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ფრიდრიხ ოგიუსტ ფონ ჰაიეკი - "ლიბერალიზმი და ძალაუფლება"
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673
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
(1899-1992)
ekonomistma, politikurma filosofosma da iurist
ma, `avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis~ uTvalsaCinoesma
wevrma, fridrix ogiust fon haiekma, Segnebuli cxov
rebis TiTqmis naxevari mSobliur avstriaSi, germanul
cnobierebasTan mWidro kavSirSi gaatara, Semdeg did
britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, bolos
ki dasavleT germaniaSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. man erTerTma pirvelma
aimaRla xma keinsianuri keTildReobis saxelmwifos koncefciisa da totali
tarizmis safrTxeebis winaSe, winaswar ganWvrita im borotebis Sedegebi, ro
melic nebismieri saxis (komunisturi, faSisturi, nacisturi Tu sxva) social
izmis damyarebis mcdelobas mosdevs. mecnierulma kvlevebma, originalurma
midgomebma da Tavisuflebis idealebisaTvis mizanmimarTulma brZolam mas
udidesi aRiareba moutana, risi dasturic ekonomikur mecnierebaSi Setanili
wvlilisTvis 1974 wels miniWebuli nobelis premia iyo. marTali iqneba, Tu vi
tyviT, rom is iyo erTerTi upirvelesi imaTgan, romelTa Teoriulma Sromeb
ma da praqtikulma moRvaweobam socializmi ideologiurad gaaSiSvla da ga
naiaraRa, ramac, Tavis mxriv, daaCqara civi omis dasruleba da socialisturi
banakis daSla 8090 wlebSi. misi memkvidreoba kompleqsuri da mravalmxrivia.
upirveles yovlisa, haieki popularulia totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg mimar
Tuli ukvdavi naSromiT ̀ gza batonymobisaken~, romelic 1944 wels gamoqveynda
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da imTaviTve antitotalitaruli inteleqturi
moZraobis bibliad iqca. masSi haiekma gaaSiSvla totalitaruli saxelmwifos
realuri, antiadamianuri buneba. haiekis mixedviT totalitarizmi uzneobasa
da Zalmomreobas efuZneba, `momxibvleli~ propagandiT adamianebs WaobSi iT
revs, zombebad aqcevs da cru, utopiuri koleqtivisturi ideebis samsaxurSi
ayenebs. sinamdvileSi ki adamianis warmatebis arsi misi TviTmyofadobisa da
Semoqmedebis gaTavisuflebaSi Zevs da ara koleqtivisadmi morCilebasa da
msxverplTSewirvaSi. 1989 wels is kvlav miubrunda totalitarizmis Temas da
gamoaqveyna `damRupveli Tavdaviwyeba: socializmis Secdomebi~. am naSromiT,
haiekma garkveulwilad Seajama sakuTari kvlevebi da sabolood Camoayaliba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis e.w. `spontanuri wesrigis Teoria~.
avtoris Sesaxeb
674
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
gza batonymobisken
(sruli saxiT gamoqveynda 1944 wels, xolo winamdebare Targmani aris 1945 wlis aprilSi
`riders daijestSi~ gamoqveynebuli teqstis Semoklebuli versia).
germaneli nacionalsocialistebis mier me19 saukunis 30an da 40an wlebSi gan
xorcielebuli Zalmomreobis mniSvnelovanma masStabebma, gaaZliera imis rwmena, rom
did britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SeuZlebelia totalitaruli siste
mis Camoyalibeba. magram, neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT _ jer kidev 30iani wlebis da
sawyisSi, imis albaToba, rom aseTi ram germaniaSi moxdeboda, warmoudgeneli iyo ara
mxolod Tavad germanelTa cxrameaTedisTvis, aramed yvelaze ufro mtrulad ganwyo
bili ucxoeli damkvirveblebisTvisac ki.
uamravi Tavisebureba, romelic maSin aRiqmeboda, rogorc `saxasiaTod germanu
li~, amJamad amerikasa da ingliss erTnairad axasiaTebs. uamravi niSani, magaliTad xe
lisuflebis gazviadebuli Tayvaniscema, `gardauvalobisadmi~ morCileba, yvelafris
`mowesrigebiT~ (axla amas `dagegmvas~ vuwodebT) gataceba, momavalSi germaniis msgav
si mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs.
safrTxis arssa da SesaZlo Sedegebs am qveynebSi kidev ufro cudad aRiqvamen,
vidre germaniaSi acnobierebdnen. mTavari ubedureba ki kvlav imis ardanaxvaa, rom
germaniaSi nacistur Zalebs metwilad socialisturi mrwamsiT aRtkinebuli im adamia
nebis keTilganwyobam gauxsna gza, romlebic yovelive imas emxrobodnen, rac maTTvis
miuRebeli iyo. cota vinme Tu acnobierebs, rom faSizmisa da marqsizmis aRzeveba, wi
nare periodis socialisturi tendenciebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli ukuqmedeba
ki ara, maTi gardauvali Sedegi iyo. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania, rom zemoxsenebul
moZraobaTa liderebis didma nawilma, italieli musolinidan moyolebuli (frangi
lavalisa da britaneli qvislingis CaTvliT), moRvaweoba daiwyes, rogorc socialis
tebma da daamTavres, rogorc faSistebma an nacistebma.
dRes, demokratiul qveynebSi, maTi umravlesoba, visac gulwrfelad sZags na
cizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba, sinamdvileSi im idealebs emsaxureba, romelTa gan
675
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
xorcielebac uSualod xsnis gzas saZulvel tiraniamde. maTi umetesoba, visi Sexed
ulebebic movlenaTa ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens, ZiriTadad, socialistebi arian.
maT sjeraT, rom Cveni ekonomikuri cxovreba `gonivrulad marTvadi~ unda iyos da
konkurencias `ekonomikuri dagegmva~ unda Caenacvlos. magram, gana SeiZleba warmo
vidginoT imaze ufro didi tragedia, vidre Cvenda uneburad, imis sruliad sawinaaRm
dego nayofis miRebaa, riskenac ase viltvodiT, rodesac mizamnimarTulad vcdilob
diT, rom Cveni momavli umaRlesi idealebis mixedviT mogvewyo?
dagegmva da Zalaufleba
sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad, damgegmavebs iseTi Zalaufleba sWirdebaT, romlis
msgavsi manamde ar yofila da adamianebis erTi jgufis mier sxvebze uSualo batono
bas gulisxmobs. maTi warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mopovebuli Zalauflebis mocu
lobaze. Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri saqmianobis centralizebuli marTva Tavisuflebis
daTrgunvas moiTxovs. am process garkveulwilad demokratia uSlis xels. amitom,
dagegmvasa da demokratias Soris dapirispireba gardauvali xdeba.
bevr socialists savalalo iluzia hqonda, rom Tuki kerZo pirebs im Zalauflebas
CamoarTmevdnen, romliTac isini individualistur weswyobilebaSi sargeblobdnen da
mas sazogadoebas gadascemdnen, Zalauflebac moispoboda. maT mxedvelobidan gamor
CaT is, rom Zalauflebis imgvari koncentrireba, rodesac misi gamoyeneba mxolod
erTaderTi gegmis ganxorcielebisTvisaa SesaZlebeli, Zalauflebis ara ubralo ga
dacemas, aramed usazRvrod gafarToebas gulisxmobs.
calke adamianis xelSi mTeli im Zalauflebis moqceviT, romelic warsulSi Ti
Toeulis mier sakuTari SexedulebiT gamoiyeneboda, Zalauflebis masStabi usa
zRvrod da manamde arnaxulad izrdeba. amasTan imdenad, rom TiTqmis Zireulad cvlis
mis xasiaTs.
sruliad mcdaria imis mtkiceba, rom is yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba, romelic
centralur sagegmo komitets hqonda, `ar iqneba kidev ufro didi, vidre Zalaufle
ba, romliTac kerZo struqturebis direqtorTa sabWoebi sargebloben~. unda aRiniS
nos, rom konkurentul sazogadoebaSi veravin sargeblobs im Zalauflebis mciredi
nawiliTac ki, romliTac centraluri sagegmo komiteti isargeblebs. Zalauflebis
decentralizeba niSnavs Zalauflebis absoluturi moculobis mniSvnelovan Semci
rebas, xolo is erTaderTi konkurentuli weswyobileba, romelic erTi adamianis
676
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
mier meoreze Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas minimumamde kvecs. vis Se
uZlia seriozulad daeWvdes, rom im milioneris Zalaufleba, romelic SesaZloa Cemi
damqiravebelic iyos, ganuzomlad ufro naklebia, vidre dabalCinosani biurokratis
SesaZleblobebi, romlis xelSicaa saxelisuflebo iZulebis aparati da vis keTilgo
nierebazecaa damokidebuli, rogor vicxovro da viSromo?
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da inglisSi TviT yvelaze
cudad anazRaurebad araprofesional muSas gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba aqvs, rom
cxovreba Tavisi survilisamebr moiwyos, vidre bevr mewarmes nacistur germaniaSi
an SedarebiT ukeTesi anazRaurebis mqone inJinersa da menejers _ ruseTSi. ameri
kis SeerTebul Statebsa da inglisSi adamians TiTqmis aranairi winaaRmdegoba ar ga
daeRobeba, Tuki surs, rom Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili an profesia, xmamaRla
gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexedulebebi _ ase an ise gaataros Tavisufali dro. mis fizikur
usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas ar emuqreba iseTi saSiSroeba, romelic uxeSi ZaliT
miajaWvavs im saqmesa da garemos, romelic umaRlesi xelisuflis mier misTvis aris
gansazRvruli.
Cvens Taobas daaviwyda, rom kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli weswyobileba Tavi
suflebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani garantiaa. es ki asea mxolod imitom, rom warmoebis
saSualebebis gamgebloba gadanawilebulia uamrav damoukideblad moqmed konkurent
adamians Soris, romelTac SeuZliaT TviTonve gadawyviton, rogor unda moiqc
nen. rodesac warmoebis saSualebebi mxolod erT xelSia moqceuli, Tundac es iyos
`sazogadoeba~, rogorc erTiani mTlianoba an diqtatori, vinc ar unda axorcielebdes
am zedamxedvelobas, mas Cvenze sruli Zalaufleba aqvs. is, rasac ekonomikuri Zala
ufleba ewodeba, SeiZleba Zaldatanebis saSualebac iyos kerZo pirebis xelSi, magram
is adamianis mTel yofaze verasodes gavrceldeba. magram maSin, roca ekonomikuri Za
laufleba centralizebulia, rogorc politikuri Zalauflebis erTgvari iaraRi,
iseT xarisxis damokidebulebas amkvidrebs, romelic monobisgan Znelad Tu gamoirCe
va. kargad aris naTqvami: im qveyanaSi, sadac erTaderTi damqiravebeli saxelmwifoa,
opoziciaSi yofna SimSiliT sikvdils niSnavs.
* * *
677
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
safrTxis winapiroba
socializmisa da totalitarizmis gamovlinebis yvela formisgan gansxvavebiT,
individualizmi TiToeuli pirovnebis mimarT qristianul pativiscemasa da rwmena
zea dafuZnebuli da gulisxmobs, rom sasurvelia adamianma Tavisuflad ganaviTaros
RmerTis mier sakuTriv misTvis boZebuli niWi da midrekilebebi. es filosofia rene
sansis periodSi Caisaxa, xolo Semdeg is daixvewa da im saxiT gavrcelda, romelsac
dasavlur civilizaciad vicnobT. sazogadoebis ganviTareba zogadad calkeuli
pirovnebebis im marwuxebidan gaTavisuflebisken iyos mimarTuli, romlebic maT feo
dalur sazogadoebaSi boWavda.
SesaZlebelia, rom am marwuxebidan adamianebis pirovnuli energiis gamoTavisuf
lebis yvelaze TvalsaCino Sedegi mecnierebis gasaocari aRmavloba iyo. mxolod
samewarmeo Tavisuflebam gaxsna gza axali codnis Tavisuflad gamoyenebisken, Tanac
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac TiToeulisTvis, vinc ki mzad iyo sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT
emoqmeda, xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelaferi, rac mecnierebam im udidesi wingadadgmu
li nabijebis Sedegad Seqmna, ramac bolo 150 wlis manZilze mniSvnelovnad Secvala
samyaros iersaxe. am zrdaganviTarebis Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba.
yvelgan, sadac ki is winaaRmdegobebi aRmoifxvra, romlebic pirovnebis gamWriaxobis
Tavisufal gamovlenas eRobebodnen, adamianebs mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayo
filebis saSualeba swrafad gauCndaT. me20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis, mSromelma ada
mianma dasavlur samyaroSi yofieri keTildReobis, usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli da
moukideblobis iseT dones miaRwia, rom 100 wlis win amis warmodgenac ki Zneli iyo.
am warmatebis Sedegi adamianebs Soris sakuTar bediRbalze zemoqmedebis axle
buri SegrZnebis gaRviveba da rwmenis ganmtkiceba iyo, rom maT SeeZloT TavianTi yofa
cxovreba usazRvrod gaeumjobesebinaT. ukve miRweuli aRiqmeboda erTxel da samu
damod uzrunvelyofil da maradiul miRwevad, xolo, ganviTarebis tempi iTvleboda
aradamakmayofileblad. metic, is wanamZRvrebi, romelTac aseTi winsvla SesaZlebeli
gaxades, kidev ufro swrafi winsvlis winaRobad iqna miCneuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
liberalizmis TvalsaCino warmateba TviTonve xdeboda sakuTari kraxis mizezic.
arc erTi keTilgonieri adamiani ar eWvobda, rom me19 saukunis ekonomikur mid
gomebze dafuZnebuli aRmavloba mxolod dasawyisi iyo, radgan arsebobda winsvlis
uzarmazari SesaZleblobebi im mimarTulebiT, saiTkenac maSin mivdiodiT. Tumca,
amJamad gamefebuli Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad, ukve aRar ismis kiTxva, Tavisufal
sazogadoebaSi rogor unda gamoviyenoT spontanurad warmoqmnili energia ufro
ukeTesad. amis gamo ganvizraxeT am Zalebisgan gamijvna da maTi Tavisufal sazogadoe
baSi `koleqtiurobiTa~ da `mizanmimarTuli~ miTiTebebiT Canacvleba.
678
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
sayuardReboa, rom liberalizmi yvelaze srulad germaniaSi uaryves. es gamovlin
da rogorc sakuTriv socializmis ufro radikaluri saxesxavaobis (nacizmis) ganxor
cielebaSi, ise, umeteswilad `mowesrigebisa~ da `dagegmvis~ mcdelobebSi. me19 sau
kunis bolo da me20 saukunis pirveli meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi, germania sakmaod win
wavida, rogorc socializmis Teoriis, ise misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis kuTxiT.
Tanac imdenad dawinaurda, rom is sakiTxebi, razec sabWour ruseTSi ase farTod msje
loben, germanelebma didi xania ukan moitoves. germanelebi nacizmis aRmocenebamde
gacilebiT adre akritikebdnen liberalizmsa da demokratias, kapitalizmsa da indi
vidualizms.
germaneli da italieli socialistebi nacistebze didi xniT adre iyenebdnen im
xerxebs, romlebic mogvianebiT nacistebma da faSistebma ufro Sedegianad gamoiyenes.
pirvelad socialistebma SeimuSaves iseTi politikuri partiis Seqmnis idea, romelic
Trgunavda pirovnebis TviTmyofadobis yvela gamovlenas da moicavda mis nebismier
saqmianobas akvnidan _ saflavamde da moiTxovda, rom adamians yvelaferSi partiis
SexedulebebiT exelmZRvanela. swored socialistebi iyvnen pirvelebi da ara fa
Sistebi, romlebmac mcirewlovani bavSvebis politikur organizaciaSi gawevrianeba
daiwyes, rom maTi azrovneba emarTaT. pirvelebi ara faSistebi, aramed swored so
cialistebi iyvnen, vinc sportisa da sxva TamaSebis, fexburTisa da turizmis orga
nizeba iseTi partiuli klubebis saxiT ganizraxes, sadac wevrebi sxva politikuri
Sexedulebebisgan daculi iqnebodnen. pirvelad socialistebma moiTxoves, rom par
tiis wevrebs Tavi sxvebisgan misalmebisa da mimarTvis formiT gamoerCiaT. swored
maT Seqmnes totalitaruli partiis prototipi, romelsac struqtura `ujredebis~
saxiT eqneboda organizebuli da wevrebis pirad cxovrebaze permanentuli TvalTva
lis meqanizmebs gamoiyenebda.
xelisuflebaSi hitleris mosvlis droisTvis, germaniaSi liberalizmi ukve
mkvdari iyo, is socializmma mokla.
Zalian bevri adamianisTvis, vinc socializmidan faSizmSi gadasvlis uSualo mowme
gaxda, am or wyobas Soris kavSiri aSkara, magram demokratul qveynebSi xalxis umete
sobas socializmisa da Tavisuflebis Serwymis SesaZlebloba kvlav swamda. maT ver war
moedginaT, rom demokratiuli socializmi, bolo ramdenime Taobis udidesi utopia,
ara marto ganuxorcielebelia, aramed kidevac rom ecado da Zalisxmeva ar daiSuro
mis misaRwevad, iZleva iseT Sedegs, romelic srulebiT gansxvavdeba Canafiqrisgan _
emxoba Tavad Tavisufleba. moswrebulad iTqva, rom `is, rac xelisuflebas yovelT
vis gardaqmnis amqveyniur jojoxeTad, adamianma Tavis samoTxed gadaqceva scada~.
SemaSfoTebelia inglissa da amerikaSi igive suraTi _ rogor uxeSad arRveven da
upativcemulod epyrobian Zveleburi yaidis liberalizmis yovelgvar gamovlinebas.
679
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
`konservatiuli socializmi~ iyo devizi, romliTac mweralTa didma nawilma Seamzada
garemo, sadac germanelma nacionalsocialistebma warmatebuli kariera Seiqmnes.
swored `konservatiuli socializmi~ gansazRvravs dRevandelobasac.
dagegmvis liberaluri gza
dagegmvis popularobas metwilad is ganapirobebs, rom, ra Tqma unda, yvelas SeZ
lebisamebr saerTo problemebis winaswari ganWvreta surs. dagegmvis dRevandeli
momxreebi da liberalebi kamaToben ara imaze, ramdenad mizanSewonilia Cveni saqmia
nobis dagegmva, aramed imaze, romelia saukeTeso gza aseTi qmedebis gansaxorciele
blad. sakiTxi ismis ase: an Cven SevqmniT iseT garemopirobebs, romelic gasaqans miscems
TiToeuli pirovnebis codnasa da iniciativas, rac SeiZleba warmatebulad dagegmon
sakuTari cxovreba, an mTeli sameurneo cxovreba `dadgenili gegmis~ mixedviT unda
vmarToT, rac niSnavs, `sazogadoebrivi resursebis winaswargamiznul gankargvas
imgvarad, rom miesadagos sagegmo komitetis wevrebis Sexedulebas, Tu vis ra unda
ergos yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi~.
mniSvnelovania, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT winaaRmdegoba dagegmvis uax
lesi tipisa da dogmaturad gagebuli laissez faire (fr. _ neba miboZeT vimoqmedoT.
red. SeniSvna) midgomis mimarT. liberaluri mtkicebulebebi ar gulisxmobs mov
lenaTa SenarCunebas arsebuli saxiT; upiratesoba eniWeba konkurenciis saukeTeso
SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas, rogorc adamianTa Zalisxmevis koordinirebis saSuale
bas. es mosazreba dafuZnebulia imis rwmenaze, rom efeqturi konkurenciis pirobebis
Seqmna calkeuli pirovnebebis Zalisxmevis xelSewyobis saukeTeso SesaZleblobaa.
liberalizmi, cxadad aCvenebs, rom konkurenciis nayofierebisTvis moxerxebuli
sakanonmdeblo CarCoebia aucilebeli da arc Zveli da arc amJamad moqmedi kanonebi
mniSvnelovani Secdomebisgan daculi ar aris.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, liberalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom ekonomikuri saq
mianoba konkurenciis magivrad direqtiul marTvas daeqvemdebaros. is aRiarebs kon
kurencias, miiCnevs umTavresad, ara marto imitom, rom yovelmxriv Sedegiani meTodia,
aramed imitom, rom is erTaderTi meTodia, romelSic xelisufleba Zaladobrivad an
nebelobiT ar ereva. liberalizmi emijneba `gonieri sazogadoebrivi zedamxedvelo
bis~ saWiroebas da calkeul pirovnebebs Sanss aZlevs, Tavad gadawyviton, ramdenad
Seesabameba maTi konkretuli saqmianobis anazRaureba saTanado Zalisxmevasa da da
naxarjebs.
680
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
konkurenciis dadebiTi Sedegebis gamoyenebas xels ar uSlis garkveul sakiTxebSi
saxelmwifos Careva. magaliTad, samuSao saaTebis sazRvrebisa da zogierTi sanitari
uli normis dadgena, sayofacxovrebo uzrunvelyofis mravalmxriv mzardi sistemis
damkvidreba, SesaZlebelia, sruliad Seesatyvisebodes konkurenciis wesebis dacvas.
magram aris agreTve iseTi sferoebic, sadac konkurentuli wyoba ganuxorcielebe
lia. magaliTad, tyis gaCexvis mavne Sedegebi an sawarmoo gamonabolqvTan dakavSire
buli faqtorebi mxolod kerZo mesakuTris uflebebis ganxilviT ver Semoifargleba.
magram is, rom saxelisuflebo miTiTebebi unda gamoviyenoT iq, sadac konkurencia
srulyofili veraa, savsebiT ar amtkicebs imas, rom Cven unda CavaxSoT konkurencia iq,
sadac SesaZlebelia misi amoqmedeba. im pirobebis Seqmna, romelic konkurencias SesaZ
leblobebis farglebSi, Sedegians gaxdis _ gayalbebisa da TaRliTobisgan dacva, mo
nopoliebis aRkveTa _ is amocanebia, romelTa gadawyveta qmnis farTo da ueWvel as
parezs saxelisuflebo moRvaweobisTvis.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom SesaZlebelia moinaxos raRac `Sualeduri gza~ konkuren
ciasa da centralur marTvas Soris. Tumca, erTi SexedviT, amaze ukeTesi ra unda iyos
an sxva ra unda mouvideT TavSi moazrovne adamianebs. mxolod `saRi azris~ moxmoba am
sakiTxSi arasaimedoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia konkurenciasTan garkveu
li saxelisuflebo regulirebis Sexameba, es savsebiT SeuTavsebelia CvenTvis misa
Rebi nebismieri masStabis dagegmvasTan, ise, rom man ar Sewyvitos warmoebis qmediTi
mmarTvelis funqciis Sesruleba.
orive, rogorc konkurencia, ise centraluri marTva, umoqmedo da uSedego iara
Rarad gadaiqceva, Tu isini arasrulyofilad gamoiyeneba, amitom maTi Serwyma niS
navs, rom verc erTi ver imuSavebs.
dagegmvisa da konkurenciis Sexameba SesaZlebelia mxolod TviT konkurenciis
xelSewyobisa da ara konkurenciis Seferxebis dagegmvaSi. dagegmva, romlis winaaRm
degac mTeli Cveni kritikaa mimarTuli, swored rom konkurenciis winaaRmdeg mimar
Tuli RonisZiebaa.
* * *
681
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
udidesi utopia
ueWvelia, rom maT umravlesobas, vinc demokratiul qveynebSi moiTxovda mTeli
ekonomikuri saqmianobis centraluri mmarTvelobisadmi daqvemdebarebas, kvlav
sjera, rom socializmisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis Sexameba SesaZlebelia. Tumca,
bevri moazrovne socializms jer kidev adreul periodSi Tavisuflebis mesaflaved
aRiqvamda.
amJamad, arcTu ise kargad axsovT, rom socializmi Tavidanve aSkarad avtoritaru
li iyo. is warmoiSva safrangeTis revoluciis liberaluri tendenciebis sawinaaRmde
god sruliad Riad mimarTul reaqciad. frangi avtorebi, romlebmac dasamabi misces
mas, verc ki warmoidgendnen, rom maTi ideebis ganxorcileba mxolod Zlier diqta
torul mTavrobas SeeZleboda dagegmvis momxreTa Soris. sensimoni iyo, romelmac
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom isini, vinc mis SeTavazebul sagegmo komitetebs ar daemor
Cileboda, `pirutyvad CaiTvleboda~.
yvelaze mkafiod frangma politikurma moazrovnem de tokvilma dainaxa, rom de
mokratia socializmTan Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSia. `demokratia afarToebs in
dividualuri Tavisuflebis sivrces~, _ ambobda is. `demokratia TiToeul adamians
unarCunebs yvela damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebas~, _ Tqva man 1848 wels, `maSin, rodesac
socializmi adamians mxolod nivTad, mxolod ariTmetikul erTeulad warmoadgens.
demokratias da socializms araferi aqvs saerTo, garda erTi sityvisa _ Tanasworoba.
magram xazgasasmelia gansxvaveba: demokratia iswrafvis Tanasworobisken Tavisufle
baSi, socializmi Tanasworobas SezRudvasa da morCilebaSi xedavs.~
am eWvebis gasaqarveblad da yvelaze Zlieri politikuri motiviT _ ̀ Tavisuflebis
ken ltolviT~, TavianTi poziciebis gasamyareblad, socialistebi `axali Tavisuf
lebis~ qadagebas mieZalnen. socializmi iyo is, rasac `ekonomikuri Tavisufleba~
unda moetana, romlis gareSec politikur Tavisuflebas gaxvretili Saurianis fasic
ki ara aqvs.
am argumentisTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, sityva ̀ Tavisufleba~ dauq
vemdebares Sinaarsobriv cvlilebas. es sityva adre niSnavda Tavisuflebas Zalado
bisgan _ erTi adamianis nebelobiTi Zalauflebisgan meoreze, axla ki am sityvam sxva
datvirTva SeiZina: is niSnavs Tavisuflebas siduxWirisgan, Tavis daRwevas im zRudee
bidan, romlebic mudmivad kvecen yvela CvenTaganis arCevanis asparezs. ase gagebuli
Tavisufleba ki, ra Tqma unda, ubralod Zalauflebis an siuxvis sxva saxelia. `axali
Tavisuflebis~ moTxovna sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara simdidris xelaxali gadanawilebis
Sesaxeb Zveli moTxovnis ganaxlebuli gamovlineba.
682
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
imis mtkiceba, rom gegmuri ekonomika TvalsaCinod nayofieri iqneboda, vidre kon
kurentuli wyoba, mkvlevarTa umetesobam Tanmimdevrulad uaryo. TumcaRa, dagegm
visken yvelaze metad swored es cru imedi gvibiZgebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove socialistebis dapireba ufro meti Tavisuf
lebis Sesaxeb wminda da gulwrfelia, gasul wlebSi damkvirveblebi erTmaneTis mi
yolebiT gamoTqvamdnen gaocebas socializmis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis, garemo
ebebis im araCveulebrivi msgavsebis gamo, romelic umravles SemTxvevaSi komunizmisa
da faSizmis Sedegebs axasiaTebs. rogorc es mweralma piter drakerma gamoxata 1939
wels, `marqsizmis meSveobiT Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis miRwevis rwmenis srul
ma gaqarwylebam ruseTi aiZula, rom dadgomoda Tavisuflebis uaryofisa da uTanas
worobis totalitaruli sazogadoebisken mimaval imave gzas, romelic mis kvaldakval
germaniamac gaiara. komunizmi da faSizmi arsobrivad erTi da igive sulac ar aris. fa
Sizmi aris safexuri, romelic miRweul iqna mas Semdeg, rac komunizmis siyalbe dadas
turda da es siyalbe iseve dadasturda ruseTSi, rogorc prehitlerul germaniaSi~.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania 1933 wlamde germaniis komunistur da faSistur moZrao
baTa Sedgenilobis xarisxsa da samsaxurebriv ierarqiaze inteleqturi dakvirveba.
raoden iolad iyo SesaZlebeli axalgazrda komunistebis gadasvla nacistebis banakSi,
an piriqiT _ nacistebis komunistebis banakSi, yvelasTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki orive
partiis propagandistebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili. komunistebi da nacistebi ufro
xSirad erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen, vidre sxva partiebs da es ubralod imitom
xdeboda, rom isini erTmaneTs erTi da igive Sexedulebebis adamianebis yuradRebisa
da mxardaWerisaTvis ecilebodnen da erTmaneTs saZulvel eretikosebs uwodebdnen.
maTma saqmianobam aCvena, Tu ramdenad axlos iyvnen isini erTmaneTTan. orivesTvis
WeSmariti mteri Zveli tipis liberali iyo, romelTanac maT saerTo araferi hqon
daT. maSin, rodesac nacistebisTvis komunistebi da komunistebisTvis nacistebi, am
orivesTvis ki socialistebi, ganixilebodnen SesaZlo axalwveulebad, romlebisga
nac maTi partiuli mSeneblobisTvis saWiro masala unda momzadebuliyo, yvela maTga
nisTvis cxadi iyo, rom maT Soris yovelgvari kompromisi, iseve rogorc imaTTan, vi
sac piradi Tavisuflebis rwmena hqonda, SeuZlebelia.
is, rac maT Tavisuflebisken mimaval gzad warmogvidgines, faqtobrivad aris
pirdapiri gza batonymobisken. Zneli araa imis danaxva, ra Sedegi gveqneba, roca de
mokratia dagegmarebis mimarTulebas daadgeba. dagegmarebis mizani zogierTebis mier
iseTi gaurkveveli terminebiT ganimarteba, rogoricaa `sazogado keTildReoba~. iq,
sadac xalxma ar icis, rogori iqneba saboloo Sedegi, realuri Tanxmoba ar miiRweva.
xalxis Tanxmoba imaze, rom unda ganxorcieldes centralizebuli dagegmva, saboloo
Sedegebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gareSe, uciloblad daemsgavseba situacias, rodesac
683
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
adamianTa garkveuli jgufi erTmaneTs avaldebulebs imogzauron erTad marSrutis
SeuTanxmeblad: yovelive amis Sedegad, SesaZloa umravlesobam iZulebiT imogzauros
iq, sadac saerTod ar surda mogzauroba.
demokratiul sakrebuloebs ar SeuZliaT daemsgavson sagegmo komitetebs. maT ar
SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon SeTanxmebebi yvela sakiTxze _ saxelmwifo resursebis gamo
yenebis yvela mimarTulebaze _ rameTu arsebobs moqmedebis uamravi SesaZlebloba.
maSinac ki, Tuki kongresi SeZlebs, muxlobrivi ganxilvisa da yovel sakiTxSi kompromi
sis miRwevis gziT SeTanxmdes zogierTi programis ganxorcielebaze, eWvgareSea, rom
saboloo gadawyvetileba mainc aravis daakmayofilebs.
aseTi xerxiT ekonomikuri gegmis dasaxva kidev ufro naklebad SesaZlebelia, vi
dre magaliTad, warmatebuli saomari kampaniis dagegmva demokratiuli procedure
biT. strategiulad gardauvali gaxdeba, rom saTanado gadawyvetilebebis momzadeba
eqspertebs daekisroT. da maSinac ki, rodesac am mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare, de
mokratia warmatebas aRwevs meurneobis calkeuli seqtorebis dagegmvaSi, kvlav prob
lemad rCeba am calkeuli gegmebis SerwymaSexameba. TandaTanobiT sul ufro ganmt
kicda moTxovna, rom zogierT mmarTvel organos an calkeul pirs mieces Zalaufleba,
imoqmedos sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT. ekonomikuri diqtatoris mosvlisTvis crem
lisRvra damaxasiaTebeli safexuria dagegmvis mimarTulebiT moZraobisas.
amrigad, sakanonmdeblo organo Semoifargleba im pirTa SerCeviT, romlebsac
praqtikulad absoluturi Zalaufleba mieniWebaT, xolo mTlianad weswyobileba
diqtaturis iseTi tipisken gadaixreba, romlis drosac mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli Ta
vis poziciebs periodulad saxalxo arCevnebiT gaamyarebs, magram, mas eqneba sruli Za
laufleba, Tavisi brZanebis Sesabamisad, amomrCevelTa xmebi sinamdvileSi warmarTos
im mimarTulebiT, romelic mas sWirdeba.
dagegmva ganapirobebs diqtaturas, radgan diqtatura aris Zaladobis yvelaze
efeqturi da metad saWiro xerxi, Tuki aucilebelia, rom centraluri dagegmva far
To maStabebiT gaxdes SesaZlebeli. aranairi gamarTleba ara aqvs farTod gavrcele
bul azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom raki Zalaufleba mopovebulia demokratiuli procedure
biT, is ar SeiZleba iyos nebelobiTi; Zalauflebis wyaros ar SeuZlia xelisufleba
nebelobisgan daicvas; diqtaturisgan Tavis dasacavad Tavad xelisufleba unda iyos
SezRuduli.
ekonomikuri sistemis marTvisTvis gamoyenebuli `proletariatis WeSmariti diq
taturis~ demokratiuli formac ki, savaraudod iseve srulad mospobs adamianebis
pirovnul Tavisuflebas, rogorc yvela manamde arsebuli avtokratiuli wyoba.
pirovnuli Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia Seeguos erTi konkretuli miznis uzenaeso
bas, romelsac mTeli sazogadoeba mudmivad unda daeqvemdebaros. garkveulwilad, es
684
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
faqti omis dros Tavad gamovcadeT, rodesac gadaudebeli da damTrgunavi aucile
blobis mimarT absoluturad yvelafris daqvemdebareba iyo is safasuri, romelic
gadavixadeT, raTa sakuTar Tavisuflebas xangrZlivad gavfrTxilebodiT. maRalfar
dovani gamonaTqvamebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mSvidobis misaRwevad saWiroa yvelafris ise
keTeba, rogorc es omSi gamarjvebis misaRwevad viswavleT, sruli Secdomaa. omis dros
keTilgonivrulia Tavisuflebis droebiTi SezRudva, raTAa momavalSi is ufro dacu
li iyos, gegmuri ekonomikis interesebs ki Tavisuflebis mudmivi SezRudva moaqvs.
maTTvis, vinc Tvali adevna socializmis faSizmad gardaqmnas me20 saukunis pirvel
or meoTxedSi, kavSiri am or weswyobilebas Soris sruliad cxadia. socialisturi
programis realizeba Tavisuflebis ganadgurebas niSnavs. demokratiuli socializ
mi, bolo ramdenime Taobis udidesi utopia, ubralod ganuxorcielebelia.
ratom eqceva saTaveSi yvelaze uaresi?
eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom inglisuri da amerikuli `faSizmi~ italiuri da germanuli
saxesxvaobebisgan didad gansxvavdeba; ueWvelia isic, rom Tu es weswyobileba Zala
dobis gareSe damkvidrdeboda, SesaZloa ukeTesi politikuri winamZRolic ki migveRo.
Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom sabolood faSisturi weswyobileba CvenSi Zlier gansxvave
buli an gacilebiT nakleb autaneli aRmoCndeba, vidre misi prototipebi italiasa da
germaniaSi. arsebobs sarwmuno mizezebi, rom totalitaruli sistemebis yvelaze cudi
Taviseburebebi, adre Tu gvian, aucileblad gamovlindeba.
zustad ise, rogorc demokrati saxelmwifo moRvawe, romelic cdilobs ekonomi
kuri cxovrebis dagegmvas, sul male aRmoCndeba im alternativis winaSe, rom an moipo
vos diqtatoruli Zalaufleba, an Seeguos misive gegmebis srul kraxs, totalita
ruli midrekilebebis winamZRolic, aseve male dadgeba uzneobasa da warumateblobas
Soris arCevanis winaSe. swored am mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli, rom totalitarizmisken
midrekil sazogadoebaSi warmatebebs, rogorc wesi, uprincipo, arakeTilsindisieri
pirebi aRweven. is, vinc amas ver xedavs, jer kidev ver swvdeba im ufskrulis siRrmes,
romelic totalitarizms individualisturi dasavluri civilizaciisgan arsebiTad
aSorebs.
totalitarulma liderma garSemo unda Semoikribos adamianebi, vinc nebayoflo
biT emorCileba imgvar disciplinas, romelic undaT, rom xalxis danarCen nawils Tavs
ZaliT moaxvion. socializmis damyareba mxolod im meTodebiTaa SesaZlebeli, romle
685
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
bic Tavad socialistTa umravlesobam uaryo. es aris gakveTili, romelic warsulSi
moRvawe mravali reformatoris saqmianobidan unda viswavloT. adreuli periodis
socialistur partiebs TavianTi demokratiuli idealebi borkavda; isini ar mimar
Tavdnen mkacr meTodebs imisTvis, rom gadaewyvitaT maT mier arCeuli amocanebi.
niSandoblivia, rom germaniasa da italiaSi, faSizmis aRzeveba socialisturi par
tiebis mier saxelisuflebo pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan aridebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
isini gulwrfelad ar iyenebdnen im meTodebs, romelTac TviTon gaukvales gza da
kvlav imedovnebdnen, rom moxdeboda saswauli da umravlesoba mTeli sazogadoebis
garkveuli gegmis mixedviT organizebis ideas sakuTari nebiT daTanxmdeboda. sxvebs ki
ukve garkveuli hqondaT, rom gegmur sazogadoebaSi movlenaTa ganviTareba damokide
buli iqneboda ara imaze, ras daeTanxmeboda xalxis umravlesoba, aramed imaze, visgan
Seiqneboda yvelaze didi jgufi, romlis wevrebic sazogadoebis nebismieri saqmiano
bis erT kalapotSi moqcevis mizniT sakmaod SeTanxmebulad imoqmedebdnen.
arsebobs sami ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc nebismier sazogadoebaSi aRtkinebul
TanamoazreTa aseTi mravalricxovani jgufi, ara saukeTeso, aramed yvelaze uaresi
wevrebisagan yalibdeba.
pirveli _ rac ufro maRalia pirovnebebis ganaTleba da inteleqti‚ miT ufro mra
valferovania maTi gemovneba da Sexedulebebi. Tu gvsurs‚ rom Sexedulebebis erTgva
rovnebis ufro maRali xarisxi aRmovaCinoT, dakvirvebisTvis ufro dabali zneobrivi
da inteleqturi standartebi unda davawesoT da mivmarToT im fenebs, sadac primi
tiuli instinqtebi batonobs. es ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianTa umravlesobas dabali
zneobrivi standartebi aqvs da mxolod imis maniSnebelia, rom erTgvarovani Rire
bulebebis mqone adamianTa yvelaze did jgufs swored dabali zneobrivi moTxovnebi
aqvs.
meore _ vinaidan es jgufi ar aris sakmarisad didi imisTvis, rom winamZRolTa
mizanswrafvas mxari saTanadod aubas, is iZulebulia imave primitiuli msoflmxed
velobis safuZvelze sakuTar rigebSi kidev ufro meti adamiani miiRos.
man mxardaWera damjeri da damyoli adamianebisgan unda miiRos, romlebsac saku
Tari Tavis rwmena ara aqvT da mzad arian sxvisi Sexedulebebi miiRon, Tuki maT amas
sakmaod xSirad da xmamaRla CasCiCineben. eseni iqnebian bundovani da arasrulyofili
Sexedulebebis mqone meryevi adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi sulieri aRtkinebiTa da
emociuri mdgomareobiT mzad arian totalitarul partias miendon.
mesame _ momxreebis SeTamxmebul organizmad SesaduRabeblad, liderma saerTo
adamianur sisusteebs unda mouxmos. rogorc Cans‚ adamianebs ufro uadvildebaT
negatiuri, vTqvaT mtris saerTo siZulvilidan an SeZlebulebisadmi Suridan gamom
dinare‚ programis irgvliv SeTanxmeba, vidre romelime pozitiuri amocanis mizan
dasaxva.
686
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
dapirispirebas `Cvensa~ da `maT~ Soris mudam iyenebs is, vinc farTo masebis mor
Cilebas eswrafvis. samizne `mteri~ SeiZleba qveynis gareT an qveynis SigniT iyos,
magaliTad, ebraeli germaniaSi an kulaki _ ruseTSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi am xerxs
udidesi upiratesoba aqvs, radgan winamZRols moqmedebis ufro met Tavisuflebas ani
Webs, vidre nebismieri pozitiuri programa.
totalitarul jgufSi an partiaSi warmatebis miRweva mniSvnelovanwilad uzneo
saqcielisaTvis mzadyofnazea damokidebuli. principi _ Sedegi amarTlebs saSua
lebas, individualur eTikaSi ganixileba‚ rogorc yovelgvar zneobaze uaris Tqma,
koleqtivistur eTikaSi ki aucileblad mTavar samoqmedo debulebad gardaiqceva.
ar arsebobs iseTi ram, ris gasakeTebladac WeSmariti koleqtivisti mzad ar iyos‚
Tuki es `saerTo keTildReobas~ emsaxureba, radgan misTvis swored `saerTo keTil
dReoba~ aris is erTaderTi kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs, ra unda iyos gan
xorcielebuli.
Tuki erTxel mainc aRiareT, rom individi mxolod saSualebaa‚ romelic gamo
yenebul unda iqnes im diadi erTobis miznebis misaRwevad, rasac sazogadoeba an eri
ewodeba‚ maSin amas aucileblad mohyveba im totalitarul SesaZleblobaTa umravle
sobis aRiarebac‚ rac manamde ase gvaSfoTebda. Seurigebeloba da gansxvavebuli azris
daundobeli alagmva‚ TvalTmaqcoba da dasmena, calkeul pirTa cxovrebisa da bed
nierebisadmi sruli gulgriloba, koleqtivizmis arsebiTi da gardauvali maxasiaTe
blebia. qmedebebi, romelic Cveni yvela grZnobis amboxs iwves, magaliTad: tyveebis
daxvreta an moxucebisa da avadmyofebis mokvdineba, aixsneba, rogorc ubralo mizan
Sewoniloba. asobiT aTasi adamianis dedabudianad ayra da gadasaxleba policiis Za
lismier instrumentad gadaiqca, rasac TiTqmis yvela eTanxmeboda‚ TviT msxverpl
Ta garda.
imisaTvis‚ rom totalitaruli saxelmwifosTvis sasargeblo msaxuri gaxdes, ada
miani mzad unda iyos yvela misTvis nacnobi zneobrivi kanonis uarsayofad‚ Tuki misT
vis dadgenili Sedegis misaRwevad es saWiroa. totalitaruli manqana daundoblobisa
da uprincipobisTvis xelsayrel garemopirobebs qmnis. arc gestapo da arc sakoncent
racio banakebis administracia, arc propagandis saministo da arc SA an SS specsam
saxurebi (an maTi rusuli analogebi) humanuri grZnobebis gamovlenisTvis Sesaferisi
adgilebi ar aris. Tumca totalitarul saxelmwifoSi maRali Tanamdebobebisken gzas
swored aseT adgilebSi Tavis gamoCens gulisxmobs.
gamoCenili amerikeli ekonomisti, profesori frenk naiTi samarTlianad aRniS
navs, rom koleqtivisturi saxelmwifos xelisuflebam `survilis arsebobaararse
bobis miuxedavad ase unda imoqmedos da albaToba imisa, rom xelisuflebaSi myof ada
mianebs eqnebaT gamorCeuli xasiaTi, rac maT ar gamoayenebinebs Zalauflebas, iseve
687
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
dabalia, rogorc imis albaToba, rom ukiduresad saTno gulis mqone pirovnebam mo
naTa plantaciebSi mkacri zedamxedvelis Tanamdeboba miiRos~.
Semdegi mosazreba, romelic ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes, gulisxmobs: koleqtiviz
mi niSnavs simarTlis dasasruls. totalitaruli sistemis efeqturi muSaobisTvis
arasakmarisia, yvela aiZulon, rom damgegmavebis dasaxuli miznebis gansaxorcieleb
lad imuSaon; arsebiTi isaa, rom xalxma es miznebi unda gaiTavisos, rac sainformacio
wyaroebis sruli kontroliTa da mizanmimarTuli agitaciapropagandiT miiRweva.
xalxis im mdgomareobamde misayvanad, rom aRiaron im yvelaze efeqturi gzaRi
rebulebebis samarTlianoba, romelsac TviTonve unda emsaxuron, saWiroa maTi darw
muneba, rom es zustad is Rirebulebebia, romelic manamde hqondaT, magram SesaZloa
ver xvdebodnen da ar acnobierebdnen. am miznis misaRwevad yvelaze efeqturi meTodi
Zveli sityvebis Secvlili mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebaa.
totalitaruli reJimis zogierTi Tavisebureba gareSe damkvirveblisTvis iseve
damabnevelia, rogorc enis sruli gaukuRmarTeba, rac jer kidev axasiaTebs mTel in
teleqtur garemos.
sityva ̀ Tavisufleba~ am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad xelyofilia. totalitarul
saxelmwifoSi mas iseve xSirad iyeneben, rogorc yvela sxvagan. marTlac, SeiZleba iTq
vas, rom yvelgan, sadac ki Tavisufleba im saxiT rogoradac Cven gvesmis, moispo, es
xalxisTvis raRac axali saxis Tavisuflebis dapirebis sanacvlod moxda. TviT Cven
Sorisac arian damgegmavebi, romlebic Cvenve gvpirdebian ̀ koleqtiur Tavisuflebas~,
romelic iseTive mtknari sicruea, rogorc totalituri politikosebis mier naTq
vami nebismieri sxva ram. `koleqtiuri Tavisufleba~ aris ara sazogadoebis calkeuli
wevrebis Tavisufleba, aramed TviT damgegmavTa ganusazRvreli Tavisufleba, sazoga
doebas moeqcnen ise, rogorc maT moeprianebaT. es aris ukiduresobamde miyvanili Ta
visuflebisa da Zalauflebis aRreva.
umravlesobisTvis damoukidebeli azrovnebis saSualebis SezRudva Zneli ar aris.
magram umciresoba, romelic kritikisadmi midrekilebas inarCunebs, agreTve CaCume
buli, unda iqnes. sazogadoebis mxridan kritika an Tundac eWvebis gamoxatva ZirSive
unda aRmoifxvras, radgan amas SeuZlia Seasustos reJimis mxardaWera. sidnei da beat
riCe vebebi rusul sawarmoebSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ase mogviTxrobdnen:
`sanam saqme aRmavlobas ganicdis, dagegmvis warmatebulobisadmi nebismieri eWvis sa
jarod gamoTqma, arakeTilganwyobili qmedeba da Ralatic kia, radgan aman SesaZloa
danarCen mosamsaxureTa nebasa da Zalisxmevaze iqonios gavlena.~
kontroli vrceldeba im sagnebzec, romlebsac erTi SexedviT arc ki SeiZleba,
rom politikuri mniSvneloba hqondes. magaliTad, albaTobis Teorias daupirispird
nen, rogorc `semitur Setevas qristianul da WeSmarit germanul saganTa wyobaze~,
agreTve imitom, rom is `upirispirdeba dialeqtur materializms da marqsistul dog
688
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
matikas~. yvela qmedeba gamarTlebuli unda iyos gaazrebuli sazogadoebrivi mizniT.
ar unda xdebodes spontanuri, umarTavi qmedeba, radgan amas SesaZlebelia moyves
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi, romlebic gegmiT uzrunvelyofili ar aris.
es wesebi sportul TamaSebsa da garTobazec ki vrceldeba. mkiTxvels vutoveb
gamosacnobad, sad daiTanxmes moWadrakeebi, rom oficialurad gamoecxadebinaT:
Wadrakisve sasikeTod `Cven erTxel da samudamod unda davusvaT wertili Wadrakis
neitralitets.~
SesaZloa, yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli is iyos, rom inteleqtualuri Tavisuflebis
mimarT upativcemulobis gamovlena mxolod totalitaruli sistemis Camoyalibebis
Sedegi araa. is yvelgan Tavs iCens, sadac koleqtivistur rwmenas xelgaSlili egebe
bian. yvelaze metad damTrgunveli imasTan Seguebaa, rac socializmis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli da opoziciuri ideebisadmi Seuwynareblobis Riad qadagebas gulisx
mobs. koleqtivisturi azrovnebis tragediaa is, rom mis mier keTilgonierebis gaid
ealeba, k eTilgonierebisve ganadgurebiT sruldeba.
koleqtivizmis gabatonebis Sedegad zneobrivi Rirebulebebis cvlilebis gamo
mwvevi erTi mizezi gansjis sagangebo sazrdos iZleva. es aris Rirsebebi, romelsac
sul ufro da ufro naklebad scemen pativs britaneTsa da amerikaSi, arada anglo
saqsebs siamayiT aRavsebda TviTgamorCeulobis SegrZneba zustad am Rirsebebis
gamo, rac upiratesobis SegrZnebas aZlevda. es Rirsebebi iyo damoukidebloba da
Tavdajerebuloba, piradi iniciativa da adgilobrivi pasuxismgebloba, nebayoflo
biTi saqmianobis warmatebisadmi rwmena, mezoblebis saqmeebSi Caurevloba da gansx
vavebulisadmi Semwynarebloba, agreTve xelisuflebisa da moxeleTa Zalauflebis
jansaRi SezRudva.
TiTqmis yvela wesCveuleba da instituti, romlebmac inglissa da amerikaSi
erovnuli xasiaTi da erTiani zneobrivi garemo Camoayalibes, amavdroulad koleq
tivizmsa da mis centralistur tendenciebs ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
* * *
689
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
dagegmva kanonis uzenaesobis sapirispirod
Tavisufal qveyanas despoturisagan araferi ganasxvavebs ise TvalnaTliv, ro
gorc kanonis uzenaesobis saxeliT cnobili diadi principebis dacva. Tu saqmis teq
nikuri mxaris ganxilvas Tavs avaridebT, es niSnavs, rom mTavroba nebismier qmede
baSi SezRudulia winaswar dawesebuli da gacxadebuli kanonmdeblobiT _ wesebiT,
romlebic saSualebas iZlevian, winaswar iqnes ganWvretili, is, Tu rogor gamoiy
enebs xelisufleba Tavis Zalauflebas ama Tu im konkretul viTarebaSi. Sesabamisad,
TiToeuli konkretuli pirovneba swored am codnaze dafuZnebiT SeZlebs sakuTari
saqmianobis dagegmvas. amrigad, TamaSis cnobili wesebis farglebSi, yoveli calkeuli
piri Tavisufalia, eswrafvodes sakuTar miznebs da iyos darwmunebuli, rom xelisuf
lebis Zalaufleba misi Zalisxmevis gasaqarwyleblad ar iqneba gamoyenebuli.
ekonomikis socialisturi dagegmva sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gulisxmobs. sageg
mo komiteti sakuTar Tavs zogadi wesiT ver SezRudavs da Zalis gamoyenebaze uars
ver ityvis. rodesac saxelmwifo wyvets, ramdeni Rori unda gaizardos an ramdeni av
tobusi unda moZraobdes, romeli qvanaxSiris maRaro unda aiTvison an ra fasSi unda
gaiyidos fexsacmeli, SeuZlebelia yvelafris winaswari ganWvreta. yoveldRiuri
SemTxveviTobebi movlenaTa ganviTarebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens. amasTan, aseTi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, aucilebelia sxvadasxva pirebisa da jgufebis intere
sebis gawonasworeba.
sabolood ki, sagegmo komitetSi Tavmoyrili garkveuli adamianebi sakuTari
Sexedulebebisamebr wyveten, romeli pirebisa Tu jgufebis interesebi ufro mniSv
nelovania da SemdegSi es Sexedulebebi, qveynis kanonmdeblobis nawili xdeba. sakmaod
cnobilia, rom rac ufro mets `gegmavs~ xelisufleba, miT ufro rTulia sakuTari
cxovrebis dagegmva calkeul pirebis. am or midgomas Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvave
baa. es igivea, rac gansxvaveba sagzao niSnebis dadgmasa da xalxisaTvis imis misaTiTeb
lad, Tu romeli gza unda airCion.
metic, centraluri dagegmvis pirobebSi, xelisufleba ver iqneba miukerZoebeli.
saxelmwifo aRar aris mcire utilitaruli meqanizmi, romelic exmareba calkeul
pirebs maTi ganumeorebeli TviTmyofadobis ganviTarebaSi da iseT warmonaqmnad
gadagvardeba, romelic sakuTari SexedulebiT irCevs, ras mianiWos upiratesoba sxva
dasxva adamianebis kerZo moTxovnebs Soris da nebas aZlevs erT adamians akeTos is, ra
sac meores ukrZalavs. amasTan centraluri dagegmva gulisxmobs, rom sakanonmdeblo
gziT dadgindes, rogori unda iyos calkeuli adamianebis fuladi uzrunvelyofa da
ra qonebas unda flobdes yoveli gansxvavebuli kategoriis adamiani.
690
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
kanonis uzenaesoba anu xelisuflebis mier garkveuli adamianebisTvis dadgeni
li sakanonmdeblo privilegiebi, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis is garantiaa, romelic
mTavrobis nebelobiT Zalmomreobas upirispirdeba. mniSvnelovania is, rom sociali
stebi (da nacistebi) yovelTvis ukmayofilobas gamoTqvamdnen `zogadi~ samarTalis
mimarT, riTic uaryofdnen kanonebs, romlebic ar sazRvraven calkeuli adamianebis
keTildReobis sakiTxebs. amis sapirispirod isini `kanonis socializacias~ moiTxovd
nen da mosamarTleTa damoukideblobas ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
gegmur sazogadoebaSi kanonma yvela im mizanswrafvisa da Canafiqris legalizeba
unda moaxdinos, romelic xelisuflebis Zaladobriv qmedebebs mosdevs. Tu kanoni am
bobs, rom ama Tu im gamgeobas an mmarTvel organos SeuZlia akeTos is, rac surs, maSin
yvelaferi, rasac aseTi gamgeoba an mmarTveli organo gaakeTebs, legalurad CaiTvle
ba _ Tumca amgvari qmedeba kanonis uzenaesobas srulebiTac ar niSnavs. SeuzRudavi
Zalauflebis mqone xelisuflebis arsebobisas gamoxatuli ar aris, rom yvelaze des
poturi wesebic ki kanonad iqces; am gziT demokratia SesaZloa gadaizardos yvelaze
srulyofil despotizmSi, rac ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT.
kanonis uzenaesobis Segneba mxolod liberalur epoqaSi aRmocenda da is am
drois erTerTi udidesi aRmoCenaa. is kanonebSi gansaxierebuli Tavisuflebaa. ro
gorc imanuil kanti ambobda: `kaci Tavisufali aris, Tu mas ara pirovnebis, aramed
mxolod da mxolod kanonis morCileba sWirdeba.~
aris ki dagegmva `gardauvali~?
aSkaraa, rom damgegmavTa mcirericxovani jgufi dRes kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs,
rom centraluri dagegmva sasurvelia. maTi umravlesoba amtkicebs, rom iZulebulni
varT davemorCiloT movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebas im garemoebaTa gamo, romlebsac ver
vakontrolebT.
yvelaze xSirad mizezoben, rom centraluri dagegmvis gareSe SeuZlebelia
Tanamedrove civilizaciis sirTuleTa daZleva. es argumenti konkurenciis meqaniz
mis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb sruliad araswor Sexedulebas efuZneba. arada, swored
Tanamedrove pirobebis sirTulis gamoa, rom konkurencia aris is erTaderTi gza, rom
lis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia qmedebebis koordinirebis adekvaturobis miRweva.
iq, sadac mdgomareoba imdenad martivia, rom calkeul pirs, an gamgeobas SeuZlia
faqtebis efeqturi gamokvleva, ar warmoiSoba surTuleebi kontrolsa da dagegmvaSi.
691
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
magram, rogorc ki mxedvelobaSi misaRebi faqtorebi matulobs da kompleqsuri xdeba,
ukve erT centrs aRar SeuZlia, maT kvalSi misdios. sxvadasxva saqonelze moTxovna
miwodebis mudmivad cvalebadi pirobebi verasodes iqneba srulyofilad cnobili
erTi centrisaTvis da verc imas SeZlebs, rom sakmaod swrafad moaxdinos reagireba.
fasebSi mxolod konkurenciis pirobebSi aisaxeba yvela mniSvnelovani mona
cemi. verc erTi sxva ekonomikuri wyoba ver pasuxobs am amocanas. mewarme, romelic
Tvals mxolod gansazRvruli nawarmis fasebis dinamikas adevnebs, momxmareblebis
moTxovnilebebTan sakuTari saqmianobis misadagebas iolad axerxebs. msgavsad inJin
risa, romelsac mxolod zogierT maCvenebelze dakvirvebiT SeuZlia, rom meqanizmis
moqmedebas miadevnos Tvalyuri.
ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetis am meTodTan SedarebiT, rac decentara
lizacias da amasTan erTad fasebis sistemis avtomatur koordinacias gulisxmobs,
centraluri marTvis meTodi warmoudgenlad mouxerxebeli, primitiuli da SeboWi
lia. gazviadebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Cveni sawarmoo sistemis zrdis uzrun
velsayofad, Tuki iZulebuli gavxdebodiT migvemarTa centraluri dagegmvisaTvis,
is verasodes miaRwevda mravalferovnebisa da moqnilobis im dones, romelic amjerad
aqvs. Tanamedrove civilizacia miRweul iqna swored imitom, rom is ar saWiroebs
yvelafris erT qargaze morgebas. konkurentul wyobaSi Sromis danawileba imaze bev
rad ufro srulyofiladaa ganxorcielebuli, vidre es winaswari dagegmvis pirobebSi
iqneboda SesaZlebeli. ekonomikuri sistemis yoveli Semdgomi garTuleba konkuren
tuli xerxebis gamoyenebas adrindelze ufro mniSvnelovans xdis, xolo centraluri
mmarTvelobis aucileblobas da mizanmimarTuli kontrolis saWiroebas kidev ufro
akninebs.
aseve amtkiceben, rom teqnologiurma cvlilebebma konkurencia SeuZlebeli gaxa
da sul ufro met sferoSi da erTaderTi arCevani, romelic dagvrCa, aris arCevani
kerZo monopoliebis mier produqciis kontrolsa da mTavrobis mier ganxorciele
bul marTvas Soris. Tumca, monopoliebis zrda ara imdenad teqnologiuri winsvlis
gardauvali gamoZaxilia, ramdenadac qveynebis umravlesobaSi ganxorcielebuli
politikis Sedegi.
am situaciis yvelaze sayuradRebo gamokvleva erovnuli ekonomikis droebiT
komitets ekuTvnis, romelsac gadaWarbebul liberalur midrekilebebSi namdvilad
ver davadanaSaulebT. komiteti adgens: sawarmoTa umravlesobis SesaZleblobebi ver
warmoCnda. centralizebuli marTvis xerxebma, romlebsac savaraudod konkurencia
unda Caenacvlebina, Tavadve ganicades warumatebloba mraval sferoSi... ar SeiZle
ba daeTanxmo im daskvnas, rom warmoebis masStabebis gazrdiT miRebuli upiratesoba
aucileblad gamoiwvevs konkurenciis mospobas... garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom sa
692
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
xelmwifo politikis uSualo daxmarebiT monopoliebi xSirad saidumlo molaparake
bebisa da SeTanxmebebis gziT iqmneba. konkurentuli pirobebi SeiZleba aRdges mxolod
maSin, roca aseTi SeTanxmebebi gauqmdeba da saTanado politika Seicvleba.
nebismieri, vinc akvirdeba, rogori TanmimdevrulobiT eswrafvian monopolistebi
saxelmwifos daxmarebas sakuTari kontrolis efeqturobis gasazrdelad, odnavadac
ar daeWvdeba, rom movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebisas gardauvali araferia.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Zlierma proteqcionisturma politikam monopo
liebis zrdas xeli Seuwyo. germaniaSi ki, kargad mofiqrebuli politikis wyalobiT,
1878 wlidan kartelebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. swored aq Catarda saxelmwifos
daxmarebiT `mecnieruli dagegmvisa~ da `warmoebis mizanimarTuli organizebis~
pirveli farTomasStabiani eqsperimentebi, romlebmac ganapirobes kidec udidesi mo
nopoliebis Camoyalibeba. germaniaSi konkurenciis SezRudva iyo winaswar gaTvlili
politikis Sedegi, romelic ganxorcielda im idealis misaRwevad, rasac axla dagegmva
ewodeba.
udidesi safrTxe Zevs ori uZlieresi jgufis _ organizebuli mewarmeebis da
organizebuli mSromelebis politikaSi, romlebic mxars uWeren warmoebis monopo
listur organizebas. monopoliaTa zrda organizebuli mewarmeebisa da organize
buli mSromelebis kargad mofiqrebuli TanamSromlobis Sedegia, romlis Sedegadac
mSromelebis privilegirebuli jgufebi inawileben mewarmeTa monopoliur mogebas
sazogadoebisa da gansakuTrebiT, im mSromelebis xarjze, romlebic warmoebis nak
lebad organizebul dargebSi arian dasaqmebuli. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ar gvaqvs
mizezi vifiqroT, rom movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba gardauvalia.
moZraoba dagegmvisken mizanmimarTuli politikuri qmedebebis Sedegia da ara
nairi gareSe aucilebloba ar gvaiZulebs amas.
SesaZlebelia rom dagegmvam gagvaTavisuflos sazrunavisgan?
damgegmavTa umetesobas, vinc gulisyuriT ekideba Tavisi amocanebis praqtikul
aspeqtebs, mciredi eWvic ar epareba imaSi, rom dagegmili ekonomika diqtatoruli
gzebiT unda imarTos, xolo urTierdamokidebul RonisZiebaTa rTul erTobliobas
moxele eqspertebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen, romelTa winamZRolis xelSi moqceuli
ganuzomeli Zalaufleba demokratiulma procedurebma ar unda SezRudos. damgeg
mavebi gvamSvideben imiT, rom mTavrobis direqtivebi `mxolod~ ekonomikur sakiTxebs
693
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
Seexeba. aseT dapirebebs Tan sdevs is rCevac, rom sicocxlis naklebad mniSvnelovan
aspeqtebSi Tavisuflebis daTmobiT SevZlebT Tavisuflebas mivaRwioT sxva, ufro
maRal RirebulebebSi. amis safuZvelze xalxi, vinc ver itans politikur diqtaturas,
xSirad xmamaRla moiTxovs diqtaturas ekonomikur sferoSi. vin iqneba winaaRmdegi,
Tuki dagegmareba namdvilad gagvaTavisuflebs naklebad mniSvnelovani sazrunavis
gan da aqedan gamomdinare, gagviadvilebs arsebobas, rom ufro mSvidad vicxovroT da
maRalfardovani mosazrebebiT davkavdeT?
saubedurod, wminda ekonomikuri miznebi ar SeiZleba gamocalkevdes sxva cxovre
biseuli miznebisgan. is, rasac mcdarad `ekonomikur motivs~ uwodeben, ubralod bed
nierebisken zogad swrafvas niSnavs. Tu Cven ZalRones fulisTvis vxarjavT, es imi
tom, rom fuli gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, gavakeToT udidesi arCevani, rom davtkbeT
sakuTari saqmianobis nayofiT _ Tuki erTxel gamovimuSavebT, Tavisufalni varT,
fuli ise davxarjoT, rogorc mogvesurveba.
radgan Cveni fuladi Semosavlebi SezRudulia, vgrZnobT im sazRvrebs, romelic
gvamyofebs SedarebiT siRaribeSi, amitom bevrs sZuls fuli, rogorc am SezRudvaTa
simbolo.
sinamdvileSi fuli aris Tavisuflebis erTerTi uZlieresi iaraRi, romelic
adamianma gamoigona. swored fuli xsnis gzas arCevanis im Tavbrudamxvevi mraval
ferovnebisken, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba sTavazobs ubralo adamianebs _
es arCevani dRes bevrad ufro didia imaze, rac sul ramdenime Taobis win, mxolod mdi
drebisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi.
Cven ukeT gavigebT fulis samomxmareblo daniSnulebas, Tu realurad warmovid
genT ra moxdeboda, mravali socialistis saxasiaTo winadadebis mixedviT `finansur
motivebs~ `araekonomikuri motivebi~ rom Caenacvlos. Tu yvela jildo fuladi
anazRaurebis nacvlad, sagangebo privilegiis miniWebis gziT gaicema, es ubralod
niSnavs, rom am `wyalobis~ mimRebs arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba ukve aRar eqneba. ami
tom is, vinc awesebs jildos, gansazRvravs ara marto mis moculobas, aramed misi
gamoyenebis wessac.
egreT wodebuli ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, romelsac damgegmavebi dagvpird
nen, ufro zustad niSnavs imas, rom unda gagviadvildes sakuTari ekonomikuri prob
lemebis gadawyveta da agvcildes yvelaze mware xvedri, rasac cxovreba gvimzadebs.
radganac Tanamedrove pirobebSi TiTqmis mTlianad gareSe pirebis momsaxurebaze
varT damokidebuli, ekonomikuri dagegmva Zalauneburad Cveni yofis sferos moicavs.
Znelad Tu moiZebneba cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, pirveladi sayofacxovrebo
saWiroebebidan dawyebuli, ojaxTan da megobrebTan urTierTobebis, Cveni saqmiano
bis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebisa da Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis CaTvliT,
694
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
rom damgegmavma ar isargeblos Tavisi `mizanmimarTuli Carevis~ uflebiT. damgeg
mavTa zegavlena Cvens pirad cxovrebaze naklebSesamCnevi Znelad Tu gaxdeba, Tuki xe
lisufleba warmoebaze kontrols SeinarCunebs, xolo momxmarebels Semosavlebis sa
kuTari surviliT gankargvis mxolod minimaluri Tavisufleba eqneba. Cveni arCevanis
Tavisufleba konkurentul sazogadoebaSi emyareba imas, rom Tu erTi piri uars ity
vis daakmayofilos Cveni survilebi, SegviZlia sxvas mivmarToT. magram monopolistis
SemTxvevaSi, mis mowyalebaze varT damokidebuli. xolo xelisufleba, romelic mar
Tavs mTel ekonomikur urTierTobebs, yvelaze Zlevamosili monopolistia, risi war
modgenac ki SeiZleba.
mas unda hqondes sruli Zalaufleba gadawyvitos, ra unda gvergos da ra vadebSi.
man ara marto unda gansazRvros, ra saqoneli da momsaxureba unda iyos xelmisawvdomi
da ra raodenobiT, aramed unda marTos kidec maTi ganawileba regionebsa da jgufebs
Soris; amasTan SeeZlos, Tuki moisurvebs, sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad mianiWos upi
ratesoba ama Tu im pirs. ara Cveni sakuTari, aramed viRac sxva piris Sexeduleba, ra
unda mogvwondes da ra ara, gansazRvravs imas, ra unda miviRoT.
xelisuflebis neba kidev ufro metad gansazRvravs da warmarTavs Cvens yovel
dRiur cxovrebas, Tuki sadme vmuSaobT. umravlesobisTvis dro, romelsac samsaxurSi
vxarjavT, cxovrebis udidesi nawilia. xolo Cveni samsaxuri ki, rogorc wesi gansaz
Rvravs sad da rogori xalxis garemocvaSi vcxovrobT. aqedan gamomdinare, samuSaos
arCevis Tavisufleba CvenTvis albaT ufro mniSvnelovanic kia sakuTari bedniere
bisTvis, vidre mocaleobis Jams Semosavlis gankargvis Tavisufleba.
saukeTeso qveyanaSic ki, zogadi saxiT aseTi Tavisufleba bunebrivad SezRudu
lia. xalxis Zalze mcire nawils aqvs mravalferovani arCevanis saSualeba. magram mniS
vnelovania, rom mainc gvaqvs garkveuli arCevani, ar varT absoluturad mijaWvuli
CvenTvis miCenil samuSao adgilze da Tu raime autaneli gaxdeba, an sxva raime miipy
robs Cven gulisyurs, yovelTvis aris imis SesaZlebloba, rom garkveuli msxverplis
fasad axal mizans mivaRwioT. SesaZloa cudia, rom mxolod manqanis WanWiki iyo, mag
ram kidev uaresia, roca aRar gvaqvs am mdgomareobidan gasvlis saSualeba, Tuki mi
jaWvulebi varT im adgils da xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic mogviCines.
Cvens Tanamedrove samyaroSi arsebobs uamravi saSualeba gaviumjobesoT arCeva
nis SesaZlebloba, magram `dagegmva~ aucileblad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT imoq
medebs. damgegmavma unda gasces nebarTva vaWrobisa Tu sxva saqmianobebis wamowyebaze
an daadginos gadaxdis vadebi, an orive erTad. dagegmvis yvela SemTxvevaSi, upirveles
yovlisa, aseTi kontroli da SezRudvebi wesdeboda.
konkurenciis pirobebSi, nivTebis umetesobas fasi adevs, xSirad, saSinlad maRa
lic ki. Cven msxverplad erTi nivTi unda gaviRoT, rom miviRoT meore. alternativa,
695
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
maSasadame, ara arCevanis Tavisufleba, aramed brZaneba da akrZalvaa, romelic unda
aRsruldes.
is, rom xalxs surs Tavidan aicilos mZime sinamdvilisgan Tavsmoxveuli mware xved
ri, gasakviri araa. magram Zalian cotas Tu unda, rom Tavi aaridos arCevans mxolod
imitom, rom maT magivrad es sxvebma gaakeTon. xalxs mxolod is surs, rom arCevanis
gakeTeba sul ar iyos saWiro. isini savsebiT mzad arian daijeron, arCevani sulac ar
aris aucilebeli da is ubralod gamowveulia im gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri siste
miT, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. is, razec isini sinamdvileSi wuxan, ekonomikuri prob
lema aris.
sasurvel iluzias, rom es namdvilad aRar aris ekonomikuri problema, xeli Seuw
yo imis mtkicebam, TiTqos gegmuri ekonomika ufro nayofieri iqneba, vidre konkuren
tuli wyoba. es mtkiceba problemis mkvlevarTa umetesobam metnaklebi Tanmimdevru
lobiT uaryo. socialisturi Sexedulebebis mqone bevri ekonomisti axla mxolod imas
imedovnebs, rom gegmuri sazogadoeba iseTive efeqturi da Sedegiani iqneba, rogoric
konkurentuli weswyobilebaa. isini dagegmvis princips imitom icaven, rom is saSua
lebas mogvcems vuzrunvelvyoT simdidris ufro miukerZoebeli ganawileba. xolo
Tuki gvinda, gamiznulad davadginoT vis ra unda ergos, mTliani ekonomikuri wes
wyobileba udavoa dagegmarebas unda davuqvemdebaroT.
magram pasuxgasacemia kiTxva, xom ar gamoiwvevs fasi, romelic unda gadavixadoT
viRacis samarTlianobis idealebis ganxorcielebisTvis, ufro met ukmayofile
bas da met Cagvras, vidre sameurneo Zalebis egzom saZraxisi Tavisufali urTierT
TanamSromlobis dros?
ra principiT an valdebulebebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos mTavrobam, rodesac sim
didres anawilebs? arsebobs ki garkveuli pasuxi im uamrav kiTxvaze, ra SedarebiTi
upiratesobebi wamoiwevs win?
am kiTxavze pasuxs mxolod erTi zogadi principi, erTi martivi wesi iZleva. esaa
yoveli calke piris sruli Tanasworoba. es mizani ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis bun
dovan ideas sul cota naTels mainc mohfenda. magram xalxi, sazogadod, aseTi saxis
meqanikur Tanasworobas sasurvelad ar miiCnevs da socializmic, ara srul Tanas
worobas, aramed `ufro met Tanasworobas~ hpirdeba.
es formula praqtikuld verc erT kiTxvas ver scems pasuxs, yovel kerZo SemTx
vevaSi ver gvaTavisuflebs, TiToeuli pirovnebis an jgufis damsaxurebebis Sefasebis
aucileblobisgan, Tan, verc am gadawyvetilebis miRebas amartivebs. erTaderTi, razec
is mogviTiTebs sinamdvileSi, aris is, rogor wavarTvaT mdidars rac SeiZleba meti.
xolo, rogorc ki saqme narCenebis ganawilebaze midgeba, problema iseTive rCeba, ro
gorc `ufro meti Tanasworobis~ formulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
696
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
naTqvamia, rom politikur Tavisuflebas ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis gareSe mniSv
neloba ara aqvs. es, rasakvirvelia, sruli simarTlea, magram ara im gagebiT, rogori
Tac mas dagegmvis momxreebi iyeneben. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, romelic nebismieri
sxva saxis Tavisuflebis winapirobaa, ver iqneba Tavisufleba ekonomikuri sazrunavi
dan, rasac socialistebi gvpirdebian. ekonomikuri problemebidan Tavis daRweva Ses
aZlebeli mxolod arCevanis uflebis CvenTvis mondobiT aris. es unda iyos ekonomi
kuri qmedebis iseTi Tavisufleba, romelic arCevanis uflebasTan erTad, gulisxmobs
Sesabamis uflebis gamoyenebis risksa da pasuxismgeblobas.
usafrTxoebis ori saxesxvaoba
yalbad, Tumca ufro samarTlianad gagebuli `ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis~ msgav
sad ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba yovelTvis WeSmariti Tavisuflebis aucilebel piro
bad aris warmodgenili. garkveulwilad es marTalicaa da mniSvnelovanic. damoukide
beli azrovneba an xasiaTis simyare iSviaTad Tu vlindeba imaT Soris, visac ar SeuZlia
Tavisive ZalisxmeviT gaikvlos gza.
magram arsebobs usafrTxoebis ori saxesxvaoba: yvelas uzrunvelyofa saarsebo
minimumiT da cxovrebis iseTi piroebebis dacva, romelSic TiToeuli pirovneba an
jgufi TviTmyofadobis gamovlenis uflebiT sargeblobs.
im sazogadoebaSi, romelmac miaRwia simdidris garkveul dones, erTi SexedviT
ar arsebobs safuZveli, rom pirveli saxesxvaobis usafrTxoeba TavisuflebisTvis
safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. es aris janmrTelobis
SesanarCuneblad sakmarisi minimaluri odenobis sakvebi, TavSesafari da tansacme
li. agreTve, TiTqos ar arsebobs araviTari mizezi, Tu ratom ar unda dagvexmaros
saxelmwifo sayofacxovrebo dazRvevis yovlismomcveli sistemis SeqmnaSi, romelic
cxovrebis im bedukuRmarTobisgan dagvicavs, romelTa winaSec cota vinme Tu aris sa
Tanadod uzrunvelyofili.
magram Tavisuflebas swored usafrTxoebis pirveli saxesxvaoba uTxris Zirs.
sinamdvileSi is gamiznulia calkeuli pirebisa da maTi jgufebis Semosavlebis klebis
gan dasacavad. Tuki, rogorc es sul ufro met SemTxvevaSi xdeba, calkeuli xelobis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTa mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, neba eZlevaT, xelfasebisa an
mogebis saxiT warmodgenili sakuTari maRali Semosavlebis dacvis mizniT, Sesabamis
saqmianobaSi sxvebis CarTva ar dauSvan, maSin, im xelobebis warmomadgenlebs, rom
697
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
lebzec moTxovna mcirdeba, mkveTrad ezRudebaT samoqmedo asparezi da es yovelive
umuSevrobis zrdas iwvevs.
aq ki ar SeiZleba mciredi eWvi gaCndes, rom yovelive es ZiriTadad usafrTxoe
bisTvis brZolis bolo aTwleulebSi gamoyenebuli im meTodebis Sedegia, romlebmac
umuSevroba da daucveloba mniSvnelovnad gazarda.
im adamianebis mdgomareobis sruli uimedoba, romlebic politikuri mfarvelo
bis miRma darCnen, SesaZloa mxolod imaT Seafason saTanadod Sefasebuli, visac es Ta
vad aqvs gamocdili. totalitarul sazogadoebaSi aseTi adamianebis yovelgvari aR
masvla SeCerebulia. arasodes ar yofila erTi klasis mier meoris ufro daundobeli
Cagvra, vidre konkurenciis `regulirebis~ Sedegad mewarmeTa ufro uzrunvelyofli
nawilis mier SedarebiT naklebad warmatebulTa Cagvra. zogierTma lozungma imdeni
ve ziani da msxverpli moitana, ramdenic fasebis gansazRvrisa da gadasaxadebis stabi
lizaciis gaidealebam, romelic icavs zogierTebis Semosavlebs da TandaTan ufro
arasaimedos xdis danarCenebis mdgomareobas.
inglissa da amerikaSi sagangebo privilegiebma, gansakuTrebiT konkurenciis `re
gulirebis~ saxiT garkveuli fasebisa da xelfasebis `stabilurobam~, mzardi mniSvne
loba SeiZina. erTi jgufisTvis sagangebo pirobebis Seqmnis yoveli mcdeloba auare
sebs danarCenebis mdgomareobas. Tu Tqven garkveul nawils uzrunvelyofT namcxvris
gansazRvruli odenobiT, maSin danarCenebis wili proporciulad Semcirdeba namcxv
ris mTlian zomasTan SedarebiT. amasTan, usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli,
romelsac konkurentuli wyoba gvTavazobs anu SesaZleblobaTa didi mravalferovne
ba, ufro da ufro mcirdeba.
SemzRudveli zomebis meSveobiT, usafrTxoebis misaRwevad saxelmwifos xelSew
yobiT ganxorcielebulma zogadma Zalisxmevam, drois garkveul periodSi sazoga
doebis progresuli transformacia ganapiroba. amaSic iseve, rogorc bevr sxva
sakiTxSi, germania pirvelobda da sxva qveynebi ukan mihyvebodnen. aseTi ganviTareba
daCqarebul iqna socialisturi moZRvrebis gansxvavebuli efeqtiT. nebismieri xasi
aTis saqmianobaSi ekonomikuri riskisa da zneobriobis winaswargamiznuli ugulve
belyofa naxtomi iyo iseTi zemogebisken, romelic amarTlebda risks, Tumca Zalian
cotas Tu SeeZlo misi dagemovneba.
ar SegviZlia vusayveduroT Cvens axalgazrobas, rodesac isini samewarmeo risk
Tan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWeben dacul, anazRaurebad Tanamdebobebs, radganac
maT siymawvilidanve esmiT, rom es aris ufro pativsacemi, uangaro da miukerZoebeli
saqmianoba. dRevandeli axalgazrda Taoba gaizarda im garemoSi, sadac skolasa da
presaSi komerciuli samewarmeo suliskveTeba iyo, samarcxvinod, xolo mogebis miReba
_ uzneobad; xolo 100 pirovnebis samuSaod ayvana iyo eqspluatacia, imave raodenobis
adamianebze mbrZanebloba ki _ sasiqadulo saqme.
698
fridrix ogiust fon haieki
SedarebiT asakian xalxs SesaZloa es gazviadebulad moeCvenos, magram uni
versitetis maswavleblis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba mcire eWvs Tu tovebs, rom
antikapitalisturi propagandis Sedegad, sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi mniS
vnelovnad Seicvala, Tumca jer SenarCunebulia ama Tu im saxiT. ismis kiTxva, xom
ar davangrevT axali moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisken mimarTuli institucionaluri
cvlilebebiT im Rirebulebebs, romlebsac kvlav ufro metad vafasebT?
Zireuli winaaRmdegoba, romelTanac Cven saqme gvaqvs, sazogadoebis organizebis
ori saxesxvaobis SeuTavseblobaa, romelTac xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc savaWrosa
da samxedros.
samxedro nawilSi, samuSao da samxedro piri erTnairad aris daqvemdebarebuli
xelmZRvanelze da es aris erTaderTi wyoba, romelSic pirma SeiZleba Tavi moityuos
imiT, rom aqvs sruli ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. TumcaRa, aseTi usafrTxoeba, miuxe
davad yvelafrisa, ganuyofelia Tavisuflebis SezRudvebisa da mxedruli cxovrebis
ierarqiuli mmarTvelobisgan da es aris yazarmuli usafrTxoeba.
sazogadoebaSi, romelic aRiarebs Tavisuflebas, Zneli warmosadgenia adamianebis
umravlesoba mzad iyos usafrTxoebis am fasad SesaZenad. magram politika, romelsac
dRes aniWeben upiratesobas, swrafad qmnis pirobebs, romelSic usafrTxoebisken
swrafva ufro Zlierdeba, vidre Tavisuflebis siyvaruli.
Tu ar vangrevT pirovnul Tavisuflebas, konkurencia ar unda SeizRudos. davuS
vaT, rom Tanabari saarsebo pirobebi yvelasTvis iqneba uzrunvelyofili; magram keTi
li unda vineboT da vaRiaroT, rom amavdroulad calkeuli klasebisTvis yovelgvari
privilegiebi unda gauqmdes, uaryofil iqnes yvela winapiroba, romelic xels uSlis
axalmosulebs, saerTo keTildReoba gaiziaron da Sesabamisi pirobebi saTavisodac
uzrunvelyon.
SesaZlebelia, sakamaTo ar iyos zogierTi saWiroebisgan saTanado dacva politi
kis erTerTi mTavari mizani rom unda gaxdes, magram araferia ufro damRupveli, vi
dre Tanamedrove inteleqtualur liderTa saqcieli, romlebic usafrTxoebas Tavi
suflebis xarjze ganadideben. faqtis sajarod aRiarebisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs imis xelaxla gaTavisebas, rom Tavisuflebis misaRwevad saWiroa fasis gadaxda da
Cven, rogorc TviTmyofadi arsebebi misi SenarCunebisaTvis garkveuli materialuri
msxverplis gasaRebad mzad unda viyoT.
unda aRvadginoT is rwmena, romelsac efuZneboda Tavisufleba anglosaqsur qvey
nebSi da benJamin franklinma gamoxata ara mxolod erebis, aramed Cvendami, rogorc
calkeuli pirebisadmi gankuTvnil gamonaTqvamSi: `isini, vinc daTmoben ZiriTad Tavi
suflebas droebiTi usafrTxoebis mosapoveblad, ar imsaxureben arc Tavisuflebas
da arc usafrTxoebas~.
699
liberalizmi da Zalaufleba
ukeTesi samyarosken
ukeTesi samyaro rom avaSenoT, unda gveyos simamace, yvelaferi axlidan daviwyoT.
gza unda gavasufTaoT yvela im winaRobisgan, romliTac adamianTa windauxedaobam
bolo dros Cveni savali biliki Caxerga da gamovaTavisufloT pirTa SemoqmedebiTi
energia. unda SevqmnaT progresisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi da ara `dagegmili prog
resi~.
magram isini, vinc mzad arian, rom ganaxlebisTvis aucilebeli simamace gamoiCinon,
imaT rigebSi rodi arian, vinc `dagegmvas~ mistiris da arc maTTan dgas, vinc `axal wes
rigs~ qadagebda da visac hitleris xelmeored gansaxierebaze ukeTesi ramis mofiqre
ba ar ZaluZs, rac Tavis mxriv, sxva araferia, Tu ara me20 saukunis pirveli 40 wlis
tendenciebis gagrZeleba. swored isini, vinc yvelaze xmamaRla mistiroda gegmur eko
nomikas, yvelaze metad arian im ideebis gavlenis qveS, ramac gamoiwvia meore msoflio
omi da Cveni mtanjveli ubedurebebis umetesi nawili.
Tavisufali adamianebis samyaros Seqmnis mcdelobis mTavari saxelmZRvanelo
principi unda iyos: erTaderTi WeSmaritad progresuli politika _ pirovnuli Ta
visuflebis politika.