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DESCRIPTION
EC8 GR
Citation preview
1998:
1:
1998:
1:
. / -
apapad.users.uth.gr
. / -
www.georgebouckovalas.com
. / -
apapad.users.uth.gr
. / -
www.georgebouckovalas.com
- 2009 -- 2009 2009
1998: : :
-- -- --
(.. , , (.. , , )) ( ) ( )
, , (.. , (.. , ) ) , :, :----, (.. , (.. =475 )=475 )-- , (.. , (.. =95 )=95 )
&
&
&
&
= +
,
.
() ( ) , :
()
amax() Sa(T)
: San Francisco 1957
amax = (0.05 0.1g)/0.1g = 0.5 1.0Sa(..T=0.5s) = 0.17g/0.08g = 2.1 , Sa(..T=0.2s) = 0.15g/0.4g = 0.4
: San Francisco 1989
(Bay mud)
75 cm/sec2
170 cm/sec2
amax = (170cm/s2) / (75cm/s2) = 2.3
;
SS V
H4T =
;
1957
1989
0.4 1.25
1.0 3.2
: Mexico 1985
&
amax = 130/35 = 3.7, Sa( =2s) = 0.7/0.1 = 7
: Kobe 1995
amax = 0.32g/0.82g = 0.4
: 1999 amax = 0.19g/0.06g = 3.2
N
S
N
S
: 1999
B
N
025
50
75
100
(%) o
f bui
ldin
gs
BoreholeCHT2
DH5
80
60
40
20
0
DEP
TH (m
)
Vs (m/sec)
_ Vs,30 =697 m/sec
360 7600 1300
_ Vs,30 =613
_ Vs,30 =545 _
Vs,30 =500 _ Vs,30 =496
N S
0 1300 0 1300 0 1300 0 1300
: -
(%)
(
m)
CHT2
: 1999
1-
0.01 0.1 1PERIOD (sec)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Sa
(g)
DMKFYLPAR
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Sa g
/Sa b
DH-5
CHT-2
0
25
50
75
100
(%) o
f bui
ldin
gs
BoreholeCHT2
DH5
80
60
40
20
0
DEP
TH (m
)
Vs (m/sec)
_ Vs,30 =697 m/sec
360 7600 1300
_ Vs,30 =613
_ Vs,30 =545 _
Vs,30 =500 _ Vs,30 =496
N S
0 1300 0 1300 0 1300 0 1300
CHT-2 DH-5
1- Northridge&
0.01 0.1 1PERIOD (sec)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Sa
(g)
PKC-EWPKC-NSAIGIO
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Sa g
/Sa b DH-5
CHT-2
DH-5
() :
&
amax = 0.4 3.7( 0.6 2.0)
Sa 0.4 7.0!
( 3.5)
.
.
. . amax Sa;
.
0KXXCYM =++ &&&
UXY +=UMKXXCXM &&&&& =++
tiO
2tiO eUUeUU
== &&
tiOeFKXXCXM
=++ &&&O
2O MUF =
:
:
: [eit = cost + i sin t]
UY
UY
UYAY &&
&&&& ===
/1.
/ = . / T.
.. : . () 5, () 70.
1998-1: &
-- , ,
-- , , , ,
-- (5) (, , (5) (, , C, D, E)C, D, E): : (2) (2) (S(S11 & S& S22): ):
-- ( ( ), ), () (() (--): ): aagRgR
-- , , , , , : , : SSee(T(T)) SSveve(T(T))
, , , , (.. (.. --) :) :
) ) SS 30 30mm
) ) NNSPTSPT CCuu
N hi Vi( 30m)
aamaxmax, , S = 1 S = 1 1.4 (1.4 ( > 5.5) > 5.5)
S = 1 S = 1 1.8 (1.8 ( < 5.5) < 5.5)
, , : : : : (. ) 0.8(. ) 0.8 : 0.55 : 0.55 : : qq (. ) (. ) 11
1998-1: &
1998-1: &
-- SSee(T(T) ) : :
: : aagg = = aagRgR , , S = S = = =
-- : :
C-8
Vs,30 > 800m/s
NSPT (-)
Cu (-)
EE
DD
CC
BB
, 5m
AA
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
M5..55
TTBB
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.35
1.0
M5..55
SS TTCC
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
M5..55
0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
S e /
a g
A B C
D
E
> 5.5> 5.5
C-8
Vs,30=360-800m/s
NSPT > 50
Cu > 250kPa
EE
DD
CC
, , , , ,
BB
AA
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
M5..55
TTBB
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.35
1.0
M5..55
SS TTCC
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
M5..55
0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
S e /
a g A
B C
D
E
> 5.5> 5.5
C-8
Vs,30=180-360m/s
NSPT=15-50
Cu=70-250kPa
EE
DD
/ ,
CC
BB
AA
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
M5..55
TTBB
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.35
1.0
M5..55
SS TTCC
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
M5..55
0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
S e /
a g
A B C
D
E
> 5.5> 5.5
C-8
Vs,30 < 180m/s
NSPT < 15
Cu < 70kPa
EE
( )
DD
CC
BB
AA
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
M5..55
TTBB
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.35
1.0
M5..55
SS TTCC
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
M5..55
0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
S e /
a g A
B C
D
E
> 5.5> 5.5
C-8
[ :Vs < 360m/sNSPT < 50Cu < 250kPa ]
Vs C D 5 20m, Vs > 800m/s
EE
DD
CC
BB
AA
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
M5..55
TTBB
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.35
1.0
M5..55
SS TTCC
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
M5..55
0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
S e /
a g
A B C
D
E
> 5.5> 5.5
C-8
Vs,30=180-360m/s
NSPT=15-50
Cu=70-250kPa
EE
DD
/ ,
CC
BB
AA
0.050.100.100.050.05
M5..55
TTBB
1.61.81.5
1.351.0
M5..55
SS TTCC
0.250.300.250.250.25
M5..55
< 5.5< 5.5
0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
S e /
a g
A
B
C
D
E
C-8
SS11 1010mm (PI > 40%) (PI > 40%) ((, , VVs,30s,30 < 100m/s < 100m/s CCuu = 10 = 10 20kPa20kPa)) SS22 , , , , SS11
SS22
1998-1: &
-- SSveve(T(T) ) : :
: : aavgvg = 0.= 0.99SSaagRgR , ( > 5.5), ( > 5.5) = = = 0.05= 0.05sec, Tsec, TCC = 0.15sec, T= 0.15sec, TDD = 1.0sec= 1.0sec
-- : :
Sve/avg3
1
4 4 : : (.. ) (.. ): : : : (.. , ) (.. , )IV: IV: (.. , (.. ,
, ) , ) -- = 1.0= 1.0, ,
( : 10% ( : 10% 50 , . 475 ) 50 , . 475 )
-- -- : 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 1.4, : 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 1.4,
1998-1: &
q q H H --
O O qq 5% 5% ( ( : .. : .. -- ) )
1998-1: &
1998-1: & . . SSdd(T(T) ) : :
Sd/ag
2.5S/q
2S/3
: : aagg = = aagRgR , , S = S = = = q = q = (( 1)1) = =
( , =0.2)( , =0.2)
1998-1: & . . SSdd(T(T)), :, :
aavgvg = 0.9= 0.9aagg aagg ( > 5.5)( > 5.5) S = S = 11 , , , , SSdd q = q = ((= 1 = 1 1.5)1.5), ,
. . 2 2 SSdd(T(T))
. . ( ( > 1), > 1), ( ( 19981998--5)5)
. . . , . ,
&
&
&
&
Fou
rier
( )( )
1.3 - 3.2 NS1.0 - 2.8 W0.8 - 2.0
Z!!
SITE Site classification according to EC8 EC8 3D 2D SH
2D SV
CIVITA Isolated cliff 1.2 1.75 +46% 1.40 +17%
1.30 +8%
ALTINO Isolated cliff 1.2 1.30 +8% 1.22 +2%
1.22 +2%
MT. TITANO Ridge with crest
width significantly less then the base width and average slope angle > 30
1.4 1.58 +13% 1.18 -16%
1.32 -6%
CASTELLARO
Ridge with crest width significantly less then the base width and average slope angle < 30
1.2 1.25 +4% 1.09 -9%
1.28 +7%
Paolucci 2002
-
- i>30o
- i
: 1999
RICOMEX
Athanasopoulos et al.(2001)
Kallou et al.(2002)
30o40 m
Site 3Sites 1,2
Section b-bVs,30=370 490 m/sec
(NEHRP C)
Hotel DEKELIA
16o 14o35 m
Section a-aVs,30=380 m/sec
(NEHRP C)
< 300m
Gazetas et al.(2002)
a-a
b-b
1
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3(S
a)2-
D/(S
a)1-
D Section a-a
0.01 0.1 1PERIOD (sec)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
(Sa)
2-D
/(Sa)
1-D Section b-b
EC-8
-
b-b
1 1
a-a: 0.6 1.75
b-b: 0.9 2.75
() :
.
.
. ;
+
0.6 - 2.75
amax (& Sa)
- (, )
- -
incomingSV wave
incomingSV wave
incomingSV wave
PreflSVrefl
2i-90o
i
H Rayleighwave
incomingSV wave
Rayleighwave
:- : SV, SV P, Rayleigh. - . , , !- , .
SVSV
SVSV
SVSV
SVSV
RayleighRayleigh
RayleighRayleigh
A.2 A.2 SSTT = 1.0 = 1.0 i i 1) > 1) SSee(T(T))(ii) (ii) 22-- , , -- H H >> 30m30m
A.3 A.3 :: SSTT >> 1.0 1.0 SSTT = 1.0 = 1.0
&
&
&
&
1- 1-
, VS, VS HSHS
, Vb, Vb
abmax, Sab, Te
abmax, Sab, Te
agrmax, Sagr, Te
agrmax, Sagr, Te
1 80(step 1)
1 80(step 1)
HHss (m)(m)
100 800(step 10)
100 800(step 10)
VVs,30 s,30 ((m/sm/s))800 & 1200800 & 1200VVbb (m)(m)
4 8(step 1)
3 6(step 1)
nn
0.20 0.40 (step 0.10)
0.10 0.25 (step 0.05)
TTee (s)(s)
0.20 0.50 (step 0.10)
0.10 0.20(step 0.05)
aabbmaxmax (g)(g)MM > 5.5> 5.5MM < 5.5< 5.5
101066 ....
1- 1-
Reference:Reference: Bouckovalas, G.D. and Papadimitriou A.G. (2003) Multi-variable relations for soil effects on seismic ground motion, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 32(12), pp. 1867-1896
0.91
1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8
S
EC8Vb=800m/s
Vb=1200m/s
Average
A B C D E
EC 8 VS,30
EC 8 VS,30
A
B
CDE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Vs,3
0 (m
/sec
)
Vb=800m/s
A
B
CDE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Vs,3
0 (m
/sec
)
Vb=1200m/sVb=800 m/s Vb=1200 m/s
H (m) H (m)
V s,3
0(m
/s)
(M > 5.5)
-Vb
VS -Vb
VS
-
Vb
VS
30 m
VS,30Vb VS,30VS VS,30< VS
VS,30
VS ;
VS,30
VS ;
0.91
1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8
S
EC8Vb=800m/s
Vb=1200m/s
Average
A B C D E
A
B
CDE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Vs,e
l (m
/sec
)
Vb=800m/s
A
B
CDE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Vs,e
l (m
/sec
)
Vb=1200m/sVb=800 m/s Vb=1200 m/s
H (m) H (m)
V S(m
/s)
EC 8 VS
EC 8 VS
(M > 5.5)
0.91
1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8
S
EC8SuggestedVb=800m/s
Vb=1200m/s
Average
A1 B C D EA2
A1
A2
A2 B
CDE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Vs,e
l (m
/sec
)
Vb=800m/s
A1
A2
A2 B
CDE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Vs,e
l (m
/sec
)
Vb=1200m/s
H (m) H (m)
V S(m
/s)
Vb=800 m/s Vb=1200 m/s
VS
VS
(M > 5.5)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80H (m)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
V s (m
/s)
A2
D
B
EC
A1
A2
& (S)
0.5
1
1.5
2
S
EC-8G.B. et al
A1 B C D EA2
0.5
1
1.5
2
S
EC-8G.B. et al
A1 B C D EA2
M>5.5
M
. . . . . . ECEC--8 8 , : , : = (= (aagg))ECEC--88
, , 40% . . . .
1.20AEAK1.15AEAK1.00AEAK1.00AEAK0.85AEAK AAEC-8
1.40AEAK1.35AEAK1.15AEAK1.20AEAKAEAKAAEC-8
1.401.351.151.201.00SS
EEDDCCBBAA
. . . . . . ECEC--88 .. , .. , VS, 30 . . . ! VS ( ) ( A & B EC-8) (S) .... ( )1-
& (.. Telastic > 1.0 1.5 s)
2-0.5 0 0.50
1
Ah
=a
h/a
h, f
f
(-) (+)distance, x(km)
B
1.1
0
0
Ah,max
0
0.5
1
Av
=a
v/a
h,f
f
-0.5 0 0.5
(-) (+)distance, x(km)
B
0 .1
0
0
A v,m ax
Bouckovalas & Papadimitriou (2005)
Dh
Dv
4 :90 -
i, /, ,
:
ShT SvT
0.3Dv0.2Dh
:
( ) ( ) ( )NIHhA AhJAhHAhGAhF
+=1max, ( ) ( ) ( )NIHvA AvJAvHAvGAvF
=max,
4 : i, /, ,
( ) ( ) ( )NIH
DhJDhHDhGDhF
=/HhD ( ) ( ) ( )NIH
DvJDvHDvGDvF
=/HvD
Bouckovalas & Papadimitriou (2005)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 /
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
F(H
/)
0 30 60 90(o )
0
1
2
3
4
G(i
)
0 5 10 15 20 (%)
0
1
2
3
H()
0 4 8 12
0
1
2
3
J(N
)
FAh
FAv
FDh = FDvGAv
GAh
GDh = GDv
HAv
HAh
HDv
HDh
JAh JAv
JDh
JDv
i
ASSMAKI ET AL (2005) (1999)
(. str
. . . . . . ECEC--88 ( ), ( ), ! 2 SvT ! S S , , -! S S = 1 1.4 -! , , ,
P ( ) // +
S ( ) __ SV ( .)SH ( )
Rayleigh P SV
Love SH
VS(m/s) = [ Go(kPa) / (t/m3) ]0.5 (S) Vs(m/s) < 100 150- 100 200 200 300 250 350 400 (.. ) 550 800 > 1200
VP = VS [ 2(1-v) / (1-2v) ]0.5 (P) v = Poisson (.. 0.33) ( v=0.5, VP VP = 1525m/s,
P )
Go : e
VR 0.94VS Rayleigh (R)
(Kramer 1996)
( )
( P)
( P)
( SH)
( )
3-
Crosshole
( 2002)
: +- , - & SPT
,
Vs & Vp Cross-hole
tP = 10.1mstS = 35.5ms
X = 6m
Vp = x / tp = 6m/10.1ms = 594m/s
Vs = x / ts = 6m/35.5ms = 169m/s
Downhole
( 2002)
:
( Snell)
Crosshole
: Uphole:
(Seismo-cone)
( 2002)
Downhole 3- CPT
- (Spectral Analysis Surface Waves)
( 2002, Kramer 1996)
S ()2 x & 2x S,
- Fourier- (f) f- , f, : t(f) = (f)/2f- : VR(f) = x/t(f)
R(f) = VR(f)/f
- x- - (trial-and-error) VR-z VR R
VR
!!
( ) ( ) M . ., . . (2005), " . . ", , ..., 25(1), 9 - 22, -
M . ., . . (2005), " . . ", , ..., 25(1), 23 - 36, -
. ., A. ., ., ., E., I. (2006), " ", , 5 , ,
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