ფრიდრიხ ოგიუსტ ფონ ჰაიეკი -...

673

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

(1899-1992)

ekonomistma, politikurma filosofosma da iurist­

ma, `avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis~ uTvalsaCinoesma

wevrma, fridrix ogiust fon haiekma, Segnebuli cxov­

rebis TiTqmis naxevari mSobliur avstriaSi, germanul

cnobierebasTan mWidro kavSirSi gaatara, Semdeg did

britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, bolos

ki dasavleT germaniaSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. man erT­erTma pirvelma

aimaRla xma keinsianuri keTildReobis saxelmwifos koncefciisa da totali­

tarizmis safrTxeebis winaSe, winaswar ganWvrita im borotebis Sedegebi, ro­

melic nebismieri saxis (komunisturi, faSisturi, nacisturi Tu sxva) social­

izmis damyarebis mcdelobas mosdevs. mecnierulma kvlevebma, originalurma

midgomebma da Tavisuflebis idealebisaTvis mizanmimarTulma brZolam mas

udidesi aRiareba moutana, risi dasturic ekonomikur mecnierebaSi Setanili

wvlilisTvis 1974 wels miniWebuli nobelis premia iyo. marTali iqneba, Tu vi­

tyviT, rom is iyo erT­erTi upirvelesi imaTgan, romelTa Teoriulma Sromeb­

ma da praqtikulma moRvaweobam socializmi ideologiurad gaaSiSvla da ga­

naiaraRa, ramac, Tavis mxriv, daaCqara civi omis dasruleba da socialisturi

banakis daSla 80­90 wlebSi. misi memkvidreoba kompleqsuri da mravalmxrivia.

upirveles yovlisa, haieki popularulia totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg mimar­

Tuli ukvdavi naSromiT ̀ gza batonymobisaken~, romelic 1944 wels gamoqveynda

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da imTaviTve antitotalitaruli inteleqturi

moZraobis bibliad iqca. masSi haiekma gaaSiSvla totalitaruli saxelmwifos

realuri, antiadamianuri buneba. haiekis mixedviT totalitarizmi uzneobasa

da Zalmomreobas efuZneba, `momxibvleli~ propagandiT adamianebs WaobSi iT­

revs, zombebad aqcevs da cru, utopiuri koleqtivisturi ideebis samsaxurSi

ayenebs. sinamdvileSi ki adamianis warmatebis arsi misi TviTmyofadobisa da

Semoqmedebis gaTavisuflebaSi Zevs da ara koleqtivisadmi morCilebasa da

msxverplTSewirvaSi. 1989 wels is kvlav miubrunda totalitarizmis Temas da

gamoaqveyna `damRupveli Tavdaviwyeba: socializmis Secdomebi~. am naSromiT,

haiekma garkveulwilad Seajama sakuTari kvlevebi da sabolood Camoayaliba

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis e.w. `spontanuri wesrigis Teoria~.

avtoris Sesaxeb

674

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

gza batonymobisken

(sruli saxiT gamoqveynda 1944 wels, xolo winamdebare Targmani aris 1945 wlis aprilSi

`riders daijestSi~ gamoqveynebuli teqstis Semoklebuli versia).

germaneli nacional­socialistebis mier me­19 saukunis 30­an da 40­an wlebSi gan­

xorcielebuli Zalmomreobis mniSvnelovanma masStabebma, gaaZliera imis rwmena, rom

did britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SeuZlebelia totalitaruli siste­

mis Camoyalibeba. magram, neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT _ jer kidev 30­iani wlebis da­

sawyisSi, imis albaToba, rom aseTi ram germaniaSi moxdeboda, warmoudgeneli iyo ara

mxolod Tavad germanelTa cxrameaTedisTvis, aramed yvelaze ufro mtrulad ganwyo­

bili ucxoeli damkvirveblebisTvisac ki.

uamravi Tavisebureba, romelic maSin aRiqmeboda, rogorc `saxasiaTod germanu­

li~, amJamad amerikasa da ingliss erTnairad axasiaTebs. uamravi niSani, magaliTad xe­

lisuflebis gazviadebuli Tayvaniscema, `gardauvalobisadmi~ morCileba, yvelafris

`mowesrigebiT~ (axla amas `dagegmvas~ vuwodebT) gataceba, momavalSi germaniis msgav­

si mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs.

safrTxis arssa da SesaZlo Sedegebs am qveynebSi kidev ufro cudad aRiqvamen,

vidre germaniaSi acnobierebdnen. mTavari ubedureba ki kvlav imis ardanaxvaa, rom

germaniaSi nacistur Zalebs metwilad socialisturi mrwamsiT aRtkinebuli im adamia­

nebis keTilganwyobam gauxsna gza, romlebic yovelive imas emxrobodnen, rac maTTvis

miuRebeli iyo. cota vinme Tu acnobierebs, rom faSizmisa da marqsizmis aRzeveba, wi­

nare periodis socialisturi tendenciebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli ukuqmedeba

ki ara, maTi gardauvali Sedegi iyo. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania, rom zemoxsenebul

moZraobaTa liderebis didma nawilma, italieli musolinidan moyolebuli (frangi

lavalisa da britaneli qvislingis CaTvliT), moRvaweoba daiwyes, rogorc socialis­

tebma da daamTavres, rogorc faSistebma an nacistebma.

dRes, demokratiul qveynebSi, maTi umravlesoba, visac gulwrfelad sZags na­

cizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba, sinamdvileSi im idealebs emsaxureba, romelTa gan­

675

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

xorcielebac uSualod xsnis gzas saZulvel tiraniamde. maTi umetesoba, visi Sexed­

ulebebic movlenaTa ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens, ZiriTadad, socialistebi arian.

maT sjeraT, rom Cveni ekonomikuri cxovreba `gonivrulad marTvadi~ unda iyos da

konkurencias ­ `ekonomikuri dagegmva~ unda Caenacvlos. magram, gana SeiZleba warmo­

vidginoT imaze ufro didi tragedia, vidre Cvenda uneburad, imis sruliad sawinaaRm­

dego nayofis miRebaa, riskenac ase viltvodiT, rodesac mizamnimarTulad vcdilob­

diT, rom Cveni momavli umaRlesi idealebis mixedviT mogvewyo?

dagegmva da Zalaufleba

sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad, damgegmavebs iseTi Zalaufleba sWirdebaT, romlis

msgavsi manamde ar yofila da adamianebis erTi jgufis mier sxvebze uSualo batono­

bas gulisxmobs. maTi warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mopovebuli Zalauflebis mocu­

lobaze. Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri saqmianobis centralizebuli marTva Tavisuflebis

daTrgunvas moiTxovs. am process garkveulwilad demokratia uSlis xels. amitom,

dagegmvasa da demokratias Soris dapirispireba gardauvali xdeba.

bevr socialists savalalo iluzia hqonda, rom Tuki kerZo pirebs im Zalauflebas

CamoarTmevdnen, romliTac isini individualistur wes­wyobilebaSi sargeblobdnen da

mas sazogadoebas gadascemdnen, Zalauflebac moispoboda. maT mxedvelobidan gamor­

CaT is, rom Zalauflebis imgvari koncentrireba, rodesac misi gamoyeneba mxolod

erTaderTi gegmis ganxorcielebisTvisaa SesaZlebeli, Zalauflebis ara ubralo ga­

dacemas, aramed usazRvrod gafarToebas gulisxmobs.

calke adamianis xelSi mTeli im Zalauflebis moqceviT, romelic warsulSi Ti­

Toeulis mier sakuTari SexedulebiT gamoiyeneboda, Zalauflebis masStabi usa­

zRvrod da manamde arnaxulad izrdeba. amasTan imdenad, rom TiTqmis Zireulad cvlis

mis xasiaTs.

sruliad mcdaria imis mtkiceba, rom is yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba, romelic

centralur sagegmo komitets hqonda, `ar iqneba kidev ufro didi, vidre Zalaufle­

ba, romliTac kerZo struqturebis direqtorTa sabWoebi sargebloben~. unda aRiniS­

nos, rom konkurentul sazogadoebaSi veravin sargeblobs im Zalauflebis mciredi

nawiliTac ki, romliTac centraluri sagegmo komiteti isargeblebs. Zalauflebis

decentralizeba niSnavs Zalauflebis absoluturi moculobis mniSvnelovan Semci­

rebas, xolo is erTaderTi konkurentuli wes­wyobileba, romelic erTi adamianis

676

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

mier meoreze Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas minimumamde kvecs. vis Se­

uZlia seriozulad daeWvdes, rom im milioneris Zalaufleba, romelic SesaZloa Cemi

damqiravebelic iyos, ganuzomlad ufro naklebia, vidre dabalCinosani biurokratis

SesaZleblobebi, romlis xelSicaa saxelisuflebo iZulebis aparati da vis keTilgo­

nierebazecaa damokidebuli, rogor vicxovro da viSromo?

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da inglisSi TviT yvelaze

cudad anazRaurebad araprofesional muSas gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba aqvs, rom

cxovreba Tavisi survilisamebr moiwyos, vidre bevr mewarmes nacistur germaniaSi

an SedarebiT ukeTesi anazRaurebis mqone inJinersa da menejers _ ruseTSi. ameri­

kis SeerTebul Statebsa da inglisSi adamians TiTqmis aranairi winaaRmdegoba ar ga­

daeRobeba, Tuki surs, rom Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili an profesia, xmamaRla

gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexedulebebi _ ase an ise gaataros Tavisufali dro. mis fizikur

usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas ar emuqreba iseTi saSiSroeba, romelic uxeSi ZaliT

miajaWvavs im saqmesa da garemos, romelic umaRlesi xelisuflis mier misTvis aris

gansazRvruli.

Cvens Taobas daaviwyda, rom kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli wes­wyobileba Tavi­

suflebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani garantiaa. es ki asea mxolod imitom, rom warmoebis

saSualebebis gamgebloba gadanawilebulia uamrav damoukideblad moqmed konkurent

adamians Soris, romelTac SeuZliaT TviTonve gadawyviton, rogor unda moiqc­

nen. rodesac warmoebis saSualebebi mxolod erT xelSia moqceuli, Tundac es iyos

`sazogadoeba~, rogorc erTiani mTlianoba an diqtatori, vinc ar unda axorcielebdes

am zedamxedvelobas, mas Cvenze sruli Zalaufleba aqvs. is, rasac ekonomikuri Zala­

ufleba ewodeba, SeiZleba Zaldatanebis saSualebac iyos kerZo pirebis xelSi, magram

is adamianis mTel yofaze verasodes gavrceldeba. magram maSin, roca ekonomikuri Za­

laufleba centralizebulia, rogorc politikuri Zalauflebis erTgvari iaraRi,

iseT xarisxis damokidebulebas amkvidrebs, romelic monobisgan Znelad Tu gamoirCe­

va. kargad aris naTqvami: im qveyanaSi, sadac erTaderTi damqiravebeli saxelmwifoa,

opoziciaSi yofna SimSiliT sikvdils niSnavs.

* * *

677

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

safrTxis winapiroba

socializmisa da totalitarizmis gamovlinebis yvela formisgan gansxvavebiT,

individualizmi TiToeuli pirovnebis mimarT qristianul pativiscemasa da rwmena­

zea dafuZnebuli da gulisxmobs, rom sasurvelia adamianma Tavisuflad ganaviTaros

RmerTis mier sakuTriv misTvis boZebuli niWi da midrekilebebi. es filosofia rene­

sansis periodSi Caisaxa, xolo Semdeg is daixvewa da im saxiT gavrcelda, romelsac

dasavlur civilizaciad vicnobT. sazogadoebis ganviTareba zogadad calkeuli

pirovnebebis im marwuxebidan gaTavisuflebisken iyos mimarTuli, romlebic maT feo­

dalur sazogadoebaSi boWavda.

SesaZlebelia, rom am marwuxebidan adamianebis pirovnuli energiis gamoTavisuf­

lebis yvelaze TvalsaCino Sedegi mecnierebis gasaocari aRmavloba iyo. mxolod

samewarmeo Tavisuflebam gaxsna gza axali codnis Tavisuflad gamoyenebisken, Tanac

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac TiToeulisTvis, vinc ki mzad iyo sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT

emoqmeda, xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelaferi, rac mecnierebam im udidesi wingadadgmu­

li nabijebis Sedegad Seqmna, ramac bolo 150 wlis manZilze mniSvnelovnad Secvala

samyaros iersaxe. am zrda­ganviTarebis Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba.

yvelgan, sadac ki is winaaRmdegobebi aRmoifxvra, romlebic pirovnebis gamWriaxobis

Tavisufal gamovlenas eRobebodnen, adamianebs mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayo­

filebis saSualeba swrafad gauCndaT. me­20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis, mSromelma ada­

mianma dasavlur samyaroSi yofieri keTildReobis, usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli da­

moukideblobis iseT dones miaRwia, rom 100 wlis win amis warmodgenac ki Zneli iyo.

am warmatebis Sedegi adamianebs Soris sakuTar bed­iRbalze zemoqmedebis axle­

buri SegrZnebis gaRviveba da rwmenis ganmtkiceba iyo, rom maT SeeZloT TavianTi yofa­

cxovreba usazRvrod gaeumjobesebinaT. ukve miRweuli aRiqmeboda erTxel da samu­

damod uzrunvelyofil da maradiul miRwevad, xolo, ganviTarebis tempi iTvleboda

aradamakmayofileblad. metic, is wanamZRvrebi, romelTac aseTi winsvla SesaZlebeli

gaxades, kidev ufro swrafi winsvlis winaRobad iqna miCneuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

liberalizmis TvalsaCino warmateba TviTonve xdeboda sakuTari kraxis mizezic.

arc erTi keTilgonieri adamiani ar eWvobda, rom me­19 saukunis ekonomikur mid­

gomebze dafuZnebuli aRmavloba mxolod dasawyisi iyo, radgan arsebobda winsvlis

uzarmazari SesaZleblobebi im mimarTulebiT, saiTkenac maSin mivdiodiT. Tumca,

amJamad gamefebuli Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad, ukve aRar ismis kiTxva, Tavisufal

sazogadoebaSi rogor unda gamoviyenoT spontanurad warmoqmnili energia ufro

ukeTesad. amis gamo ganvizraxeT am Zalebisgan gamijvna da maTi Tavisufal sazogadoe­

baSi `koleqtiurobiTa~ da `mizanmimarTuli~ miTiTebebiT Canacvleba.

678

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

sayuardReboa, rom liberalizmi yvelaze srulad germaniaSi uaryves. es gamovlin­

da rogorc sakuTriv socializmis ufro radikaluri saxesxavaobis (nacizmis) ganxor­

cielebaSi, ise, umeteswilad `mowesrigebisa~ da `dagegmvis~ mcdelobebSi. me­19 sau­

kunis bolo da me­20 saukunis pirveli meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi, germania sakmaod win

wavida, rogorc socializmis Teoriis, ise misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis kuTxiT.

Tanac imdenad dawinaurda, rom is sakiTxebi, razec sabWour ruseTSi ase farTod msje­

loben, germanelebma didi xania ukan moitoves. germanelebi nacizmis aRmocenebamde

gacilebiT adre akritikebdnen liberalizmsa da demokratias, kapitalizmsa da indi­

vidualizms.

germaneli da italieli socialistebi nacistebze didi xniT adre iyenebdnen im

xerxebs, romlebic mogvianebiT nacistebma da faSistebma ufro Sedegianad gamoiyenes.

pirvelad socialistebma SeimuSaves iseTi politikuri partiis Seqmnis idea, romelic

Trgunavda pirovnebis TviTmyofadobis yvela gamovlenas da moicavda mis nebismier

saqmianobas akvnidan _ saflavamde da moiTxovda, rom adamians yvelaferSi partiis

SexedulebebiT exelmZRvanela. swored socialistebi iyvnen pirvelebi da ara fa­

Sistebi, romlebmac mcirewlovani bavSvebis politikur organizaciaSi gawevrianeba

daiwyes, rom maTi azrovneba emarTaT. pirvelebi ara faSistebi, aramed swored so­

cialistebi iyvnen, vinc sportisa da sxva TamaSebis, fexburTisa da turizmis orga­

nizeba iseTi partiuli klubebis saxiT ganizraxes, sadac wevrebi sxva politikuri

Sexedulebebisgan daculi iqnebodnen. pirvelad socialistebma moiTxoves, rom par­

tiis wevrebs Tavi sxvebisgan misalmebisa da mimarTvis formiT gamoerCiaT. swored

maT Seqmnes totalitaruli partiis prototipi, romelsac struqtura `ujredebis~

saxiT eqneboda organizebuli da wevrebis pirad cxovrebaze permanentuli TvalTva­

lis meqanizmebs gamoiyenebda.

xelisuflebaSi hitleris mosvlis droisTvis, germaniaSi liberalizmi ukve

mkvdari iyo, is socializmma mokla.

Zalian bevri adamianisTvis, vinc socializmidan faSizmSi gadasvlis uSualo mowme

gaxda, am or wyobas Soris kavSiri aSkara, magram demokratul qveynebSi xalxis umete­

sobas socializmisa da Tavisuflebis Serwymis SesaZlebloba kvlav swamda. maT ver war­

moedginaT, rom demokratiuli socializmi, bolo ramdenime Taobis udidesi utopia,

ara marto ganuxorcielebelia, aramed kidevac rom ecado da Zalisxmeva ar daiSuro

mis misaRwevad, iZleva iseT Sedegs, romelic srulebiT gansxvavdeba Canafiqrisgan _

emxoba Tavad Tavisufleba. moswrebulad iTqva, rom `is, rac xelisuflebas yovelT­

vis gardaqmnis amqveyniur jojoxeTad, adamianma Tavis samoTxed gadaqceva scada~.

SemaSfoTebelia inglissa da amerikaSi igive suraTi _ rogor uxeSad arRveven da

upativcemulod epyrobian Zveleburi yaidis liberalizmis yovelgvar gamovlinebas.

679

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

`konservatiuli socializmi~ iyo devizi, romliTac mweralTa didma nawilma Seamzada

garemo, sadac germanelma nacional­socialistebma warmatebuli kariera Seiqmnes.

swored `konservatiuli socializmi~ gansazRvravs dRevandelobasac.

dagegmvis liberaluri gza

dagegmvis popularobas metwilad is ganapirobebs, rom, ra Tqma unda, yvelas SeZ­

lebisamebr saerTo problemebis winaswari ganWvreta surs. dagegmvis dRevandeli

momxreebi da liberalebi kamaToben ara imaze, ramdenad mizanSewonilia Cveni saqmia­

nobis dagegmva, aramed imaze, romelia saukeTeso gza aseTi qmedebis gansaxorciele­

blad. sakiTxi ismis ase: an Cven SevqmniT iseT garemopirobebs, romelic gasaqans miscems

TiToeuli pirovnebis codnasa da iniciativas, rac SeiZleba warmatebulad dagegmon

sakuTari cxovreba, an mTeli sameurneo cxovreba `dadgenili gegmis~ mixedviT unda

vmarToT, rac niSnavs, `sazogadoebrivi resursebis winaswargamiznul gankargvas

imgvarad, rom miesadagos sagegmo komitetis wevrebis Sexedulebas, Tu vis ra unda

ergos yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi~.

mniSvnelovania, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT winaaRmdegoba dagegmvis uax­

lesi tipisa da dogmaturad gagebuli laissez faire (fr. _ neba miboZeT vimoqmedoT.

red. SeniSvna) midgomis mimarT. liberaluri mtkicebulebebi ar gulisxmobs mov­

lenaTa SenarCunebas arsebuli saxiT; upiratesoba eniWeba konkurenciis saukeTeso

SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas, rogorc adamianTa Zalisxmevis koordinirebis saSuale­

bas. es mosazreba dafuZnebulia imis rwmenaze, rom efeqturi konkurenciis pirobebis

Seqmna calkeuli pirovnebebis Zalisxmevis xelSewyobis saukeTeso SesaZleblobaa.

liberalizmi, cxadad aCvenebs, rom konkurenciis nayofierebisTvis moxerxebuli

sakanonmdeblo CarCoebia aucilebeli da arc Zveli da arc amJamad moqmedi kanonebi

mniSvnelovani Secdomebisgan daculi ar aris.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, liberalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom ekonomikuri saq­

mianoba konkurenciis magivrad direqtiul marTvas daeqvemdebaros. is aRiarebs kon­

kurencias, miiCnevs umTavresad, ara marto imitom, rom yovelmxriv Sedegiani meTodia,

aramed imitom, rom is erTaderTi meTodia, romelSic xelisufleba Zaladobrivad an

nebelobiT ar ereva. liberalizmi emijneba `gonieri sazogadoebrivi zedamxedvelo­

bis~ saWiroebas da calkeul pirovnebebs Sanss aZlevs, Tavad gadawyviton, ramdenad

Seesabameba maTi konkretuli saqmianobis anazRaureba saTanado Zalisxmevasa da da­

naxarjebs.

680

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

konkurenciis dadebiTi Sedegebis gamoyenebas xels ar uSlis garkveul sakiTxebSi

saxelmwifos Careva. magaliTad, samuSao saaTebis sazRvrebisa da zogierTi sanitari­

uli normis dadgena, sayofacxovrebo uzrunvelyofis mravalmxriv mzardi sistemis

damkvidreba, SesaZlebelia, sruliad Seesatyvisebodes konkurenciis wesebis dacvas.

magram aris agreTve iseTi sferoebic, sadac konkurentuli wyoba ganuxorcielebe­

lia. magaliTad, tyis gaCexvis mavne Sedegebi an sawarmoo gamonabolqvTan dakavSire­

buli faqtorebi mxolod kerZo mesakuTris uflebebis ganxilviT ver Semoifargleba.

magram is, rom saxelisuflebo miTiTebebi unda gamoviyenoT iq, sadac konkurencia

srulyofili veraa, savsebiT ar amtkicebs imas, rom Cven unda CavaxSoT konkurencia iq,

sadac SesaZlebelia misi amoqmedeba. im pirobebis Seqmna, romelic konkurencias SesaZ­

leblobebis farglebSi, Sedegians gaxdis _ gayalbebisa da TaRliTobisgan dacva, mo­

nopoliebis aRkveTa _ is amocanebia, romelTa gadawyveta qmnis farTo da ueWvel as­

parezs saxelisuflebo moRvaweobisTvis.

es ar niSnavs imas, rom SesaZlebelia moinaxos raRac `Sualeduri gza~ konkuren­

ciasa da centralur marTvas Soris. Tumca, erTi SexedviT, amaze ukeTesi ra unda iyos

an sxva ra unda mouvideT TavSi moazrovne adamianebs. mxolod `saRi azris~ moxmoba am

sakiTxSi arasaimedoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia konkurenciasTan garkveu­

li saxelisuflebo regulirebis Sexameba, es savsebiT SeuTavsebelia CvenTvis misa­

Rebi nebismieri masStabis dagegmvasTan, ise, rom man ar Sewyvitos warmoebis qmediTi

mmarTvelis funqciis Sesruleba.

orive, rogorc konkurencia, ise centraluri marTva, umoqmedo da uSedego iara­

Rarad gadaiqceva, Tu isini arasrulyofilad gamoiyeneba, amitom maTi Serwyma niS­

navs, rom verc erTi ver imuSavebs.

dagegmvisa da konkurenciis Sexameba SesaZlebelia mxolod TviT konkurenciis

xelSewyobisa da ara konkurenciis Seferxebis dagegmvaSi. dagegmva, romlis winaaRm­

degac mTeli Cveni kritikaa mimarTuli, swored rom konkurenciis winaaRmdeg mimar­

Tuli RonisZiebaa.

* * *

681

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

udidesi utopia

ueWvelia, rom maT umravlesobas, vinc demokratiul qveynebSi moiTxovda mTeli

ekonomikuri saqmianobis centraluri mmarTvelobisadmi daqvemdebarebas, kvlav

sjera, rom socializmisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis Sexameba SesaZlebelia. Tumca,

bevri moazrovne socializms jer kidev adreul periodSi Tavisuflebis mesaflaved

aRiqvamda.

amJamad, arcTu ise kargad axsovT, rom socializmi Tavidanve aSkarad avtoritaru­

li iyo. is warmoiSva safrangeTis revoluciis liberaluri tendenciebis sawinaaRmde­

god sruliad Riad mimarTul reaqciad. frangi avtorebi, romlebmac dasamabi misces

mas, verc ki warmoidgendnen, rom maTi ideebis ganxorcileba mxolod Zlier diqta­

torul mTavrobas SeeZleboda dagegmvis momxreTa Soris. sen­simoni iyo, romelmac

iwinaswarmetyvela, rom isini, vinc mis SeTavazebul sagegmo komitetebs ar daemor­

Cileboda, `pirutyvad CaiTvleboda~.

yvelaze mkafiod frangma politikurma moazrovnem de tokvilma dainaxa, rom de­

mokratia socializmTan Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSia. `demokratia afarToebs in­

dividualuri Tavisuflebis sivrces~, _ ambobda is. `demokratia TiToeul adamians

unarCunebs yvela damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebas~, _ Tqva man 1848 wels, `maSin, rodesac

socializmi adamians mxolod nivTad, mxolod ariTmetikul erTeulad warmoadgens.

demokratias da socializms araferi aqvs saerTo, garda erTi sityvisa _ Tanasworoba.

magram xazgasasmelia gansxvaveba: demokratia iswrafvis Tanasworobisken Tavisufle­

baSi, socializmi Tanasworobas SezRudvasa da morCilebaSi xedavs.~

am eWvebis gasaqarveblad da yvelaze Zlieri politikuri motiviT _ ̀ Tavisuflebis­

ken ltolviT~, TavianTi poziciebis gasamyareblad, socialistebi `axali Tavisuf­

lebis~ qadagebas mieZalnen. socializmi iyo is, rasac `ekonomikuri Tavisufleba~

unda moetana, romlis gareSec politikur Tavisuflebas gaxvretili Saurianis fasic

ki ara aqvs.

am argumentisTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, sityva ̀ Tavisufleba~ dauq­

vemdebares Sinaarsobriv cvlilebas. es sityva adre niSnavda Tavisuflebas Zalado­

bisgan _ erTi adamianis nebelobiTi Zalauflebisgan meoreze, axla ki am sityvam sxva

datvirTva SeiZina: is niSnavs Tavisuflebas siduxWirisgan, Tavis daRwevas im zRudee­

bidan, romlebic mudmivad kvecen yvela CvenTaganis arCevanis asparezs. ase gagebuli

Tavisufleba ki, ra Tqma unda, ubralod Zalauflebis an siuxvis sxva saxelia. `axali

Tavisuflebis~ moTxovna sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara simdidris xelaxali gadanawilebis

Sesaxeb Zveli moTxovnis ganaxlebuli gamovlineba.

682

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

imis mtkiceba, rom gegmuri ekonomika TvalsaCinod nayofieri iqneboda, vidre kon­

kurentuli wyoba, mkvlevarTa umetesobam Tanmimdevrulad uaryo. TumcaRa, dagegm­

visken yvelaze metad swored es cru imedi gvibiZgebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove socialistebis dapireba ufro meti Tavisuf­

lebis Sesaxeb wminda da gulwrfelia, gasul wlebSi damkvirveblebi erTmaneTis mi­

yolebiT gamoTqvamdnen gaocebas socializmis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis, garemo­

ebebis im araCveulebrivi msgavsebis gamo, romelic umravles SemTxvevaSi komunizmisa

da faSizmis Sedegebs axasiaTebs. rogorc es mweralma piter drakerma gamoxata 1939

wels, `marqsizmis meSveobiT Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis miRwevis rwmenis srul­

ma gaqarwylebam ruseTi aiZula, rom dadgomoda Tavisuflebis uaryofisa da uTanas­

worobis totalitaruli sazogadoebisken mimaval imave gzas, romelic mis kvaldakval

germaniamac gaiara. komunizmi da faSizmi arsobrivad erTi da igive sulac ar aris. fa­

Sizmi aris safexuri, romelic miRweul iqna mas Semdeg, rac komunizmis siyalbe dadas­

turda da es siyalbe iseve dadasturda ruseTSi, rogorc prehitlerul germaniaSi~.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania 1933 wlamde germaniis komunistur da faSistur moZrao­

baTa Sedgenilobis xarisxsa da samsaxurebriv ierarqiaze inteleqturi dakvirveba.

raoden iolad iyo SesaZlebeli axalgazrda komunistebis gadasvla nacistebis banakSi,

an piriqiT _ nacistebis komunistebis banakSi, yvelasTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki orive

partiis propagandistebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili. komunistebi da nacistebi ufro

xSirad erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen, vidre sxva partiebs da es ubralod imitom

xdeboda, rom isini erTmaneTs erTi da igive Sexedulebebis adamianebis yuradRebisa

da mxardaWerisaTvis ecilebodnen da erTmaneTs saZulvel eretikosebs uwodebdnen.

maTma saqmianobam aCvena, Tu ramdenad axlos iyvnen isini erTmaneTTan. orivesTvis

WeSmariti mteri Zveli tipis liberali iyo, romelTanac maT saerTo araferi hqon­

daT. maSin, rodesac nacistebisTvis komunistebi da komunistebisTvis nacistebi, am

orivesTvis ki socialistebi, ganixilebodnen SesaZlo axalwveulebad, romlebisga­

nac maTi partiuli mSeneblobisTvis saWiro masala unda momzadebuliyo, yvela maTga­

nisTvis cxadi iyo, rom maT Soris yovelgvari kompromisi, iseve rogorc imaTTan, vi­

sac piradi Tavisuflebis rwmena hqonda, SeuZlebelia.

is, rac maT Tavisuflebisken mimaval gzad warmogvidgines, faqtobrivad aris

pirdapiri gza batonymobisken. Zneli araa imis danaxva, ra Sedegi gveqneba, roca de­

mokratia dagegmarebis mimarTulebas daadgeba. dagegmarebis mizani zogierTebis mier

iseTi gaurkveveli terminebiT ganimarteba, rogoricaa `sazogado keTildReoba~. iq,

sadac xalxma ar icis, rogori iqneba saboloo Sedegi, realuri Tanxmoba ar miiRweva.

xalxis Tanxmoba imaze, rom unda ganxorcieldes centralizebuli dagegmva, saboloo

Sedegebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gareSe, uciloblad daemsgavseba situacias, rodesac

683

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

adamianTa garkveuli jgufi erTmaneTs avaldebulebs imogzauron erTad marSrutis

SeuTanxmeblad: yovelive amis Sedegad, SesaZloa umravlesobam iZulebiT imogzauros

iq, sadac saerTod ar surda mogzauroba.

demokratiul sakrebuloebs ar SeuZliaT daemsgavson sagegmo komitetebs. maT ar

SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon SeTanxmebebi yvela sakiTxze _ saxelmwifo resursebis gamo­

yenebis yvela mimarTulebaze _ rameTu arsebobs moqmedebis uamravi SesaZlebloba.

maSinac ki, Tuki kongresi SeZlebs, muxlobrivi ganxilvisa da yovel sakiTxSi kompromi­

sis miRwevis gziT SeTanxmdes zogierTi programis ganxorcielebaze, eWvgareSea, rom

saboloo gadawyvetileba mainc aravis daakmayofilebs.

aseTi xerxiT ekonomikuri gegmis dasaxva kidev ufro naklebad SesaZlebelia, vi­

dre magaliTad, warmatebuli saomari kampaniis dagegmva demokratiuli procedure­

biT. strategiulad gardauvali gaxdeba, rom saTanado gadawyvetilebebis momzadeba

eqspertebs daekisroT. da maSinac ki, rodesac am mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare, de­

mokratia warmatebas aRwevs meurneobis calkeuli seqtorebis dagegmvaSi, kvlav prob­

lemad rCeba am calkeuli gegmebis Serwyma­Sexameba. TandaTanobiT sul ufro ganmt­

kicda moTxovna, rom zogierT mmarTvel organos an calkeul pirs mieces Zalaufleba,

imoqmedos sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT. ekonomikuri diqtatoris mosvlisTvis crem­

lisRvra damaxasiaTebeli safexuria dagegmvis mimarTulebiT moZraobisas.

amrigad, sakanonmdeblo organo Semoifargleba im pirTa SerCeviT, romlebsac

praqtikulad absoluturi Zalaufleba mieniWebaT, xolo mTlianad wes­wyobileba

diqtaturis iseTi tipisken gadaixreba, romlis drosac mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli Ta­

vis poziciebs periodulad saxalxo arCevnebiT gaamyarebs, magram, mas eqneba sruli Za­

laufleba, Tavisi brZanebis Sesabamisad, amomrCevelTa xmebi sinamdvileSi warmarTos

im mimarTulebiT, romelic mas sWirdeba.

dagegmva ganapirobebs diqtaturas, radgan diqtatura aris Zaladobis yvelaze

efeqturi da metad saWiro xerxi, Tuki aucilebelia, rom centraluri dagegmva far­

To maStabebiT gaxdes SesaZlebeli. aranairi gamarTleba ara aqvs farTod gavrcele­

bul azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom raki Zalaufleba mopovebulia demokratiuli procedure­

biT, is ar SeiZleba iyos nebelobiTi; Zalauflebis wyaros ar SeuZlia xelisufleba

nebelobisgan daicvas; diqtaturisgan Tavis dasacavad Tavad xelisufleba unda iyos

SezRuduli.

ekonomikuri sistemis marTvisTvis gamoyenebuli `proletariatis WeSmariti diq­

taturis~ demokratiuli formac ki, savaraudod iseve srulad mospobs adamianebis

pirovnul Tavisuflebas, rogorc yvela manamde arsebuli avtokratiuli wyoba.

pirovnuli Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia Seeguos erTi konkretuli miznis uzenaeso­

bas, romelsac mTeli sazogadoeba mudmivad unda daeqvemdebaros. garkveulwilad, es

684

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

faqti omis dros Tavad gamovcadeT, rodesac gadaudebeli da damTrgunavi aucile­

blobis mimarT absoluturad yvelafris daqvemdebareba iyo is safasuri, romelic

gadavixadeT, raTa sakuTar Tavisuflebas xangrZlivad gavfrTxilebodiT. maRalfar­

dovani gamonaTqvamebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mSvidobis misaRwevad saWiroa yvelafris ise

keTeba, rogorc es omSi gamarjvebis misaRwevad viswavleT, sruli Secdomaa. omis dros

keTilgonivrulia Tavisuflebis droebiTi SezRudva, raTAa momavalSi is ufro dacu­

li iyos, gegmuri ekonomikis interesebs ki Tavisuflebis mudmivi SezRudva moaqvs.

maTTvis, vinc Tvali adevna socializmis faSizmad gardaqmnas me­20 saukunis pirvel

or meoTxedSi, kavSiri am or wes­wyobilebas Soris sruliad cxadia. socialisturi

programis realizeba Tavisuflebis ganadgurebas niSnavs. demokratiuli socializ­

mi, bolo ramdenime Taobis udidesi utopia, ubralod ganuxorcielebelia.

ratom eqceva saTaveSi yvelaze uaresi?

eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom inglisuri da amerikuli `faSizmi~ italiuri da germanuli

saxesxvaobebisgan didad gansxvavdeba; ueWvelia isic, rom Tu es wes­wyobileba Zala­

dobis gareSe damkvidrdeboda, SesaZloa ukeTesi politikuri winamZRolic ki migveRo.

Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom sabolood faSisturi wes­wyobileba CvenSi Zlier gansxvave­

buli an gacilebiT nakleb autaneli aRmoCndeba, vidre misi prototipebi italiasa da

germaniaSi. arsebobs sarwmuno mizezebi, rom totalitaruli sistemebis yvelaze cudi

Taviseburebebi, adre Tu gvian, aucileblad gamovlindeba.

zustad ise, rogorc demokrati saxelmwifo moRvawe, romelic cdilobs ekonomi­

kuri cxovrebis dagegmvas, sul male aRmoCndeba im alternativis winaSe, rom an moipo­

vos diqtatoruli Zalaufleba, an Seeguos misive gegmebis srul kraxs, totalita­

ruli midrekilebebis winamZRolic, aseve male dadgeba uzneobasa da warumateblobas

Soris arCevanis winaSe. swored am mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli, rom totalitarizmisken

midrekil sazogadoebaSi warmatebebs, rogorc wesi, uprincipo, arakeTilsindisieri

pirebi aRweven. is, vinc amas ver xedavs, jer kidev ver swvdeba im ufskrulis siRrmes,

romelic totalitarizms individualisturi dasavluri civilizaciisgan arsebiTad

aSorebs.

totalitarulma liderma garSemo unda Semoikribos adamianebi, vinc nebayoflo­

biT emorCileba imgvar disciplinas, romelic undaT, rom xalxis danarCen nawils Tavs

ZaliT moaxvion. socializmis damyareba mxolod im meTodebiTaa SesaZlebeli, romle­

685

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

bic Tavad socialistTa umravlesobam uaryo. es aris gakveTili, romelic warsulSi

moRvawe mravali reformatoris saqmianobidan unda viswavloT. adreuli periodis

socialistur partiebs TavianTi demokratiuli idealebi borkavda; isini ar mimar­

Tavdnen mkacr meTodebs imisTvis, rom gadaewyvitaT maT mier arCeuli amocanebi.

niSandoblivia, rom germaniasa da italiaSi, faSizmis aRzeveba socialisturi par­

tiebis mier saxelisuflebo pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan aridebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

isini gulwrfelad ar iyenebdnen im meTodebs, romelTac TviTon gaukvales gza da

kvlav imedovnebdnen, rom moxdeboda saswauli da umravlesoba mTeli sazogadoebis

garkveuli gegmis mixedviT organizebis ideas sakuTari nebiT daTanxmdeboda. sxvebs ki

ukve garkveuli hqondaT, rom gegmur sazogadoebaSi movlenaTa ganviTareba damokide­

buli iqneboda ara imaze, ras daeTanxmeboda xalxis umravlesoba, aramed imaze, visgan

Seiqneboda yvelaze didi jgufi, romlis wevrebic sazogadoebis nebismieri saqmiano­

bis erT kalapotSi moqcevis mizniT sakmaod SeTanxmebulad imoqmedebdnen.

arsebobs sami ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc nebismier sazogadoebaSi aRtkinebul

TanamoazreTa aseTi mravalricxovani jgufi, ara saukeTeso, aramed yvelaze uaresi

wevrebisagan yalibdeba.

pirveli _ rac ufro maRalia pirovnebebis ganaTleba da inteleqti‚ miT ufro mra­

valferovania maTi gemovneba da Sexedulebebi. Tu gvsurs‚ rom Sexedulebebis erTgva­

rovnebis ufro maRali xarisxi aRmovaCinoT, dakvirvebisTvis ufro dabali zneobrivi

da inteleqturi standartebi unda davawesoT da mivmarToT im fenebs, sadac primi­

tiuli instinqtebi batonobs. es ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianTa umravlesobas dabali

zneobrivi standartebi aqvs da mxolod imis maniSnebelia, rom erTgvarovani Rire­

bulebebis mqone adamianTa yvelaze did jgufs swored dabali zneobrivi moTxovnebi

aqvs.

meore _ vinaidan es jgufi ar aris sakmarisad didi imisTvis, rom winamZRolTa

mizanswrafvas mxari saTanadod aubas, is iZulebulia imave primitiuli msoflmxed­

velobis safuZvelze sakuTar rigebSi kidev ufro meti adamiani miiRos.

man mxardaWera damjeri da damyoli adamianebisgan unda miiRos, romlebsac saku­

Tari Tavis rwmena ara aqvT da mzad arian sxvisi Sexedulebebi miiRon, Tuki maT amas

sakmaod xSirad da xmamaRla CasCiCineben. eseni iqnebian bundovani da arasrulyofili

Sexedulebebis mqone meryevi adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi sulieri aRtkinebiTa da

emociuri mdgomareobiT mzad arian totalitarul partias miendon.

mesame _ momxreebis SeTamxmebul organizmad SesaduRabeblad, liderma saerTo

adamianur sisusteebs unda mouxmos. rogorc Cans‚ adamianebs ufro uadvildebaT

negatiuri, vTqvaT mtris saerTo siZulvilidan an SeZlebulebisadmi Suridan gamom­

dinare‚ programis irgvliv SeTanxmeba, vidre romelime pozitiuri amocanis mizan­

dasaxva.

686

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

dapirispirebas `Cvensa~ da `maT~ Soris mudam iyenebs is, vinc farTo masebis mor­

Cilebas eswrafvis. samizne `mteri~ SeiZleba qveynis gareT an qveynis SigniT iyos,

magaliTad, ebraeli germaniaSi an kulaki _ ruseTSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi am xerxs

udidesi upiratesoba aqvs, radgan winamZRols moqmedebis ufro met Tavisuflebas ani­

Webs, vidre nebismieri pozitiuri programa.

totalitarul jgufSi an partiaSi warmatebis miRweva mniSvnelovanwilad uzneo

saqcielisaTvis mzadyofnazea damokidebuli. principi _ Sedegi amarTlebs saSua­

lebas, individualur eTikaSi ganixileba‚ rogorc yovelgvar zneobaze uaris Tqma,

koleqtivistur eTikaSi ki aucileblad mTavar samoqmedo debulebad gardaiqceva.

ar arsebobs iseTi ram, ris gasakeTebladac WeSmariti koleqtivisti mzad ar iyos‚

Tuki es `saerTo keTildReobas~ emsaxureba, radgan misTvis swored `saerTo keTil­

dReoba~ aris is erTaderTi kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs, ra unda iyos gan­

xorcielebuli.

Tuki erTxel mainc aRiareT, rom individi mxolod saSualebaa‚ romelic gamo­

yenebul unda iqnes im diadi erTobis miznebis misaRwevad, rasac sazogadoeba an eri

ewodeba‚ maSin amas aucileblad mohyveba im totalitarul SesaZleblobaTa umravle­

sobis aRiarebac‚ rac manamde ase gvaSfoTebda. Seurigebeloba da gansxvavebuli azris

daundobeli alagmva‚ TvalTmaqcoba da dasmena, calkeul pirTa cxovrebisa da bed­

nierebisadmi sruli gulgriloba, koleqtivizmis arsebiTi da gardauvali maxasiaTe­

blebia. qmedebebi, romelic Cveni yvela grZnobis amboxs iwves, magaliTad: tyveebis

daxvreta an moxucebisa da avadmyofebis mokvdineba, aixsneba, rogorc ubralo mizan­

Sewoniloba. asobiT aTasi adamianis dedabudianad ayra da gadasaxleba policiis Za­

lismier instrumentad gadaiqca, rasac TiTqmis yvela eTanxmeboda‚ TviT msxverpl­

Ta garda.

imisaTvis‚ rom totalitaruli saxelmwifosTvis sasargeblo msaxuri gaxdes, ada­

miani mzad unda iyos yvela misTvis nacnobi zneobrivi kanonis uarsayofad‚ Tuki misT­

vis dadgenili Sedegis misaRwevad es saWiroa. totalitaruli manqana daundoblobisa

da uprincipobisTvis xelsayrel garemo­pirobebs qmnis. arc gestapo da arc sakoncent­

racio banakebis administracia, arc propagandis saministo da arc SA an SS specsam­

saxurebi (an maTi rusuli analogebi) humanuri grZnobebis gamovlenisTvis Sesaferisi

adgilebi ar aris. Tumca totalitarul saxelmwifoSi maRali Tanamdebobebisken gzas

swored aseT adgilebSi Tavis gamoCens gulisxmobs.

gamoCenili amerikeli ekonomisti, profesori frenk naiTi samarTlianad aRniS­

navs, rom koleqtivisturi saxelmwifos xelisuflebam `survilis arseboba­ararse­

bobis miuxedavad ase unda imoqmedos da albaToba imisa, rom xelisuflebaSi myof ada­

mianebs eqnebaT gamorCeuli xasiaTi, rac maT ar gamoayenebinebs Zalauflebas, iseve

687

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

dabalia, rogorc imis albaToba, rom ukiduresad saTno gulis mqone pirovnebam mo­

naTa plantaciebSi mkacri zedamxedvelis Tanamdeboba miiRos~.

Semdegi mosazreba, romelic ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes, gulisxmobs: koleqtiviz­

mi niSnavs simarTlis dasasruls. totalitaruli sistemis efeqturi muSaobisTvis

arasakmarisia, yvela aiZulon, rom damgegmavebis dasaxuli miznebis gansaxorcieleb­

lad imuSaon; arsebiTi isaa, rom xalxma es miznebi unda gaiTavisos, rac sainformacio

wyaroebis sruli kontroliTa da mizanmimarTuli agitacia­propagandiT miiRweva.

xalxis im mdgomareobamde misayvanad, rom aRiaron im yvelaze efeqturi gza­Ri­

rebulebebis samarTlianoba, romelsac TviTonve unda emsaxuron, saWiroa maTi darw­

muneba, rom es zustad is Rirebulebebia, romelic manamde hqondaT, magram SesaZloa

ver xvdebodnen da ar acnobierebdnen. am miznis misaRwevad yvelaze efeqturi meTodi

Zveli sityvebis Secvlili mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebaa.

totalitaruli reJimis zogierTi Tavisebureba gareSe damkvirveblisTvis iseve

damabnevelia, rogorc enis sruli gaukuRmarTeba, rac jer kidev axasiaTebs mTel in­

teleqtur garemos.

sityva ̀ Tavisufleba~ am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad xelyofilia. totalitarul

saxelmwifoSi mas iseve xSirad iyeneben, rogorc yvela sxvagan. marTlac, SeiZleba iTq­

vas, rom yvelgan, sadac ki Tavisufleba im saxiT rogoradac Cven gvesmis, moispo, es

xalxisTvis raRac axali saxis Tavisuflebis dapirebis sanacvlod moxda. TviT Cven

Sorisac arian damgegmavebi, romlebic Cvenve gvpirdebian ̀ koleqtiur Tavisuflebas~,

romelic iseTive mtknari sicruea, rogorc totalituri politikosebis mier naTq­

vami nebismieri sxva ram. `koleqtiuri Tavisufleba~ aris ara sazogadoebis calkeuli

wevrebis Tavisufleba, aramed TviT damgegmavTa ganusazRvreli Tavisufleba, sazoga­

doebas moeqcnen ise, rogorc maT moeprianebaT. es aris ukiduresobamde miyvanili Ta­

visuflebisa da Zalauflebis aRreva.

umravlesobisTvis damoukidebeli azrovnebis saSualebis SezRudva Zneli ar aris.

magram umciresoba, romelic kritikisadmi midrekilebas inarCunebs, agreTve CaCume­

buli, unda iqnes. sazogadoebis mxridan kritika an Tundac eWvebis gamoxatva ZirSive

unda aRmoifxvras, radgan amas SeuZlia Seasustos reJimis mxardaWera. sidnei da beat­

riCe vebebi rusul sawarmoebSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ase mogviTxrobdnen:

`sanam saqme aRmavlobas ganicdis, dagegmvis warmatebulobisadmi nebismieri eWvis sa­

jarod gamoTqma, arakeTilganwyobili qmedeba da Ralatic kia, radgan aman SesaZloa

danarCen mosamsaxureTa nebasa da Zalisxmevaze iqonios gavlena.~

kontroli vrceldeba im sagnebzec, romlebsac erTi SexedviT arc ki SeiZleba,

rom politikuri mniSvneloba hqondes. magaliTad, albaTobis Teorias daupirispird­

nen, rogorc `semitur Setevas qristianul da WeSmarit germanul saganTa wyobaze~,

agreTve imitom, rom is `upirispirdeba dialeqtur materializms da marqsistul dog­

688

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

matikas~. yvela qmedeba gamarTlebuli unda iyos gaazrebuli sazogadoebrivi mizniT.

ar unda xdebodes spontanuri, umarTavi qmedeba, radgan amas SesaZlebelia moyves

gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi, romlebic gegmiT uzrunvelyofili ar aris.

es wesebi sportul TamaSebsa da garTobazec ki vrceldeba. mkiTxvels vutoveb

gamosacnobad, sad daiTanxmes moWadrakeebi, rom oficialurad gamoecxadebinaT:

Wadrakisve sasikeTod `Cven erTxel da samudamod unda davusvaT wertili Wadrakis

neitralitets.~

SesaZloa, yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli is iyos, rom inteleqtualuri Tavisuflebis

mimarT upativcemulobis gamovlena mxolod totalitaruli sistemis Camoyalibebis

Sedegi araa. is yvelgan Tavs iCens, sadac koleqtivistur rwmenas xelgaSlili egebe­

bian. yvelaze metad damTrgunveli imasTan Seguebaa, rac socializmis saxelTanaa

dakavSirebuli da opoziciuri ideebisadmi Seuwynareblobis Riad qadagebas gulisx­

mobs. koleqtivisturi azrovnebis tragediaa is, rom mis mier keTilgonierebis gaid­

ealeba, k eTilgonierebisve ganadgurebiT sruldeba.

koleqtivizmis gabatonebis Sedegad zneobrivi Rirebulebebis cvlilebis gamo­

mwvevi erTi mizezi gansjis sagangebo sazrdos iZleva. es aris Rirsebebi, romelsac

sul ufro da ufro naklebad scemen pativs britaneTsa da amerikaSi, arada anglo­

saqsebs siamayiT aRavsebda TviTgamorCeulobis SegrZneba zustad am Rirsebebis

gamo, rac upiratesobis SegrZnebas aZlevda. es Rirsebebi iyo damoukidebloba da

Tavdajerebuloba, piradi iniciativa da adgilobrivi pasuxismgebloba, nebayoflo­

biTi saqmianobis warmatebisadmi rwmena, mezoblebis saqmeebSi Caurevloba da gansx­

vavebulisadmi Semwynarebloba, agreTve xelisuflebisa da moxeleTa Zalauflebis

jansaRi SezRudva.

TiTqmis yvela wes­Cveuleba da instituti, romlebmac inglissa da amerikaSi

erovnuli xasiaTi da erTiani zneobrivi garemo Camoayalibes, amavdroulad koleq­

tivizmsa da mis centralistur tendenciebs ewinaaRmdegebodnen.

* * *

689

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

dagegmva kanonis uzenaesobis sapirispirod

Tavisufal qveyanas despoturisagan araferi ganasxvavebs ise TvalnaTliv, ro­

gorc kanonis uzenaesobis saxeliT cnobili diadi principebis dacva. Tu saqmis teq­

nikuri mxaris ganxilvas Tavs avaridebT, es niSnavs, rom mTavroba nebismier qmede­

baSi SezRudulia winaswar dawesebuli da gacxadebuli kanonmdeblobiT _ wesebiT,

romlebic saSualebas iZlevian, winaswar iqnes ganWvretili, is, Tu rogor gamoiy­

enebs xelisufleba Tavis Zalauflebas ama Tu im konkretul viTarebaSi. Sesabamisad,

TiToeuli konkretuli pirovneba swored am codnaze dafuZnebiT SeZlebs sakuTari

saqmianobis dagegmvas. amrigad, TamaSis cnobili wesebis farglebSi, yoveli calkeuli

piri Tavisufalia, eswrafvodes sakuTar miznebs da iyos darwmunebuli, rom xelisuf­

lebis Zalaufleba misi Zalisxmevis gasaqarwyleblad ar iqneba gamoyenebuli.

ekonomikis socialisturi dagegmva sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gulisxmobs. sageg­

mo komiteti sakuTar Tavs zogadi wesiT ver SezRudavs da Zalis gamoyenebaze uars

ver ityvis. rodesac saxelmwifo wyvets, ramdeni Rori unda gaizardos an ramdeni av­

tobusi unda moZraobdes, romeli qvanaxSiris maRaro unda aiTvison an ra fasSi unda

gaiyidos fexsacmeli, SeuZlebelia yvelafris winaswari ganWvreta. yoveldRiuri

SemTxveviTobebi movlenaTa ganviTarebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens. amasTan, aseTi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, aucilebelia sxvadasxva pirebisa da jgufebis intere­

sebis gawonasworeba.

sabolood ki, sagegmo komitetSi Tavmoyrili garkveuli adamianebi sakuTari

Sexedulebebisamebr wyveten, romeli pirebisa Tu jgufebis interesebi ufro mniSv­

nelovania da SemdegSi es Sexedulebebi, qveynis kanonmdeblobis nawili xdeba. sakmaod

cnobilia, rom rac ufro mets `gegmavs~ xelisufleba, miT ufro rTulia sakuTari

cxovrebis dagegmva calkeul pirebis. am or midgomas Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvave­

baa. es igivea, rac gansxvaveba sagzao niSnebis dadgmasa da xalxisaTvis imis misaTiTeb­

lad, Tu romeli gza unda airCion.

metic, centraluri dagegmvis pirobebSi, xelisufleba ver iqneba miukerZoebeli.

saxelmwifo aRar aris mcire utilitaruli meqanizmi, romelic exmareba calkeul

pirebs maTi ganumeorebeli TviTmyofadobis ganviTarebaSi da iseT warmonaqmnad

gadagvardeba, romelic sakuTari SexedulebiT irCevs, ras mianiWos upiratesoba sxva­

dasxva adamianebis kerZo moTxovnebs Soris da nebas aZlevs erT adamians akeTos is, ra­

sac meores ukrZalavs. amasTan centraluri dagegmva gulisxmobs, rom sakanonmdeblo

gziT dadgindes, rogori unda iyos calkeuli adamianebis fuladi uzrunvelyofa da

ra qonebas unda flobdes yoveli gansxvavebuli kategoriis adamiani.

690

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

kanonis uzenaesoba anu xelisuflebis mier garkveuli adamianebisTvis dadgeni­

li sakanonmdeblo privilegiebi, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis is garantiaa, romelic

mTavrobis nebelobiT Zalmomreobas upirispirdeba. mniSvnelovania is, rom sociali­

stebi (da nacistebi) yovelTvis ukmayofilobas gamoTqvamdnen `zogadi~ samarTalis

mimarT, riTic uaryofdnen kanonebs, romlebic ar sazRvraven calkeuli adamianebis

keTildReobis sakiTxebs. amis sapirispirod isini `kanonis socializacias~ moiTxovd­

nen da mosamarTleTa damoukideblobas ewinaaRmdegebodnen.

gegmur sazogadoebaSi kanonma yvela im mizanswrafvisa da Canafiqris legalizeba

unda moaxdinos, romelic xelisuflebis Zaladobriv qmedebebs mosdevs. Tu kanoni am­

bobs, rom ama Tu im gamgeobas an mmarTvel organos SeuZlia akeTos is, rac surs, maSin

yvelaferi, rasac aseTi gamgeoba an mmarTveli organo gaakeTebs, legalurad CaiTvle­

ba _ Tumca amgvari qmedeba kanonis uzenaesobas srulebiTac ar niSnavs. SeuzRudavi

Zalauflebis mqone xelisuflebis arsebobisas gamoxatuli ar aris, rom yvelaze des­

poturi wesebic ki kanonad iqces; am gziT demokratia SesaZloa gadaizardos yvelaze

srulyofil despotizmSi, rac ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT.

kanonis uzenaesobis Segneba mxolod liberalur epoqaSi aRmocenda da is am

drois erT­erTi udidesi aRmoCenaa. is kanonebSi gansaxierebuli Tavisuflebaa. ro­

gorc imanuil kanti ambobda: `kaci Tavisufali aris, Tu mas ara pirovnebis, aramed

mxolod da mxolod kanonis morCileba sWirdeba.~

aris ki dagegmva `gardauvali~?

aSkaraa, rom damgegmavTa mcirericxovani jgufi dRes kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs,

rom centraluri dagegmva sasurvelia. maTi umravlesoba amtkicebs, rom iZulebulni

varT davemorCiloT movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebas im garemoebaTa gamo, romlebsac ver

vakontrolebT.

yvelaze xSirad mizezoben, rom centraluri dagegmvis gareSe SeuZlebelia

Tanamedrove civilizaciis sirTuleTa daZleva. es argumenti konkurenciis meqaniz­

mis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb sruliad araswor Sexedulebas efuZneba. arada, swored

Tanamedrove pirobebis sirTulis gamoa, rom konkurencia aris is erTaderTi gza, rom­

lis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia qmedebebis koordinirebis adekvaturobis miRweva.

iq, sadac mdgomareoba imdenad martivia, rom calkeul pirs, an gamgeobas SeuZlia

faqtebis efeqturi gamokvleva, ar warmoiSoba surTuleebi kontrolsa da dagegmvaSi.

691

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

magram, rogorc ki mxedvelobaSi misaRebi faqtorebi matulobs da kompleqsuri xdeba,

ukve erT centrs aRar SeuZlia, maT kvalSi misdios. sxvadasxva saqonelze moTxovna­

miwodebis mudmivad cvalebadi pirobebi verasodes iqneba srulyofilad cnobili

erTi centrisaTvis da verc imas SeZlebs, rom sakmaod swrafad moaxdinos reagireba.

fasebSi mxolod konkurenciis pirobebSi aisaxeba yvela mniSvnelovani mona­

cemi. verc erTi sxva ekonomikuri wyoba ver pasuxobs am amocanas. mewarme, romelic

Tvals mxolod gansazRvruli nawarmis fasebis dinamikas adevnebs, momxmareblebis

moTxovnilebebTan sakuTari saqmianobis misadagebas iolad axerxebs. msgavsad inJin­

risa, romelsac mxolod zogierT maCvenebelze dakvirvebiT SeuZlia, rom meqanizmis

moqmedebas miadevnos Tvalyuri.

ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetis am meTodTan SedarebiT, rac decentara­

lizacias da amasTan erTad fasebis sistemis avtomatur koordinacias gulisxmobs,

centraluri marTvis meTodi warmoudgenlad mouxerxebeli, primitiuli da SeboWi­

lia. gazviadebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Cveni sawarmoo sistemis zrdis uzrun­

velsayofad, Tuki iZulebuli gavxdebodiT migvemarTa centraluri dagegmvisaTvis,

is verasodes miaRwevda mravalferovnebisa da moqnilobis im dones, romelic amjerad

aqvs. Tanamedrove civilizacia miRweul iqna swored imitom, rom is ar saWiroebs

yvelafris erT qargaze morgebas. konkurentul wyobaSi Sromis danawileba imaze bev­

rad ufro srulyofiladaa ganxorcielebuli, vidre es winaswari dagegmvis pirobebSi

iqneboda SesaZlebeli. ekonomikuri sistemis yoveli Semdgomi garTuleba konkuren­

tuli xerxebis gamoyenebas adrindelze ufro mniSvnelovans xdis, xolo centraluri

mmarTvelobis aucileblobas da mizanmimarTuli kontrolis saWiroebas kidev ufro

akninebs.

aseve amtkiceben, rom teqnologiurma cvlilebebma konkurencia SeuZlebeli gaxa­

da sul ufro met sferoSi da erTaderTi arCevani, romelic dagvrCa, aris arCevani

kerZo monopoliebis mier produqciis kontrolsa da mTavrobis mier ganxorciele­

bul marTvas Soris. Tumca, monopoliebis zrda ara imdenad teqnologiuri winsvlis

gardauvali gamoZaxilia, ramdenadac qveynebis umravlesobaSi ganxorcielebuli

politikis Sedegi.

am situaciis yvelaze sayuradRebo gamokvleva erovnuli ekonomikis droebiT

komitets ekuTvnis, romelsac gadaWarbebul liberalur midrekilebebSi namdvilad

ver davadanaSaulebT. komiteti adgens: sawarmoTa umravlesobis SesaZleblobebi ver

warmoCnda. centralizebuli marTvis xerxebma, romlebsac savaraudod konkurencia

unda Caenacvlebina, Tavadve ganicades warumatebloba mraval sferoSi... ar SeiZle­

ba daeTanxmo im daskvnas, rom warmoebis masStabebis gazrdiT miRebuli upiratesoba

aucileblad gamoiwvevs konkurenciis mospobas... garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom sa­

692

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

xelmwifo politikis uSualo daxmarebiT monopoliebi xSirad saidumlo molaparake­

bebisa da SeTanxmebebis gziT iqmneba. konkurentuli pirobebi SeiZleba aRdges mxolod

maSin, roca aseTi SeTanxmebebi gauqmdeba da saTanado politika Seicvleba.

nebismieri, vinc akvirdeba, rogori TanmimdevrulobiT eswrafvian monopolistebi

saxelmwifos daxmarebas sakuTari kontrolis efeqturobis gasazrdelad, odnavadac

ar daeWvdeba, rom movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebisas gardauvali araferia.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Zlierma proteqcionisturma politikam monopo­

liebis zrdas xeli Seuwyo. germaniaSi ki, kargad mofiqrebuli politikis wyalobiT,

1878 wlidan kartelebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. swored aq Catarda saxelmwifos

daxmarebiT `mecnieruli dagegmvisa~ da `warmoebis mizanimarTuli organizebis~

pirveli farTomasStabiani eqsperimentebi, romlebmac ganapirobes kidec udidesi mo­

nopoliebis Camoyalibeba. germaniaSi konkurenciis SezRudva iyo winaswar gaTvlili

politikis Sedegi, romelic ganxorcielda im idealis misaRwevad, rasac axla dagegmva

ewodeba.

udidesi safrTxe Zevs ori uZlieresi jgufis _ organizebuli mewarmeebis da

organizebuli mSromelebis politikaSi, romlebic mxars uWeren warmoebis monopo­

listur organizebas. monopoliaTa zrda organizebuli mewarmeebisa da organize­

buli mSromelebis kargad mofiqrebuli TanamSromlobis Sedegia, romlis Sedegadac

mSromelebis privilegirebuli jgufebi inawileben mewarmeTa monopoliur mogebas

sazogadoebisa da gansakuTrebiT, im mSromelebis xarjze, romlebic warmoebis nak­

lebad organizebul dargebSi arian dasaqmebuli. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ar gvaqvs

mizezi vifiqroT, rom movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba gardauvalia.

moZraoba dagegmvisken mizanmimarTuli politikuri qmedebebis Sedegia da ara­

nairi gareSe aucilebloba ar gvaiZulebs amas.

SesaZlebelia rom dagegmvam gagvaTavisuflos sazrunavisgan?

damgegmavTa umetesobas, vinc gulisyuriT ekideba Tavisi amocanebis praqtikul

aspeqtebs, mciredi eWvic ar epareba imaSi, rom dagegmili ekonomika diqtatoruli

gzebiT unda imarTos, xolo urTierdamokidebul RonisZiebaTa rTul erTobliobas

moxele eqspertebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen, romelTa winamZRolis xelSi moqceuli

ganuzomeli Zalaufleba demokratiulma procedurebma ar unda SezRudos. damgeg­

mavebi gvamSvideben imiT, rom mTavrobis direqtivebi `mxolod~ ekonomikur sakiTxebs

693

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

Seexeba. aseT dapirebebs Tan sdevs is rCevac, rom sicocxlis naklebad mniSvnelovan

aspeqtebSi Tavisuflebis daTmobiT SevZlebT Tavisuflebas mivaRwioT sxva, ufro

maRal RirebulebebSi. amis safuZvelze xalxi, vinc ver itans politikur diqtaturas,

xSirad xmamaRla moiTxovs diqtaturas ekonomikur sferoSi. vin iqneba winaaRmdegi,

Tuki dagegmareba namdvilad gagvaTavisuflebs naklebad mniSvnelovani sazrunavis­

gan da aqedan gamomdinare, gagviadvilebs arsebobas, rom ufro mSvidad vicxovroT da

maRalfardovani mosazrebebiT davkavdeT?

saubedurod, wminda ekonomikuri miznebi ar SeiZleba gamocalkevdes sxva cxovre­

biseuli miznebisgan. is, rasac mcdarad `ekonomikur motivs~ uwodeben, ubralod bed­

nierebisken zogad swrafvas niSnavs. Tu Cven Zal­Rones fulisTvis vxarjavT, es imi­

tom, rom fuli gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, gavakeToT udidesi arCevani, rom davtkbeT

sakuTari saqmianobis nayofiT _ Tuki erTxel gamovimuSavebT, Tavisufalni varT,

fuli ise davxarjoT, rogorc mogvesurveba.

radgan Cveni fuladi Semosavlebi SezRudulia, vgrZnobT im sazRvrebs, romelic

gvamyofebs SedarebiT siRaribeSi, amitom bevrs sZuls fuli, rogorc am SezRudvaTa

simbolo.

sinamdvileSi fuli aris Tavisuflebis erT­erTi uZlieresi iaraRi, romelic

adamianma gamoigona. swored fuli xsnis gzas arCevanis im Tavbrudamxvevi mraval­

ferovnebisken, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba sTavazobs ubralo adamianebs _

es arCevani dRes bevrad ufro didia imaze, rac sul ramdenime Taobis win, mxolod mdi­

drebisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi.

Cven ukeT gavigebT fulis samomxmareblo daniSnulebas, Tu realurad warmovid­

genT ra moxdeboda, mravali socialistis saxasiaTo winadadebis mixedviT `finansur

motivebs~ `araekonomikuri motivebi~ rom Caenacvlos. Tu yvela jildo fuladi

anazRaurebis nacvlad, sagangebo privilegiis miniWebis gziT gaicema, es ubralod

niSnavs, rom am `wyalobis~ mimRebs arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba ukve aRar eqneba. ami­

tom is, vinc awesebs jildos, gansazRvravs ara marto mis moculobas, aramed misi

gamoyenebis wessac.

egreT wodebuli ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, romelsac damgegmavebi dagvpird­

nen, ufro zustad niSnavs imas, rom unda gagviadvildes sakuTari ekonomikuri prob­

lemebis gadawyveta da agvcildes yvelaze mware xvedri, rasac cxovreba gvimzadebs.

radganac Tanamedrove pirobebSi TiTqmis mTlianad gareSe pirebis momsaxurebaze

varT damokidebuli, ekonomikuri dagegmva Zalauneburad Cveni yofis sferos moicavs.

Znelad Tu moiZebneba cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, pirveladi sayofacxovrebo

saWiroebebidan dawyebuli, ojaxTan da megobrebTan urTierTobebis, Cveni saqmiano­

bis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebisa da Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis CaTvliT,

694

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

rom damgegmavma ar isargeblos Tavisi `mizanmimarTuli Carevis~ uflebiT. damgeg­

mavTa zegavlena Cvens pirad cxovrebaze naklebSesamCnevi Znelad Tu gaxdeba, Tuki xe­

lisufleba warmoebaze kontrols SeinarCunebs, xolo momxmarebels Semosavlebis sa­

kuTari surviliT gankargvis mxolod minimaluri Tavisufleba eqneba. Cveni arCevanis

Tavisufleba konkurentul sazogadoebaSi emyareba imas, rom Tu erTi piri uars ity­

vis daakmayofilos Cveni survilebi, SegviZlia sxvas mivmarToT. magram monopolistis

SemTxvevaSi, mis mowyalebaze varT damokidebuli. xolo xelisufleba, romelic mar­

Tavs mTel ekonomikur urTierTobebs, yvelaze Zlevamosili monopolistia, risi war­

modgenac ki SeiZleba.

mas unda hqondes sruli Zalaufleba gadawyvitos, ra unda gvergos da ra vadebSi.

man ara marto unda gansazRvros, ra saqoneli da momsaxureba unda iyos xelmisawvdomi

da ra raodenobiT, aramed unda marTos kidec maTi ganawileba regionebsa da jgufebs

Soris; amasTan SeeZlos, Tuki moisurvebs, sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad mianiWos upi­

ratesoba ama Tu im pirs. ara Cveni sakuTari, aramed viRac sxva piris Sexeduleba, ra

unda mogvwondes da ra ara, gansazRvravs imas, ra unda miviRoT.

xelisuflebis neba kidev ufro metad gansazRvravs da warmarTavs Cvens yovel­

dRiur cxovrebas, Tuki sadme vmuSaobT. umravlesobisTvis dro, romelsac samsaxurSi

vxarjavT, cxovrebis udidesi nawilia. xolo Cveni samsaxuri ki, rogorc wesi gansaz­

Rvravs sad da rogori xalxis garemocvaSi vcxovrobT. aqedan gamomdinare, samuSaos

arCevis Tavisufleba CvenTvis albaT ufro mniSvnelovanic kia sakuTari bedniere­

bisTvis, vidre mocaleobis Jams Semosavlis gankargvis Tavisufleba.

saukeTeso qveyanaSic ki, zogadi saxiT aseTi Tavisufleba bunebrivad SezRudu­

lia. xalxis Zalze mcire nawils aqvs mravalferovani arCevanis saSualeba. magram mniS­

vnelovania, rom mainc gvaqvs garkveuli arCevani, ar varT absoluturad mijaWvuli

CvenTvis miCenil samuSao adgilze da Tu raime autaneli gaxdeba, an sxva raime miipy­

robs Cven gulisyurs, yovelTvis aris imis SesaZlebloba, rom garkveuli msxverplis

fasad axal mizans mivaRwioT. SesaZloa cudia, rom mxolod manqanis WanWiki iyo, mag­

ram kidev uaresia, roca aRar gvaqvs am mdgomareobidan gasvlis saSualeba, Tuki mi­

jaWvulebi varT im adgils da xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic mogviCines.

Cvens Tanamedrove samyaroSi arsebobs uamravi saSualeba gaviumjobesoT arCeva­

nis SesaZlebloba, magram `dagegmva~ aucileblad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT imoq­

medebs. damgegmavma unda gasces nebarTva vaWrobisa Tu sxva saqmianobebis wamowyebaze

an daadginos gadaxdis vadebi, an orive erTad. dagegmvis yvela SemTxvevaSi, upirveles

yovlisa, aseTi kontroli da SezRudvebi wesdeboda.

konkurenciis pirobebSi, nivTebis umetesobas fasi adevs, xSirad, saSinlad maRa­

lic ki. Cven msxverplad erTi nivTi unda gaviRoT, rom miviRoT meore. alternativa,

695

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

maSasadame, ara arCevanis Tavisufleba, aramed brZaneba da akrZalvaa, romelic unda

aRsruldes.

is, rom xalxs surs Tavidan aicilos mZime sinamdvilisgan Tavsmoxveuli mware xved­

ri, gasakviri araa. magram Zalian cotas Tu unda, rom Tavi aaridos arCevans mxolod

imitom, rom maT magivrad es sxvebma gaakeTon. xalxs mxolod is surs, rom arCevanis

gakeTeba sul ar iyos saWiro. isini savsebiT mzad arian daijeron, arCevani sulac ar

aris aucilebeli da is ubralod gamowveulia im gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri siste­

miT, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. is, razec isini sinamdvileSi wuxan, ekonomikuri prob­

lema aris.

sasurvel iluzias, rom es namdvilad aRar aris ekonomikuri problema, xeli Seuw­

yo imis mtkicebam, TiTqos gegmuri ekonomika ufro nayofieri iqneba, vidre konkuren­

tuli wyoba. es mtkiceba problemis mkvlevarTa umetesobam met­naklebi Tanmimdevru­

lobiT uaryo. socialisturi Sexedulebebis mqone bevri ekonomisti axla mxolod imas

imedovnebs, rom gegmuri sazogadoeba iseTive efeqturi da Sedegiani iqneba, rogoric

konkurentuli wes­wyobilebaa. isini dagegmvis princips imitom icaven, rom is saSua­

lebas mogvcems vuzrunvelvyoT simdidris ufro miukerZoebeli ganawileba. xolo

Tuki gvinda, gamiznulad davadginoT vis ra unda ergos, mTliani ekonomikuri wes­

wyobileba udavoa dagegmarebas unda davuqvemdebaroT.

magram pasuxgasacemia kiTxva, xom ar gamoiwvevs fasi, romelic unda gadavixadoT

viRacis samarTlianobis idealebis ganxorcielebisTvis, ufro met ukmayofile­

bas da met Cagvras, vidre sameurneo Zalebis egzom saZraxisi Tavisufali urTierT­

TanamSromlobis dros?

ra principiT an valdebulebebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos mTavrobam, rodesac sim­

didres anawilebs? arsebobs ki garkveuli pasuxi im uamrav kiTxvaze, ra SedarebiTi

upiratesobebi wamoiwevs win?

am kiTxavze pasuxs mxolod erTi zogadi principi, erTi martivi wesi iZleva. esaa

yoveli calke piris sruli Tanasworoba. es mizani ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis bun­

dovan ideas sul cota naTels mainc mohfenda. magram xalxi, sazogadod, aseTi saxis

meqanikur Tanasworobas sasurvelad ar miiCnevs da socializmic, ara srul Tanas­

worobas, aramed `ufro met Tanasworobas~ hpirdeba.

es formula praqtikuld verc erT kiTxvas ver scems pasuxs, yovel kerZo SemTx­

vevaSi ver gvaTavisuflebs, TiToeuli pirovnebis an jgufis damsaxurebebis Sefasebis

aucileblobisgan, Tan, verc am gadawyvetilebis miRebas amartivebs. erTaderTi, razec

is mogviTiTebs sinamdvileSi, aris is, rogor wavarTvaT mdidars rac SeiZleba meti.

xolo, rogorc ki saqme narCenebis ganawilebaze midgeba, problema iseTive rCeba, ro­

gorc `ufro meti Tanasworobis~ formulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

696

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

naTqvamia, rom politikur Tavisuflebas ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis gareSe mniSv­

neloba ara aqvs. es, rasakvirvelia, sruli simarTlea, magram ara im gagebiT, rogori­

Tac mas dagegmvis momxreebi iyeneben. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, romelic nebismieri

sxva saxis Tavisuflebis winapirobaa, ver iqneba Tavisufleba ekonomikuri sazrunavi­

dan, rasac socialistebi gvpirdebian. ekonomikuri problemebidan Tavis daRweva Ses­

aZlebeli mxolod arCevanis uflebis CvenTvis mondobiT aris. es unda iyos ekonomi­

kuri qmedebis iseTi Tavisufleba, romelic arCevanis uflebasTan erTad, gulisxmobs

Sesabamis uflebis gamoyenebis risksa da pasuxismgeblobas.

usafrTxoebis ori saxesxvaoba

yalbad, Tumca ufro samarTlianad gagebuli `ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis~ msgav­

sad ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba yovelTvis WeSmariti Tavisuflebis aucilebel piro­

bad aris warmodgenili. garkveulwilad es marTalicaa da mniSvnelovanic. damoukide­

beli azrovneba an xasiaTis simyare iSviaTad Tu vlindeba imaT Soris, visac ar SeuZlia

Tavisive ZalisxmeviT gaikvlos gza.

magram arsebobs usafrTxoebis ori saxesxvaoba: yvelas uzrunvelyofa saarsebo

minimumiT da cxovrebis iseTi piroebebis dacva, romelSic TiToeuli pirovneba an

jgufi TviTmyofadobis gamovlenis uflebiT sargeblobs.

im sazogadoebaSi, romelmac miaRwia simdidris garkveul dones, erTi SexedviT

ar arsebobs safuZveli, rom pirveli saxesxvaobis usafrTxoeba TavisuflebisTvis

safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. es aris janmrTelobis

SesanarCuneblad sakmarisi minimaluri odenobis sakvebi, TavSesafari da tansacme­

li. agreTve, TiTqos ar arsebobs araviTari mizezi, Tu ratom ar unda dagvexmaros

saxelmwifo sayofacxovrebo dazRvevis yovlismomcveli sistemis SeqmnaSi, romelic

cxovrebis im bedukuRmarTobisgan dagvicavs, romelTa winaSec cota vinme Tu aris sa­

Tanadod uzrunvelyofili.

magram Tavisuflebas swored usafrTxoebis pirveli saxesxvaoba uTxris Zirs.

sinamdvileSi is gamiznulia calkeuli pirebisa da maTi jgufebis Semosavlebis klebis­

gan dasacavad. Tuki, rogorc es sul ufro met SemTxvevaSi xdeba, calkeuli xelobis

warmomadgenlebs, romelTa mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, neba eZlevaT, xelfasebisa an

mogebis saxiT warmodgenili sakuTari maRali Semosavlebis dacvis mizniT, Sesabamis

saqmianobaSi sxvebis CarTva ar dauSvan, maSin, im xelobebis warmomadgenlebs, rom­

697

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

lebzec moTxovna mcirdeba, mkveTrad ezRudebaT samoqmedo asparezi da es yovelive

umuSevrobis zrdas iwvevs.

aq ki ar SeiZleba mciredi eWvi gaCndes, rom yovelive es ZiriTadad usafrTxoe­

bisTvis brZolis bolo aTwleulebSi gamoyenebuli im meTodebis Sedegia, romlebmac

umuSevroba da daucveloba mniSvnelovnad gazarda.

im adamianebis mdgomareobis sruli uimedoba, romlebic politikuri mfarvelo­

bis miRma darCnen, SesaZloa mxolod imaT Seafason saTanadod Sefasebuli, visac es Ta­

vad aqvs gamocdili. totalitarul sazogadoebaSi aseTi adamianebis yovelgvari aR­

masvla SeCerebulia. arasodes ar yofila erTi klasis mier meoris ufro daundobeli

Cagvra, vidre konkurenciis `regulirebis~ Sedegad mewarmeTa ufro uzrunvelyofli

nawilis mier SedarebiT naklebad warmatebulTa Cagvra. zogierTma lozungma imdeni­

ve ziani da msxverpli moitana, ramdenic fasebis gansazRvrisa da gadasaxadebis stabi­

lizaciis gaidealebam, romelic icavs zogierTebis Semosavlebs da TandaTan ufro

arasaimedos xdis danarCenebis mdgomareobas.

inglissa da amerikaSi sagangebo privilegiebma, gansakuTrebiT konkurenciis `re­

gulirebis~ saxiT garkveuli fasebisa da xelfasebis `stabilurobam~, mzardi mniSvne­

loba SeiZina. erTi jgufisTvis sagangebo pirobebis Seqmnis yoveli mcdeloba auare­

sebs danarCenebis mdgomareobas. Tu Tqven garkveul nawils uzrunvelyofT namcxvris

gansazRvruli odenobiT, maSin danarCenebis wili proporciulad Semcirdeba namcxv­

ris mTlian zomasTan SedarebiT. amasTan, usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli,

romelsac konkurentuli wyoba gvTavazobs anu SesaZleblobaTa didi mravalferovne­

ba, ufro da ufro mcirdeba.

SemzRudveli zomebis meSveobiT, usafrTxoebis misaRwevad saxelmwifos xelSew­

yobiT ganxorcielebulma zogadma Zalisxmevam, drois garkveul periodSi sazoga­

doebis progresuli transformacia ganapiroba. amaSic iseve, rogorc bevr sxva

sakiTxSi, germania pirvelobda da sxva qveynebi ukan mihyvebodnen. aseTi ganviTareba

daCqarebul iqna socialisturi moZRvrebis gansxvavebuli efeqtiT. nebismieri xasi­

aTis saqmianobaSi ekonomikuri riskisa da zneobriobis winaswargamiznuli ugulve­

belyofa naxtomi iyo iseTi zemogebisken, romelic amarTlebda risks, Tumca Zalian

cotas Tu SeeZlo misi dagemovneba.

ar SegviZlia vusayveduroT Cvens axalgazrobas, rodesac isini samewarmeo risk­

Tan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWeben dacul, anazRaurebad Tanamdebobebs, radganac

maT siymawvilidanve esmiT, rom es aris ufro pativsacemi, uangaro da miukerZoebeli

saqmianoba. dRevandeli axalgazrda Taoba gaizarda im garemoSi, sadac skolasa da

presaSi komerciuli samewarmeo suliskveTeba iyo, samarcxvinod, xolo mogebis miReba

_ uzneobad; xolo 100 pirovnebis samuSaod ayvana iyo eqspluatacia, imave raodenobis

adamianebze mbrZanebloba ki _ sasiqadulo saqme.

698

fridrix ogiust fon haieki

SedarebiT asakian xalxs SesaZloa es gazviadebulad moeCvenos, magram uni­

versitetis maswavleblis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba mcire eWvs Tu tovebs, rom

antikapitalisturi propagandis Sedegad, sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi mniS­

vnelovnad Seicvala, Tumca jer SenarCunebulia ama Tu im saxiT. ismis kiTxva, xom

ar davangrevT axali moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisken mimarTuli institucionaluri

cvlilebebiT im Rirebulebebs, romlebsac kvlav ufro metad vafasebT?

Zireuli winaaRmdegoba, romelTanac Cven saqme gvaqvs, sazogadoebis organizebis

ori saxesxvaobis SeuTavseblobaa, romelTac xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc savaWrosa

da samxedros.

samxedro nawilSi, samuSao da samxedro piri erTnairad aris daqvemdebarebuli

xelmZRvanelze da es aris erTaderTi wyoba, romelSic pirma SeiZleba Tavi moityuos

imiT, rom aqvs sruli ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. TumcaRa, aseTi usafrTxoeba, miuxe­

davad yvelafrisa, ganuyofelia Tavisuflebis SezRudvebisa da mxedruli cxovrebis

ierarqiuli mmarTvelobisgan da es aris yazarmuli usafrTxoeba.

sazogadoebaSi, romelic aRiarebs Tavisuflebas, Zneli warmosadgenia adamianebis

umravlesoba mzad iyos usafrTxoebis am fasad SesaZenad. magram politika, romelsac

dRes aniWeben upiratesobas, swrafad qmnis pirobebs, romelSic usafrTxoebisken

swrafva ufro Zlierdeba, vidre Tavisuflebis siyvaruli.

Tu ar vangrevT pirovnul Tavisuflebas, konkurencia ar unda SeizRudos. davuS­

vaT, rom Tanabari saarsebo pirobebi yvelasTvis iqneba uzrunvelyofili; magram keTi­

li unda vineboT da vaRiaroT, rom amavdroulad calkeuli klasebisTvis yovelgvari

privilegiebi unda gauqmdes, uaryofil iqnes yvela winapiroba, romelic xels uSlis

axalmosulebs, saerTo keTildReoba gaiziaron da Sesabamisi pirobebi saTavisodac

uzrunvelyon.

SesaZlebelia, sakamaTo ar iyos zogierTi saWiroebisgan saTanado dacva politi­

kis erT­erTi mTavari mizani rom unda gaxdes, magram araferia ufro damRupveli, vi­

dre Tanamedrove inteleqtualur liderTa saqcieli, romlebic usafrTxoebas Tavi­

suflebis xarjze ganadideben. faqtis sajarod aRiarebisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba

aqvs imis xelaxla gaTavisebas, rom Tavisuflebis misaRwevad saWiroa fasis gadaxda da

Cven, rogorc TviTmyofadi arsebebi misi SenarCunebisaTvis garkveuli materialuri

msxverplis gasaRebad mzad unda viyoT.

unda aRvadginoT is rwmena, romelsac efuZneboda Tavisufleba anglosaqsur qvey­

nebSi da benJamin franklinma gamoxata ara mxolod erebis, aramed Cvendami, rogorc

calkeuli pirebisadmi gankuTvnil gamonaTqvamSi: `isini, vinc daTmoben ZiriTad Tavi­

suflebas droebiTi usafrTxoebis mosapoveblad, ar imsaxureben arc Tavisuflebas

da arc usafrTxoebas~.

699

liberalizmi da Zalaufleba

ukeTesi samyarosken

ukeTesi samyaro rom avaSenoT, unda gveyos simamace, yvelaferi axlidan daviwyoT.

gza unda gavasufTaoT yvela im winaRobisgan, romliTac adamianTa windauxedaobam

bolo dros Cveni savali biliki Caxerga da gamovaTavisufloT pirTa SemoqmedebiTi

energia. unda SevqmnaT progresisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi da ara `dagegmili prog­

resi~.

magram isini, vinc mzad arian, rom ganaxlebisTvis aucilebeli simamace gamoiCinon,

imaT rigebSi rodi arian, vinc `dagegmvas~ mistiris da arc maTTan dgas, vinc `axal wes­

rigs~ qadagebda da visac hitleris xelmeored gansaxierebaze ukeTesi ramis mofiqre­

ba ar ZaluZs, rac Tavis mxriv, sxva araferia, Tu ara me­20 saukunis pirveli 40 wlis

tendenciebis gagrZeleba. swored isini, vinc yvelaze xmamaRla mistiroda gegmur eko­

nomikas, yvelaze metad arian im ideebis gavlenis qveS, ramac gamoiwvia meore msoflio

omi da Cveni mtanjveli ubedurebebis umetesi nawili.

Tavisufali adamianebis samyaros Seqmnis mcdelobis mTavari saxelmZRvanelo

principi unda iyos: erTaderTi WeSmaritad progresuli politika _ pirovnuli Ta­

visuflebis politika.