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ندوة والمعلوماتي المؤسسي الدعم
الحكومة في اإلستراتيجية المراكز لعمل 2005فبراير 6-10
إعداد مازن/ المجيد عبد شريف دكتور
نظم وتطوير الدراسات مركز مدير نائبالمعلومات
والمعلومات الحاسبات كليةالقاهرة جامعة
عامة مقدمة
Foundationsof Information Systems
in Business
Foundation Concepts
Fundamental behavioral, technical,
business, and managerial concepts about the
components and roles of information
systems.
Example: Basic information systems
concepts derived from general systems
theory
Business Applications
The major uses of information systems for the
operations, management, and competitive
advantage of the E-Business enterprise.
Includes electronic business, commerce,
collaboration, and decision making using the
Internet, intranets, and extranets.
Development Processes
How business professionals and
information specialists plan, develop, and
implement information systems to meet E-
Business opportunities using several
strategic planning and application
development approaches
Management Challenges
The challenges of effectively and ethically
managing E-business technologies,
strategies, and security at the end user,
enterprise, and global levels of a business
We will not be looking at this in-depth in
this course
Information Technologies
Major concepts, developments, and
management issues in information
technology
Hardware, software, networks, data
resource management, and Internet based
technologies
What is an Information System?
Simple Definition
It can be any organized combination of people,
hardware, software, communications networks
and data resources that collects, transforms, and
communicates information in an organization.
Diagram of a System
ManufacturingProcess
Input ofRaw Materials
Output ofFinished Products
Environment
Other Systems
Control byManagement
ControlSignals
ControlSignals
FeedbackSignals
FeedbackSignals
System Boundary
Components of an IS
Four major concepts– People, hardware, software, data and networks
are the five basic resources of information systems
– People resources include end users, IS specialists, hardware resources consist of machines and media, software resources include both programs and procedures, data resources can include data and knowledge bases, and networks include communications media and networks
Components of an IS
Four major concepts continued…
– Data resources are transformed by information
processing activities into a variety of
information products for end users
– Information processing consists of input,
processing, output, storage, and control
activities
Information System Resources
Information System Resources
People Resources
– End Users – the people who use an information system
or the information it produces. Ex: Accountants,
salespeople, customers
– IS Specialists – the people who develop and operate
information systems based on the requirements of end
users. Ex: programmers, analysts, system operators
Information System Resources
Hardware Resources
– Machines, such as computers and other
devices, and media, such as paper, disks
– Computer Systems such as the personal
computer (desktop), mainframe, or laptop
– Computer peripherals such as keyboard,
mouse, monitor, scanner, printer, disks
Information System Resources
Software Resources
– Programs – sets of operating instructions that
direct and control computer hardware
– Procedures – sets of information processing
instructions that people need
Information System Resources
Software Resources continued– System Software – such as operating system
that supports the operations of a computer system. Ex. Windows 98
– Application Software – programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users. Ex. Excel
– Procedures – operating instructions for people who will use an IS. Ex. Instructions for filling out a form.
Information System Resources
Data Resources– Types of data
• Text data
• Image data
• Audio data
– Data Storage• Databases – hold processed and organized data
• Knowledge bases – hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case examples of successful business practices
Information System Resources
Data Resources continued…
– Data Vs. Information
• Data – raw facts or observations, objective
measurements of the characteristics of entities such
as people, places, things and events
• Information – data that has been converted to a
meaningful and useful context for specific end users.
Information System Resources
Data Resources continued…
– Data is subjected to a value-added process
1. Its form is aggregated, manipulated and organized
2. Its content is analyzed and evaluated
3. It is placed in a proper context for a human user
– Called data processing or information processing
Information System Resources
Data Resources continued…
1200100
WestCharles Mann
79154 TM Shoes
Monthly Sales Report for West Region
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Information System Resources
Network Resources
– Communication media – Twisted pair wire,
coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable and microwave,
cellular, and satellite technologies
– Network support – people and all of the
hardware, software, and data technologies that
directly support the operation and use of a
communication network.
Information System Activities
Input of Data Resources
– Data about business transactions and other
events must be captured and prepared for
processing
– Input typically takes the form of data entry
activities such as recording and editing
– End users typically enter data directly into a
computer system or record it on some physical
media such as a paper form
Information System Activities
Processing of Data into Information
– Data is subjected to processing activities such
as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying
and summarizing
– This organizes, analyzes, and manipulated data,
turning it into information
– The quality of data stored in an information
system must be maintained by a continual
process of correcting and updating activities
Information System Activities
Output of Information Products
– The goal of information systems is the
production of appropriate information products
for end users
– Examples are messages, reports, forms and
graphic images which may be provided by
video displays, audio responses, paper
products, and multimedia
Information System Activities
Information Quality– Information that is outdated, inaccurate, or hard
to understand is not meaningful, useful, or valuable to end users
– Information products should have characteristics, attributes, and qualities that make the information more valuable to the end users
– Information has three dimensions of time, form, and content
Information System Activities
Information Quality continued..
Storage of Data Resources– Data and information
are retained in an organized manner for later use
– Stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and databases
Information System Activities
NameFieldNameField
PayrollRecordPayrollRecord
PayrollFile
PayrollFile
PersonnelDatabase
Information System Activities
Control of System Performance
– An IS should produce feedback about its input,
processing, output, and usage activities
– This feedback must be monitored and evaluated to
determine if the system is meeting performance
standards
– Activities must be adjusted so that proper information
products are produced for end users
Roles of IS in Business
Support of Strategic
Advantage
Support of Business
Decision Making
Support of Business Processes and Operations
History of Information Systems
Data Processing
ManagementReporting
DecisionSupport
Strategic &End User
Electronic Commerce
1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
ElectronicData Processing- TPS
ManagementInformationSystems
DecisionSupportSystems- Ad hoc Reports
End UserComputingExec Info SysExpert SystemsSIS
ElectronicBusiness & Commerce-InternetworkedE-Business &Commerce
The E-Business Enterprise
E-Business
– The use of Internet technologies to inter-
network and empower business processes,
electronic commerce, and enterprise
communication and collaboration within a
company and with its customers, suppliers, and
other business stakeholders.
The E-Business Enterprise
E-Business enterprises rely on information
technologies such as the Internet to:
– Reengineer and revitalize internal business
processes
– Implement electronic commerce systems
among businesses and their customers and
suppliers
– Promote enterprise collaboration among
business teams and workgroup
The E-Business Enterprise
Enterprise collaboration systems
– Involve the use of groupware tools to support
communication, coordination, and collaboration
among members of networked teams and
workgroups
Electronic Commerce
– The buying and selling, marketing and
servicing of products, services and information
over a variety of computer networks
The E-Business Enterprise
Types of networks
– The Internet
– Intranets – the network existing inside an
enterprise
– Extranets – networks existing between
enterprises
The Inter-networked Business
Manufacturingand
Production
Engineering &Research
Accounting,Finance, andManagement
Suppliers and Other Business Partners
Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics
Advertising Sales Customer Service
Consumer and Business Customers
Company
Boundary
Intranets
The Internet
Extranets
Ext
ran
ets
Types of Information Systems
Transaction
Processing
Systems
Process
Control
Systems
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
Operations
Support
Systems
Management
Information
Systems
Decision
Support
Systems
Executive
Information
Systems
Management
Support
Systems
Information Systems
Operations Support Systems
Role is to efficiently process business transactions, control industrial processes, support enterprise communications and collaboration, and update corporate databases
Examples– Transaction Processing Systems – record and
process data from business transactions in one of two ways – batch process and real-time process
– Process Control Systems – monitor and control physical processes such petroleum refining
– Enterprise Collaboration Systems – enhance team and workgroup communications and productivity
Management Support Systems Focus on providing information and support for
effective decision making by management Examples
– Management Information Systems – provide information in forms of reports and displays to managers and other professionals
– Decision Support Systems – giver direct computer support during the decision making process
– Executive Information Systems – provide critical information from a wide variety of internal and external sources in an easy to use displays
Other Classifications Expert Systems – provide export advice for
operational chores like equipment diagnostics Knowledge Management Systems – support the
creation, organization, and distribution of business knowledge to employees and managers
Functional Information Systems – focus on operational and managerial applications in support of basic business functions such as accounting
Strategic Information Systems – apply information technology to a firm’s products, services, or business practices to gain a competitive advantage
Developing Information Systems
Development Cycle
Managerial Challenges of IT
Information systems and their technologies must
be managed to support the business strategies,
business processes, and organizational structures
and culture of an enterprise to increase its
customer and business value.
Managerial Challenges of IT
•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs
•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers
Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?
•IS Human Resources•IS Development
•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance
•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance
Ethics and IT
Ethical Responsibilities
– What use of IT may be considered improper,
irresponsible, or harmful to other individuals or
society?
– How to protect yourself from computer crime?
– Use of Internet in the business environment?
The IS Function
A major functional area of business that is as
important to business success as the functions of
accounting, finance, operations management,
marketing, and human resource management
An important contributor to operational efficiency,
employee productivity and morale, and customer
service and satisfaction
A major source of information and support needed
to promote effective decision making by managers
and business professionals
The IS Function
A vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that give an organization a strategic advantage in the global marketplace
A dynamic, rewarding, and challenging career opportunity for millions of men and women
A key component of the resources, infrastructure, and capabilities of today’s e-business enterprises
القرارات أنواع Unstructured Decisions
– Non-routine decisions; there is no agreed-upon procedure for making these decisions.
Structured Decisions– Decisions that are routine, repetitive, and have a
definite procedure for handling them.
Semi-Structured Decisions– Decisions where only part of the problem has a
clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure.
المعلومات نظم أنواع Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
العمليات تشغيل معلومات نظم Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
المعرفة نظم Office Automation Systems (OAS)
المكتب ميكنة نظم Management Information Systems (MIS)
اإلدارية المعلومات نظم Decision Support Systems (DSS)
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم Executive Support Systems (ESS)
التنفيذي المستوى دعم نظم Expert Systems (ES)
– Replicates decision making process الخبيرة النظم
Types of Information Systems
القرار اتخاذ عملية مستويات Strategic Decision Making
– Determines the long-term objectives, resources, and policies of an organization.
Decision Making for Management Control– Concerned with how efficiently or effectively resources
are utilized and how well operational units are performing.
Knowledge-Level Decision Making– Evaluates new ideas for products, services, ways to
communicate new knowledge, and ways to distribute information throughout the organization.
Decision Making for Operational Control– Decides how to carry out the specific tasks set forth by
strategic and middle management and establishes criteria for completion and resource allocation.
Operational level
Inputs: Transactions, Events
Processing: Updating
Outputs: Detailed reports
Users: Operations personnel
Example: Accounts payable, Payroll
العمليات تشغيل معلومات نظمTransaction Processing Systems
Knowledge level Inputs: Design specs Processing: Modeling Outputs: Designs, Graphics Users: Technical staff (knowledge
workers) Example: Engineering workstation
المعرفة نظمKnowledge Systems
Toward a “paperless” office
Redesign of work flow
Integrated software
Ergonomic design
Bright, cheerful work space
Users: data (clerical) workers
Example: document imaging system
المكتب ميكنة نظمOffice Automation Systems
Management level Supports structured & semi-structured
decisions. Inputs: high volume data (e.g. from TPS) Processing: simple models Outputs: summary reports Users: middle managers Example: annual budgeting
اإلدارية المعلومات نظمManagement Information Systems
Management level Supports semi-structured, unique, rapidly
changing, not easily specified decisions. Inputs: Data from various sources (e.g., MIS,
TPS, KWS) Processing: Interactive Outputs: Decision analysis Users: Professionals, staff Example: Contract Cost Analysis
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظمDecision Support Systems
Strategic level Supports unstructured decisions. Inputs: Aggregate data (external, MIS, DSS) Processing: Interactive Outputs: Projections Users: Senior managers Example:
5 Year operating plan
التنفيذي المستوى دعم نظمExecutive Support Systems
المعلومات نظم بين العالقةالمختلفة
ESS
MIS DSS
TPSKWS/OAS
TPS is a major producer of information for other systems
تشغيل نظم من كل بين التكاملالعمليات
دعم ونظم اإلدارية المعلومات ونظمالقرار اتخاذ
In many organizations they are integrated
through a common database
Separation of DSS transactions in the
database from TPS and MIS transactions
may be important for performance reasons
القرار اتخاذ عملية مراحل
Intelligence– Collects information to identify problems occurring in
the organization. Design
– Designs possible alternative solutions to a problem. Choice
– Selects among the various solution alternatives Implementation
– Puts the decision into effect and reports on the progress of the solution.
The Decision Making Process
Information Requirement and IS
Stage of Decision Making Information Requirement Example IS
Intelligence Exception reporting MIS
Design Simulation prototype DSS, KWS
Choice “What-if” simulation DSS;large models
Implementation Graphics, charts PC andmainframedecision aids
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم مهام
Assist management decision making by combining data, sophisticated analytical tools and user friendly S/W into a single powerful system.
Focus on a specific decision or classes of decisions (e.g. evaluating, predicting), whereas MIS focus on routine, general control of the organization.
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم أنواع Model-Driven DSS (early DSS, 70s, 80s~)
– Stand-alone system based on a strong theory/model to perform “what-if” and other kinds of analysis.
Data-Driven DSS– Allow users to extract and analyze useful info
buried in large databases.– Data mining: Technology for finding hidden
patterns and relationships in large databases and inferring rules from them to predict future behavior; it provides insights into corporate data.
اتخاذ دعم لنظم األمثلة بعضالقرار
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
– A special DSS with S/W that can analyze and display data
for planning and decision making using digitized maps.
– Assemble, store and display geographically referenced info,
tying data to points, lines, and areas on a map.
– Can be used to calculate emergency response times to
natural disasters; help banks identify the best locations for
installing ATM terminals.
القرار اتخاذ دعم لنظم األمثلة بعض)2(
Customer Decision Support System (CDSS)– Recently being developed based on the Web.
– System to support the decision-making process of an existing or potential customers.
– Developed to attract customers by providing information and tools to assist their decision making as they select products and services.
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم قدرات Supports
– Problem solving phases– Different decision frequencies
Frequencylow high
Merge withanother
company?
How many widgets
should I order?
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم قدرات)2(
Highly structured problems
– Straightforward problems, requiring known
facts and relationships.
Semi-structured or unstructured problems
– Complex problems wherein relationships
among data are not always clear, the data may
be in a variety of formats, and are often
difficult to manipulate or obtain.
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم خصائص Handles large amounts of data from different
sources
Provides report and presentation flexibility
Offers both textual and graphical orientation
Supports drill down analysis
Performs complex, sophisticated analysis and
comparisons using advanced software packages
Supports optimization, satisfying, and heuristic
approaches
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم خصائص)2(
Performs different types of analysis– “What-if” analysis
• Makes hypothetical changes to problem and observes impact on the results
– Simulation• Duplicates features of a real system
– Goal-seeking analysis• Determines problem data required for a given result
Solution Types
Optimization model
– Finding the best solution.
Satisfying model
– Finding a good - but not necessarily the best -
solution to a problem.
Heuristics
– Commonly accepted guidelines or procedures
that usually find a good solution.
Problem Solving Factors Multiple decision objectives Increased alternatives Increased competition The need for creativity Social and political actions International aspects Technology Time compression
Goal Seeking Example
You know the desired result
You want to know the required input(s)
Example:
– Microsoft Excel’s “Goal Seek” and “Solver”
functions
Exceldemo
على القرار اتخاذ دعم نظماإلنترنت
Web-based decision support systems
– DSS SW provides business intelligence through
web browser clients that access databases either
through the Internet or a corporate intranet.
القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم مكونات
Model Management Software (MMS)
– Coordinates the use of models in the DSS.
Model Base
– Provides decision makers with access to a variety of
models.
Dialogue Manager
– Allows decision makers to easily access and
manipulate the DSS.
Database Model Base
External DatabaseAccess
Access to theInternet, Networks,and other Computer
Systems
Dialogue Manager
DBMS MMS
ExternalDatabases
Model Base
Model Base– Provides decision makers with access to a
variety of models and assists them in decision making.
Models– Financial models
– Statistical Analysis models
– Graphical models
– Project Management models
Advantages and Disadvantagesof Modeling
– Advantages• Less expensive than custom approaches or real
systems.• Faster to construct than real systems.• Less risky than real systems.• Provides learning experience (trial and error).• Future projections are possible.• Can test assumptions.
– Disadvantages• Assumptions about reality may be incorrect.• Accuracy of predications often unreliable.• Requires abstract thinking.
Group Decision Support System
Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
– Contains most of the elements of DSS plus
software to provide effective support in group
decision-making settings.
Databases
Model base GDSS processor GDSS software
Dialoguemanager
External databaseaccess
Users
Access to the internetand corporate intranet,
networks, and othercomputer system
Externaldatabases
Executive Support System (ESS)
Characteristics
– A specialized DSS that
includes all the hardware,
software, data, procedures,
and people used to assist
senior-level executives within
the organization.
Board of directors
President
Function areavice presidents
Function areamanagers
Characteristics of ESSs Tailored to individual executives
Easy to use
Drill down capabilities
Support the need for external data
Help with situations with high degree of
uncertainty
Futures orientation (predictions, forecasting)
Linked with value-added business processes
Capabilities of an ESS
Support for :-
– Defining overall vision
– Strategic planning
– Strategic organizing and staffing
– Strategic control
– Crisis management
Constructing, Implementing,and Evaluating
a Decision Support System
DSS Development
DSS Implementation
DSS Evaluation
Planning for DSS
– BSP approaches
– CSF approaches
Developing a specific DSS
Step 1. Decide on development methodology
Step 2. Requirements analysis
Step 3. Logical design
Step 4. Construction
Step 5. Implementation
Make versus Buy
Alternatives
– Buy shrink-wrapped
– Customize a shrink-wrapped
– Build from specialized tools / generators
– Build “from scratch”
Step 1. DSS Development Approaches
SDLC
Evolutionary prototyping
Throwaway prototyping
End user development
Strengths and weaknesses
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Approach & DSS
Inappropriate for most DSS.
Users and Managers may not understand
their information and modeling needs.
Use in conjunction with Throwaway
prototyping.
Prototyping
Process of building a "quick and dirty"
version of an Information System
– Evolutionary Prototyping
Evolutionary Steps
1.Identify user's information and operating
requirements in a "quick and dirty" manner.
2.Develop a working prototype that performs
only the most important function
3.Test and evaluate (By User and Builder).
4.Redefine information needs and improve
the system.
The Primary Features of Prototyping
1.Learning is explicitly integrated into the design process
2.Short intervals between iterations
3.User involvement is very important (Joint Application Development (JAD) method)
4.Initial prototype must be low cost
5.Prototyping essentially bypasses the life-cycle stage of information requirements definition
Advantages of Prototyping
Short development time Short user reaction time (feedback from
user) Improved users' understanding of the
system, its information needs, and its capabilities.
Low cost
Disadvantages and Limitations– Gains might be lost through cycles
User-Developed DSS advantages
End-user development means the developmentand use of computer-based informationsystems by people outside the formal IS areas.
1. Short delivery time
2. Eliminate extensive and formal user
requirements specifications
3. Reduce some DSS implementation
problems
4. Low cost
User-Developed DSS Risks
1. Poor Quality
2. Quality Risks
– Substandard or inappropriate tools and facilities
– Development process risks
– Data management risks
3. Increased Security Risks
4. Problems from Lack of Documentation
5. Problems from Maintenance Procedures
Issues in reducingEnd-User Computing Risks
Error detection
Use of auditing techniques
Training and Support
Determine the proper amount of controls
Investigate the reasons for the errors
Solutions
Step 2. Requirements Analysis
Goal: To understand how DM conceptualizes, analyses, and communicates problems.
Direct methods– Interviews, group meetings, JAD
Indirect methods– Observation, temporary job assignments,
questionnaires, document review, software review Addressing compiled knowledge
– Protocol analysis– Card sorting, multidimensional scaling
Categorization of DSS Software
Specific DSS
• The application doing the decision support.
DSS generator
• “Package” that provides capabilities to build Specific
DSS
– special purpose languages, such as IFPS
DSS tools
• tools that facilitate development of a specific DSS or
DSS generator
• 3 GLs – 4GLs
Now all with Web Hooks and easy GUI interfaces
Selection of DSS Development Tools
Determine & contact key participants
Elicit requirements / functionality
Compose requirements into a RFP
Distribute RFPs to potential vendors
Collect and summarize RFP data
Select RFP short list
Set short list interviews and demos; references
Select Vendor
Negotiate contract
Complexityof the Software Selection Process
1.DSS information requirement and outputs
are not completely known
2.Hundreds of software packages
3.Software packages evolve very rapidly
4.Frequent price changes
5.Several people involved
6.One language for several DSS? Tool
requirements may change
7.Dozens of criteria, some intangible, some
conflict
8.Technical, functional, end-user, and
managerial issues
9.Published evaluations are subjective and
superficial
10.Trade off between open and closed
environments
Step 5. Implementation as Change From development to production
– technology acquisition– port to production platform– database conversion– system conversion strategy– user access, training, & ongoing support– documentation & maintenance
From implementation to institutionalization– existence does not guarantee use– use does not guarantee success
Implementation CSFs
User involvement
Management commitment
Design quality
Performance level
Project management
System institutionalization
Evaluating DSS Success
• Technical quality – Response time
– Throughput
– Reliability
– Data integrity
• Requirements coverage– Does what it’s
supposed to do
• Use & usability– Number of users
– Frequency of use
– User-friendliness
– Accessibility
• Economic benefits– Cost of decision
– Benefits of improved decision-making
• the problems of measurement and quantification
Benefits of DSS Usage
• More effective decision making– faster assimilation of information and/or
identification of problems– exploration of more alternatives– visual comparison of alternative
consequences/outcomes– environment of collaboration
• More efficient decision making– reduce the length of the decision cycle– reduce the cost of the decision
Benefits of DSS Usage (2)
Better communication & collaboration among decision makers– shared information and shared model– implicit assumptions made explicit
Improved learning process for users– offset cognitive limitations of decision makers;
focus on higher-level thinking– provide environment for utilizing knowledge– provide environment for acquiring experience
Drawbacks to DSS Usage
overemphasize on (rational) decision
making
– versus social, intuitive, and personalized
approaches to reaching resolution
assumption of relevance
– DSS must address most relevant aspects of
decision-making
Drawbacks to DSS Usage
Unintended transfer of power
– from decision-maker to DSS
– between decision makers
Obscuring responsibility
– DSS as independent entity that must be “right”
– tendency to trust DSS and its designers
E-Business Decision Support
Decisions in the E-Business
StrategicManagement
TacticalManagement
OperationalManagement
Dec
isio
ns
Information
Decision Characteristics
Unstructured
Semi-structured
Structured
MIS Reports
Periodic ScheduledReports
Periodic ScheduledReports
Exception ReportsException Reports
Demand Reportsand Responses
Demand Reportsand Responses
Push ReportsPush Reports
MajorManagementInformation Systems Reports
Online Analytical Processing
OLAPServerOLAPServer
Multi-dimensional
database
CorporateDatabases
Client PC
Web-enabled OLAPSoftware
Data is retrieved from corporate databasesand staged in an OLAP multi-dimensional database
•Operational DB•Data Marts•Data Warehouse
Decision Support Systems
What If-AnalysisWhat If-Analysis
Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity Analysis
Goal-Seeking AnalysisGoal-Seeking Analysis
Optimization AnalysisOptimization Analysis
ImportantDecision SupportSystemsAnalytical Models
ImportantDecision SupportSystemsAnalytical Models
Enterprise Information Portals & DSS
Enterprise Information Portal GatewayEnterprise Information Portal User Interface
SearchAgents
SearchAgents OLAPOLAP Data
Mining
Data Mining
KnowledgeManagement
KnowledgeManagement
Database Management Functions
DataMart
OtherBusiness
Applications
OperationalDatabase
AnalyticalDatabase
KnowledgeBase
DSS
What-If ModelsSensitivity ModelsGoal-Seeking ModelsOptimization Models
Internet Intranet Extranet
Artificial Intelligence Applications
CognitiveScience
Applications
CognitiveScience
Applications
ArtificialIntelligenceArtificial
Intelligence
RoboticsApplications
RoboticsApplications
NaturalInterface
Applications
NaturalInterface
Applications
•Expert Systems•Fuzzy Logic•Genetic Algorithms•Neural Networks
•Visual Perceptions•Locomotion•Navigation•Tactility
•Natural Language•Speech Recognition•Multisensory Interface•Virtual Reality
AI Application Areas in Business
Neural NetworksNeural Networks
Fuzzy Logic SystemsFuzzy Logic Systems
Virtual RealityVirtual Reality
Expert SystemsExpert Systems
AI ApplicationAreas inBusiness
AI ApplicationAreas inBusiness
Intelligent AgentsIntelligent Agents
Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic Algorithms
Components of Expert Systems
The Expert SystemThe Expert System
KnowledgeBase
User Workstation
ExpertAdvice User
InterfacePrograms
UserInterfacePrograms
InferenceEngine
Program
InferenceEngine
Program
Expert System DevelopmentExpert System Development
Workstation
KnowledgeEngineering
KnowledgeAcquisition
Program
KnowledgeAcquisition
Program
Expert and/orKnowledge Engineer
Expert System Applications
Decision ManagementDecision Management
Diagnostic/TroubleshootingDiagnostic/Troubleshooting
Maintenance/SchedulingMaintenance/Scheduling
Design/ConfigurationDesign/Configuration
Selection/ClassificationSelection/Classification
Major ApplicationCategoriesof Expert Systems
Process Monitoring/ControlProcess Monitoring/Control
Summary
DSS in business are changing. The growth of corporate intranets, extranets, and other web technologies have increased the demand for a variety of personalized, proactive, web-enabled analytical techniques to support DSS.
Information systems must support a variety of management decision-making levels and decisions. These include the three levels of management activity: strategic, tactical, and operational.
Summary (cont)
Online analytical processing is used to analyze complex relationships among large amounts of data stored in multidimensional databases. Data mining analyzes large stores of historical data contained in data warehouses.
Decision support systems are interactive computer-based information systems that use DSS software and a model base to provide information to support semi-structured and unstructured decision making.
Summary (cont) The major application domains in artificial
intelligence include a variety of applications in cognitive sciences, robotics, and natural interfaces.
Major AI application areas include:– Neural Networks– Fuzzy Logic– Genetic Algorithms– Virtual Reality– Intelligent Agents
References
Efraim Turban & Jay E. Aronson
“ Decision Support Systems and Intelligent
Systems “
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1998)
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