland. www.interactivedigs.com
on the web www.archaeology.org
Archaeological NewsEach day, we bring youheadlines from around the world. And sign up for our
e-Update so you dont miss a thing
Stay in TouchVisit Facebook and like Archaeologyor follow us on Twitter at @archaeologymag
18
4 Editors Letter
6 From the President
8 Letters Touring a nuclear test site, a Sri Lankan shipwrecks
manifest, buffalo hunters on the High Plains, and
frog or toad?
9 From the Trenches Botched Iron Age heist, Koreas bronze shoes, fine
dining with Richard III, Neanderthal graffiti, discovering
lost Maya cities, and The Ten Commandmentsfound
An ancient toilet seat, grave of a Viking blacksmith,
enigmatic earthworks in Kazakhstan, New Zealands
turtle canoe, Egyptian hair extensions
52 Letter from Cambodia Through centuriesand perhaps even millenniaof
cultural, political, and environmental change, Phnom
Kulen has retained its central role in the spiritual life of
a people
68 Artifact A Bronze Age dagger from Denmark shows that some
materials never go out of style
12
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It is again our pleasure to ring in the new year by announcing our roster of Top 10'LVFRYHULHV SDJH 24 ,Q 2014 IURP HYLGHQFH LQ WKH
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2016
FROM THE PRESIDENT AIofA
Located at Boston University
OFFICERS
President
Andrew Moore
First Vice President
Jodi Magness
Vice President for Outreach and Education
Pamela Russell
Vice President for Research and Academic Affairs
Carla Antonaccio
Vice President for Professional Responsibilities
Laetitia La Follette
Treasurer
David Ackert
Vice President for Societies
Thomas Morton
Executive Director
Ann Benbow
Chief Operating Officer
Kevin Quinlan
GOVERNING BOARD
Susan AlcockBarbara BarlettaAndrea Berlin
David BoocheverBruce CampbellDerek Counts
Julie Herzig DesnickSheila Dillon, ex officio
Michael GalatyRonald Greenberg
Michael Hoff
Jeffrey LamiaLynne Lancaster
Becky LaoDeborah Lehr
Robert LittmanElizabeth Macaulay-Lewis
Maria PapaioannouJ. Theodore Pea
Eleanor PowersPaul Rissman
Robert RothbergDavid SeigleChen Shen
Monica SmithCharles Steinmetz
Claudia Valentino, ex officioMichael Wiseman
Past President
Elizabeth Bartman
Trustees Emeriti
Brian HeidtkeNorma Kershaw
Charles S. La Follette
Legal Counsel
Mitchell Eitel, Esq.Sullivan & Cromwell, LLP
A I ofA656 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02215-2006
www.archaeological.org
Turkeys Heritage, at aCrossroads
Andrew Moore
President, Archaeological Institute of America
Standing at the intersection of Asia and Europe, few countries are richer inarchaeological and architectural heritage than Turkey. The record of human activitythere spans millennia and can been seen in places ranging from the remarkable
Neolithic settlement of atalhyk to the great and historically rich mosques of Istanbul.These and other sites across the country document major episodes in the human experience.While on a visit to Istanbul this past autumn to take part in the annual meeting of theEuropean Association of Archaeologists, I was reminded, yet again, of Turkeys culturalsignificance, and of the impressive steps the Turkish authorities are taking to preserve anddisplay both sites and artifacts for the public.
In Istanbul, many of the most famous sites are undergoing major restoration, including
Hagia Sophia, itself an architectural wonder, which first was a church, then a mosque, andnow is a museum. Topkapi Palace, once a residence for Ottoman sultans, now, too, is amuseum and is undergoing additional renovation. Excavations beneath a metro station inthe city have revealed the harbor of Theodosius, one of the major ports of Constantinople,
along with the remains of 37ships with dates spanning morethan 500years. A number of the artifacts recovered fromthe harbor can be seen displayed at Istanbuls Archaeological0XVHXP 7KH VWLOOVWDQGLQJ FLW\ ZDOOV RI 7KHRGRVLXV WHVWLI\to the effectiveness of Byzantine engineering.
All across Turkey, there are renowned UNESCO WorldHeritage sites that document significant aspects of thecountrys past. Hattusha, the late Bronze Age capital of
WKH +LWWLWH (PSLUH ZLWK LWV WHPSOHV URFNFXW UHOLHIV DQGsculptures, is one of the most impressive. The mountaintopVDQFWXDU\ RI 1HPUXW 'D WKH +HOOHQLVLWLFHUD WRPE EXLOW E\
Antiochos I for his own use, with its colossal sculptures ofhumans, divinities, and animals, remains as striking today asit must have been when constructed in the first century B.C.
The Ottoman architect Sinans masterpiece, the SelimiyeMosque at Edirne, completed inA.D. 1575, is a glory of Islamic architecture. All of theseare the focus of continuing preservation efforts. Expanded programs train experts in theconservation of archaeological sites and historic urban landscapes.
Turkey today is home to hundreds of archaeological museums, with 14 new oneshaving been constructed in recent years, and 21more nearly completed or in the planning
stages. These structures, often futuristic in concept, will put Turkey at the forefrontof archaeological heritage presentation worldwide and will ensure that Turkeys deeparchaeological past will be available for public study and consideration long into the future.
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EXPLORE &DISCOVER.... . . how you can create your legacy with the
A I ofA
L-R: Eric Blind with Ellen and Charles S. La Follette inthe archaeology lab in San Franciscos Presidio.
For Charles S. La Follette, creating a personallegacy through a planned gift in his will was anatural extension of his involvement with the
Archaeological Institute of America and hiscommitment to archaeological research andeducation. I joined the Norton Society to helpthe AIA continue its wonderful archaeologicalprograms for generations to come, says Charles.
With his bequest, he is confident that AIA willcontinue to provide professional archaeologists
with resources critical to their work and lifelonglearning opportunities for everyone.
e Charles Eliot Norton Society honors friends of archaeology who have named the
AIA as a beneficiary of their retirement plan, insurance policy, will, or other estate gift.
We would be delighted to include you in this special group of
benefactors. For more information, please complete the attached card
and return to AIA or call 617.353.8709 or visit
www.archaeological.org/giving/norton
YOURENOTTOOYOUNGTOPLANYOURLEGACY!
Discovery of oldest Maya murals ever found at San
Bartolo, Guatemala. Photo by Heather Hurst.
7/25/2019 01-02. Archaeology - January-February 2015.pdf
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2018
LETTERS
A Way to Remember
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LATE-BREAKING NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE WORLD OF ARCHAEOLOGY
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ZH QG VRPHWKLQJ QHZ DQG H[FLWLQJ VD\V 'DQWL 7KH SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU UHDQDO\VLV DUH LQFUHGLEOH
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www.archaeology.org 9
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FROM THE TRENCHES
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20110
Many people will be surprised tolearn that the best-preserved earlyEnglish colonial site in the Ameri-cas is located on a rocky peninsula
in Newfoundland, Canada. Knownoriginally (and still) as Ferryland,the site was visited seasonally byBeothuk Indians and, in the six-
teenth century, by fishermen fromseveral European countries. Englishsettlers arrived in the early 1620s,
and George Calvert (later LordBaltimore) christened the colonyAvalon, after the legendary island ofArthurian legend. Like the Plymouth
Colony, it was an early bastion ofreligious tolerance in North Ameri-ca. Over the following decades, thecolony established itself and grew
with several hundred inhabitantsat its peakbut it was looted andburned by French soldiers in 1696.After that, the site was all but aban-
doned, leavingits ruins mostlyundisturbed
for three cen-turies.
served. Because the settlers built instone, its all there to see. Theres
no real imagination required. Interms of visibility, in terms of thesettlement, everything is there.
Archaeologists just have to slowlyuncover it all.
The siteFrom June to October, visi-
tors can explore the remains
of a variety of private and
public structures. The parlor
and a portion of the kitchen
from the mansion house
of Calvert and, later, David
Kirke, the first governor of
Newfoundland, can be seen.
Nearby are the remains of a
bakery/brewhouse, cobble-
stone street, warehouse,
Along the
artifacts are on view at the interpre-
tation center, which hosts historical
demonstrations and has a reproduc-
tion of a seventeenth-century garden.
While youre there
The Colony of Avalon site is in the
modern town of Ferryland, which has
a museum of its own and a regionalarts center that hosts a dinner theater,
concerts, and cultural festivals. Fer-
ryland is known as the Irish heart of
Newfoundland and Labrador, and Irish
traditions continue to thrive. Nearby,
the Ferryland Lighthouse, built in 1870,
is a great location for picnics where
the curious can see birds, whales, and
icebergs. You can purchase a picnic
lunch and borrow a blanket and books
from the folks at the lighthouse.
MALINGRUNBERGBANYASZ
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20112
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CROW CANYONARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER
CST
2059347-50
800.422.8975, ext. 141www.crowcanyon.org
Discover the Past, Share the Adventure
The Neolithic RevolutionShanna Diederichs Matthew D. Adams, Ph.D.
Porter Swentzell, M.A.
May 1723
Utahs Range CreekandSan Rafael Swell
Steven R. Simms, Ph.D. Porter Swentzell, M.A.
June 1421
Summer SolsticeBryan Penprase, Ph.D. Phillip Tuwaletstiwa
June 1622
2015TRAVEL
ARCHAEOLOGY
Fieldwork LabWork with archaeologists and explore the
American Indian past.
Summer and Fall 2015
KateThompson
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WORLD ROUNDUP
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20122
TENNESSEE:In 1989,
just before the Nashville
Zoo was constructed,
archaeologists at the site
found an undocumented
cemetery, which was left
undisturbed. Speculation
was that the graves could belong to tenant farmersor a community of slaves. Plans were recently made
to expand the zoo and relocate the cemetery, which
provided anthropologists a chance to learn more about
who was buried there. Analysis of the 19 graves exca-
vated revealed African cranial traits and DNA, evidence
of hard labor, and artifacts dating to the mid-19th cen-
turyindications of a slave cemetery.
parts of the Roman world, but this is thought to be the only surviving
wooden one. The 2,000-year-old bench appears to have been well used
and, researchers report, rather comfortable.
SPAIN: Accord-
ing to historical
sources, the
site from which
Christopher
Columbus set
sail in 1492,
Palos de la
Frontera, had
a potteryworks and a building that served as
an office, store, tavern, and inn for
sailors. Though its location had been
inferred, the specific site and compo-
nents of the port had been lost until
recent work there revealed pottery
ovens and sherds and the remains of
that multiuse building. It was most
likely a site where Columbus made
some arrangements for the historic
voyage to the New World.
UTAH:Rock art can be notori-
ously difficult to date, so theories
about the age of the dozens
of enigmatic figures painted inthe Great Gallery in Horseshoe
Canyon are predictably wide-
rangingfrom 500 to 8,000
years old. Geoscientists recently
used a technique called lumi-
nescence dating to determine
that the paintings actual age is
between 1,000 and 2,000 years
old. The new dating creates fresh
questions about the people who
made the images.
MEXICO: The ancient city of Teotihuacan relied
heavily on maize, but the crop is low in certain
nutrients, and frost and drought make it risky
to cultivate. Paintings and artifacts suggest that
people also turned to pulque, an alcoholic bev-
erage made from agave sap, to fill nutritional
needs, especially during maize shortages. But
until now, there was no direct evidence of it. A
new study has successfully found on potsherds not traces of pulque,
but of compounds produced byZymomonas mobilis, the bacterium
used in its fermentation.
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23
By Samir S. Patel
www.archaeology.org
EGYPT: In
a study of
more than
100 skulls
excavated
from the site
of Amarna, some 28 had remains of pre-
served hair, which is allowing a unique look
into hairstyles and ethnicity in this part of
ancient Egypt 3,300 years ago. Among
them were several with extensions braided
into the natural hair, including one on which
there were approximately 70 extensionsfastened in different places and layers.
KAZAKHSTAN: Using Google Earth and satellite
imagery, scientists have recently found some 50
geoglyphs, some up to a quarter-mile across,
made up of patterns of discrete mounds, in the
northern steppes. Excavations, remote sensing,
and other studies are under way. It appears there
are no structures buried within the mounds, and
the purpose of the enigmatic earthworks remainsunknown. They may help track early human
migration across the region.
NORWAY: A man
removing some
pesky flagstones
from his yard stum-
bled across a pair
of metal tongsand
then a bent sword.
Luckily, he called inarchaeologists, who excavated the grave
of a Viking blacksmith, probably dat-
ing to the late 8th century. In all, some
200 objects have emerged from the site,
including smithing tools such as three
hammers, two anvils, ember tongs, and a
fire rake, as well as products of his labor,
such as an ax, arrows, and a knife. The
range of finds suggests he was an impor-
tant local craftsman.
NEW ZEALAND: Follow-
ing a storm, a large piece
of a 600-year-old canoe
emerged from a beach
on South Island. Now
undergoing conservation
and study, the canoe sug-
gests connections with
places across the South
Pacific. It is made of local
black pine, but employs
a sophisticated oceango-ing design with ribs and
a girder, and has a carv-
ing of a turtle on the hull.
Both the design and carv-
ing were unknown or rare
in New Zealand at the
time, and represent some
sort of cultural continuity
with the rest of Polynesia.
SICILY: Countless piles of amphoras from ancient shipwrecks lie
scattered throughout the Mediterranean. So theres nothing very
unusual about a particular 2,000-year-old pile 420 feet below the
waters of the Aeolian Islands, except for an unexpected find in the
ships bowa thymiaterion, or an incense burner, consisting of a
bowl atop a column. It represents rare evidence confirming histor-
ical accounts that ancient sailors conducted rituals at sea, includ-
ing when leaving or entering a harbor or in times of distress.
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20124
Ever since the discovery of the largest known Greek tomb was announcedLQ $XJXVW DUFKDHRORJ\ EXV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG KDYH EHHQ HDJHUO\ DZDLWLQJeach successive bit of news from the site. The Amphipolis tomb, which dates to
the time of Alexander the Great, is a prime example of how archaeology cancaptivate the public imagination and easily earned a spot on our list of the Top10Discoveries of2014.
Equally impressive was the discovery, after decades upon decades of searching,RI D VKLS WKDW VDQN LQ $UFWLF ZDWHUV LQ SUHVHQWGD\ &DQDGD DOPRVW170years agoZKLOH ORRNLQJ IRU WKH 1RUWKZHVW 3DVVDJH 7KDW QG ZDV GHHPHG VR PRPHQWRXVWKDW &DQDGLDQ 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU 6WHSKHQ +DUSHU WRRN LW XSRQ KLPVHOI WR PDNH WKHRFLDO DQQRXQFHPHQW
Archaeologists were also hard at work in the lab squeezing as much insightas possible out of limited evidence. Analysis of 6,000\HDUROG IXQHUDU\ ZUDSSLQJV HVWDEOLVKHG WKDW DQFLHQW (J\SWLDQV SUDFWLFHG DUWLFLDO PXPPLFDWLRQ
much earlier than had been thought. Genetic material from a skeleton found inDQ XQGHUZDWHU FDYH LQ 0H[LFR KHOSHG VKHG OLJKW RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHUVW SHRSOH WR DUULYH LQ WKH $PHULFDV DQG PRGHUQ 1DWLYH $PHULFDQV $QG D FOHYHUapproach to interpreting the genome of Neanderthals revealed factors beyond theUDZ JHQHWLF FRGH WKDW H[SODLQ KRZ WKH\ GLHUHG IURP PRGHUQ KXPDQV
7KLV \HDUV QGV VSDQ WKH JOREH DQG WHQV RI WKRXVDQGV RI \HDUV EXW DUH XQLWHGin demonstrating archaeologys ability to uncover hidden truths. What betterH[DPSOH WKDQ WKH UHYHODWLRQ YLD UHPRWHVHQVLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV WKDW 6WRQHKHQJH LV
VXUURXQGHG E\ WKRXVDQGV RI \HWWREHLQWHUSUHWHG 1HROLWKLF DUFKDHRORJLFDO IHDtures? The discoveries on our top 10list stand as a reminder that there is always
PRUH WR OHDUQ DERXW RXU SDVW 7KH (GLWRUV
Top 10
Discoveriesof 2014ARCHAEOLOGYs editors
reveal the years most
compelling finds
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www.archaeology.org 25
The 1996 discovery of the 9,000-year-old remains of a
hunterknown as Kennewick Mannear the Washington-
Oregon border presented an intriguing puzzle to archaeologists
studying the peopling of the Americas. While he was clearly an
early American, he had a larger skull and a narrower face that
projected farther forward than those of modern Native Ameri-
cans. These physical discrepancies led scientists to question
whether he was a direct ancestor of modern Native Americans,or if a different group of people migrated to the Americas and
gave rise to them.
An answer might have been found in a 150-foot-deep water-
filled trench known as Hoyo Negro (black hole) in an under-
water cave system in Mexicos Yucatn. There, in 2007, divers
found the nearly intact skeleton of a 15- to 16-year-old girl they
called Naia (for the Greek water nymph). This year, scientists
announced what Naias remains revealed.
Multiple methods used to date her teeth and bones suggests
that she lived between 12,000 and 13,000 years ago, making
her one of the earliest humans ever found in the Americas.
Analysis of her mitochondrial DNA, which is passed from
mother to child, show that she had a constellation of genes
that is common among modern Native Americans. Her skull
construction is also similar to that of Kennewick Man.
She has the physical characteristics we expect to see in
Paleoamericans, and the genetics say she and modern Native
Americans share ancestry, says James Chatters, an archaeolo-gist who has studied both Naia and Kennewick Man.
These two ancient Americansand modern Native Ameri-
canscan likely all trace their heritage back to the same source
population, a group that is thought to have been isolated
for thousands of years in Beringia, the land mass that once
connected Asia and the Americas. Researchers now believe
that adaptations over the past 13,000 years in the Americas
produced changes in appearance, leading to the features we
commonly see among todays Native Americans.
NIKHILSWAMINATHAN
Naiathe 13,000-Year-Old Native American QYucatn Peninsula, Mexico
The nearly intact skeleton of a
teenage girl who lived 12,000
to 13,000 years ago, found in
an underwater cave system in
Mexicos Yucatn Peninsula, is
helping to clarify the relation-
ship between early settlers
of the Americas and modern
Native Americans.
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20126
Bluetooths Fortress QKge, Denmark
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'HQPDUN 7KLV LV WKH UVW VXFK IRUWUHVV WR EH IRXQG LQ WKHFRXQWU\ LQ 60\HDUV $UFKDHRORJLVWVXVHG UHPRWHVHQVLQJ VXUYH\V WRLGHQWLI\ WKH 475IRRWZLGH FLUFXODUVWUXFWXUH DV ZHOO DV EXLOGLQJV DQG
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Analysis of funerary wrappings that have been stored in
Britains Bolton Museum since the 1930s has established
that Egyptians cooked up recipes to mummify the dead as
early as 4300 B.C.1,500 years earlier than previously thought.
The linen wrappings came from cemeteries in the Badari
beginning of rule by pharaohs.
Stephen Buckley, an archaeological chemist
at the University of York, found that the wrappings were per-
meated with a mixture of pine resin, an aromatic plant extract,
a plant gum or sugar, a plant oil or fat, and a natural petroleum
source. The recipes being used were essentially the same
embalming recipes that were used 3,000 years later, says
Interestingly, these early attempts at mum-
DANIELWEISS
Mummification Before the Pharaohs QYork, England
A newly discovered Viking fortress
may have belonged to Harald
Bluetooth Gormsson, the first
king of Denmark.
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www.archaeology.org 27
Sunken Byzantine Basilica QLake Iznik, Turkey
OQO\ 100PLOHV IURP ,VWDQEXO WKH DQFLHQW FLW\ RI 1LFDHD RQ WKH VKRUHV RI 7XUNH\V /DNH ,]QLN LV QRW UHPRWH RU XQNQRZQ6R DUFKDHRORJLVW 0XVWDID 6DKLQ ZDV LQ IRU D VKRFN ZKHQ D URXWLQH DHULDO VXUYH\ RI WKH ODNH UHYHDOHG WUDFHV RI D IWKFHQWXU\ EDVLOLFD , GLG QRW EHOLHYH P\ H\HV ZKHQ , VDZ LW XQGHU WKH KHOLFRSWHU VD\V 6DKLQ , WKRXJKW WR P\VHOI +RZ GLGQRERG\ QRWLFH WKHVH UXLQV EHIRUH" 7KH VLWH LV QRZ VODWHG WR EHFRPH DQ XQGHUZDWHU DUFKDHRORJLFDO PXVHXP
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The remains of a basilica dating to
the fifth century lurked unnoticed
under the waters of Lake Iznik just
off the shore of the ancient city
of Nicaea until they were spotted
during an aerial survey.
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20128
Canada Finds ErebusQVictoria Strait, Canada
Rare is the archaeological discovery that gets announcedby a head of state. But the discovery of a shipwreck infrigid Arctic waters got just that treatment in Septemberfrom Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. I am
delighted to announce that this years Victoria Strait Expedition has solved one of Canadas greatest mysteries, Harpersstatement reads, with the discovery of one of the two shipsbelonging to the Franklin Expedition lost in 1846.
6LU -RKQ )UDQNOLQ FRPPDQGHG WKH WZR VKLSV+06Erebusand TerrorWKDW VDLOHG IURP (QJODQG LQ 0D\ 1845tosearch for the Northwest Passage. The ships disappearance
with no trace led to three decades of searches by land andsea, which themselves claimed several ships, including HMSInvestigator, discovered in 2010 6DJD RI WKH 1RUWKZHVWPassage, March/April 2012 0RUH UHFHQWO\ DQRWKHU WKUHHdecades were spent excavating sites on nearby islands and
searching for the wrecks with sonar, capped by this years3DUNV &DQDGDOHG H[SHGLWLRQ
Three weeks after the announcement, archaeologistsFRQUPHG WKDW WKH VKLS LV Erebus, the one that had beencaptained by Franklin himself, and reported that it is in
remarkable shape. The discovery is more than just thesolution to a mystery, though: Harper connects the wreckto Canadas claim of sovereignty over vast portions of the
$UFWLFDQG WKH PDVVLYH RLO JDV DQG PLQHUDO UHVHUYHV WKH\appear to hold.
6$0,56 3$7(/
A ship that set out from England in 1845 in search of the
Northwest Passage has finally been found in the Canadian
Arctic after a decades-long effort.
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www.archaeology.org 29
Buddhism, in the Beginning QLumbini, Nepal
Excavations at Lumbini in Nepal have revealed never-
before-understood details about the earliest years of
Buddhism. According to tradition, Lumbini is where Maya Devi
gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama, who became the venerated
sage known as Buddha. Many ancient Buddhist shrines date
to the third-century B.C.rule of Ashoka, a Mauryan Dynasty
emperor who was key to the early spread of Buddhism. Under
the remains of Mauryan temples at Lumbini (themselvestopped by a succession of others), archaeologists uncovered
evidence of an earlier timber structure upon which all the later
temples were based. It dates to around the sixth century B.C.,
and the researchers, led by Robin Coningham of the University
of Durham, believe this makes it the oldest Buddhist shrine in
the world. This early date may also help inform the discussion
of when Buddha lived. The excavation took place in the middle
of an active shrine, with monks and pilgrims sometimes pray-
ing and chanting as the archaeologists worked below.
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Decoding Neanderthal Genetics QJerusalem, Israel
A dig at an active Buddhist shrine in Nepal has uncovered a
timber structure dating to around the sixth century B.C.that
researchers believe is the worlds oldest known Buddhist shrine.
The secret to differences between modern humans and
Neanderthals appears to have as much to do with which
genes are switched on and which are switched off as it does
with differences in the raw genetic code.
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20130
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Greeces Biggest Tomb QAmphipolis, Greece
The entranceway to the massive Amphipolis tomb is flanked by two
exceptionally well-carved stone sphinxes sitting atop a doorway, much of
which would have been brightly painted.
Seaton Down Hoard QDevon, England
Ametal detectorist in southwest England has discovered one of
the largest Roman coin hoards ever found. The Seaton Down
Hoard consists of 22,000 coins, dating from the A.D.260s through
the 340s. According to Vincent Drost, a British Museum numisma-
tist researching the coins, the hoard may represent an individuals
private savings, a commercial transaction, or a soldiers wages.
Despite the hoards remarkable size, it consists exclusively of low-
valued copper alloy nummi, making the entire collection worth onlythe equivalent of a few gold solidi. Nonetheless, it will likely prove
valuable to researchers. Archaeologists believe the Seaton Down
Hoard was buried in the 340s, during the rule of co-emperors Con-
stantius II and Constans. A detailed study of the coins will provide
important information on the features of Constantinian coinage and on
coin use and supply in Britannia in the mid-fourth century, says Drost.
JASONURBANUS
This giant hoard of 22,000 Roman coins discovered in southwest
England was most likely buried in the A.D.340s.
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AV LI 6WRQHKHQJH ZHUHQW VSHFWDFXODU HQRXJK DQ XQSUHFHGHQWHGGLJLWDO VXUYH\LQYROYLQJ DHULDO ODVHUVFDQQLQJ JURXQGSHQHWUDWLQJ UDGDUDQG RWKHU JHRSK\VLFDO DQG UHPRWHVHQVLQJ WHFKQRORJLHVKDV UHYHDOHGWKDW WKH LFRQLF 5000\HDUROG VWDQGLQJ VWRQHV ZHUH SDUW RI D PXFKEURDGHU 1HROLWKLF FHUHPRQLDO ODQGVFDSH 8QYHLOHG DW WKH %ULWLVK 6FLHQFH)HVWLYDO LQ 6HSWHPEHU WKH UHVHDUFK
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Under Stonehenge QWiltshire, England
Remote-sensing surveys have revealed
a vast array of archaeological features
in the vicinity of Stonehenge, making
clear that it was part of a much broader
ceremonial landscape that included
monuments, shrines, burial mounds,
and pits.
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EVERY YEAR IN EARLY JUNE, members of theMashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation in Connecticut gather at dawn for a First Light ceremony.
The tradition dates back generations, as far backas tribal elders can remember. Although thereLV VLQJLQJ GDQFLQJ DQG GUXPPLQJ WKH DDLU
is a solemn one. They come together to commemorate theirdeceased ancestors on the anniversary of the Battle of Mistick)RUW WKH EORRGLHVW HQJDJHPHQW RI WKH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ FRQLFW NQRZQ DV WKH 3HTXRW :DU 2XWVLGH WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ ZLWKWKH H[FHSWLRQ RI KLVWRULDQV IHZ SHRSOH NQRZ RI WKLV GHQLWLYH
chapter in Native American and early colonial history.7KH GHDGO\ FRQLFW ZKLFK UDJHG EHWZHHQ WKH \HDUV 1636
and 1638, not only pitted English settlers against the Pequottribe of southern New England, but also unraveled old Native
$PHULFDQ DOOLDQFHV DQG UHVXOWHG LQ HUFH 1DWLYH YHUVXV 1DWLYHZDUIDUH 2IWHQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV $PHULFDV UVW ZDU LW FKDQJHGthe dynamics of English and Native interaction in the New:RUOG 7KLV LV UHDOO\ WKH UVW DOORXW UHJLRQDO FRQLFW EHWZHHQNative peoples and the English, says Kevin McBride, director of research at the Mashantucket Pequot Museum andResearch Center and a professor at the University of Connecticut. It lasted over a year, took place over a thousand
VTXDUH PLOHV WRXFKHG GR]HQV RI FRPPXQLWLHV DQG LQYROYHGWKRXVDQGV RI FRPEDWDQWV ,W KDG SURIRXQG HHFWV RQ 1DWLYHcommunities regionally, and later during westward expansion.It never quite goes away, says McBride.
7KH SDLQIXO OHJDF\ RI WKH 3HTXRW :DU VWHPV IURP ERWK LWVintense and violent clashes and the vindictive behavior exhibited by both the English and Native peoples. In the end, theEnglish and their Native allies nearly succeeded in eliminatingthe entire Pequot population. Although exact numbers are difFXOW WR DVFHUWDLQ QR PRUH WKDQ D IHZ KXQGUHG 3HTXRWV VXUYLYHGRXW RI DQ HDUO\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ SRSXODWLRQ RI PRUH WKDQ8,000. Their numbers were reduced not just by warfare, but by
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20132
Uncovering evidence of a littleknown colonial-era conflict that
forever altered the dynamics of
Native American and European
relations in North America
by J U
epidemic, deportation, and enslavement. It was certainly onRI WKH UVW FDVHV RI FXOWXUDO JHQRFLGH LQ WKH 1HZ :RUOG VD\0F%ULGH $W WKH FORVH RI WKH ZDU WKH (QJOLVK VWUDWHJ\ ZDbasically to execute men and leaders, while women and childrenRI VWDQGLQJ ZHUHQW NHSW FORVH 7KH\ ZHUH VKLSSHG DZD\
0F%ULGH LV FXUUHQWO\ GLUHFWRU RI WKH %DWWOHHOGV RI WK3HTXRW :DU 3URMHFW D PXOWLVLWH DUFKDHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRLQWR WKH FULWLFDO DFWLRQV DQG HQJDJHPHQWV RI WKH 3HTXRW :DU
AmericasFirst War
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$V KH HQYLVLRQV LW WKH SURMHFW ZLOO H[SORUH DW OHDVW D GR]HQ VLWHVDFURVV WKUHH VWDWHV5KRGH ,VODQG &RQQHFWLFXW DQG 1HZ
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20134
VRXJKW WR IUHH WKHPVHOYHV IURP 3HTXRWDutch subjugation and sided with thEnglish. The English and their new Nativallies wanted to wrest control and territorfrom the Pequots, a goal that inexorablled to war.
T
HE PRIMARY GOAL of the Battle
HOGV 3URMHFW RUJDQL]HG WKURXJKthe Mashantucket Pequot Museumand Research Center, is to identify, invesWLJDWH DQG SUHVHUYH WKH EDWWOHHOGV DQGhistorical sites associated with the Pequo:DU ,W LV DOVR SDUW RI WKH 1DWLRQDO 3DUN6HUYLFHV $PHULFDQ %DWWOHHOG 3URWHFWLRQProgram. The project uses a broad rangof investigative methods, beginning with FORVH H[DPLQDWLRQ RI VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXUliterary accounts found in libraries in thUnited States and England. These includ
narratives by the two English military leaders, John Mason and John Underhill, wholed troops to battle at Mistick. Passagefrom their writings are proving instrumental in helping archaeologists locate potentia3HTXRW :DU VLWHV RQ PRGHUQ WRSRJUDSKLFDmaps. Since most of the sites in question ar
ORFDWHG RQ SULYDWH ODQG WKH %DWWOHHOGV 3URMHFW UHOLHV KHDYLOon noninvasive archaeological methods such as GIS modelingUHPRWH VHQVLQJ DQG VXUYH\ DUFKDHRORJ\ DOWKRXJK VPDOOVFDOexcavation is also used in conjunction with these approaches
The most important tools available to the archaeologist
though, are metal detectors. Although their use in archaeologFDQ EH FRQWURYHUVLDO WKH\ DUH SURYLQJ HVVHQWLDO WR WKH HOG REDWWOHHOG DUFKDHRORJ\ 0F%ULGH DQG KLV WHDP KDYH EHHQ DLGHGconsiderably by a local group of experienced metal detectoristknown as the Yankee Territory Coinshooters.
THEMOSTEXTENSIVEWORKundertaken by the BattleHOGV 3URMHFW KDV LQYRlved retracing the fateful eventof May 25 and 26, 1637 VXUURXQGLQJ WKH IRUWLHG
3HTXRW VHWWOHPHQW DW 0LVWLFN PRGHUQ 0\VWLF &RQQHFWLFXW:KHQ (QJOLVK IRUFHV VWRUPHG WKH YLOODJHV ZRRGHQ SDOLVDGHV L
ZDV WR EH WKH PDMRU WXUQLQJ SRLQW LQ WKH 3HTXRW :DU VKLIWLQ
the balance of power in southern New England permanentlyLQ (QJOLVK IDYRU :KLOH UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH ORQJ NQRZQ WKH VNLUPLVKV RXWFRPH RQO\ UHFHQWO\ KDYH WKH\ FRPH WR XQGHUVWDQthat the encounter was far more complex than traditionallybelieved, and that the two sides were more closely matchedthan history had recorded. According to McBride, the English
very nearly came out on the losing end. The only thing thasaved them was their decision to torch the Pequot village. ILV WKDW GHQLWLYH DFW WKDW KDV PDGH WKH %DWWOH RI 0LVWLFN )RUinfamous in American history.
'XULQJ WKH UVW \HDU RI WKH ZDU WKH 3HTXRWV ZRQ QHDUO\HYHU\ HQJDJHPHQW LQLFWLQJ QXPHURXV FDVXDOWLHV XSRQ WK
INTHEFIRSTHALFof the seventeenth century, Dutch tradHUV EHFDPH WKH UVW (XURSHDns to establish a permanentpresence along the Hudson River Valley and Long Island
Sound. During the 1610s and 1620s, the Dutch and PequotsKDG DQ XQHDV\ EXW PXWXDOO\ EHQHFLDO HFRQRPLF UHODWLRQVKLS
These two groups controlled the distribution and exchangeof European goods, fur pelts, and wampum. However, bythe 1630s, major changes had occurred that would set theinevitable course toward war. Most notable was the arrival ofEnglish settlers in the Connecticut River Valley. The Pequots,
who inhabited central and eastern Connecticut, ultimatelycame to be hemmed in between two territorially hungryEuropean empires.
7KH (XURSHDQV SUHVHQFH JUDGXDOO\ FKDQJHG WKH G\QDPLFVof power among local Native peoples, and the Pequots initiallyFDSLWDOL]HG RQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ JURZLQJ LQWR WKH GRPLQDQW 1DWLYH
American group in southern New England. Native people
are now competing for access to European goods, so whoevercontrols the production and distribution of wampum, andWKHQ WKH WHUULWRU\ WKURXJK ZKLFK LW UVW JRHV KDV SUHWW\ PXFK
got it, says McBride. That was the Pequot strategy. By theHYH RI WKH 3HTXRW :DU WKURXJK D FRPELQDWLRQ RI LQWHUPDUriage, warfare, diplomacy, and subjugation of other tribes, thePequots had expanded their control over thousands of squaremiles, stretching from Long Island Sound inland along the
Thames, Mystic, and Pawcatuck Rivers.$W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH QRZHQWUHQFKHG (QJOLVK VRXJKW WR
EUHDN XS WKH SURWDEOH 3HTXRW'XWFK PRQRSRO\ 7KH 3HTXRWVown Native alliances began to crumble as less powerful tribes
A 17th-century woodcut print depicts a birds eye view of the Battle of Mistick.
The circular Pequot palisade is surrounded by English forces (inner ring) and
their Native allies (outer ring).
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gan, Niantic, and Narragansett. The English and NativeJKWHUV FDPSHG EULH\ IRU WKH HYHQLQJ DURXQG WZR PLOHVQRUWK RI 0LVWLFN LQ DQ DUHD NQRZQ WRGD\ DV 3RUWHUV 5RFNVin separate locations only a few hundred yards from oneanother. Their stay that night was brief, lasting no more thanIRXU KRXUV EXW WKH %DWWOHHOGV 3URMHFW KDV EHHQ DEOH WR ORFDWHboth encampments.
Archaeologists have uncovered artifacts such as musket
EDOOV S\ULWH EURNHQ WULJJHU PHFKDQLVPV DQG ZURXJKWLURQREMHFWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ (XURSHDQ ZHDSonry that have helped identify the English position. TheNative encampment was distinguishable by the presence ofseveral brass items, along with various brass beads that fellfrom Native shirts or breastplates. The presence of small, recutbrass artifacts is frequently an indication of Native Americanactivity during this period, since they often used the large,easily malleable European brass kettles to manufacture objectsmore desirable and useful to their own communities.
T
HELOCATIONOFMistick )RUWVRFDOOHG EHFDXVH RI
the tall defensive palisades that encircled the PequotYLOODJHKDV EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG IRU DW OHDVW D FHQWXU\ DQGa half. In the 1870s, a controversial statue of John Mason, theleader of the English assault, was erected atop Pequot Hill inMystic to commemorate the site. Until the current project wasLQLWLDWHG KRZHYHU WKH IRUWV H[LVWHQFH KDG QRW EHHQ DUFKDHRORJLFDOO\ FRQUPHG 7KH VLWH ZDV ORFDWHG DOPRVW HQWLUHO\ RQresidential land, so McBride sought ways to involve the comPXQLW\ WR DVVXDJH UHVLGHQWV FRQFHUQV +H GLVFRYHUHG WKDWRQH RI WKH EHVW DSSURDFKHV ZDV WR FRQGXFW HOGZRUN RQ WKH
weekends, when homeowners were more likely to be aroundand could openly observe or even volunteer.
In addition, community members worried that if anythingKLVWRULFDOO\ VLJQLFDQW ZHUH GLVFRYHUHG RQ WKHLU SURSHUW\ WKHMashantucket Pequot tribe might attempt to lay claim to the
English garrison at Saybrook Fort. The violence escalatedwhen the Pequots began attacking colonial civilians. Pequotsknow things are unraveling, says McBride. They need tosend a message that they can stand up to the English, and thatWKH\ FDQ WDNH FDUH RI WKHLU RZQ 7KH\ DWWDFN :HWKHUVHOG DQ
(QJOLVK YLOODJH DQG IRU WKH UVW WLPH WKH\ NLOO ZRPHQ DQGchildren. He adds, I think that it was a calculated risk onWKHLU SDUW 7KH DWWDFN RQ :HWKHUVHOG KDG KLVWRULF DQG VHULRXVconsequences. It led directly to a declaration of war by Connecticut Colony,WUDGLWLRQDOO\ YLHZHG DV WKH UVW RFLDOdeclaration of war by the English on anindigenous people in America.
The English forces who marched onthe Pequots at Mistick a month laterwere experienced soldiers. Many of themZHUH YHWHUDQV RI WKH 7KLUW\
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 20136
and dress of the English and the Pequots hamade it possible to identify where, when, andE\ ZKRP VSHFLF DFWLRQV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG
ONTHEMORNINGOFMay 26, 1637the English split their forces in twounder the command of Mason and
Underhill. The plan was for the English tassault the Pequot settlement from oppositsides while their Native allies formed a ringaround the perimeter and served as auxiliarVXSSRUW 0DVRQ DQG KLV PHQ ZHUH WKH UV
to enter the village, an action that nearly got Mason killedThe key to establishing these events was pinpointing thORFDWLRQ RI WKH SDOLVDGHV DQG WKH VHWWOHPHQWV ERXQGDULHV LQ
order to distinguish interior and exterior engagements fromRQH DQRWKHU 7KH PDVVLYH UH WKDW XOWLPDWHO\ FRQVXPHG WKfort left discrepancies in the soil, which researchers were easilable to identify using electrical resistivity and test trenches.
2QFH WKH ERUGHUV RI WKH 3HTXRW VHWWOHPHQW ZHUH RXWOLQHGMcBride could begin to separate the individual actions of thskirmish by the English, their Native allies, and the Pequots
The evidence he uncovered revealed a very short but intensHQFRXQWHU +H ZDV DEOH WR WUDFN 0DVRQV IRUFHV DV WKH\ HQWHUHthe village and swept through it. The position of the Englishforces could be gleaned, in part, by the presence of intacmusket balls, which were frequently dropped as soldier
DWWHPSWHG WR UHORDG DQG UH TXLFNO\ XQGHU GXUHVV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH DWWDFNLQJ YROOH\ FRXOG EH LGHQWLHGby concentrations of melted or impacted shot, which deformDV WKH\ KLW WDUJHWV ,Q D VLPLODU IDVKLRQ E\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH SDWtern of Pequot projectile points, the archaeologists were ablto surmise the direction and movement of the Pequot forcesLarge concentrations of metal artifacts other than muskeballs, such as broken gun parts or armor, indicated areas wherKDQGWRKDQG FRPEDW OLNHO\ WRRN SODFH
8VLQJ 0DVRQV ZULWWHQ MRXUQDO WKH ERXQGDULHV RI WKH IRUWand the artifact distribution pattern and analysis, archaeolo
gists have been able to ascertain the sequence of events o
the Battle of Mistick Fort. I took apart the narratives andORRNHG DW XQLW DFWLRQV DQG ZKDW WKHLU SRWHQWLDO DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLJQDWXUHV ZRXOG ORRN OLNH VD\V 0F%ULGH , VDZ 0DVRQUVW YROOH\ , VDZ KLV HQWU\ LQWR WKH IRUW , VDZ KLV PRYHPHQWYou can see it.
7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ FKDRWLF DQG LQWHQVH JKWLQJ ZLWKLQ FRQQHG VSDFH 7KH GLFXOW\ WKH (QJOLVK KDG LQ PDQHXYHULQ
was compounded by the array of wigwams full of women anchildren. In addition, what Mason and the English did noknow was that the Pequots had prepared for the English attackand reinforced the village with an extra 150warriors the nighbefore. The English, who expected only 75Pequot warriors
land. These fears were relieved by tribal council members, who met with the communityand sent a letter to each landowner statingthat neither the tribe nor any governmentauthority has any rights to this historical site,and there is no legal basis to take or restrict
your land in any manner.:LWK WKHVH REVWDFOHV RYHUFRPH ZRUN
QDOO\ EHJDQ LQ 2009 2YHU WKH QH[W VHYHUDOyears, the investigation into the Battle ofMistick Fort would prove groundbreaking.8VLQJ WKH PHWKRGV RI EDWWOHHOG DUFKDHRORJ\SRSXODUL]HG E\ 'RXJODV 6FRWW LQ KLV DQDO\VLVof the Battle of Little Big Horn, McBrideand his team have been able to reconstructthe assault on Mistick in detail. This involvedFROOHFWLQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ REMHFWV IURP WKHEDWWOHHOG DQG DVVRFLDWLQJ WKHP ZLWK WKH PRYHPHQWV DQGDFWLRQV RI VSHFLF WURRSV 7KH FRQWUDVWLQJ PLOLWDU\ HTXLSPHQW
The Battlefields of the Pequot War Project has conducted
metal-detecting surveys at Mistick Fort (top) and a small-scale
excavation of the home of Captain George Dennison, vet-
eran of the Pequot War, to continue to create a picture of the
events and aftermath of the conflict.
Metal lugs, buttons, beads, and scissors were
among the artifacts that indicated the location
of the allied Native American encampment on
the eve of the attack.
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of this project called Memory and Legacy, says McBride.,WV DOORZLQJ XV WR ORRN DW WKH ZD\ WKH ZDU KDV EHHQ YLHZHGamong the descendant communities from the seventeenthcentury through to the present day. In that spirit, the projecthas helped bring together the various communities involved,hundreds of years later. In 2012, on the 375th anniversary ofthe Battle of Mistick Fort, the Mashantucket Pequot TribalNation was able to hold their First Light ceremony at the siteRI WKH ROG 0LVWLFN )RUW IRU WKH UVW WLPH $QG DV DQRWKHU
UVW WKH\ DOVR LQYLWHG PHPEHUV RI WKH QHDUE\ 0RKHJDQ DQG1DUUDJDQVHWW WULEHVWKHLU FHQWXULHVROG DGYHUVDULHVWRparticipate in the event. The owner of the property wherethe commemoration of the battle took place is a distantGHVFHQGDQW RI WKH (QJOLVK FDSWDLQ -RKQ 0DVRQ ,WV QRW MXVW DEDWWOHHOG SURMHFW VD\V 0
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