The Entomologist - Forgotten Books

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH , F .E .S .

WITH THE ASSI STANCE OF

ROBERT ADKIN , F .E .S . C . J . GAHAN , M .A . , F .E .S .

H . ROWLAND-BROWN , W . J . LUCAS , B .A F .E .S .

W. LUCAS DISTANT , F .E .S &C . CLAUDE MORLEY ,F .E .S F .Z .S .

F . W. FROHAWK , DR . D. SHARP , F .R.S &c .

By mutual confidence and mu tua l aidGreat deeds are done and great d iscoveries made .

VOLUME THE FORTY-SEVENTH .

5 1 9 H t

LO N D O N

WEST , NEWMAN CC . , 54 , HATTON GARDEN

SIMPK IN , MARSHALL , HAMILTON , KENT CC . , LIMITED.

1 9 1 4 .

“LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .

ANDERSON , J . , 30 1

ARKLE , J . , 206 226

AUSTEN , E . E 70BAKER , H. W . , 324BARRETT , C . G. , 277BARRETT , J . PLATT , 1 32 , 1 52 , 226BETHUNE -BAKER ,G 39BOLAM , GEORGE , 7 1 25 1BOYD , A . W. , M .A 1 1 2 , 1 35

BRACREN , C . W . B A . , F .E .S 9 6, 1 31BRINDLEY , H. H 65BROOK , S . E 1 05BROWN , F . , 277BUCKHURST , A . S . , 225BURRAS , A . L 277BUSS , A . ,40BUXTON , P . A 206

CAMPION , F . W 63

CAMPION , H . , 63

CARR , J . W M.A F .G.S .

CARR , L . A . , 205

CHADWICK , L 1 52

CHAPMAN , T . A . M .D. , 21 8

CHARLES , S . A 1 06

CLUTTERBUCK , C . GRANVILLE , F .E .S 40,1 06

COCKERELL , Prof . T . D. A . , 32 , 1 1 4 , 1 31 ,1 42 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 7 , 2 1 3 , 242 , 305

CONEY , B . A . 1 05

CORBE T , A . S 1 5 1

DAVID , E . U . , 39

DAWS , W . , 224

DISTANT , W . L . , 87

DOLTON , H . L . ,40, 204

EDELSTEN , H M 7 1

EXETER , A . J 4 1

FELT , E . P. , 86

FROEw , F .W 1 79 ,2 1 2 , 301

FRYER , J . C . F M.A 300

GARAN , C . J M .A. , F .E .S 1 60, 1 88

GIBBS , A . E 54

GIRAULT , A . A . , 53 , 68 , 1 9 7GOOD , R . D . , 300

GURNEY , GERARD H 1 47 , 1 73,278 , 301

HAINES , F . H M .R.C .S1 29 1 46, 224

HAMER , S . H 1 5 1

HARDING , M . J 277

V,HARRISON , J . W . H. ,

B .Sc . , 9 2

~_HICKS , JOHN B . , 39 , 72 , 207

2 HODGE , HAROLD , 39 , 252, 279 , 325A . W . , 325

HUNT , H . E . , 1 04

HUNTER , R. L . , 204

JACKSON , F . W . J 300

JEDDERE-FISHER , H . C 277KELSALI., Th e Rev . J . E 40

KERSHAW , G . BERTRAM , 38LEES , A . H. , 225

LOWE , Rev . F . E . , M .A 1 4 , 60

LUCAS , W. J . , B .A . , 77 , 9 7 , 1 1 2 ,

LUVONI , A . B . , 9 9

LYLE , G. T . , 73 , 1 05 , 1 1 9 , 257 ,287

MACMILLAN , W . W 1 3 1

MANSBRIDGE , W 48 , 72 , 1 09 , 1 36 , 1 83 ,208 , 328

MATHEW , G. F F .L S

MELDOLA , Prof .R. , D.Sc .,LL .D. , F .R .S ,

&c . , 225

MELLOWS , C . , 1 31 , 1 80

METCALFE , Rev . JOHN W F .E .S244

MORGAN , D. , 206 , 301

MORLEY , CLAUDE , 23,37 ,

1 37 , 1 70, 1 84 ,2 1 5 , 225

MORTON , KENNETH J 1 , 49 , 209

NEAVE , B . W . , 1 81

NEVINSON ,E . B . , 29 9

OLDAKER , Rev . F . A. , M.A. , F .E .S276

OLIVER , G. B . , 325PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE , A . W . , 206PLUM , H . V . , 1 52PRIDEAUX , R . M . , F .E S . 228 , 253 , 303

RAMSEY , L . N . G . , M .A B .Sc . , 20

REID , P . C . , 39 , 274, 277

RENSHAW , G . B . , 29 9

RICHARDS , PERCY , 205RILEY , NORMAN D. F .E .S 48

RIPPON , C F .E .S 25 1

ROBERTSON , Major R B . , 1 06

ROBINSON A 253

ROTHSCHILD , Th e Hon . N . C . , M A

F .L .S &c . , 7

ROUTLEDGE , GEORGE B F E S . , 225

ROWLAND-BROWN ,H .

, M .A 8,

ST . JOHN , W . S . A . , 324 , 326

SALE , G. H . , 7 1 , 1 07

SHARP , E . P. , 1 06

SHELDON , W . G. , 82 , 1 41 , 1 52 ,224, 233 , 269 , 29 3 , 3 1 5

SMITH , R . S . , 324

SOUTH , RICHARD , 1 06 , 1 36 , 1 80,

255 , 280, 324

SPILLER , A . J 25 1

STIFF , Rev . T . A . 323 , 324

STOWELL , E N C 38 , 39

STUDD , E . F 1 8 1

TAYLOR , W . R . , 1 80

THEOBALD , F . V M.A &c . ,

28 , 36 , 1 00

THURNALL , A . , 31 3

TURNER , H. J . , 47 , 1 09 , 1 35 , 1 59 , 1 82 ,208 , 229 , 280, 303 , 327

TYERMAN , W . A . , 40

WARD , J. D. 40

WHALL , C .W 1 06

INDEX .

WHEELER,Rev G . ,M.A

WE ICHER , S 25 1

WHITTINGHAM , Rev . W.

WILEMAN , A . E . F . .E S . , 1 61 , 201 , 21 9 ,

266 , 29 0, 31 8

WILLIAM , B . S . 1 81

WILLIAMS , 0 . B B .A F.E . WS 5 1 , 247 ,

249 , 262

WILLIAMS , H. B .,328

WILLIAMS , J . W . , 252

WINSTON , ST . A . ST . JM 326

PLATES .

IMeteom s a lbid ztarsis , M . m

gm, M . foagilcs and cocoons of 1Six Species of Meteorus

II .—Symp etrum striola tum

PAGEto fa ce

III.-Erebia liyea , var . a dyte, Eh . , transition to typical tigea , L .

Wicken Fen as it is .

1 . Reed bed nearWicken Village Showing Jungle growth2 . A “ Load ” in the Fen

V .—Hemerobiid Wings

VI . ( Macrocentrus margina tor, Z ele infuma tor , Z . d iscolov ,Z . testacea tov, and cocoons of four Spec ies

VII .-At Le Lauteret . A Haunt o f P . thcrsz

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT .

Symp etrum striola tum (lateral thoracic markings)Th ree figures illustrating oviposition of RhyssaRectina sus buxtom

, Sp . nov .

F ordu rotunda , sp . nov .Tyrbu la scudderi

Metanoea. chapmcmi"éApex of abdomen fromabove

Chirothrip sfronta lis , Sp . nov .Forficu la. auricularia

Asca lap hus coccajus. Papa -skin

Argynm’

s selene, aberrationArctia v illica , aberrationD iestranwnena ma rmo : a ta , femalePsep henoid es immsi Sp . nov .Ka kothrips robustus

Podagrion pa chymerum

Head and prothorax

I N D E X .

GENERAL .

Aberrations of Argynnis selene and

Arctia V i llica , 1 1 3

Acronyc ta menyanth idis emerging in

Novemb er , 40Acronycta strigosa . &c . , in Cambridgeshire , 3 1 3

Aphididae , Additions to th e list ofKent ,1 00

Araschnia levana in Herefordshire , 325Arctiadae, Newspecies of, fromFormosa ,1 6 1

A tlantic forms of Sympetrum striola

tum , Some remarks on , 6 1

Bee resembling a Wasp , A , 1 42Bees , Austra lian Halic tine , 242Bees , Australian , of th e Genus Euryglossa , 2 1 3Bees , NewAustralian ,

1 9 7Bees , Newand little known , 1 1 4Bees , Some Tasmani an , 305

Bracon idae , British , Contribution to our

knowledge of, 73, 1 1 9 , 257 , 287Butterfly collec ting in Sicily and Calabria in 1 9 1 2 and 1 9 1 3 , 1 32 , 1 52

Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Uhexplored France , A , 8 , 5 5 , 87 , 1 26

Butterflies ofDerbyshire , 324Butterfli es of Venice and Neighbourh ood , 206

Butterflies, Russian , An Expedition insearch of, 233 , 269 , 29 3 , 31 5

Cerura b ifida in August , 277Chalcid Para site of Mantis eggs, Podagrion pachymerum , Notes on , 262

Cicada , Description of a new, from W .

Africa , 87Coleoptera , Eggs of Prionus coriarius ,252 ; of Norfolk , 1 80 ; of th e FamilyPseph enidse , a newGenus of, 1 88

Cordulegaster annulatus in th e NymphS tage , 325

Courtship ofGomphocerusmaculatus a t

Cra igton (Linlithgowshire) , Notes on ,

Crambi , A successful hunt for some ofour local , 244

Cyaniris argiolus in S . E . Sussex,

Abundance of, 276

Formaldehyde useful in setting insects,

Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant , Colorado , Th e , 32

Garden Notes , 2 1 5Geometridse , NewFormosa , 201 , 290

Grasshoppers, Tropical , in England , 1 31Gynandromorphous bred specimens of

Ca topsilia (Callidryas) crocale , 204Gynandrous P . icarus , 277

Species of, from

Hemiptera of Norfolk , 1 80

Hesperiids ,European , Notes on , 1 41 , 1 77

Hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta , 1 5 1 ,

1 81 ; of the larvae ofLycaena argiades ,1 7 9

Dauph iny , Threeweeks in , 28 1 , 308

Delamere Forest , A day in , 226

Dermatobia in Guatemala , 1 31Do h ouseflies hyb ernate 69

Dragonflies bred in 1 9 1 3 , 39 ; in 1 9 1 4,278

Dragonfly at Sea , A , 39 , 72

Dragonfly season of 1 9 1 3 , Notes on

th e , 63

Earlier stages of Colias hecla , Th e , 82

Early pupa tion ofLasiocampa quercus ,324.

Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Coleoptera) ,252

Emergence Acronycta menyanth idisin Novemb er , 40 of Conchylis gigan

tana ( alternana ) , 29 7 Early, of

Smerinth us ocellatus x Amorphapopuli (hybridus) , 25 1 ; Re tarded , ofPararge egeria , 1 06 , 1 3 1 ; of Saturniapavonia (carpini) , Delayed , 1 04ntomological jottings from Chichester ,301

Entomological trip to Corsica , An

account of an , 1 47 , 1 73

Entomology ofHelianthus, Th e, 1 9 1Buchloe cardamines, Appearance of,225 ; Early appearance of, 206 ; Twoyears in pupa , 1 8 1

Eurois occulta in Essex, 323

vi INDEX .

Hymenoptera , Dorse t , 1 29 ; submittedfor de termina tion , 225

Insec ts , Continental, of various orders

taken by Dr . Chapman in 1 9 1 3, 9 7

Larva of Thecla spini , Description of a

fu ll fed , 1 52Larvae of Acherontia atropos near Norwich , 277Larvae ofZygwna exulans ,Notes on the ,1 80

Late appearances of A c ida lia emutariaand

oxocampa pastinum in Lincolnshire , 324

Lepidoptera of La Sainte Baume ,S . France , Some notes on th e , 1 4 , 60

Life His tories ofHesperia tessellum and

H . crib rellum , 7

LOCALITIESAfrica , W . , 87 A lgeria , 28 ; Alp s ,

Basses , 1 80 ; America , C . , 54 ; Ame

rica , S . , 5 1 Ashby-de-la -Zouch , 277 ;Australia , 1 9 7 , Australia , N . ,

1 9 7 ; Berkshire , 204 ; Ca labria , 1 32 ,1 52 Cambridgeshire , 3 1 3 Ch i

chester, 301 ; Colorado (Florissant) ,32 Cornwall , 224 ; Corsica , 1 47 ,1 73 , 224 Cumberland , N 225 ;Derbyshire , 324 Devon , 323 ; Dorsetshire , 1 29 , 1 46, 300 ; Dovedale , 39 ,1 06 Eastbourne , 1 06 EppingForest , 1 04 ; Essex, 4 1 , 323 ; Felixstowe , 301 ; Formosa , 1 6 1 , 201 , 2 1 9 ,266, 29 0, 3 1 9 Forest ofDean , 325

France , 8 , 49 . 5 5 , 87 , 1 26 ; France

(La Sainte Baume) , 1 4 France

(Vercors , DrOme) , 1 3 ; France (Villarsde Lans , Isere ) , 1 3 ; Glamorganshire,39 ; Glouc estershire , 40, 1 05 . 1 06 ;Guatemala , 1 3 1 ; Hants , 39 , 40, 277 ;Herefordshire , 325 ; Kent , 40, 1 00,205 , 224 , 301 ; Lancs , 40 ; Lincoln

shire , 324 ; Linlithgowshire (Craigton) , 1 04 London , N .W 204

Middlesex, 41 Norfolk , 277 , 324Norwich , 277 ; No ttinghamshire , 63,9 5 , 223 ; Queensland , 53 Russia ,233 , 269 , 29 3 ; Salcombe , 70 ; Samoa ,36 ; Shetland , 274 ; Sicily , 1 32 , 1 52 ;Skye , Isle of, 1 06 ; Sussex , S .E . , 276 ;Veni ce , 206 Wicken Fen , 1 5 1 , 2 1 8 ,252 , 29 8 , 29 9 ; Worcestershire , 25 1

Lycaenidae, Th e Sleeping attitude of, 2 1 2

Melanie female of Biston hirtaria , 1 80Metamorphosis of Phasgoneura virid issima , Notes on th e , 9 9

Midd lesex Lepidoptera in 1 9 1 4 , Abundance of, 301

Mildness of th e past season, Note illustrating, 38

Monograph of th e Genus Acroricnus ,A , 1 70 ; Joppidium (Walsh) , A , 1 37 ;Osprhynch otus (Spinola ) , A , 23

Pairing ofMoths , Unusual , 38Poecilopsis (Harrison) , The Genus,9 2

Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum) ,A bundance of, 205 , 225Prolonged pupal duration in Eriogasterlanestris , 1 52

Psocidae ofNottinghamshire, The, 9 5

Rearing Dasypolia templi, Note on , 38

RECENT LITERATUREAnnals of Tropical Medicine and

Parasitology , 1 1 2Catalogue of th e Lepidoptera Ph a

laenae in th e British Museum, vol .xiii. , by Sir G . F . Hampson , Bt . ,

Common British Beetles , by Rev . C .

A . Hall , 231

Common British Moths, by A. M .

Stewart , 48Contribution towards a Monograph ofth e Homopterous Insects of the

Family Delphacidae of North and

South America , vol xlv1 1 . , 232Descriptions of twenty-three NewGenera and thirty-one NewSpec iesof Ichneumon Flies , by H. L .

Viereck , 232Etudes deLépidoptérologie Comparée ,Fasc . ix . Ire et 26 Parties , 304

Mosquito from Samoa , A new, 36Moths captured by l ight trap , 227 , 253 ,

Moths casually passing more than a

year in th e pupa l sta te , 7 1Myrmecophilous Aphides fi om A lgeria ,Two new, 28

Neuroptera , British in 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 0 ; Continental , 203 ; of Nottinghamshire ,The , 66

NewCentral American Syntomidse , 54

NewGenus ofMiscogasteridse (HymenOptera Chalcidoidea ) , 68

NewSpecies of Ch iroth rips (Thysanoptera) from S . America , A , 5 1

NewSpecies of Eurytoma from Queensland which lives in the stems of

Eucalyptus , A , 53

Newspec ies of Metanoea from France ,

A , 49

Noc tuidae, NewSpecies of, from For

mosa , 1 61 2 1 9 , 226 , 3 1 9

OBITUARYB loomfield , Rev . E . N . , 1 84

Corbin , George , Bentley , 1 60Dobson , H . T . , 256

Warren , William , 303

Odonata , 9 6

Odonata , Continental , 203Odonata , British , in 1 9 1 3 , 77Orthoptera , British , in 1 9 1 3 , 1 43Oviposition ofRhyssa , Note on the , 20

INDEX .

Hymenoptera , Superfamilies Apoideaand Chalcidoidea , of th e Ya le

Dominican Expedition , by J . C .

Crawford , 256Memoi rs of the Queensland Museum ,

1 36 , 208

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cru z ,vols . 5—6 , 280

Monograph Of th e Jumping Lice or

Psyllidse of th e NewWorld , by D .

L . Crawford , 255Names applied to th e North AmericanBees of th e Genera Li th urgus ,Anthidium , and A llies , by T . D. A .

Cockerell , 256

NewGenera and Species of MicroLepidoptera from Panama , by A .

Busck , 256

New Hymenoptera from NorthAmeri ca , by A . B . Gahan , 256

NewSpecies of Noc tuid Moths fromTropica l America , by W. Schaus ,232

North American Springta ils of th e

Subfamily Tomocerinaa, by J . W .

Folsum , 232

Pond Problems , by E . E . Unwin ,

M .sc . , 255

Proceedings of th e South LondonEntomological and NaturalHistorySociety for 1 9 1 3—1 4 , 232Proceedings of th e United States

NationalMuseum , vol s .232

Revision of th e Ichneumonidae , Based

on th e Collect i on in th e BritishMuseum ,with descriptions ofNewGenera and Species , 230

Studies on th e Mecoptera of Japan ,

by T . M iyake , 229Th e Forty-third Annual Report of th eEn tomological Society of Ontario

for 1 9 1 2 , 1 1 2

Th e Journal of th e Board of Agriculture of British Guiana , vol . vn .

Th e Life of th eFly , by J .H. Fabre , 1 59Th e Life Of th e Spider , by J .H . Fabre,1 59

Th e Noctuid Moths of th e Genera

Palindia and Dyomyx , by H . Dyar,256

Thysanoptera , Kakothrips , n . gen . ,A

Division of th e Genus Frankliniella

Wa sps active in December. 39

Wicken Fen , Its Conservation for

Entomology , 1 85

Xanth orhoe ga llata var . uniloba ta in

Devon , 323

Transac tions of th e C ity of LondonEntomologica l and Na tura l HistorySociety for 1 9 1 1 , 1 9 1 2 and 1 9 1 3 , 48 ,23 1

Type Species of th e Genera of Ich

neumon Flies , by H . L . Viereck, 23 1Reversion of Arctic Ereb ia 34

Rhopa locera taken and observed atV i llars de Lans (Isere) , and in th eVercors (DrOme ) , List of, 1 3

Scelionid Parasite ofLocust’s Eggs fromth e Northern Territory of Australia ,A new, 1 9 7

SOCIETIESDerbyshire Entomological , 1 36Entomologica l Of London , 43, 1 07 ,1 56 , 1 8 1

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo

gical , 47 , 72 , 1 09 , 1 35 , 1 82 ,London Na tural History , 327Manchester Entomological , 1 09 , 1 35Sou th London Entomologi cal , 45 , 1 08 ,1 34 , 1 58 , 1 82 , 279 , 303 , 326

Sphinx convolvuli in Norfolk , 324

S tomoxys a t a h igh altitude , 1 3 1Synph erob ius (Hemerob ius ) , Notes on

th e British Species of, 209Synonymy ofIchneumon ob literatus and

I . b arb ifrons , 37

VARIErrEs z

Agriades corydon , 1 80

Chrysophanus ph lseas , 277Gonodontis bidentata , 1 32Lycaena corydon , 25 1 ; icarus , 25 1

Pyra li s costalis , 1 31Zygaena transalpina , 205Verrall Supper , ” Th e , 7 1Viviparous B ri t i sh Beetle , Phytodectavimina lis , 249

S PE C IA L I NDE X .

NewGenera , Sp ecies , S ub-Sp ecies , and Varieties are marked wi th an asterisk.

Acerentemon , 1 57

PROTURA.

Acerentulus, 1 82

Order ZORAPTERA, p . 1 57 .

Order I . COLLEMBOLA, p . 1 34.

Order VII . ORTHOPTERA .

Agath emera , 32

Anabrus, 32auricularia (Forficula) , 65auricularia , var. forcipata (Forficula) ,66

bicolor (Stauroderus) , 1 44b ipuncta tus (Tetrix) , 1 44brachyptera (Metriop tera ) , 1 44Capnobotes , 32

carolina (Stagomantis) , 265cinereus (Th amnotriz on) , 1 43*costalis (Lith oph otina ) , 34falca ta (Ph aneroptera ) , 1 31fioccosa (Li th ophotina ) , 34gigantea (Forficu la ) , 300gri seO

-aptera (Ph olidoptera ) , 1 43 , 1 44grossus (Mecostethus) , 1 43 , 1 44Gryllacris , 32

Ischnoptera , 32

Lab iduromma , 32

lineatus (Stenobothrus) , 1 44Lithymnetes , 32maculatus (Gomph ocerus) , 1 43,1 44

marmorata (Diestrammena) , 1 44 , 1 45minor (Labia) , 1 44multispinosa (Tyrbula) , 33 , 34Orch elium , 32

Paleeorchnia , 32

para llelus (Ch orth ippus) , 1 43 , 1 44Photina , 34

ph ymateus (E grotera) , 229puncta tissimus (Leptophyes) , 1 44

quadripuncta ta (Phaneroptera) , 1 31religiosa (Man tis) , 262 , 263 , 265

rufipes (Omocestus) , 9 8 , 1 44rufus (Gomph ocerus) , 1 44*Scudderi (Tyrbula) , 33Stan man tis , 34

sylvestris (Nemob ius) , 1 44Tamiopod i tes , 32texana (Stirapleura) , 33Tyrb ula , 33

Viridissima (Ph asgonura) , 9 9 , 1 43, 301viridulus (Omocestus) , 1 43 , 1 44vulgaris (Gryllotalpa) , 229Zetob ora , 32

Order VIII . PLECOPTERA .

cinerea (Nemoura ) , 9 7inconspicua (Nemours ) , 9 8lateralis (Nemours ) , 9 8

marginata (Nemoura) 9 7variegata (Nemout a) , 9 8

Order IX . PSOCOPTERA.

ab ietis (Elipsocus) , 9 5b ifasciata (Amph igerontia) , 9 5briggsi (Ec topsocus) , 9 6

b urmeisteri (Ceecilius) , 9 6cruciatus (Graph Opsocus) , 9 5cyanops (Elipsocus) , 9 5

INDEX .

divinatorius (Troctes) , 9 6fasciata (Amph igerontia) , 9 5fla vidus (Caec ilius) , 9 6flaviceps (Ph ilotarsus) , 9 5guestfa licus (Hyperetes) , 9 6immacula tus (S tenopsocus) , 9 5

longicornis (Psocus ) , 9nebulosus (Psocus) , 9 5pedicularia (Pterodela ) , 9 6unipunc tatus (Mesopsocus) , 9 5variegata (Amph igeron tia ) , 9 5westwoodi (Elipsocus) , 9 5

Order X . ISOPTERA.

lucifugus (Leucotermes) , 30

Order XIII . ODONATA. [ z PARANEUROPTERA ]

senea (Cordulia) , 39 , 77 , 9 8annulatus (Cordulegaster) , 39 , 64 , 78 , 79 ,204 , 278 , 325

b runneum (Orth etrum) , 9 8caerulescens (O rthetrum) , 63 , 78 , 9 6, 203

cancella tum (Orth etrum) , 78 , 9 6cyanea (ZEschna) , 79cyath igerum (Enallagma ) , 64 , 77 , 78 , 9 8 ,278

depressa (Libellula) , 64, 78 , 203du b ia (Leucorrh inia ) , 78 , 226elegans (Ischnura) , 39 , 64 , 77 , 78 ,elegans , v ar. rufescens (Ischnura) , 78eph ippiger (Hemianax) , 79fonscolomb ii (Sympetrum) , 78 , 79fulva (Libellula) , 64grandi s (E schna ) , 39 , 79 , 278

h aemorrhoida lis (Calop teryx) , 204h afniense (Brachytron) , 64h astula tum (Agrion ) , 78imperator (Anax) , 78 , 79isosceles (ZEschna ) , 79 , 9 8

juncea (ZEschna) , 7 9 , 9 8 , 226mercuriale (Agrion) , 78 , 79 , 204meridionale (Sympetrum) , 9 6meta llica (Somatoch lora) , 63mixta ( lEsch na ) , 79naias (Erythromma) , 39 , 64, 78 , 278

Order XIV . THYSANOPTERA.

cephalica (Frankliniella) , 248Ch iro th rips , 5 1

crassus (Ch irothrips) , 52floridensis (Frankliniella) , 248Frankliniella , 5 1 , 247 , 248*frontalis (Ch iroth rips) , 5 1 , 52fusca (Frankliniella ) , 248gosyp i i (Frankl iniella ) , 248h amatus (Ch iroth rips) , 52h elianth i (Franklin iella ) , 248insularis (Frankliniella ) , 248intonsa ( =vulgatissimus) (Franklini

ella) , 248Kakoth rips , 247 , 248

man icatus (Ch iroth rips) , 53melanomma ta (Frankliniella) , 248mexicana (Ch iroth rips) , 53minuta (Frankliniella) , 248

nervosus (Frankliniella ) , 248nob ilis (Megath rips) , 248Ob esus (Ch iroth rips) , 52occidentalis (Frankliniella) , 248Physopus , 248

Physoth rips , 5 1

p isivora (Thrips) , 247robusta (Euth rips) , 247robusta (Frankliniella) , 247 , 248robusta (Physopus) , 247robustus (Kakoth rips) , 248runneri (Frankliniella) , 248similis (Ch iroth rips) , 53stylosa (Frankliniella ) , 248sulphurea (Frankliniella ) , 248tenuicorn is (Frankliniella) , 248Thrips , 5 1tritici (Franklin iella ) , 1 9 6 , 248

nymphula (Pyrrhosoma) , 39 , 63 , 64 , 77 ,78 , 9 8 , 204 , 2 1 8 , 278

pennipes (Platycnemis) , 63 , 78 ,204

pratense (Brachytron) , 278puella (Agrion) , 63 , 6 4 , 77 , 78 , 2 1 8 , 278pulchellum (Agri on) , 64pumilio (Ischnura ) , 78 , 79quadrimacu lata (Libellula ) , 39 , 64, 77 ,9 8 , 278

ruficollis (Libellula) , 1scoticum (Sympetrum ) , 2 , 72 , 79splendens (Calop teryx) , 64 , 203Sponsa (Lestes) , 78 , 278striolatum (Sympet rum) , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 ,39 , 64 , 78 , 7 9 , 80, 8 1 , 9 6 , 278

striola tum, var . nigrescens (Sympetrum) , 2

striolatum , v ar. n igrifemur ( Sym

petrum) , 1 , 2 , 3 , 7tenellum (Pyrrh osoma) , 6 3, 78tenellum , var.melanotum (Pyrrh osoma )78

uncatus (Onychogomph us) , 203Virgo (Calop teryx) , 39 , 63, 64 , 78 , 79 ,

vulga tissimus (Gomphus) , 39 , 78vulgatum (Sympetrum) , 3 , 81 , 9 6 , 9 8

INDEX .

Order XV .

af‘finis (Scoloposteth us) , 1 46agilis (Eulach nus) , 1 03agi lis (Pachnus) , 1 03agilis (S tenoceph alus) , 1 46alb omargina tus (Gnathoconus) , 1 46amb iguus (Psallus) , 1 47ambrosias (Maerosiph um) , 1 9 6angustulu s (Isch nocoris) , 1 46ap teru s (Ha lticus) . 1 47aquilegias (Maerosiph um) , 1 02a rb ustorum (Plagiogna th us) , 1 47arund inis (Maerosiph um) , 1 02ater (Rh opalotomus) , 1 47b eccabungae (Aphis) , 1 02h etse (Maerosiph um ) , 1 01b etulse (Vacuna) , 1 03b etu le ti (Psallus) , 1 47bidens (Picromerus) , 1 46b identa ta (Pygolampis) , 207b inota tu s (Steno tus) , 1 47b ipunctatus (Calocoris) , 1 47bumelias (Brysocrypta) , 1 03*buxtoni (Rectinasus) , 29calcara tus (Miris) , 1 47campestris (Lyc tocoris) , 1 47cerv inus (Lygus) , 1 47chiragra (Rh yparoch romus) , 1 46cincta (Salda ) , 1 47c inerea (Nepa ) , 1 47c itri (Pseudococcus) , 207claviculus (Cymus) , 1 46cocksi (Salda ) , 1 47coerulea (Zicrona) , 1 46contrac tus (Notoch ilus) , 1 46coriaceus (Ch a itoph oru s) , 1 03corticalis (Chermes) , 1 82coryli (Phyla s) , 1 47cratsegarium (Maerosiph um) , 1 02currens (Velia ) , 1 46decoratus (ScOIOpostethus) , 1 46den ticula tus (Coreus) , 1 46depressus (Aradus) , 1 46diplantereaa (Macrosiphum) , 1 02dolobrata (Leptop terna ) , 1 47duffieldii (Maerosiph um) , 1 01dumosa (Jalla ) , 1 58elegantula (Microphysa ) , 1 47ericetorum (Nabis) , 1 46ericetorum (Orth otylus) , 1 47fagi (Phyllaph is) , 229falleni i (Psallus) , 1 47ferruga ta (Leptopterna) , 1 47flavomarginatus (Nabis) , 1 46flav onota tus (Cyl locoris) , 1 47foeniculi (Siph ocoryne) . 1 03fraxini (Phyllops is) , 229fraxini cola (Ph yllopsis) , 229gal i i ( Aphis) , 1 02geminatu s (Ischnorhynch us) , 1 46geoffroyi (Corixa) , 1 47gibb ifera (Gerris) , 2 1 8gigantea (Musoda ) , 87

HEMIPTERA .

glandicolor (Cymus) , 1 46glauca (Notonecta) , 1 47gossyp i i (Aphis) , 1 02goth icu s (Lopu s) , 1 47gramin is (Maerosiph um) , 1 01

griseus (Elasmos teth u s) , 1 46h aemorrhoida le (Acanthosoma ) , 1 46h elianth i (Aphis) , 1 9 6h ieroglyph ica (Corixa) , 1 47h istrion i cus (Cyllocoris) , 1 47h olsatus (Miris) , 1 47h umuli (Monanth ia) , 1 46infusus (Calocoris) , 1 47interstinc tum (Acan thosoma) , 1 46inu lse (Ph orodon) , 1 03inunc ta (Podop s) , 1 46juniperi (Lach nu s) , 1 03ka lni i (Lygus) , 1 47laata (Seren th ia ) , 1 46laeviga tus (Miris) , 1 47lanarius (Capsu s) , 2 1 6lanternaria (Fu lgoria ) , 1 82la tiventris (Nab is) , 1 46limb atus (Nabis) , 1 46linea tu s (Nysius) , 1 46lineolatus (Calcoris) , 1 47littoralis (Salda) , 1 47lituratus (Piez odorus) , 1 46locu stris (Gerris) , 1 46longipenn i s (Maerosiph um) , 1 02lon icerw(Rh opalosiph um) , 1 03loti (Maerosiph um) , 1 01luc tuosus (Schira s) , 1 46macula tus (Coriz us) , 1 46masrkeli (Pi th anus) , 1 47maesta (Corixa) , 1 47major (Nabis) , 1 46malvee (Maerosiph um) , 1 01margina tus (Syromastes) , 1 46melanoceph alus (Hyalopterus) , 1 03melanoceph a lus (Ph ylus) , 1 47meriOptera (Hetero toma ) , 1 47micropterum (Macrodema ) , 1 46minu ta (Triph leps) , 1 47nasturti i (Aphis) , 1 02nemora lis (Anth ocoris) , 1 47nemorum (Anth ocoris) , 1 47nymph aete (Rh opalosiphum) , 1 04och romelas (Ca locoris) , 1 47och rotrichus (Orthotylus) , 1 47padi (Aphis) , 1 02pa lliceps (Phylus) , 1 47pastinacee (Lygu s) , 1 47pastinaceaa (Siphocoryne) , 1 03paykulli (Macrotylu s) , 1 47pedestris (S tygnus) , 1 46petasitidis (Aphis) , 1 02pieces (Lachnus) , 1 04piceus (Drymus

pilosella (Salda) , 1 47p ini (Aph anus ) , 1 46polygoni (Aphis) , 1 02

INDEX .X 1

populus (ChaitOphorus) , 1 03prsetextatus (Rhyparoch romus) , 1 46prasina (Pa lomena ) , 1 46

punc tatus (Rhacogna th us) , 1 46pyri (Myz u s) , 1 02quercus (Psallus) , 1 47rad i cis (Trama) , 1 04*Rectinasus , 28

ranunculi (Aphis) , 1 02reuteri (Phytocoris) , 1 47rosarum (Myz us) , 1 02roseo-macu la tus (Calocoris ) , 1 47roseus (Psallus) , 1 47rotunda (Forda ) , 30rub iellum (Maerosiphum) , 1 01rufipes (Pentatoma ) , 1 46

rugosus (Nabis) , 1 46sah lb ergi (Corixa ) , 1 47salic is (Melanoxanth erium) , 1 04saltatori a (Salda ) , 1 47scapha (EnOp lops) , 1 46scarab aeoides (Th yreocoris) , 1 46Signata (Lachnus) , 1 03Sileneum (Macros 1phum) , 1 02

Order XVI . NEUROPTERA.

a lba (Ch rysoph a) , 67a leyrodiformi s (Semidalis) 67angulatus (Micromus) , 67arakave (Panorpa) , 230Ascalaphus , 279 , 303atrifrons (Hemerobiu s) , 68 , 209Aulops , 229

b aeticu s (Ascalaphus) , 204B i ttacus , 229 , 230

Boreus , 229Boriomyia , 209

capitata (Noth ochrysa) , 68coccajus (Ascalaphus) , 9 7 , 9 8cognata (Panorpa ) , 43 , 68 , 1 79 , 1 9 1communi s (Panorpa) , 68 , 1 9 1 , 229concinnus (Hemerobius) , 1 9 0, 209Coniopteryx , 1 34

conspersus (Symph erob ius) , 21 2elegans (Hemerobius) , 67 , 200, 2 1 0, 2 1 1 ,2 1 2

flava (Chrysopa) , 46 , 67 , 1 9 1fuliginosa (S iali s) , 66fuscata (Sisyra) , 67germanica (Panorpa ) , 68 , 9 9 , 1 9bageni (Panorpa ) , 229hakusanensis (Panorpa ) , 230Hemerobius , 209hispanicus (A scalaphus) , 204h umuli (Hemerobius) , 67 , 209inconspicuus (Hemerobius) , 2 1 0klugi (Panorpa) , 230Lep topanorpa , 229limbatellus (Hemerobius) , 209longicornis (A scalaphus) , 204lu taria (Sia lis) , 66 , 9 8 , 1 9 0lutescens (Hemerobius) , 67 , 209maculicolli s (Raph id ia ) , 1 9 0

marginatus (Bittacus) , 230marsh ami (Hemerobius) , 2 1 2

micans (Hemerobius) , 67 , 1 9 1 , 209mortoni (Hemerobius) , 2 1 0nervosus (Hemerob ius) , 67 1 9 1 , 209

nitidulus (Hemerobius) , 67 , 209notata (Raph idia) , 66 , 9 8 , 1 9 0orientalis (Coryda lis) , 43orotypus (Hemerobius) , 67 , 209paganus (Micromus) , 67Panorpa , 43 , 229 , 230Panorpodes , 229 , 230

parvulus (Hemerobius) , 209pellucidus (Hemerobius ) , 2 1 0perla (Chrysopa) , 67 , 9 8 , 1 9 1phylloch roma (Chrysopa ) , 67pini (Hemerobius) , 2 1 0p lumbeus (Creagris) , 204prasina (Chrysopa) , 67psociformis (Coniopteryx) , 1 9 1psociformis (Conwentz ia) , 67pygmeeus (Hemerobius) , 2 1 2quadrifascratus (Hemerob ius) , 67 , 9 9 ,1 9 0, 209

septempunctata (Chrysopa) , 67stigma (Hemerobius) , 68 , 1 9 1 . 209

striatellus (Symph erobius) , 2 1 0, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2subnebulosus (Hemerobius) 67 , 209 , 2 1 2Symph erob ius , 209takaoensis (Bittacus) , 230tenella (Chrysopa ), 67 , 1 9 1tineiforin is (Coniopteryx) , 68venosus (Symph erobius) , 2 1 2ventra li s (Chrysopa ) , 67vulgaris (Chrysopa ) , 68 , 9 9 , 1 9 1xanth ostigma (Raph idia ) , 67

stagnorum (Hydrometra) , 1 46staphylete (Rh opalosiph um) , 1 03stellariaa (Macrosrph um) , 1 01subapterus (Coranus) , 1 46sylvaticus (Drymus) , 1 46sylvestris (An th ocoris) , 21 6taraxaci (Maerosiph um) , 1 01tenellus (Orth otylus) , 1 47thomsoni (Scolopostethus) , 1 46thoracica (Harpocera) , 1 47tic inensis (Ca locoris ) , 1 47tilias (Pediopsis) , 229t ipularius (Neides) , 1 46tricorn is (Dictyonota ) , 1 46trifolii (Maerosiphum) , 1 01tripustulatus (L iocoris) , 1 47u lmi (Phytocoris) , 1 47urticas (Heterogaster) , 1 46variab ilis (Psa llu s) , 1 47varians (Psallus) , 1 47verna (Campylostira) , 1 46veronicas (Maerosiph um) , 1 02virgula (Campyloneura ) , 1 47

virid is (Chermes) , 1 82wh itei (Myz us) , 1 03

INDEX .

Order XVII . TRICHOPTERA .

albardana (Rhyacoph ila) , 9 9 latipennis (Stenophylax) , 9 9centralis (Limnoph i lus) , 78 lud ificatus (Ph ilopotamus) , 9 8*ch apmani (Metanoea) , 49 , 50, 5 1 , 9 9 pedemontanum (Seri costoma) , 9 9flmb ria ta (Apa tan ia) , 9 9 pulla ta (Beresa ) , 9 9flavipennis (Metanoea) , 49 , 50, 5 1 ucenorum (Stenophylax) , 9 9

granulatu s 9 8

Order XVIII . LEPIDOPTERA.

*ab annulata (Erebia ) , 283abbreviata (Eupith ecxa ) , 1 1 1 , 1 20abocula ta (Erebia ) , 283ab ruptaria (Hemeroph ila) , 227absin th iata (Eup ith ecia) , 1 1 0acaCIaa (Thecla ) , 1 6 , 20, 56 , 271acha tinella (Nyc tegretes) , 245ach illeaa (Anth rocera ) , 3 1 1achilleas (Zygaena ) , 63*acronyctondes ( Stretch ia) , 1 63actaeon (Thymelicus) , 20, 57 , 59acuminitana (Dichroramph a ) , 1 06acuminitana (Hem imene) , 1 06adippe (Argynn i s) , 1 3 , 1 9 , 20, 1 28adoni s (Agriades) , 1 7adrasta (Pararge) , 35adusta (Hadena ) , 275adustata (Ligd ia ) , 1 1 0, 302advena (Ph i losamia ) , 1 1 0, 1 1 1adyte (Erebia ) , 34 , 35n on (Lycaena ) , 1 1 0, 1 50mgou (Plebeius) 1 0, 1 6 , 57 , 1 77 ,aegon (Ru sticus) , 6 1a ello 303

aestimaria (Semio th isa) , 63ae theria (Melitaea ) , 29 4afer (Ereb ia ) , 236 , 29 6agath ina (Agrotis) , 1 1 1 1 23

agla ia (Argynnis) , 1 9 2 0 45 , 46 , 57 ,8 9 , 1 28 , 285 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 3

*alb ib asis (Macrob arasa) , 220

*a lb ib asis (Polyploca) ,

*alb icosta (Hyposada) , 1 68alb idisca (Chytonix) , 1 65

*a lb idorsali s (A sura ) , 1 6 1

‘alb igutta (Oruz a ) . 1 67

‘alb ipunc ta (Mecod ina ) , 222

*a lb irena (Euplexia ) , 1 65a lb istriana (Peronea ) , 1 1 2a lb istriga (Pydna ) , 323albonota (Eup lexia) , 1 66alb onotata (Chytonix) , 1 65albula (Nola) , 39albula ta (Emmelesia) , 275 , 276alcsese (Carch arodus) , 1 75 , 1 77 , 31 6a lcsese (Erynnis) , 20, 206alcetas (Everes) , 273alch emillata (Periz oma) , 254a lc iph ron (Chrysophanus) , 1 3

alcon (Lycaena) , 1 27a lcyone (Satyra s) , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 20, 59a lec to (Erebi a ) , 282 , 284 , 309a lexandrre (Ornithoptera) , 46lexanor (Papilio) , 55llionia (Tephroclystia ) , 62

a lni (Joch aara) , 279 , 29 8a lpina (Ithys ia) , 9 2alpinellus (Crambus) , 246alpinum (Daseochaeta ) , 1 83a lstromeriella (Depressaria ) , 259 , 28 9al th eaa (Carch arodus) , 1 26 , 3 1 3alth eee (Spilothyrus) , 1 55a lveus (Hesperia ) , 1 2 , 1 3 , 20, 57 ,8 9 , 1 26 , 1 4 1 , 1 77 , 1 78 , 285 , 3 1 0. 3 1 2

amandu s (Polyomma tus) , 241 , 273amata (T imandra ) , 302amataria (Timandra) , 54amathusia (Brenthis ) , 56 , 31 2 , 31 3Anacronia ta , 1 83

ancilla (Naclia ) , 45anderida (Heliconius) , 1 07ndrei (Ph ilosamia) , 1 1 1ndroni edae (Hesperia ) , 285 , 286 , 31 0,3 1 2 , 3 1 3

angeli cas (Zygaena ) . 6 1 , 63ngulifera (Samia ) , 279ngustalis (Cledeob ia ) , 244nnulata (Ephyra ) , 43nnula ta (Zonosoma) , 43 , 46

annulatus (Cordulegaster) , 325anthe (Satyrus) , 29 7Anth rocera , 303 , 326

an thyllidis (Anth rocera ) , 326antico -obsoleta (Polyommatus) , 327antiopa (Euvanessa ) , 20, 56 , 277ant iopa (Vanessa ) , 301antiqua (Orgyia ) , 225 , 283Apoch eima , 9 2

apollo (Parnassius) , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 45 ,57 , 9 0, 1 1 0, 1 27, 229 , 282 , 3 1 1 , 31 3

apollonius (Parnassius) , 229appendicu lata (Brach odes) , 31 8aroania (Coenonympha) , 1 1 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 20,31 6

arenacearia (Eub olia ) , 3 1 8arge (Melanargia ) , 1 34argentina (Cucullia) , 31 7argentipedella (Nept icula) , 208

INDEX .

argentula (Banksia) , 29 9argen tu la (Era stria ) , 3 1 7argiades (Lycaana) , 1 79argiolus (Celastrina ) , 1 3 , 20, 46 , 229 ,29 3 , 301

argiolus (Cyaniris) , 1 1 0, 206 , 229 , 276 ,301 , 328

argus (Argina) , 1 59argus (Lycaena ) , 1 1 0, 1 50argus (Plebeius) , 1 0, 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 6 , 20, 57 ,

argyrognomon (Plebeius) , 56 , 57 59 , 89 ,1 27 , 273

arion (Lycaena) , 1 0, 1 2 , 1 3, 56 , 57 , 241 ,29 3 , 3 1 3

aristaeus (Satyrus) , 1 75 , 1 77*ariz anensis (Th ermesia) , 320armoricanus (Hesperia) , 1 2 , 1 42 , 1 78 ,3 1 6

arsilache (Brenthis) , 1 28artaxerxes (Lycaena ) , 1 1 0artemis (Melitaea) , 1 36arundineta (Nonagria) , 253arundinis (Nonagria) , 253a shworth ii (Agrotis) , 1 1 0, 1 1 2 , 328aspersana (Peronea) , 245astrarch e (Lycaena ) , 1 8 , 47 , 1 1 0,328

astrarch e (Plebeius) , 39 , 1 49astrarch e (Polyommatus) , 1 55 , 273atalanta (Pyrameis) , 1 3 , 1 9 , 35 , 41 , 70,1 05 , 1 50, 1 5 1 , 1 74 , 1 77 , 1 8 1 , 1 9 3 , 226 ,276 , 284 , 29 6 , 301 , 303 , 31 3 , 324

athalia (Melitaea ) , 1 0, 1 6 , 20, 1 34 , 1 82 ,207 , 3 1 3

a tomaria (Ema turga) , 47 , 1 1 0, 1 23 , 206,254, 31 8

atomaria (Fidonia) , 1 35 , 1 36 , 208 , 226a trieapitana (Eupoecilia ) , 247a triplicis (Hadena ) , 29 8 , 29 9 , 31 4 , 3 1 5atropos (Acheron tia) , 205 , 224 , 227 ,328

atropos (Manduca) , 301Audela , 1 83

augusta (Aporia) , 1 54aurantiaca (Papilio) , 269aurelia. (Melitaea) , 29 4aurinia (Melitaea ) , 45 , 1 1 0, 1 28 , 207ausonia (Anthoch aris) , 270ausonia (Buchloe) , 1 9 , 1 33 , 1 54, 1 55au stralis (Acidalia ) , 62australis (Aporophylla) , 1 1 0Au tomeris, 44

au tonoe (Satyrus) , 242avellanella (Ornix) , 208aversa (Gonanticlea ) , 29 2aversa ta (Ac idalia) , 62*az urica (Polyommatus) , 1 27b ad ia ta (Antic lea ) , 227b aliodactyla (Acipti lia) , 245Bara th a , 1 83

baroni (Meliteea) , 1 9 5b arrettii (Dianth oecia ) , 45 , 327basalis (Nanaguna) , 1 69

basuunc ta (Polyommatus) , 327b asilinea (Apamea) , 227 , 253baton (Polyomma tus) , 1 77baton (Scoli tantides) , 273bavius (Scoli tan tides) , 243belia (Anth och aris ) , 270bella (Eromene) , 62 , 63bellargus (Agriades) , 1 7b ellargus (Lycaena ) , 1 1 0bellargus (Polyommatus) , 274b ellid ice (Pontia) , 269 , 270bellieri (Hesperia ) , 58 , 1 26 , 1 42 , 1 78bellieri (Lycaena ) , 1 5 1b ellieri (Polyomma tus) , 1 77b etulee (Thecla ) , 1 20b etularia (Pachys) , 254betulella (Phyc is) , 260b iarcuata (Polyommatus) , 327icolorana (Hyloph ila ) , 62 , 63 , 1 24icoloria (Miana) , 302iden ta ta (Gonodontis) , 76 , 1 32 , 227 , 29 0

* b ifascia ta (Th ermesia ) , 320ifida (Cerura ) , 277b iformata (Ph oenicoprocta ) , 54ilineata (Camptogramma) , 254ilineata (Larent i a ) , 62b ilunaria (Selenia) , 47 , 254 , 302inaria (Drepana) , 62bipartita (Eustro tia ) , 1 68b ipuncta (Cirph is) , 1 64b ipunctanus (Melissoblaptes) , 245b ipunctaria (Eubolia ) , 1 09b ipunctaria (Ortholith a ) , 245b ipupillata (Coenonymph a) , 1 9b iselliella (Tinea) , 77Biston ,

b istortata (Tephrosia) , 1 1 0b iundularia (Tephrosia) , 1 09boetica (Melitaea ) , 44boeticus (Lampides) , 1 49 , 1 76 , 1 77boisduva li (Pseudacreea ) , 44bractea (Plu sia ) , 1 35brassicee (Pieris) , 1 3, 1 9 ,

brevicula ta (Teph roc lystia) , 62brevilinea (Arenostola) , 225brevilinea (Leucania ) , 225broadwayi (Napata) , 54brumata (Ch eimatob ia) , 1 20, 1 23brunnea (Noctua ) , 254bryonias (Pieris) , 9 0, 31 3bucephala (Pha lera) , 228 , 253cacaliae (Hesperia) , 58 , 1 26 , 285 , 286 , 31 3c secus (Hesperia) , 1 78*caerulea (Polyomma tus) , 277aerulea -

grisea (Cupido) , 274aeruleoceph a la (Di lob a ) , 1 1 1cseruleopunctata (Chrysophanus) , 2caesia (Dianthoecia ) , 1 1 1caesiata (Larentia ) , 275calabraria (Rhodostroph ia) , 62c -album (Grap ta ) , 325c -album (Polygonia ) , 1 9 , 56 , 57 , 1 55 ,1 77 , 206 , 29 4 , 328

xiv INDEX .

calida (Polyommatus) , 1 75 , 1 77ca ligines (Anacroniata ) , 1 83callidice (Pontia) , 58 , 285 , 31 3Callidryas , 204

calliopsis (Plebeius) , 56Calocasia , 1 83

Calymnia , 48

camelina (Loph Op teryx) , 228camilla (Limeni tis) , 1 1 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 56, 3 1 2 ,3 1 3

candidata (Asth ena) , 1 1 0, 1 1 1caniola (Lithosia ) , 63canningi (Ph ilosamia) , 1 1 1cantaneri (Thais) , 43capsincola (Dianth oecia) , 228 , 229 , 253,254

capSOph ila (Dian th oecia) , 45 , 1 1 1 , 328cardamines (Euch loé ) , 1 0, 1 3 , 47 , 1 33 ,1 54 , 1 80, 1 8 1 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 25 1 , 270,301 , 3 1 3 , 327

cardui (Pyrameis) , 1 0, 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 41 , 70,1 28 , 1 49 , 1 55 , 1 73, 1 76 ,284 , 29 4 , 301 , 303 , 31 3 , 324

carlinas (Hesperia ) . 1 42 , 1 78 ,31 2 , 3 1 3

carlota (Phyciodes) , 1 9 4, 1 9 5carniolica (Anth rocera) , 59 , 3 1 1carpini (Saturnia) , 1 04carpophaga (Dianth oecia) , 228 , 253carth ami (Hesperia ) , 20, 57 89 , 1 26cassinea (Bombyx) , 1 22cassioides (Erebia ) , 57 59 , 1 29 , 284

cassiope (Erebia) , 57 , 9 0, 1 28 , 282 , 308 ,309 , 31 3

casta (Calopha sia ) , 3 1 7castrensis (Malacosoma) , 31 7Cateph ia , 1 83

Cauninda , 1 83

celerio (Ch eerocampa) , 40, 1 35celerio (Hypotion ) , 40cel ti s (Libyth ea ) , 1 8 , 20, 236 , 29 3cen tumnotata (Cidaria) , 48 , 328cerri (Thecla ) , 1 5cespitalis (B erbula) , 244cespitis (Luperina) , 45ceSpitis (Tholera ) , 302 , 303ceto (Erebia ) , 1 08 , 1 28 , 282 , 308 , 31 3chamomillas (Cucullia) , 1 1 0ch i (Polia) , 328ch lorana (Earias) , 40ch loridice (Pontia) , 242ch risti ienssoni (Colias) , 271ch rysidiformis (Sesia ) , 260ch rysitis (Plusia ) , 1 31 , 254ch ryson (Plusia) , 1 31cinerea (Agrotis ) , 227 , 253cinna s (Agriades) , 1 8 , 20c inxia (Melittea) , 1 9 , 46, 29 4circe (Hipparch ia ) , 1 56circe (Sa tyrus) , 20, 59 ,

1 76 , 1 77 , 29 6

c ircellata (A cidalia ) , 208 , 226circu itaria (Acidalia 62

c irsii (Hesperia ) , 57 , 1 26 , 1 42 , 1 77 , 1 78c leodoxa (Argynnis) , 1 55clath ralis (Ph lycteenodes) , 31 8

Cleopa tra (Gonepteryx) , 1 6 , 1 9 , 1 07 ,1 5 7

clerkella (Lyonetia) , 1 5 7c lymene (Pararge ) , 241 , 3 1 5c lytie (Apatura) , 279c -nigrum (Noc tua) , 302Coatlantona , 1 34

coelata (Pseudomicronia ) , 202coelestina (Glaucopsych e ) , 240, 274coel ibaria (Gnophos) , 38coenia (Junonia) , 1 9 3coenia (Lith acodia ) , 1 68coenosa (Laelia) , 3 1 5coeruleopunc tata (Chrysophanus) , 301coeru lescens (Polyomma tus) , 286Colias , 27 1

combusta (Xyloph asia) , 1 35comes (Triph sena) , 303comma (Augiades) , 31 3comma (Hesperia) , 1 56comma (Leu can ia ) , 228 , 253complana (Lith osia ) , 63compta (Dianth oec ia ) , 62concinna ta (Cidaria ) , 47concolor (Tapinost ola ) , 46conflua (Noc tua) , 275confluens (Parnassius) , 1 1 1coniferana (Stigmonota) , 247conigera (Leucania ) , 254 , 302*conjuncta (Trachea ) , 29

*connexa (Laphygma ) , 1 66

consobrina (Zygsena ) , 63consortaria (Boarmia ) , 31 8*conspecta (Eriopyga) , 1 63

*conspersa (Bap ta) , 201conspersa (Dianth oecia ) , 1 1 0, 275 , 276contaminei (An th rocera ) , 326contaminellus (Crambus) , 244*contigua (Fodina) , 221

contiguaria (Acidal ia ) , 1 1 1 , 328c onversa (Catocala) , 62c onversaria (Boarmia) , 46 , 48 , 327convolvuli (Sphinx) , 72 , 324conyz ae (Hesperia ) , 1 78cordula (Sa tyrus) , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4, 56 ,3 1 2

corinna (Coenonymph a ) , 1 50, 1 5 1 , 1 74 ,1 75 , 1 77

coronana (Peronea) , 1 1 2corsica (Lycaena ) , 1 5 1corsica (Orgyia ) , 1 50, 1 5 1 , 1 77*cortes (Napata) , 54corticea (Agrotis) , 2 54corydon (Agriades) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 20, 46 ,1 27

corydon (Lycaena) , 1 1 0, 251corydon (Polyommatus) , 3 1 1 , 31 3coryli (Demas) , 1 83Cosmia , 48

Cosmodesmus , 1 07

cossoides (Batrach arta ) , 221costalis (Pyralis) , 1 31costajunc ta (Polyommatus) , 327costana (Tortrix) , 1 35crab roniformis (Troch ilium) , 1 35

INDEX .

Crambus , 6 1crateegi (Aporia) , 1 0, 1 3 , 1 9 , 1 53 , 1 54 ,269 , 282 , 29 6 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 3

craterellus (Crambus) , 6 1 , 63crepuscularia (Tephrosia) , 1 09 , 227crib rellum (Hesperia) , 8 , 3 1 6

cribrum (Emydia ) , 1 60, 245cribrum (Myelois) , 204cribrum (Myeloph ila ) , 204croa tica (Macroglossa ) , 31 7crocale (Callidrya s) , 204croca le (Ca topsrlia ) , 204croceali s (Ebulea ) , 259cruciferarum (Plu tella) , 205 , 225cruda (Tseniocampa) , 227cucubali (Dianthoecia) , 72 , 1 1 1 , 227 , 253,254

cuculatella (Nola) , 1 20, 1 23 , 1 24 , 1 35c uliciformis (Sesia ) , 260cu lmellus (Crambus) , 6 1 , 63cuneata (Abraxas) , 1 36Curetis , 1 8 1

cyllarus (Glaucopsyche) , 45 , 29 3cyllarus (Nomiades) , 1 1cynthia (Melitaea ) , 1 28cynthia (Ph ilosamia) , 279damon (Agriades) , 1 27damon (Polyomma tus) , 89 , 286 , 31 3damone (Euch loe) , 1 33, 1 34, 1 54daphne (Brenthis) , 29 5dap lidice (Pieris) , 1 54 , 1 55daplid ice ( Pont ia ) , 1 75 , 1 77 , 269dardanus (Papilio) , 44darwiniana (Coenonymph a) . 57 , 1 28Da seoch aeta , 1 83

dealbata (Scoria ) , 3 1 8dec ipiens (Kerala ) , 220decora ta (Acidalia ) , 6 1 , 62defoliaria (Hybern ia) , 1 35degeneraria (Acidalia ) , 62deione (Melitaea ) , 286Delias , 280deliu s (Parnassius) , 57 , 89 , 1 1 1 , 1 27 , 31 0,3 1 2 , 31 3

delphins (Parnassius) , 229dentalis (Odon tia ) , 245dentina (Mamestra) , 1 1 0, 227 , 253deplana (Lith osia ) , 47*derufa ta (Melitma) , 56desfontainii (Meliteea) , 44, 46designata (Coremia) , 302determinata (Acida lia) , 60, 6 1 , 62d ia (Brenthis) , 1 6 , 1 9 , 20, 29 5 , 31 3d iana (Colias) , 27 1dichotoma (Ama ta) , 31 9d icteea (Ph eosia) , 227d ic tynna (Melitaea ) , 1 0, 3 1 3

20,d iluc i da (Apopestes) , 62d iluc idana (Conchyli s) , 245dilutaria (Acidalia ) , 62dilu ta ta (Oporab ia) , 1 1 1Diph th era . 1 83

d iplaga (Euproctis) , 322

dipsaceus (Heliothis ) , 31 7discobolus (Parnass ius) , 229*discitinc ta (Cosmotrich e) , 321Dismorph a , 280

dispar (Lymantria ) , 1 1 1disseverans (Bara th a ) , 1 83distributa (Nola ) , 1 61*divisa (Ba trach arta ) , 221d iv isana (Peronea) , 1 1 2dolus (Polyommatus ) , 1 8 , 20dominula (Callimorpha) , 72donz elii (Polyommatus) , 286 , 31 3dorilis (Chrysophanus) , 1 0, 1 3 , 272doris (Helicon ius) , 44dorus (Coenonymph a) , 1 9 , 20doub ledayaria (Pachys) , 204dromus (Erebia ) , 57 , 284‘ dubia (Semioth isa) , 29 1dub ita ta (Triph osa ) , 254duponch eli (Ereb ia) , 58 , 5 9 , 1 28 , 1 29 ,283 , 31 3

dysodea (Hecatera) , 277edusa (Colia s) , 1 3 , 1 9 , 40, 41 , 42 , 46, 47 ,59 , 70, 9 0, 1 28 , 1 49 , 1 55 , 1 58 , 1 74 ,1 75 , 1 76 , 1 77 , 206 , 207 , 270,300, 301 , 303 , 3 1 3

egea (Vanessa) , 1 33 , 1 55egeria (Pararge) , 70, 1 06 , 1 31 , 1 49 , 1 74 ,1 77 . 207

egerides (Pararge) , 35 , 31 6egia lea (Amauri s) , 1 07elene (Chrysophanus) , 20, 1 49 , 1 51 , 1 75 ,1 77

el inguaria (Crocalis) , 1 32 , 254 , 302elisa (Argynnis) , 1 73, 1 74 , 1 76, 1 77elongella (Gracilaria ) , 259emu tari a (Ac ida lia ) , 324eos (Meli taea ) , 1 82epiph ron (Erebia) , 9 1 , 1 28 , 309Erebia , 34 , 9 1

eremita (Psilura ) , 46eris (Argynnis) , 1 9 , 20, 46 , 57, 89 , 1 56 ,29 5 , 3 1 3

eroides (Polyommatus ) , 273eros (Polyomma tus) , 57 , 1 27 , 273 , 286 ,309 , 3 1 3

erynnys (Erebia ) , 1 29eryth rus (Zygaena) , 62 , 63esch eri (Agriades) , 1 3 , 57 , 59 , 1 27esch eri (Polyommatus) , 1 7 , 20, 1 58 , 286 ,3 1 3

esenli (Thecla) , 1 6 , 20Euclidia , 1 83

Euclidimera ,1 83

eumedon (Aricia ) , 303eumedon (Polyommatus) , 285 , 3 1 3euph eme (Zegris) , 236 , 240, 270euphenoides (Euch loe) , 1 32euphorbias (Deileph ila ) , 62 , 224euphorbias (Hyles) , 224euph orb iata (Minoa) , 62euphrosyne (Argynnis) , 207euphrosyne (Brenthis) , 1 0, 20, 47 , 29 5 ,3 1 3

xv i INDEX .Eupithecia , 7 1

euryades (Heliconius) , 1 58euryale (Erebia) , 57 , 1 29 , 282 , 286 , 31 2 ,31 3

eurybia (Chrysophanus) , 57 , 89 , 1 27,285 , 31 0, 31 3

euryth eme (Colias) , 1 9 3exa lbata (Siona) , 3 1 8exclama tionis (Agrotis) , 228 , 253 , 254exigua (Caradrina ) , 62extrema (Ziz era ) , 327exulans (An th rocera) , 286 , 3 1 0exulans (Zygaena ) , 1 80exu lis (Crymodes) , 275fabricana (Sericoris) , 76fagella (Ch imab acche) , 260falca taria (Drepana) , 1 1 0fascelina (Dasych ira) , 1 59fa scelis (Melitaea ) , 29 5*fasciata (Pseudomicronia) , 201fausta (Anth rocera) , 59 , 31 1fav icolor (Leucania) , 277favillaceana (Capua) , 47ferrugata (Coremia) , 1 1 0, 227 , 254 , 302festucee (Phytometra) , 1 83ficklini (Dianth oecia) , 43filigrammaria (Oporab ia ) , 1 1 1filipendulae (Anth rocera) , 1 58 , 326filipendulaa ( Zygaena) , 63 , 1 60, 300fimbria (Agrotis) , 1 22fimb ria (Triph aena) , 1 22 , 1 25fiammea (Meliana ) , 253flava (AdOpeea) , 3 1 7flav ipalliata (Abraxas) , 1 36flavicincta (Polia ) , 39 , 302flavus (Thymelicus) , 1 0, 1 3 , 20fluctua ta (Xanth orhoe) , 227 , 253, 302 ,303

fluv iata (Percnoptilota) , 38 , 1 1 1formicipennis (Sesia) , 260*formosana (Liparopsis) , 323formosa (Euch romia) , 1 59foulquieri (Hesperia ) , 58 , 1 26 , 1 78foulquieri (Polyomma tus) , 1 7francon ica (Clisiocampa) , 1 33fraxinata (Eup i th ecia) , 1 1 0, 1 35fraxini (Catocala ) , 40, 1 35frith i (Anth erea ) , 1 1 1fritillum (Hesperia) , 57 , 1 77 , 1 78

frugalis (Pydna ) , 267frugalis (Remigia) , 1 83fuc iformis (Hemaris) , 62fugax (Solenopsis) , 43fulgurita (Erib omorph a ) , 279fulvago (Xanthia ) , 303fulvana (Ca toptria) , 245fu lvata (Larentia ) , 62fumaria (Biston) , 1 8 1fumata (Acidalia ) , 47 , 1 1 0funebris (Pyrausta) . 63furcata (Hydriomena) , 254furva (Mamestra) , 275 , 328*fusca (Fodina) , 221*fuscimarginalis (Nola) , 1 61

gabrielis (Papilio) , 1 81ga la tea (Melanarg ia) , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 55 ,1 56 , 29 6 , 3 1 3

galiata (Xanth orh oe) , 323

gallii (Celerio) , 228 , 279gamb ri sius (Pap i lio ) , 1 8 1gamma (Plusia ) , 4 1 , 1 1 1 , 1 31 ,

gavarnica (Erebia ) , 283gemmaria (Boarmia ) , 254

gemmiferana (La speyresia ) , 328gen istai (Mamestra) , 227gentiana (Penth ina ) , 328geryon (Adscita ) , 1 07geryon (Ino) , 1 07gigantea (Conch ylis) ,gilvago (Mellinia ) , 47gilvaria (Aspilates) , 246glabra (Orrh odia ) , 1 06glacia lis (Erebia ) , 1 28glareosa (Noctua) , 276glariaria (Ph asiane) , 31 8

glauca (Hadena ) , 47glauca (Mamestra) , 1 1 0glaucata (Cilix) ,glaucinar1 a (Gnoph os) , 228

glaucopsis (Coenonymph a ) , 1 9

globu larias (Ino) , 63globularias (Procris) , 3 1 7glyph ica (Euclidia ) , 62

goante (Erebia ) , 57 , 9 0,Gonospileia , 1 83

gordius (Chrysophanus) , 1 3, 59

gordius (Lyceena ) , 1 54

gorge (Erebia) , 58 , 9 0, 9 1 , 1 29 ,31 3

gorgone (Erebia) , 9 0gorgophone (Erebia ) , 9 0, 9 1 , 1 28goth ica (Tzeniocampa) , 227grac i lis (Teeniocampa ) , 76 , 1 1 1 , 227greecaria (Ithysia) , 9 2graminis (Ch araeas) ,griseata (Li th ostege) , 7 1*

griseotinc ta (Alb ara) , 267grossulariata (Abraxas) , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 07 ,1 09 , 1 36 , 328

gutta (Plusia) , 31 7gyrata (Ephyra ) , 62h alterate (Diptilon) , 1 35hamana (Euxan th is) , 3 1 8*h amp soni (Metsemene) , 31 9hardwickii (Parnassius) , 229h artmanniana (Argyrolepia ) , 47h astiana 1 1 1

h aworth ii (Celsena) , 276hecate (Brenthis) , 1 6 , 1 9 , 20h ecateeus (Papilio) , 46hecla (Colias) , 82 , 83 , 84, 85 , 270hecuba (Ornithoptera ) , 46helice (Colias) , 1 58 , 1 76 , 207 , 327Helicon ius , 47

h elvola (Lith osia) , 47h erbosana (Dich rorh amph a ) , 1 06h erbosana (Hemimene) , 1 06

xvi i i INDEX .

lith oxylea (Xyloph as 1a) , 254lit igiosaria (A c idalia ) , 6 1 , 62littoralis (Leucania ) , 1 1 1 , 225l ittoralis (Prodenia) , 1 57litura ta (Semioth isa) , 76 , 1 1 0lobulina (Cosmotrich e) , 32 1lonicerae (Anth rocera) , 286 , 31 1loniceras (Zygwna ) , 6 1 , 63lubric ipeda (Spilosoma ) , 25 3lucernea (Agrotis) , 47 , 1 1 0, 1 35 , 328luc ida (Acon tia ) , 3 1 7lu cilla (Neptis) , 241 , 29 3lucma (Nemeob ius) , 300luctuosa (A cont ia) , 254lunaria (Selenia ) , 279lunigera (Agrot i s) , 328lunosa (Anchoceli s ) , 303lunosa (Omph aloceli s) , 303lupulina (Hepia lus) , 228lurideola (Lith osia ) , 63 , 254lu tea (Xanthia) , 303lu tearia (Lyth ria) , 31 8lu teata (Rumia) , 62lu teolata (Opistograptis) , 227 , 253 , 254 ,302

lu tulenta (Epunda) , 1 05lycaon (Epineph ele) ,lychnidis (Amathes) , 1 36 , 303lych nidis (Orth osia ) , 1 36Lycia , 9 2

lycidas (Plebeius) , 44lyd ia (Polyommatus) , 274lyllu s (Coenonymph a ) , 1 73 , 1 77machaon (Papi lio) , 1 0, 1 3 , 1 9 , 1 27 , 1 55 ,1 75 , 1 77 , 1 87 , 207 , 253 , 269 , 282 , 301 ,31 1 , 31 3

macilentaria (A cidalia ) , 61 , 62maculata (Agriades) , 1 27maculata (Percnia) , 202maculipennis (Plutella ) , 205 , 225 , 31 8mzeniata (Orth oli th a) , 62maara (Pararge) , 1 0, 1 3 , 20, 3 1 3 , 31 6magdalena (Meli taea ) , 1 9magnifica (C i th eronia ) , 279magnifica (Parnassius) , 1 1 0ma lvae (Hesperia ) , 1 42 , 1 78 , 31 7malvoides (Hesperia) , 58 , 1 42 , 1 78 , 285 ,31 3

m anni (Pieris) , 269margaritellus (Crambus) , 226marginaria (Hybernia ) , 1 35*marginata (Bapta ) , 201marginata (Ligdia ) , 228 , 254marginata (Lomaspilis) , 302marginepunctata (Ac idalia ) , 62 , 1 08 ,3 1 8

maritima (Senta ) , 29 9marmorinaria (Hybernia) , 1 83matura (Cerigo ) , 254, 302maura (Mania) , 280mayrana (Peronea ) , 1 1 2medon (AriCIa ) , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 20medon (Plebeius) , 39 , 1 06medon (Polyommatus) , 1 27 , 31 0, 3 1 3

megaara (Pararge) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 70, 206 ,207 , 3 1 3 , 31 6

melampus (Erebia) , 309 , 3 1 3Melanargia , 46

melanella (Lita) , 1 59'

melanotoxa (Polyommatus ) , 327meleager (Polyommatus) , 1 8Melinsea , 47

Melitaea ,1 34

melotis (Hesperia ) , 1 78mendica (Diaphora ) , 1 1 0, 227meneph ron (Psilogramma) , 279menth astri (Spilosoma ) , 1 1 0, 227 , 253menyanth idis (Acronyc ta) , 40, 1 1 0merope (Melitaea ) , 1 28 , 3 1 0, 3 1 3Metapori a , 280

meticulosa (Ph logoph ora) , 254 , 275 , 302303

meticu losa (Trigonophora) , 254mi Euclidia) , 1 1 0mi Euclidimera ) , 1 83micacea (Hydroec ia) , 302 , 303microdactylus (LeiOpti luS) , 328mima (Hypolimnas) , 1 58minia ta (Ca lligenia ) , 47minima (Z iz era),

minimus (Cupi o) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 27 ,207, 3 1 3

minutissimus (Agriades) , 327miniosa (Teeniocampa) , 76misella (Tinea) , 3 1 8mnemosyne (Parnassius ) , 241 , 269mnestra (Ereb ia) , 58 , 9 0, 9 1 , 1 28 , 284 ,3 1 3

Mocis , 1 8331 6

Monacha , 1 36monacha (Lymantria) , 7 1 , 25 1monacha (Psilura ) , 46monoch aria (Ph igalia) , 1 35moneta (Plusia) , 1 60, 223monil ia ta (Acida lia ) , 62monoglyph a (Xylophasia) , 1 35

, 254 ,302

montanata (Xanth orh oe) , 47 , 228 , 253 ,275

morpheus (Caradrina) , 253 , 254 , 303mosara (ZEd ia) , 222mouffetella (Gelechia ) , 259muc idaria (Gnoph os) , 63mundana (Nudaria) , 39munda taria (Aspila tes) , 31 8munita (Gonospi leia) , 1 83munita ta (Coremia ) , 275 , 276muricata (Hyria) , 47murinaria (Eubolia ) , 63 , 3 1 8murinata (Minoa ) , 62musculana (Cneph asia ) , 47myrmidone (Colias) , 206 , 207myrtilli (Anarta) , 1 23nana (Dian th oecra) , 72 , 328nana ta (Eupith ec ia ) , 1 20nanatella (Depressaria) , 259napeea (Brenthis) , 1 28

INDEX .napi (Pieris) , 1 0, 1 3, 1 9 , 4 1 , 1 36 , 1 74 ,1 77 , 206 , 303 , 3 1 3

nebulosa (Aplecta) , 45 , 1 1 1 , 1 24 , 1 35 ,328

nebulosa (Mamestra) , 1 24*nebulosa (Parasiccia ) , 1 62

*nebu losa (Pydna ) , 267neera (Meli taea ) , 29 5neglec ta (Noc tua) , 1 1 1neomiris (Satyrus) , 1 74 , 1 75 , 1 76 , 1 77nerii (Ch aerocampa) , 40, 72neri i (Daphnis) , 40neustria (Malacosoma ) , 62 , 254B i (Plusia ) , 3 1 7niavius (Amauris) , 1 07nictitans (Hydroecia) , 254 , 302n igra (Amporophyla ) , 303nigra (Boarmia) , 1 35nigra (OdontOp tera) , 1 36 , 328nigrifoldella (Tinea ) , 232*nigrifrons (Amata ) , 31 8nigrofasciaria (Anticlea ) , 227nigromaculana (Graph olith a ) , 245‘nigropunc tata (Scolitantides) , 273n igrosparsata (Abraxas) , 47 , 328niobe (Argynnis) , 1 28 , 29 5 , 31 0, 31 2 ,31 3

noctuella (Nomoph ila) , 41nymphagoga (Catocala ) , 62ob elisca (Agrotis) , 1 1 0ob eliscata (Thera ) , 72 , 1 1 1 , 1 20, 231oberthuri (Ph ilosamia) , 1 1 1oblonga ta (Eupith ecia ) , 228 , 253, 302oblongata (Teph roclystia ) , 62*obscura (E d ia ) , 222

obscura (Erebia) , 1 08obscura (Harmatelia ) , 222obscura (Lycaena) , 29 3*obscura (Westermannia ) , 1 69

*ob scurata (Gnoph os) , 1 1 1

ob scuraria (Acacis) , 29 2obsoleta (Leucania) , 300Obsoleta (Ziz era ) , 327occidenta lis (Hesperia) , 1 78occulta (Eurois) , 275 , 323ocellaris (Mellinia) , 47 , 1 08ocellata (Mesoleuca ) , 228 , 254 , 302ocellatus (Smerinthus) , 46, 25 1 , 253,327

och racea (Och ria ) , 303och rata (Acida lia ) , 62 , 244‘och reipuncta (M i cromonodes) , 1 66

ochroleuca (Eremob ia) , 246och senh eimeri (Zygaena) , 63octogesima (Cymatoph ora) , 300octomaculali s (Ennych ia) , 259oc tomaculata (Pyrausta ) , 63ocularis (Acronyc ta) , 29 8ocu laris (Pa limpsestes ) , 3 1 4oleracea (Mamestra ) , 254*olivacea (Chytonix) , 1 65olivescens (Heteroloch a) , 29 1omphale (Chrysophanus) , 272o nonaria (Aplasta ) , 62

ononidis (Zygaena) , 63onopordi (Hesperia) , 1 4 1 , 1 780 0 (Dicycla ) , 300opa lescens (Albara ) , 268opalescens (Thya tira ) , 268Opima ( Taeniocampa ) , 227 , 300Optilete (Polyomma tus) , 9 0, 1 27orb ifer (Pyrgus) , 236 , 31 6orbicularis (Polyploca ) , 322orb itulus (Plebeius) , 57orb itulus (Polyomma tus) , 1 27 , 31 0, 3 1 3orichalcia (Plu sia) , 1 3 1ormenus (Papilio) , 1 8 1ornata (A c idalia ) , 302ornata (Polyommatus) , 1 6ornithopus (Grap tolitha ) , 25ornithopus (Xylina ) , 1 25 , 260ostrina (Th a lpochares) , 43paleeno (Colias ) , 9 0

pa les (Brenthis) , 37 , 1 28 , 285 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 3pallens (Leucania) , 1 09 . 1 1 1 , 254 , 255 ,302

pallescens (Apatura ) , 279pallescentella (Ti nea ) , 232pallida (Colias) , 1 9 , 270pa llida (Pydna ) , 267‘

pallida (Rivula ) , 266

palpina (Pterostoma ) , 302palumb ella (Saleb ria) , 63palustris (Anth rocera) , 326pamph ilus (Coenonymph a ) , 1 1 , 1 4, 1 9 ,20, 4 1 , 70, 1 28 , 206, 228 , 231 , 3 1 3 ,3 1 6

pandora (Argynn is) , 1 56pandora (Dryas) , 1 73 , 1 74, 1 82 , 1 75 ,1 77

paniscus (Carteroceph alus) , 328panoptes (Scolitant ides) , 27 3Panthea , 1 83

paph ia (Antheraea) , 27 9paph ia (Argynnis) , 46 , 70paph ia (Dryas) , 1 9 , 20, 1 48 , 1 75 , 1 76 ,1 77

papilionaria (Geometra) , 47 , 1 09 , 1 1 1 ,1 22

parallela (Micra ) , 31 7parisiensis (Agriades) , 327parthenias (Brephos) , 47parthenic (Mel i taea) , 1 7 , 20parvipuncta (Cyaniris) , 1 74 , 1 76 , 1 77pasip liae (Epineph e le) , 20pastinum (Toxocampa ) , 325passet i i (Ba rois) , 323paula (Micra ) , 3 1 7paupercula (Dryas) , 1 75 , 1 77pavonia (Saturnia ) , 46 , 1 04 , 1 58pedaria (Ph igalia ) , 1 35Pelamia , 1 83

pelopia (Argynnis) , 46peltigera (Helioth i s) , 1 1 1 , 3 1 7pendularia (Zonosoma ) , 43, 46

penella (Heterogynnis) , 63‘

pennata (Thyat ira ) , 268perfumaria (Boarmia) , 48

XX INDEX .

perfusca (Notodonta ) , 72Perisamia , 46

perla (Bryoph ila ) , 302

perneyi (Antheraea) , 279persona (Callimorpha) , 46petraria (Loz ogramma ) , 228pfluemeri (Syntomis) , 45ph eeodac tylus (Mimacocoptilus) , 245Ph armacoph agus , 1 07

ph arte (Erebia) , 282, 286 , 308 , 309 ,3 1 3

ph asa ianoides (Pelamia) , 1 83ph egea (Syntomis) , 45 , 279 , 303, 31 7ph eretes (Alb u lina ) , 303

ph eretes (Polyommatus) , 57 , 9 0, 1 27 ,309 , 3 1 3

ph erusa (Melanargia ) , 1 54 , 229ph icomone (Colias) , 1 2 , 1 3 , 57 , 58 , 5 9 ,9 0, 1 28 , 285 , 3 1 1 , 31 3

ph lfeas (Chrysophanus) , 1 5 , 20, 41 , 70,1 27 , 252 , 272 , 2 76 , 301 , 31 3

ph laeas (Rumicia ) , 327phoebe (Melitaea ) , 20, 46 , 31 1 , 31 3phryne (Triphysa) , 242Phyciodes , 1 34Ph ytometra , 1 83*

picata (Craniophora) , 1 64P i eris , 44pinetellus (Crambus) , 247piniperda (Panoli s) , 76

pisi (Mamestra ) , 228

plagiata (Anait is) , 228 , 253plantagin is (NemeOph ila) , 72, 1 07plan taginis (Parasemia) , 1 1 0, 285Platycerusa , 1 83

plec ta (Noctua ) , 302plexippus (Anosia ) , 1 34Plumigera , 1 36

Plusia , 1 83

pluto (Erebia ) , 58 , 1 28 , 283

podali riu s (Papilio) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 1 55 , 1 77 ,207 , 269 , 282 , 3 1 3

Poecilopsis , 9 2

polemusa (Cirph is) , 1 64polonus (Agriades) , 1 7 20

polych loros (Eugonia) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 1 75 ,1 77 , 29 4

polygramma (Th alpoch ares) , 62polyph senaria (Dindica ) , 29 3

polyxena (Tha is) , 1 36 , 1 54pomonaria (Poecilop sis) , 9 2 , 9 3, 9 4

popularis (Epineuronia ) , 303

pOpu leti (Tseniocampa ) , 288 , 300populi (Amorpha) , 46 , 25 1 , 327popu li (Poecilocampa ) , 1 20

populi (Smerinth us) , 254, 327porphyri a (Agro tis) , 275*

postflava (Arich anna) , 282

postico-apicalis (Polyommatus) , 327

postimaculata (Fod ina ) , 22 1*

postv ittata (Lith acodia) , 1 68*

primula (Brenthis) , 1 28primulas (Noctua) , 254

procida (Melanargia ) , 20, 1 56 , 29 6

Prodromaria , 38

promethea (Samia ) , 279pronoe (Erebia ) , 1 5 9pronuba (Triph aena) , 1 22 , 1 25 ,302 , 303

pronub ana (Tortrix) , 76protea (Eumich tis) , 302

proto (Pyrgus) , 31 6prunaria (Angeronia) , 47pruni (Adsc ita ) , 56

prun i (Strymon) , 207pruni (Thecla ) , 27 1pryadvena (Ph ilosamia ) , 1 1 0

pryeri (Ph ilosamia ) , 1 1 1pseudonomion (Parnassius) , 45pulchella (Deiopeia) , 1 60pulchella ta (Eupith ecia ) , 228‘

pulchra (Prion ia ) , 29 1pulchrina (Plusia) , 254pu lverulenta (Ta iocampa) , 76pulveraria (Numeria ) , 1 1 0, 327

pumi la ta (Teph roclystia) , 62puncta (Agriades) , 1 7puncta (Polyommatus) , 274*

punctivena (Arch anara) , 1 67pnnctularia (Tephrosia ) , 1 1 1p upillaria (Ephyra ) , 62purpura lis (Anth rocera) , 286purpuralis (Pyrau sta) , 63purpuraria (Lyth ria) , 205 , 31 8*

purpureofasc ia ta (Euproctis) , 321

purpurina (Micra ) , 3 1 7purpurina (Th alpoch ares) , 62pygmsea ta (Eupith ecia ) , 228

pygmteola (Lithosis ) , 244pylaon (Scolitan tides) , 240, 273

pyralia ta (C id aria ) , 254pyramidea (Amph ipyra ) , 7 1 , 280

pyreneella (Oreopsych e) , 279 , 280pyri (Saturnia) , 279pyrina (Zeu z era ) , 254pyropella (Pleurota ) , 31 8

quadrifasciaria (Coremia ) , 45*

quadrilinealis (Adrapsa) , 222

quadripunctata (Caradrina) , 254

quercana (Ph ibalocera ) , 1 20, 260quercifolia (Gastropach a ) , 324quercinaria (Ennomos ) 47 1 20quercus (Lasiocampa ) , 1 1 0, 1 1 1 , 1 33 ,324quercus (Thecla ) , 1 20quercus (Zephyrus) , 20, 272

racheles (PoecilopSIS) , 9 2 , 9 3radia ta (Abraxas) , 1 36radiatella (Cerostoma ) , 1 1 9 , 1 20raps; (Pieris) , 1 3 , 1 9 , 4 1 , 1 28 ,1 75 , 1 77 , 1 9 3 , 206 , 269

raschkiella (Laverna) , 208rav ida (Agrotis) , 29 9 , 31 8Remigia , 1 83

renalis (Hoemerosia ) ,repandata (Boarmia) , 46 , 47 , 1 09 , 1 1 0,1 1 1 , 1 35 , 288 , 29 0, 327 , 328

reticulata (C idaria) , 1 36

INDEX . xxi

reticulata (Neuria) , 253 , 279rh amnata (Scotosia) , 3 1 8rh amni (Gonepteryx) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 1 77 ,27 1 , 280, 3 1 3

ribeana (Tortrix) , 259roboris (Laeosopis) , 1 6 , 20robsoni (Aplecta ) , 47 , 1 1 0, 1 1 1 , 328romanovi (Parnassius) , 229roscaria (Prionia) , 29 2roth lieb ii (Coenonymph a) , 47rubi (Calloph rys) , 20, 1 86 , 272rubi (Macrothylacia) , 1 23rubi (Noctua) , 253 , 302rub iginata (Acidalia) , 62rufa (Coenobia ) , 300rufaria (Ac idal ia ) , 62rufolunu la ta (Agriades) , 45rumicis (Acronycta) , 62rumina (Thais) , 43russata (Cidaria) , 328rutilus (Chrysophanus) , 1 86 , 1 87 , 272ryfielensis (Hesperia ) , 1 26 , 1 78sacraria (Sterrh a ) , 62Safla , 1 83sagittata (Cidaria) , 253 , 31 4sanguinalis (Pyrausta) , 63sao (Hesperia ) , 1 5 5 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 3sao (Pyrgus) , 20, 89 , 1 26 , 285sareptana (Melitaea) , 29 4sareptensrs (Colias) , 27 1saturnana (Dich rorampha ) , 328satyrion (Coenonympha ) , 3 1 3sarpedon (Anth rocera) , 326sarpedon (Zygaena) , 63scandanavica (Parnassius) , 1 1 0*Sch amyl (Calloph rys) , 272sch reibersiana (Commoph ila ) , 3 1 4schmidtii (Chrysophanus) , 277scipio (Erebia ) , 55 , 59 , 1 28 , 281 , 3 1 0,

scirp i (Leucania) , 62scitula (Th alpoch ares) , 62scolieeformis (JEgeria ) , 45scripturosa (Xylina) , 3 1 8scu tosa (Heliothis) , 3 1 7sebrus Cupido) , 274 , 31 3secalis (Apamea) , 254 , 302segetum (Agrotis , ) 253 , 254selene (Argynnis) , 1 1 3semele (Hipparch ia) , 20, 56 , 31 5semele (Satyrus) , 70, 1 36semi-allous (Lycaena ) , 328semiargus (Cyaniris) , 329semiargus (Lycaena) , 1 56semiargus (Nomiades) , 1 8 , 20, 1 27 , 282 ,31 3

semisyngraph a (Agriades) , 1 7 , 46 , 327semisyngrapha (Lycaena) , 1 1 0sepiaria (Treph oni a) , 62 , 63sequella (Cerostoma) , 39serena (Hecatera ) , 47 , 254sericea (Trisuloides) , 1 83sericealis (Rivula) , 62 , 266sericeata (Acida lia ) , 6 1 , 62 , 3 1 8

serra tules (Hesperia) , 57 , 58 , 1 26 , 1 41 ,1 74 , 1 77 , 1 78 , 285 , 309 , 3 1 2 , 31 3

sides (Hesperia) , 3 1 7Silaceata (Eustroma) , 1 1 1 , 254similata (Acidalia) , 31 8Simplonia (Anthoch ari s) , 58 , 270, 282 ,303 , 308 , 31 0, 31 2 3 1 3

sinapis (Leptidia ) 1 3 , 1 9 , 1 49 , 1 50, 1 74sinapis (Leptosia) , 1 74 , 1 77 , 270, 3 1 3sinapis (Leucoph asia ) , 1 33 , 206 , 328*sinuata (Eugoa ) , 1 6 1

smaragdaria , (Euch loris) , 31 8sobrinata (Eupith ecia) , 1 1 0sodorensium (Boarmia) , 46solieraria (Boarmia) , 62 , 63sordida (Hama ) , 253*Sordida (Nanaguna ) , 1 69

*Sord 1 da (Pydna) , 267

spartia ta (Ch esias) , 1 1 0, 1 1 1sphinx (Asteroscopus) , 1 23Sphinx (Brach ionycha) , 1 23spini (Thecla ) , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 52 , 27 1Spinu la (C i lix) , 228Splendana (Cydia) , 31 8spumosum (S tibadium) , 1 9 3stab ilis (Teeniocampa ) , 76, 1 25 , 227statices (Procri s) , 300statilinus (Argynnis) , 1 56stellatarum (Macroglossa ) , 62 , 9 0, 1 52stictica lis (Ph lyc taenodes) , 31 8stigmosa (Scotogramma ) , 3 1 8straminea (Leucania) , 300s traminea (Pydna ) , 268stratarius (Biston) , 9 2striata (Lycaena) , 25 1striata (Polyommatus) , 327strigosa (Acronycta) , 2 1 8 , 25 1 ,30 31 4

str1gosa (Hyboma ) , 2 1 8strigillaria (Aspilates) , 1 1 0, 1 1 1strigu la 1 20, 1 22 , 254strigula Lycoph o tea ) , 1 1 9 , 1 20, 1 22stub b endorfl i (Parnassia s) , 229stygne (Erebia) , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 47 , 5759 , 1 28 , 282 , 283 , 284, 285 , 3 1 2 , 31 3

styri aca (Parnass1 us) , 1 1 1suava (Eub lemma ) 63subalpina (Chrysophanus) , 1 0, 1 3 , 57 ,1 27 , 207 , 31 3

sub apennina (Polyommatus) , 1 7sub falcata (Gonanticlea) , 29 2

sub lustris (Xyloph asia) , 254 , 300submutata (Acidalia ) , 62subob soleta (Polyommatus) , 327*Subornata (Mecodina ) , 223

subsequa (Triph sena) , 1 1 0sub sericeata (Acida lia) , 47sub strigilis (Oxyambu lyx) , 279sub tilata (Acida lia) , 31 8sub tusa (Tethea ) , 1 1 0suffumata (Cidaria) , 1 57suffumata (Lampr0pteryx) , 1 1 1 , 1 28*suffusa (Kerala ) , 220

*suffusa (Percnia ) , 202

xxi i INDEX .

sulph uralis (Phlyc teenodes) , 3 1 8superba (Westermannia) , 1 69suwarovrus (Melanargia) , 240, 29 6sybilla (Limenitis) , 1 7sylvanus (Augiades) , 1 3, 3 1 3, 31 7sylvanus (Pamph ilus) , 20Syngraph a , 1 83

syngraph a (Agriades) , 1 7 , 46Syn thymia , 1 83

Syrich tus (Hesperia) , 1 26syringaria (Hygroch roa) , 1 20syringaria (Peri callia ) , 1 20tab idaria (Rh odostroph ia ) , 62tages (Nisoniades) , 47 , 206 , 31 7‘taiwana (Anticlea) , 203

* ta iwana (Dindica) , 29 2*ta iwana (Noctua ) , 1 62

* takaoensis (Parallelia) , 3 1 9Tambana , 1 83

tanaceti (Dich roramph a) , 1 06tanaceti (Hemimene) , 1 06taras (Syrich tus) , 328taraxaci (Caradrina ) , 254tarpeia 242

tartaricus (Microb iston) , 9 2telicanus (Tarucus) , 1 49 , 1 56 , 1 77templi (Dasypolia) , 38tenebrosa (Rusina) , 228 , 253Teph roclystia , 6 1

tessellum (Hesperia) , 8 , 241 , 31 6testacea (Luperina ) , 302 , 303tetra lunaria (Selenia ) , 47te trica (Sa tyrus) , 29 7tha lassina (Mamestra ) , 227 , 254tharos (Phyciodes) , 1 9 5thaumas (Hesperia ) , 1 0th ersamon (Chrysophanus) , 272thersites (Agriades) , 1 3 , 45 , 46 , 59 , 1 57thersites (Polyommatus) , 273 , 286, 309 ,3 1 1 , 3 1 3

thersites (Coenonymph a) , 1 9thetis (Agriades) , 1 3 , 1 7 , 20, 46 , 47 , 303 ,327

thulei (Noc tua ) , 275tigelius (Pararge) , 1 49 , 1 51 , 1 75 , 1 77tiph on (Coenonymph a) , 46 , 1 28 , 226tipuliformis (Sesia) , 260titania (Acontia) , 3 1 7tithonus (Epineph ele) , 1 4 , 70, 1 49 , 1 75 ,1 77

trab ealis (Emmelia ) , 31 7tragOpogonis (Amph ipyra) , 254, 302 ,303

transa lpina (Anth rocera) , 31 1transalpina (Zygaena ) , 63 , 205 , 286trapez ina (Ca lymnia) , 43trapez ina (Cosmia) , 43triangulum (Noctua ) , 260, 262trifolii (An th rocera ) , 47 326trifolii (Zygaena ) , 1 60trigeminata (Ac idalia ) , 62trigoteph ras (Orgyia ) , 62trigrammica (Grammesia) , 253trilinea (Grammesia) , 228

trilinearia (Ephyra ) , 62tripartita (Ab rostola) , 1 1 1 , 253 , 302triquetra (Euclid ia) , 31 8trista ta (Melan ippe) , 1 08Trisuloides , 1 83

trivia (Meli taea) , 24 1 , 29 5trunca ta (Cidaria ) , 47 , 48 , 253 , 303tyndarus (Erebia ) , 1 29 , 284 , 31 2 , 3 1 3typhon (Coenonymph a ) , 47 , 1 1 0u ltimaria (Teph roclystia) , 62u lula (DySpessa ) , 63ulvee (Sen ta ) , 300umbratica (Cucullia ) , 228 , 254nudata (Caunind a) , 1 83unicolorata (Ema turga ) , 251unicolora ta (Fidonia) , 25 1unilobata (Xan th orh oe) , 323unipuncta lis (Pyra lis) , 1 32uralensis (An thoch aris) , 270urticse (Ab rostola ) , 1 1 1urticas (Aglais) , 1 0, 1 3 , 1 28 , 284 ,3 1 3

urticas (Vanessa) , 38 , 41 , 1 33, 1 60, 276 ,324

vaccin i i (Orrh odia) , 227vafra (Scoparia ) , 1 35valesiaca (Erebia ) , 284va lez ina (Dryas) , 1 75 , 1 76 , 1 77varia (Melitaea) , 46, 58 , 1 28 , 31 3varia ta (Thera) , 72 , 1 1 1 , 1 20, 231 , 253 ,303

variegana (Peronea) , 1 35*variegata (Chytonix) , 1 64*variega ta (Hadena) , 1 62variegata (Tambana ) , 1 83varleya ta (Abraxas) , 47 , 1 09 , 1 1 1vellida (Hepia lus) , 276*venipicta (Acasis) , 29 2venosa (Ch alcos1 a) , 1 58venosa ta (Eupi th eCIa ) , 253 , 275 , 276vernaria (Geometra) , 62 , 254vernetenSi s (Zygaena ) , 63versicolor (Endromis) , 38vertica li s (Botys) , 259verticalis (Ph lyc teenodes) , 31 8vespiform is (Sesia ) , 260v ib icaria (Rhodostroph ia ) , 62 , 3 1 8vib ic igella (Coleophora) , 3 1 8villica (Arc tia ) , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4vimina lis (Bombyc ia ) , 254vinula (Dicranura) , 228v iretata (Lobophora ) , 47 , 1 1 0*virgata (Pydna) , 266virgaurea (Chrysophanus) , 1 0, 1 3, 57 ,89 , 1 27 , 31 2 , 3 1 3

virgularia (Ac idalia ) , 46, 62viridana (Tortrix) , 241 , 259viridaria (Prothymnia ) , 62viridata (Nemoria) , 62vita lb ata (Ph ib a lapteryx) , 254 , 302vitta ta (Ph ib alapteryx) , 72vittata (Polyomma tus) , 1 8 , 20vrttelina (Leucania ) , 1 1 0volgaria (Euch loris) , 3 1 8

INDEX .

*volgensis (Euch loe ) , 270wah lb ergi (Hypolimnas) , 1 57 , 1 58w-album (Thecla ) , 27 1

*wardi (Arctia) , 1 1 4weidemeyeri (Basilarchia) , 1 9 3werdandi (Colias) , 83 , 270xan th ograph a (Noctua) , 38 , 1 22.303

xanth ograph a (Segetia) , 1 22xantholOph a (Macrob arasa) , 220xeranth emi (Cucullia ) , 31 8

Order XIX .

aeneus (Corymb ites) , 1 1 2alb icinc ta (Epitoxa ) , 43argentatus (Phyllob ius) , 1 1 2arietus (Clytus) , 1 1 2atra (Hi spa ) , 1 58betulas (Deporans) , 1 1 2Bruch oph agus , 53

brunnea (Crioceris) , 279cacalias (Orina) , 249calcaratus (Phyllob ius) , 1 1 2campestris (Cicindela ) . 46centaurus (Archon ) , 1 58communis (Amara) , 1 1 2constrictus (Desmoris) , 1 9 6convergens (Hippodamia) , 1 9 3coriarius (Prionus) , 1 04 , 252coryli (Strophosomus) , 1 1 2Crioceris , 228

domesticu in (Anobium) , 1 1 0exclamationis (Ch rysomela ) , 1 9 3 , 1 9 6fulvus (Desmoris) , 1 9 6gloriosa (Orina ) , 249h aemorrh oidalis (Ath ous) , 1 1 2h aemorrh oidali s (Megarhinus) , 280*immsi (Pseph enides) , 1 89interrupta (Episcaph ula ) , 1 07italica (Luelola ) , 228 , 279lilii (Crioceris) , 279Longicornia , 1 82

lunatus (Diphyllus) , 77marginatus (Dolop ius) , 1 1 2melanoceph a lus (Cala thus) , 1 1 2merdigera (Crioceri s) , 279nubilus (Liophleeus) , 21 7

Order XXI .aesnuum (Limnophora ) , 1 82Anth ocoris , 2 1 7

Banksinella , 1 1 2

bimacula ta (Dictenidia) , 2 1 8calcitrans (Stomoxys) , 1 31caloptera (Laglasia ) , 1 07chameleon (Stra tiomyia ) , 1 1 2c ilia ta (Fannia ) , 1 82coccidivora (Diadiplosis) , 86crab roniformis (Asilus) , 1 82cyaniventris (Dermatobia) , 1 31Dermatobia , 1 31

xx i i i

xylostella (Cerostoma) , 259Zale , 1 83z apa tosa ( Sagana) , 1 1 1z ephyrus (Plebeius) , 44 , 236z ermattensis (Chrysophanus) , 3 1 2z etica (Ch alcosia ) , 1 58z icz ac (Notodonta ) , 7 1z onaria (Ithysia ) , 9 2 , 9 4z onaria (Nyssia ) , 47 , 1 1 0, 1 83, 207 ,Zygsena , 1 54, 229

DIPTERA .

Dioctria , 2 1 6

domestica (Musca) , 69 , 1 31fasciata (S tegiomyia) , 37fa tigans (Culex) , 37fera (Tach inus) , 1 82finali s (Tephritis) , 1 9 5Glossina , 1 82

griseola (Macronychia) , 1 82grossa (Tach inus) , 1 82

guttatus (Syrphus) , 45Hilara , 21 6longipennis (S trau z ia ) , 1 9 5

COLEOPTERA.

Ob longus (Phyllob ius) , 1 1 2Orina ,

pariseta (Th oriCt us) , 1 07Phytodec ta , 249

piCIpes (Otiorrhynchus) , 1 1 2*

picus (Eurytoma) , 53pi lula (Byrrh us) , 1 1 2populi (Melasoma) , 279Prionus , 1 1 0Psammeech us , 1 1 0*Pseph enoides , 1 89

Pseph enus , 1 88

Rh ipiph orus , 1 88

rubi (Batoph ila) , 2 1 7rufipes (Phytodecta ) , 250saxea (S tretch ia) , 1 63sch onh erri (Barynotus ) , 1 1 2sikorae (Semiclaviger) , 1 82Speciosa (Orina ) , 249spinosus (Dectes) , 1 9 5staphylia (Ch rysomela) , 1 1 2superba (Orina ) , 249suturalis (Lochmeea) , 1 82u licis (Apion) , 1 1 2variabi li s (Phytodecta) , 249vimina lis (Gonioctena) , 249viminalis (Phytodecta ) , 249v iolaceuni (Ap ion ) , 1 1 2Vi rescens (ZEdemera ) , 1 57v ittigera (Orina ) , 249vorax (Apion) , 2 1 7wh itei (Eudectus) , 1 57Wi sei (Goliathus) , 1 57

xxiv INDEX .

Mansonia , 37

minuta (Tachydromia ) , 2 1 6morsitans (Glossina) , 1 82nob ilitatus (Poecilob oth rus) , 2 1 8Obliqua (Allograpta ) , 1 31pa llidiventri s (Tachydromia) , 2 1 7parvicornis (Ch irosia) , 1 82Phormia , 1 9 2potamida (Stratiomyia ) , 1 22

pseudoscutellaris (Stegiomyia) , 37

Order XXII .abdomina li s (Macrocentrus) , 258aceris (Ph yllotoma) , 46Acroricnus , 23 , 1 37

acuminata (Coelioxys) , 1 30aequatus (Branchus) , 1 38eereus (Panargyrops) , 1 20aflinis (Salins) , 1 29Agenia , 1 73

albatorius (Cryptus) , 25alb iditarsis (Meteorus) , 75*altitudinis (Euryglossa ) , 21 3 , 2 1 4ambulator (Acroricnus) , 1 70, 1 78ambulator (Cryptus ) , 1 72analis (Andrena ) , 1 30angophoras (Exoneura) , 200annulicorne (Joppidium) , 1 38 , 1 41annulipes (Mesoleptus) , 25annulipes (Syz euc tus) , 25an tipodes (Bingh amiella) , 1 9 9apicale (JOppid ium ) , 1 38 , 1 39spicata (Andrena) , 1 30apparitorius (Cryptus) , 25approximator (Rhyssa) , 22ardens (Joppid ium ) , 1 38ardescens (Coelioxys) , 1 1 5areator (Hemiteles) , 77arenaria (Cerceris) , 252argentata (Andrena) , 1 30asperith orax (Halic tus) , 307a tra tor (Meteoru s) , 77*atronitens (Parasph ecodes) , 242aurantipennis (Megachile) , 1 1 9aurulenta (Osmia ) , 1 30a z teca (Coelioxys) , 1 1 6b arbifrons (Ichneumon) , 37Baryceros, 1 37

basalis (Coelioxys) , 1 1 9basa lis (Odynerus) , 1 38b ellicosum (Joppi dium) , 1 38 , 1 40b ellicosus (Cryptu s) , 1 40b ellosus (Cryptus) , 1 40beron i (Coelioxys) , 1 1 7bibulus (Cryptu s) , 25b icarina ta (Coelioxys) , 1 1 6 , 1 1 7

b icingu latus (Halic tus) , 307bicolor (Exoneura) , 200bicolor (M imesa ) , 1 29bicolor (Osmia) , 1 30b ifida (Nomada) , 1 30bimaculata (Andrena) , 1 30

pygmaea (Lispe) , 1 82pyroph i la (Sarcophaga ) , 280saliciperda (Cecidomyia) , 1 58 , 1 82*Samoaensis (Pseudotseniorhynch us) ,Sciara , 2 1 6

Sepsis , 1 9 2

S tyringomyia ,1 82

Taeniorhynchus , 37 , 1 1 2terrae -novee (Phormia ) , 1 31V ibrans (Seoptera) , 2 1 8

HYMENOPTERA .

bimaculatus (Meteorus) , 1 22Bingh amiella , 308

b irenimacula tus (Odynerus) , 1 73borealis (Nomada) , 1 30botanica (Exoneura) , 200*bribiensis (Allodapa ) , 200b runeri (Anth ophorula) , 1 1 4Buathra , 25

caeruleipenne (Joppidium) , 1 38 , 1 39 , 1 40caesar (Lucilius) , 1 30calcaratus (Panurgus) , 1 30ca lliopsella (Euryglossa) , 21 3ca lliopsiformis (Euryglossa ) , 2 1 3Callomelitta , 308

campestris (Ammophila ) , 224campestris (Gorytes) , 1 29capensis (Osprhynchotus) , 24capita tus (Coelioxys) , 1 1 9capitosus (Crabro) , 1 29ceti i (Andrena) , 1 30ch apmani (Ha lictus) , 243ch ich imica (Coelioxys) , 1 1 8chloropth alma (Bracon ) , 289ch loropth alma (Zele) , 287 , 288 , 289ch loropth almus (Ph ylax) , 289ch lorOp th almus (Rhogas) , 288 , 289chrysopthalmus (Meteorus) , 76ch rysosceles (Andrena ) , 1 30Circumcincta (Megachi le) , 1 30circumda tus (Hali ctus) , 243 , 307Closterocerus , 1 23

cloutieri (Acroricnus) , 1 7 1coarcta ta (Eumenes) , 1 30Coelioxys , 1 1 8

coeruleipenne (Jopp idium) , 1 38 , 1 39 , 1 40cogna tus (Halictus) , 307collaris (Bracon) , 26 1collaris (Macrocentrus) , 258 , 261 , 262 ,287

compactula (Anth ophorula) , 1 1 4confusa (Prosop i s) , 1 30contracta (Ponera ) , 1 31coqu illetti (Anth ophorula ) , 1 1 4corniger (Pa ssaleecus) , 1 29*costaricensis (Coelioxys) , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8

*crabronica (Euryglossa) , 1 42 , 1 9 9

crassimanus (Mesoch orus) , 1 20Crypta s , 25 , 1 37cupulifera (Allodape) , 1 1 9deceptor (Meteorus) , 76

xxvi INDEX .neb riceps (Joppidium) , 1 38niger (Meteorus) , 1 20nigra (Euryglossa ) , 2 1 5nitid ifrons (Euryglossa ) , 1 9 9nitidipenn is (Cryptus) , 1 40Nomia , 308

nursei (Cryptus) , 25objurga tor (Cryptus) , 25obj urgator (Ichneumon ) , 25objurga tor (Osprhynchotus) , 24 , 25ob literatus (Ichneumon) , 37Ob scnrus (Cryptu s) , 25*occidentalis (Exoneura) , 200Odynerus , 1 30, 1 73Ophion ,

orientalis (Cryptus) , 25Osmia ,

Osprhynch otus, 23 , 1 70

otomita (Coelioxys) , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6Oxyb elus , 1 29

pachymerum (Podagrion) , 263, 265pachymerum (Priomerus) , 263Pach itomus , 263

pallipes (Macrocentrus) , 259Paniscus , 287Paracolletes , 308

Parasphecodes , 308

Passaleeeus , 21 8

Pemph redon , 21 8

perhumilis (Prosopis) , 306Perilampus , 1 20

peronatus (Acroricnus) , 1 70, 1 72

peronatus (Osprhynchotus) , 23

persuasoria (Rhyssa) , 21 , 22 , 225ph ilippensis (Coelioxys) , 1 1 9Ph ygadeuon , 1 37

picta (Callomelitta) , 305pic tus (Odynerus) , 1 30pilapes (Andrena ) , 1 30pil icornis (Osmia ) , 1 30p i losella (Distan tella ) , 25

planiceps (Exoma lopsis) , 1 1 5

plora tor (Parasph ecodes) , 243Podagrion , 263 , 264, 265

porrectorius (Hab rocryptus) , 1 72

praecox (Andrena) , 1 30prasinus (Halictus) , 1 30prolongata (Xyphydria ) , 22Prosopis , 308Protelus , 74

pulcher (Acroricnus) , 1 70pulch errimus (Cryptus) , 27pulch errimus (Osprhynch otus) , 24 , 27

pu lch ricornis (Meteorus) , 74 , 76 , 1 1 9 , 1 21*

purpurascens (Euryglossidia) , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8Pyramishyssa ,

quadridentata (Coelioxys) , 1 30

quadrifasciatus (Gorytes) , 1 29quercina (Coelioxys) , 1 1 6rectangulata (Euryglossidia ) , 1 9 8religiosus (Palmon ) , 263*reticulatithorax (Epiterob ia) , 68reticulosus (Sph ecodes) , 1 30retusus (Podalirius) , 1 30

*rhodOp terus (Parasph ecodes) , 306Rhyssa , 20, 32

ridens (Euryglossa) , 2 1 4rob erjeotiana (Nomada) , 1 30rosse (Andrena) , 1 30rubiginosa (Euryglossa) , 21 4 , 21 5rubriceps (Joppidium) , 1 38 , 1 39ruflceps (Osprhynch otus) , 24, 27ruficolle (Joppid ium) , 1 39ruficornis (Xenodoeon) , 1 7 1ruficrus (Apanteles) , 225ruflpes (Epeolus) , 1 30rufiventris (Buath ra ) , 25*rufotegularis (Parasph ecodes) , 306sabulosa (Ammophila ) , 225 , 25 1sanguinea (Formica) , 1 29sanguinipes (Halictus) , 307sanguinosus (Coelioxys) , 1 1 6Sceliphron , 1 72

sch enki (Cremastogaster) , 1 8 1 , 1 82scutella tor (Meteorus) , 1 2 1 , 1 22seductor (Acroricnus) , 1 70, 1 7 1seductor (Ichneumon ) , 1 7 1*semisanguineus (Scelio) , 1 9 7sexfasciata (Nomada) , 252Signatus (Crabro) , 1 29Simiatus (Odynerus) , 1 30similis (Andrena) , 1 30smaragdina 1 57

solidagini s (Nomada ) , 252solskyi (Stigmus) , 1 29*sonorensis (Coelioxys) , 1 1 6Spinigera (Andrena) , 1 30Spinulosa (Osmia) , 30spirifex (Pelopaeus) , 1 7 1stuch ila (Paraph ecodes) , 306sub terranea (Aph senogaster) , 1 07subulosus (Mellinus) , 1 29*submaerans (Nomia ) , 307succinctus (Colletes) , 1 30sulcinodis (Myrmica) , 1 29sumatrana (Coelioxys) , 1 1 9syriacus (Acroricnus) , 23 , 1 70, 1 72syriacus (Osprhynch otus) , 1 72taluch is (Parasph ecodes) , 306tarsoleucus (Cryptus) , 25tasmanias (Halictus) , 244Terobia , 68

testaceator (Zele) , 76 , 287 , 288 , 289tetricus (Mesoch orus) , 1 20texana (Anth oph orula) , 1 1 4texana (Coelioxys) , 1 1 6Tha lessa , 22

thoracicus (Macrocentrus) , 258 , 259 , 261tibialis (Crabro) , 1 29totonaca (Coelioxys) , 1 1 8Trich iosoma , 1 5 7

Trigona , 1 9 2

trinotata (Distantella ) , 24* triodonta (Coelioxys) , 1 1 7tropica (Cera tins ) , 1 1 9tumorifera (Coelioxys) , 1 1 7*turneri (Exoneura) , 1 9 9*undulata (Euryglossa ) , 1 9 8

INDEX .uni color Allodape) , 201unicolor (Meteorus) , 1 22unicolor (Pompilus) , 1 29uniglumis (Oxybelus) , 1 29ursinus (Panu rgus) , 1 30vagus (Crabro) , 1 30variegatus (Sph ecodes) , 1 30versicolor (Megachile) , 1 30versicolor (Meteorus) , 74 , 1 22 ,v exator (Meteorus) , 77

ADDENDA .

P . 31 3 , l . 33 , aftermega ra add S a tyra s cord ula .

ERRATA .

P . 303 , l . 25 , for pherestes read p heretes .

P . 3 1 2 , l . 5 ,for coranlea read cord ula .

P . 3 1 3 , l . 38 , for eighty-nine read ninety .

P . 31 5 , l . 20 from bottom , for climene read clymene.

xxvi i

viaticus (Myrmecocystus) , 1 07v illosula (Euryglossa ) , 1 9 9viola tor (Ichneumon) , 24violator (Osprh ynch otus) , 24virescens 1 5 7

Xenodocon , 1 70

yuca tanen se (Joppidium) , 1 40Z ele , 76 , 257 , 287Zemio tus , 74

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL . XLVII .l JANUARY , 1 9 1 4 . [No . 608

SOME REMARKS ON THE ATLANTIC FORMS OF

SYMPE TRUM S TRIOLA TUM , CHARP.

BY KENNETH J . MORTON , F .E .S .

IN the Revue des Odonates p . 43, in discu ss ing theLibellula ruficollis of Charpen tier , de Selyewri tes as fol lows :M . Hagen m’

a communique deux des troi s exemp la ires typesrecus de Portuga l par M. de Charpentier ce sont de vra i s s triola ta males tres adu l tes , ma i s en mauva i s éta t de con servat ion .

Les pieds sont comme tournés au gra s et les l ignesjaunes sont tres -étroites , surtout sur les cu i s ses (qui au premierabord para i s sent noiratres) , ma i s e lles exi stent . La ta i l le est

t res grande, ma i s pas sans exemple en Belgique . Lower downon th e same pagewe read : J ’ai vu dan s la col lect ion de Mi s sBa l l 3. Dublin , des exempla ires males adultes qui ava ient auss iles p ieds tres -peu l ignés de jaune .

In th e Revi s ion des Diplax paléarctiques Anna les de laSoc . Ent . xxvi i i . p . 35 de Selys describes a raceof S . striola tum from Madeira under th e name of nigrifema r , ofwh ich h e says Les femurs sont noiratres san s l igne jaunatre,et aux t ib ia s le jaunatre n

occupe qu’

une ra ie externe étroite .

La ta i l le est tres grande : abdomen 8‘ 27 : 9 26—29 . A i le

in ferieure 3‘ 30 -33 ; 52 30—33 les part ies noiratres des cOté sdu thorax sont tres foncées , de sorte que les deux bandesjaunatres qui les d ivi sent , sont fort tranch ées .

These are the first ind ica t ions of the exi stence ofwhat mayb e termed an Atlanti c race of S . striola tum ch aracteri zed bydarker femora , and usual ly by more strongly pronounced latera lth orac ic markings than in the more typica l forms .

Th e next occa s ion on wh i ch except iona l ly dark S . striola tum

are a lluded to , the insect s in quest ion came from a somewhatunexpected and in some respect s rath er remote point , and th eimag inat ion of thosewho h ad to dowi th th em seems to havebeen ra ther exerc i sed concern ing th em.

Mr . Lu cas in ‘ Entomologi st ,’

May, 1 9 00, p . 1 39 , recordedthe capture a t Stornoway by Mr. Freml in of two fema les of a

Symp etrum, andwrote of th em as fol lows Th e conclu s ion towh i chwe mu st come , see ing th ere are two spec imen s th u s pre

ENTOM .

—JANUARY , 1 9 1 4 .

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

eluding an aberra tion , appears to b e th at the insect s belong to aform of S . striola tum somewh at resembl ing S . scoticum (probablya loca l ra ce) , or el se th at both insects are hybrids between th e

two spec ies . Mr. McLachlan ,who ha s examined th e in sects ,inclin

es to the latter opin ion .

”A good figure a ccompan ies th i s

recorFurth er , in Entomologi st ’ for June, 1 9 1 2 , p . 1 7 1 , Mr. Luca s

record s a pa i r of d ragonfl ies captured by Colonel Yerbury at

Loch inver , Ross -sh ire'

(I presume Suth erland i s meant) ,wh i chare sa id to b e th e very coun terparts of th e Stornoway specimens .He gives to these examples th e name of S . nigrescens , and con

s iders th em e i ther a newspec ies or a very di st inct ra ce of

str iola tum. In h is remarks th ere seems st i l l to b e a tendency toa ssoc ia te th e insect s in somewaywith S . scoticum , and one i stempted to rega rd h is descript ion a s a l itt le forced to ma inta inth i s . Unfortunately Mr. Lu cas does not compare h is spec imenswi th th ose from other loca l i t ies in Scotland , England , Ireland ,or e l sewh ere . Th ere i s accordingly room for some furth erObservat ion s .When Mr . Lucas

s origina l remarks appeared in 1 9 00 Iwasnot grea tly interested in the subject . In 1 9 1 2 h is suggest ion of

the exi sten ce of a spec ies Of Symp etrum loca l i zed in th e extreme

north -west of Scotland seemed inconce ivable , and cons ideringth e known powers of Sympetrum as a fl ier , th e idea of a loca lrace restr icted to the same regionwas a lmost equa l ly d ifficul t toaccept . After comparing the descriptionwi th th at of th e var.

n igrzfemur, wh i ch i t at once reca l led , I gave th e matter no

further cons iderat ion unt i l I rece ived an enquiry from Dr . R i sasking mewha t I knewof S . nigrescens , th e descript ion ofwh i chh ad been brough t under h is not i ce by Mr. Herbert Campion .

With the ready co-opera t ion of my friend and n eighbour Mr .

William E vans,Iwas ablewi thout any delay to send Dr . R i s Spec i

mens from th ewest of Scotland evidently S imi lar to Mr . Lucas’

and , togeth erwith these, series of S . striola tum from the north of

Ireland and th e NewForest for comparison . S ince th en , by thekind a s s i s tance of friends and correspondent s , I h ave examinedquite a number of examples from different loca l it ies , and th e

conclu s ion come to i s th a t the form descr ibed by Luca s extendswi th a certa in amount of variat ion ,

both ind iv idua l and loca l ,Over th ewholewestern fringe of Scotland ; wh i le examples fromIreland , espec ia lly from th e north andwest , a lth ough more variableand in some respect s intermedia te, st i l l reta in some of th e same

ch ara cters , and in any breaking up of th e species in to raceswou ld fa l l to b e a s soc iatedwi th th e Scott i sh form rather th anwith the typical one. Fortuna tely Dr . R i s v i s ited Brus sel s inthe autumn , andwas able to re -exam ine th e types of nigrifemur .

His conclus ion s on thewhole subjectwi l l appea r in th e addit ionsto h is greatwork on th e Lib ellu linae, but I bel ieve th a t I have

4 THE ENTOMOLOGI ST .

ENGLISH. (Male . ) WESTERN SCOTTISH. (Male .)

Trochan terswith a large black spot ; Legs in th e Malla ig Specimens prac

femora and t ibiae externally yel t ically all black except d istal halflowish , th e y ellow on femora of an terior trochan ters and the yeld ivided by a strong b lack line . lowlines on all th e t ib iae . While

there is no reason to doub t thatth e legs are mu ch blacker alwaysthan in th e typ ical form s, there ishere and there ju st th e fa intesttrace of yellowon th e femora , th e

relics of a certa in amount of thatcolourwhich h as become graduallyobliterated through age (see on

this point th e Slight d iscrepancyin Mr . Lucas

’s two descriptions) .

Abdomen.beneath marked longitudi Very broad bla ck markings occupy

nally W ith black . th e greater part of each S ide of th e

ventra l su ture , th e red being re

du ced to mere streaks . Rounded

spots n ear genitalia small .

Black lateral longitudinal markings much more strongly developedthan in th e typ ical form s.

Hind W ings 27—30mm . Hindwings —27 mm .

Two ma les (col l . W . E van s) , G len Aros , Mu ll (August 6th ) ,and Morvern , Argyllsh ire ( July) , agree verywel lwi th theMa l la igexamples , that from Mu l l being espec ia l ly dark . A fema le fromMoidart , Invernes s -Sh i re , in September ( col l . Evan s) , h as theth orac ic spots rath er larger , and th e femora di st inc tly l inedwi th yellow.

A fine ma le from Tallada le , Loch Maree, Ros s -sh i re (August1 l th ) ,wh ich h as the s ides of thorax very darkly marked , h asdi stinct narrowyel lowl ines on the femora ,wh i le a fema le a l sofrom th e Loch Maree d istr i ct i s very simi lar to th e Moidart

fema le (ma le and fema le , coll . J . J . F . X . King) . Two verysma l l specimens (ma le and fema le , th e lat ter tenera l , h indwing ,ma le, 24 mm. ) are a l so in King’s collect ion , without label , b ut

ATLANTIC FORMS O F SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM , CHARF . 5

bel ieved to b e from the i s land of Col l . In th ese th e boundariesof the m iddle field are h eavily sh aded , and th e legs are narrowlyl inedwi th yellow. Further , Mr . K ing reports two ma les fromthe i s land of Is lay (Ju ly 1 3th ) ,wh i ch are of th e t ruewesternScotti sh form, th e latera l markings of th orax agree ing wi thdiagram No . 2 , excepting tha t spot G i s rath er larger , th e darkboundary of the upper part of th e field being narrow.

Th ree examples from Tayva l l ich ,in K intyre , deserve spec ia l

not ice ( two males and one fema le , col l . A . M. Stewart , Pa i sley) .The tendency of th e l ine a t th e base of th e fron s to go downwards i s not so much pronounced , being more strongly markeddownwards in th e fema le th an in the ma les . r

h e narrowm iddle field of the thorax i s d istinc tly outl ined in fuscou s , butth e diagona l l ine i s less c learly developed (partly , I th ink , a

matter of age ) . Thoraci c spots rather larger th an in t he north ernexamples , but C , D

,E a lways wel l separated by broad black

margins ; in one ma le A and B widely separated ; in th e othertwo connected by a narrowneck . Th e yellowspots on the

meta sternum long ova l , the yellowta i l s becom ing defin ite longwedge-Sh aped markings ; fol lowing these i s an irregu lar semic ircu lar bla ck marking of varying breadth , the Space enclosedbe ing yel lowi sh , but tending to become fuscescent and probablybecom ing blacki sh with age. In th e ma les the narrowyellowl ine s on the femora are di st inct bu t in th e fema le they tend tobecome in fu scated . Ventra l surface of abdomen perh ap s some

wha t discoloured , but apparent ly not differing from the north ernspec imens , and in great part black .

The above are from the northern par t of Kin tyre , and th eyconst itute a na tura l l ink wi th th e Iri sh forms . Th e extreme

southern point of the long pen insu la ofKin tyre i s only a matterof twelve and a ha lf m i les di s tant from the Iri sh coa st , surely a

mere trifle to a m igra t ing Symp etram.

From Emyva le , Co . Monaghan , Ireland , I have before me a

series of four males and th ree fema les . Th ey are rath er young ,b ut they h ave much in common wi th th e Scott i sh forms . Th e

femora are l ined wi th yel low, but the legs are over a ll darkerthan in th e typica l forms . The thora c ic latera l Spots are variablein s ize , but in some they are qu ite a s sma l l a s in some of th eScott i sh Spec imens ; A , B , C , D , E are completely i sola ted in a ll

of them the narrowmiddle field i s a lways outlined in fuscou s ,and in three of th em (one ma le and two fema les) the diagona ll ine i s clearly marked . Six of th ese have more or les s darksh ading at th e s ide of the eye .

By the very kind as s istance ofMr . J . N . Ha lbert , I h ave beenable to exam ine a series of spec imens obl igingly lent by th e

Nat iona l Mu seum, Dubl in , and or iginat ing from many differen tpo int s in Ireland . They are from the following loca l i t ies , viz .

Ma les (one from ea ch loca l i ty) — 1 . Rostrevor , Co . Down ,

September 2nd . 2 . Dubl in . 3 . Cappagh , CO . Waterford .

3 a . Cappagh , CO . Waterford (col l . J . J . F . X . King) . 4 . Cappoqu in , Co . Waterford , Augu st 3rd . 5 . Glencar , Co . Kerry .

6 . Caragh Lake, Co . Kerry , July 30th . 7 . Killarney , CO . Kerry ,Ju ly 1 5 th . 7 a . Killarney , Co . Kerry , Augu st 7th (col l . King) .8 . Ma llaranny , Co . Mayo , Ju ly . 9 . Wes tport , Co . Mayo .

1 0. Cla re Island , Co . Mayo , Ju ly . 1 1 . Ach i l l Sound , Co . Mayo .

1 2 . Coolmore, Co . Donegal . 1 3 . Derry . 1 4 . Poyntz Pa s s ,Armagh , September 26th .

Fema les (one from each local ity) — 1 . Cappagh , Co. Waterford . 2 . Wa terv i l le , Co . Kerry , Ju ly 27th ( tenera l) . 3 . Parkna skilla , Co . Kerry . 4 . Westport , Co . Mayo . 5 . Ardara ,CO . Donega l .Hindwing , ma le , 263—28 fema le, 273—29 .

In ana lys ing th e above , i t may b e sa id ,wi th regard to thema les , th a t th e femora are in th e darker condit ion a l luded tounder the Emyva le spec imens , any except ion s be ing un important .Th e th orac ic spot s A , B , C , D , E (wi th one or two except ionswh ereA , B are nearly connected ) are of va riable and usual ly modera tes ize , but th ey are pract ica l ly a lways completely i solated , and in6 , 9 , and 1 1 run rath er smal l , app roa ch ing th e Scott i sh form .

Th e middle field of th e thorax , however, i s frequently h ardlyout l ined at all ; th i s i s th e case in 1 , 2 , 3 a , 4 , 5 , 6 ; in the oth ersi t i s ou t l ined , alth ough somet imes rath er fa intly ; in 9 strongly ,with traces of the diagona l l ine . Th e sternum ,

in nearly everycase , i s markedwith black , somet imes ra th er strongly ; and th eunder s ide of th e abdomen seems much blacker as a rule , especia l ly in th e anterior segments , than in th e more typ ica l forms .Th e Sh ading at the s ide of the eyes i s more or less marked in3a ,

6, 7 , 7a , 9 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , and in the others h ardly or not at all

indica ted . Th e fema les are les s sat i sfactory in condit ion . Th e

th orac ic Spot s A , B , C , D ,E are a ll i solated except A , B in 1 , 2 , 4 ,

inwh ich th ey are narrowly connected th e m iddle field i s a lwaysoutl ined .

Furth er Iri sh materia l in Mr . King’s col lect ion , examined byh im, seems to b e very constan t in regard to th e genera l ly darkercond i t ion of th e legs , and a l so th e u sua l ly darker condi t ion of

the under s ide of the abdomen , bu t i s in oth er respect s variable .

In a ma le from Wexford ; ma le , Westport ; male, Killarney , andtwo ma les from Cappoquin , the latera l markings of the th oraxare much a s in diagram NO . 1 ; wh i le fema les from Killarneyand Cong , Co . Mayo , are a lmost s imi lar in that respect . One

fema le from Ath lone i s a lmost a typ i ca l striola tum as regards th eth orax ; another from the same loca l ity i s an intermediate . One

from West Mea th ha s the m iddle field outl ined in fu scous ,wh i leanoth er from th e same county i s descr ibed a s very near to an

example from Islay .

Th ree ma les from th e I sle of Man , a l so sent by th e Dublin

LIFE -HISTORIES OF HESPERIA TESSELLUM AND H . CRIBRELLUM . 7

Mu seum, are interest ing . Th ey tend towards the intermediatecond i t ion , th e spot s , espec ia l ly C , D

, E , being sma l ler and th e

legs darker than in th e typica l form.

F ina lly , a fema le taken by myself at Ch ristiansand , .Norway(June 1 7 th ) , may b e ment ioned . Although very young and the

infu sca t ion of th e yel lowon th e femora on ly s l igh t , th e nigri

femur characters hold good in respect of Spots A , B , C , D ,E be ing

a llwel l separated , th e fuscous outl ine of th e midd le field beingh eavily marked , th e diagona l l ine being a l so broad and wel ldefined . Hind -W ing 27 mm.

Th e distribution of Symp etram striola tum in Scotland h asbeen fu l ly and carefullyworked out by Mr. Evans Odonata of

th e Forth Area ,”Proc . Roy. Phys ica l Soc . , xvi . pp . 87—9 6 ,

1 9 05 , and‘Anna l s Scot . Nat . 1 9 1 1 , pp . 1 4 It seems

worthy of not ice th a t ,wh i le th e spec ies apparent ly occurs a ll

a long th ewestern seaboard of Scotland , including at lea st thelarger i slands , i t i s found ra rely in the ea st of Scotland , anda lmost certa in ly does not breed there . Furth er , I am incl inedto bel ieve th at the ordinary northern l imit of S . striola tum as a

Bri ti sh breeding spec ies on the east coa st mu st be drawn con

siderab ly sou th of the Scott i sh border , probably about th eHumber , but further observations are requ i red to veri fy th i s .Mr . Porritt says th a t h e h as no doubt tha t the spec ies breedsregu larly in th e low-lying lands at Askern and probably a ll overthat (the Donca ster ) d i str ic t , but not in the h i l ly di strict s of th ecounty , i . e . north ,

north -east , ea st , and most of the south -west ,a lthough i t seems to occur sporadica l ly in most part s of th e

county . He a l so th inks it may breed in the Hull and Gooledistr ict

, a lthough he has never seen i t there .

Ireland and th ewest of Scotland h ave in common a com

paratively m i ld and moi st winter c l imate , and th i s Condit ionmay not on ly render pos s ible the existence of S . striola tum in

thewest and north ,wh i le it fa i l s on the east coa st of our country ,but a l so account for it s melan i c tendenc ies . Very l ikely th esetendenc ies vary from sea son to season , and no doubt th e influxof migrant s from oth er areas h a s someth ing to do wi th th e

presence of intermediates .1 3, Blackford Road , Edinburgh : November , 1 9 1 3 .

NOTE S ON THE LIFE -HISTORIE S OF HESPERIA

TE SSELLUM AND H. CRIBRELLUM .

BY THE HON . N . CHARLE S ROTHSCHILD , M .A. , F .E . S .

HERRN HERMANN RANGNOW, wh en recent ly col lect ing in th e

Ura l Mounta ins ,wa s fortunate enough to discover the larvae and

food-plant s of th e above-named insect s , and has permi tted me torecord h is observat ion s in th i s Journa l .

Hesp eria tessellum.

Caterpillarswere found from th e m idd le ofMay to the l oth

of June on a spec ies of Phlomt'

s (certa in ly from th e descript ion ,

P . tuberosa ) . The larvae Spin the two edges of a lea f togeth er onthe upper surfa ce , and l i vewi th in th i s lea f. Th e colou r of th elarva i s mou se-grey ,wi th a black h ead and yel lowcollar . Th ereare two bla ck rows of dots on th e back , an excel lent ch arac teri st i cof the spec ies . Th e imago begins to emerge after the m iddleof June , and there i s apparent ly a part ia l second brood in th e

beginn ing of August .Hesp eria cribrellum.

The larva of th i s spec ies i s indi st inguishable from th at ofH . carthami var . moeschlert

, and l ives spun up among th e leavesof a spec ies ofPotentilla . The caterp i l lar i s full-fed in May, and

th e imago emerges at th e beginning of June.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF

UNEXPLORED FRANCE .

BY H. ROWLAND-BROWN , M .A. , F .E .S .

(Continued from vol . xlv. p .

( iv) I sere and Drdme. The Vercors .

AFTER a year’s s i lence on the subj ect of “ freshwoods andpa stures new explored in France, I am aga in able to take upmy pen to cont inue th e ser ies of Short papers publ ish ed by me in

th e‘ Entomologist ’ for 1 9 1 1—1 2 . And I am the more encouraged

to do sowh en I h ear that my broth er natura l i sts and collectorsnot only read th ese papers , but actua l ly fol lowin my footsteps ;and th i s at oth er sea sons of the year th an those Of my travel .SO th a t , as t ime goes on , we may hope to obta in not only a

fleeting record of th e captures and observat ions of aweek or twospent in th e severa l local i t ies , but a so l id contribu tion to the

knowledge of the lep idoptera occurring there from year’s end toyear’s end . Mos t of us are compel led to do our collect ing at fixedt imes of the year—u sua l ly in Ju ly and August—in the ho l idaysea son in fact . It has seldom fa llen to my lot to get abroadbefore th e lastweek of June,wh en the first fl igh t of mos t of th esouth ern spec ies of the pla ins i s over . And th i s year I d id notleave London before Ju ly l st .

For some t ime pas t I h ad h ad my entomological eye, so tospeak , fixed on th ewestern Dauphiny , that i s to say, th e countrywest and south of Grenoble, between the Isere and the DrOme ,andwi th in the departments bearing th e names of th e respect iver ivers . An appl ica t ion to the Cycl i sts ’Tour ing Club ofFrance forinformat ion of th i s region brough t me among oth er fa sc inat ing

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE . 9

booklets that publish ed by the Syndicat d ’

Initiative de Va lencesur-RhOne et de la Drome . A glance at i t s contents dec idedme to try th e coun try known col lect ively as the Vercors , and

a cycli st fr iend having passed through the Lane va l ley earl ier inth e summer and given sat i s factory account , I took th e morn ingtouri st -car from Grenoble on Ju ly 2nd , one of th e many now“ doing ”

the Alps and ou tlying mas s ifs in connect ionwi thth e P.L .M . and Sud Ra i lways . By th ese mean s rapid commun ica t ions have been opened up with well-known entomologica lcentres , and a va s t region of newcountry pla cedwith in easyrea ch of the ma in l ines . But a fter five weeks’ exper ience of

them I cannot say th at I v iewthe automobi le a lp ine— by theway the Academy i s divided as to wh ether i t i s ma scu l ine or

femin ine—as an unmixed bless ing . From th e tour i st’s point ofviewthe cars trave l far too swi ftly—it i s imposs ible to enj oyth e scenery ; wh i le at present many of th e mounta in roads arewh o l ly unfit for mo tor traffic , and the sh aking amounts toposit ive torture ofm ind a swell as of body . Forwhen the setting"

boards are fu l l the anxious col lector i s speculating all th e t ime

h owmany pins h ave got loose in the boxes , and trembling forthe fa te of h is rarit ies . On severa l occa s ions , notably on th e

road from Barcelonnette to Prun ieres , the ra i lway stat ion on the

Briancon l ine, irreparable damagewas done in theway of brokenantenna and spl itwings . Thosewho do their sett ing , as I do ,en routewi l l dowell , therefore , to examine the boards before anda fter any involun tary game ofCup-and-Ba l l of th e kind . Furth er ,th e turn s and twi sts of the mounta in roads , bad enough in th e

old di l igence days , are nerve-shattering at th e pace taken bythe French ch auffeur ; and , worst of all for the entomologist ,exceptwhen going slowuph i l l , th e del igh t of spott ing spec ies bythe roadside i s destroyed ; even more so Ofthe occas iona lwa lkah ead with net or p i l l boxes by footpa th short cuts , wh i lethe h orses - to i l round th e du sty z igzags . It wa s rea l ly quitea rel iefwhen , on one occas ion a t least , I found the motor , forwant of pa s sengers , superseded by th e decayed and decrepitdil igence, oth erwi se con s igned to indefin i te a stivation . But

aga in st these drawbacks may b e reckoned the rapidi ty of th ejourney . Loca l it ies formerly rea ched in a day’s drive are

nowbu t a fewh ours di stant . Wh i le th e completion of th e

Annot tunnel on th e Digne-N i ce l ine h as at length un ited byra i l and motor the Ba s ses-Alpes and the Alpes-Marit imes . In

th e fift ies ” it took Bellier and Gu i llemot two days and two n igh tsin th e dil igence from Grenoble to Larche . Th e journey ,wi thinterva l s , nowoccup ies barely twelve hours .

Th e Vercors may b e reach ed e i th er from Va lence or Grenoble,th e u sua l start ing po in t be ing Pont -en-Royans ; butwi sh ing toexplore th e Lans va l ley , aswel l as to see someth ing on foot ofth e Gorges of the Bourne , to wh ich the road leads through

1 0 THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

V i l lars , I ch ose th e longer route . From Sa s senage th e road i sa ll up

-h i l l ,wi th steep grad ient s , and , as the motor s lowed down ,

I was able to see someth ing of the larger bu tterfl ies a t a ll

event s on the flowery banks and rocky promontories th roughwh ich we wound . Th e morn ingwas fine ; the sun fu l l on th eslopes belowthe Gorge d’Engins , and bu tterfl ieswere in forcewith S a tyra s cordu la (ma les ) in th e a scendant , and very soon th efamilar E rebia s tygne. Occa s iona l Pa rnassia s ap ollo sa i led laz i lydown th e gu ll ies , and the blues were represented by P lebeiusa rgus (a gon) . Ap oria cra tcegi swung from the ox-eyed-da i syh eads as we topped the Gorge and entered on th e long , green ,

h igh ly cu lt ivated va l ley of th e Lane, and th ere even the

wh i tes ” became scarce unt i lwe rea ch ed the charming l ittlecoun try-h ou se HOtel da Parc

, where I put up for a coupleof days ; nor sh ou ld I h ave pres sed on so soon had not th e

weath er , fromwarm and sunny,ch anged suddenly to cool ,wi th

much cloud h anging lowupon the h i l l s I h ad hoped to c l imb .

Flying down th e road on the afternoon of the 2nd I sawone

fresh ly emerged Pap ilio ma chaon—the only one of i t s kind met

with unti l the very end of July—wh i le a stroll towards th eGorges of th e Bourne brough t me to much prom i s ing ground ,th ewa ste places gaywi th th e flower s of a fine red th i st le -l ikeCentaurea

,u sua l ly most attract ive to my game . Th e next day ,

th erefore , I wa lked down th e Gorge , wh i ch i s s ingu larlybeaut ifu l wi th it s forest and ru sh ing stream, as far as th e

bridge where th e road divides , that to the left towa rds St.Mart in -en -Vercors , th a t to th e righ t towards Pont s en-Royan s .

Th eweath er was a ll aga in st collect ing , b ut before mid-daytherewere fitful gleams of sunsh ine , and at one or two po intsby the roads ide butterfl ies were flying

, but difficu l t to reachowing to the extreme steepness of th e slopes ,wh ich , by theway,were ro sywith an abundance of ripe a lpine strawberries . E rebia

stygnewas th e commonest insect with A . cra toegi , and on one

sma l l patch , fu ll of wi ld ba l sams not yet in flower, E uehloe

cardamines and th e spring form of Pieris nap iwere surpri s inglyfresh ,

in con tra st to B renthis euphrosyne and Pararge hiera , bothofwh i ch Spec ies h ad seen th ei r best days ; a smal l dark race of

P . mam eviden t ly just emerging . One fresh ma le, M elitcea

dictynna , was put up among some ra spberry bushes , whereM . a tha lia a l so occurred singly . Agla t

s ur tica and Pyrameis

carda i Sh owed th e h iberna tors and thei r progeny overlapping .

Th e Lyca nidswere Polyomma tus icarus and (one) Lyecena ariou .

But i t was nowso cold and th ewind so h igh that I h ad to giveup col lect ing ; the on ly oth er bu tterfl ies observed be ingThymelt

cus fiavus ( thauma s) , Chrysophanus dorilis var . suba lp ina ,and one ma le 0 . virgaurece picked up crush ed on th e grave lpath in front of the h otel . Ju ly 4th was equa l ly windy and

cool—finewi th ou t sun—and the mountains st i l l canopiedwi th

did h owever yield an hour or two ofwarmth , andwh enever th esun broke th rough for a m inute or two butterfl ies became

tan ta l i s ingly profu se . Iwas espec ia l ly anxiou s to invest igate theHesperiids of Drome , but though I worked hard at th i s pointand quartered every acre of the l ikely-looking ground , I on lysucceeded in net t ing one ofthe elus ive Black-and -Wh ite Skipperswh ich wh i z zed past me at long interva l s , but seemed never torest upon th ewing and to di sappear l ike magic the moment thel igh t fa i led . Th i s one example i s of con s iderable interest a ll

the same . It i s a splendid ma le Hesp eria a lveus— a true mounta in species as we nowknow, and entirely different from H .

a rmor icanus , the a lveus of th e pla in s as h eretofore supposed .

Th e colorat ion of the under s ide i s a l so qu ite different to th at ofmy Pyrenean and Swi s s Alp ine examples

, th e ground tint be ingdeep rich green and not yel lowor ol ive-green , in th i s respectresembl ing a s ingle example of th e same spec ies taken by me la styear at Herkulesbad . Anoth er surpri se was th e first Coliascaptured—C . p hicomone

—a ma le , the largest I h ave seen ; and

th i s at th e lowest a lt itude I ever encountered th e spec ies—abou t3000 ft . (Mr. Wheeler places th e range in the Central Alps from4000 ft . to 8000 ft . , but ment ions one even lower record , 2240 ft. ,Ob ersta lden (Frey) Of th e Lyca nids, Polyomma tus hylaswasth e most di st ingu i sh ed— a fewma les—and A ricia medon

(astrarche) th e commonest ; and the la tter , i f not a ctua l lyabundant , a t least flying toge ther in some quant ity . P lebeius

argus ma leswere a l sowel l to th e fore , and th erewere plenty of

Lyca na arion ma les fl itt ingwi th M . ga la tea over a l i ttle patch ofWh ea t at th e foot of th e S lopes , th e blades swaying in th ewindseeming a l so to have a pecu l iar fa sc ina t ion for P . ap ollo as

i t made a regu lar up-and-down h i l l fl igh t . 0 . hya le, very

swift on th ewing ,was common . But before noon the c loudswere up , and the n igh t at La Ch apel le-en -Vercors , in the cleanestof l ittle inns , so cold and grey , th at Iwas aga in on th e road southat five in the morn ing , bound for th e Col de Rousset in th e

c outure pu bliquewh i ch h ere , at all events , has not been snuffedout by th e motor . At th i s t ime of day ,with a dou r sky and

keen wind blowing , th e road from La Chapel le to La Britiereand Rou sset at th e foot of th e Col seemed un invit ing . From the

latter vi l lage, h owever , the road_b ecomes dec idedly interest ing ,

andwi th sun and blue sky la ter in th e daywould no doubt b eproduct ive, though i t i s st i l l qu i te northern in characterforest -trees and flora a l ike.

F inally , plunging into a long tunnel , we emerged at th e

Refuge ju st belowth e actua l summ it of the Col de Rou sset , andat a step we h ad pas sed from the cool beech forest s and

pa l l id verdure of th e north to the true Mid i of barren lavenderh aunted moun ta in s , and a roma t ic wastes presen tly an imatedwith th e myriad in sect-l ife that moves and ha s i ts being under

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE . 1 3

the graciou s influence of the sun . Ab ove , a mi st st i l l hung overthe topmost ca i rn surmount ing th e tunnel . Th ree thou sandfeet belowlay Die gl ittering in th e sun , and th e sound of th e

bell s of th e incoming d i l igen ce , mingl ing with those of th e

h erds on the dewy h i l l-pa stures , wa s borne upwards withth ewind of th e morn ingwh i ch i s th e breath of Proven ce . An

h our or so , with h ot coffee and roll s , in th e st il l ch i l lygazebo of th e Refuge , and th e sunwas on the Col itsel f, andpresently , a s we moved downwards , th e l imestone ravines b ecame a l ivewith E rebia stygne, Parnassia s ap ollo, and Sa ty

cordula, Argyum

s adipp e, Issoria la thonia , S . a lcyone ; and in th e

lavender region “ Blues batt l ing with th e strongwindwh ichnowblewup th ick clouds of dust unt i lwewere a ll aswh ite a sany Pierid of th em a ll. Lower down ,wh ere th e lavender andwi ld -thymewere in fu l l blos som , Colias eda sa put in an appearance ; and I noted the first Chrysop hanus a lcip hron var . gordius

ma les , gleaming l ike jewel s on the purple sp ikes of bloomwi tha zure A . thetis , P . hyla s and A . escheri , the r i ch ly-purpled“ Blue flying wi th th em, be ing no doubt th a t latest of

rediscovered Lyca nids, Agriades thersites,th ough I d id not

recogn ize i t at th e t ime . I h ad h ardly reached Die ra i lwaystat ion , h owever , wh en a wh irlwind of dust , precursor of a

thunder Sh ower, of except iona l v iolence enveloped me and gra teful , indeed ,was th e ra in upon the parched Avenue da Ch eminde Fer, as I endured it for a h a lf hour in a fly

-h aun ted , frowsyrestaurant , before th e tra in—th e s lowest omn ibu s ” surelyth at ever crept—bore me away to Veynes , and late in awarmn igh t , nowfu l l of stars ,

”to Digne ofmany plea sant memories

entomo logica l and oth erwi se .

LIST OF RHOPALOCERA TAKEN AND OBSERVED AT Vi LLARS-DELANS (ISERE ) , AND iN THE VERCORS (DROME ) :—G. G.=GrandsGou let s . G . B . Gorges de la Bou rne . La Ch . La Ch apelleeh -Vercors .—Hesp e

’ria a lveus

,La Ch . Augiades sylvanus ;

Thymelicus lineola , T . flavus'

; Chrysophanus dorilis var . suba lp ina , G . B . C . virgaurea

’,V i l lard , O . a lcip hron var . gordius ,

above Die ; Lyca na a rion , La Oh . , G . B . ; Cup ido minimus ,Vi l lard , La Oh . ; Aricia medon , G . B . , La Ch Polyomma tusicarus

,P . hylas , La Ch . Agriades eschert, above Die ; A . corydon ,

Pont -en-Royans , A . thetis, and probably A . thersites

,south S ide

Col de Rousset ; Plebeius argus , G . B .,La Ch Celastrina argiolus ,

La Oh Thed a ilic is, T . sp ini , G . G. , La Oh . ; Pap ilio p eda

lirius, G . G. , P . ma chaon ,

Vi l lard ; Parnassias ap ollo , abovePont -en -Royan s , G . G.

, La Ch ., Col de Rou sset ; Ap oria cra ta gt

P ieris bra ssica , P . Tap er, P . nap i , G . B . E uchloe‘

ca rdamines,

G . B . ; Lep tidia sinap is , Colias p hicomone, La Ch C'. bya le,

C . edusa, Col de Rou sset ; Gonep te'ryx rhamni

,G . G .

, La Oh . ;Pyrameis a ta lanta , P . carda i Vanessa to , La Ch . Agla ts ur tica ,

E ugenia p olychloros, G . G. ; Pa rarge mam ,P . hiera , G . B . ,

P . megcera ; S a tyra s hermione, G . G. , La Oh . , S . a lcyone, Col de

Rousset , S . cordula , above Grenoble , Pont -eu -Royans , G . G. ,

La Oh ., Col de Rou s se t ; Ep inep helejur tina , E . tithonus , La Oh . ;

Aphantop us hyp eran thus , G . G. , La Oh . ; Caeuonymp ha arcania ,

C . p ampht’

lus ; E rebia stygne, Gorge d’

Engins , G . G. , G . B . ,

Col de Rou s set M elanargia ga la tea .

(To b e continued .)

SOME NOTE S ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTEBAUME , VAR, S . FRANCE .

BY Rev . F . E . LOWE , M.A. , F .E .S .

I . BUTTERFLIES .

WE spent part of our two la st summers at La Sa inte Baume

in Provence, a neighbourhood l itt le explored , I th ink , by Engli shcol lectors . Our experience extended from June 24th to July2nd in 1 9 1 2 , and from June 2 l st to July 5th in 1 9 1 3. A s a

hun t ing-ground i t proved a most interest ing loca l ity to the

lepidopteri st , both for butterfl ies and , more part icularly perh aps ,for moth s .

Th e range of mounta in s known as La Cha ine de la Sa inteBaume atta ins an average heigh t of 2000 ft . , and forms a b owShaped ridge runn ing nearly para l lel wi th th e Mediterranean .

To thewest the range term ina tes in th e bold perpendicu lar ma s sof l imestone known as the Pie de Bretagne (3 1 29 ju stwi th inth e Department of Bouches -dt One . From thence th e moun

ta in s , with a Sl igh t curve to th e north -ea st , run a cros s theDepartmen t of Var , and come to a fine cl imax in th e Pointe desBegu ines (3362 After th i s th e r idge rapidly decl ines inh eigh t , and merges in th e genera lly h i l ly surface of th i s part ofProvence . Th e north part of th e cha in , onwh ich i s th e famousGrotto , fromwh i ch th e mounta ins take their name, i s prec ip itou s ,making a lmost a stra igh t l ine aga inst the sky between i t s twoextreme point s . All th e lower ha lf of th i s s i de i s c lothedwithwh a t i s cla imed to b e v irgin forest . It conta ins fewrea lly finetrees ; but i s excep tiona l in ch aracter for these regions . At th e

foot of th e mounta in s extends th e tableland known a s th e Pla teauda Plan d

AupS , some 1 800 ft . above sea -level . Here , immedia tely under th e Grotto , i s the Hotellerie de la Sa inte Baume , ourh eadquarters .

Th e Hotellerie deserves a fewword s to itsel f, both on accountof th e kindnes s of our host and h ostes s and a l so owing to itsh i story . Th e bu i ld ingwas original ly a rel igious hou se in chargeof th e Domin icans ,whowere disposses sed by th e Government in1 9 04 . Itwas purcha sed by i ts present owners , largelywi th a

LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR , S . FRANCE . 1 5

mot ive of preserv ing its rel igious u ses . And to those towh omi t appea l s

,there i s an extraordinary charm in th e devotiona l

atmosph ere surrounding th e place. For centuries it ha s beena sacred spot to the warm-h earted and h igh ly imaginat iveProvenca l s . The centre of th i s feel ing i s a Grotto th ree-quartersof an hourwa lk above theHotellerie, inwh ich , accord ing to trad it ion , St . Mary Magda lene spent th e last th i rty-th ree years of h erl i fe in pen i tent ia l devot ions . Th i s large cave h as been transformedinto a spaciou s church . At th e back i s a narrownatura l pla tform in th e rock , uponwh i ch th e Sa int i s sa id to have performedh er devotions , ca l led Le Rocher de la Pen itence . Belowi s arecl in ing figure in marble of th e Magda lene , a gi ft of th e famou sMgr . Dupanloup . The Grotto has for cen turies a ttra cted annua l ly great numbers oi pi lgrims , among wh om have been bothPopes and Kings . It i s stil l in the present day th e most h igh lyesteemed goa l ofProvenca l devotees .

There i s a beaut ifu l l ittle modern ch apel in the Hotel lerie ,conta in ing some good mura l pa int ings . Here Mas s i s celebratedevery morn ing , and all th e staff and many of the vi s itors attend .

The Plateau da Plan d’AupS i s reach ed by carr iage and goodroads , ascending in th e u sua l sweeps and z igzags , e ith er fromAubagne ma Gemenos on th ewest , or v ia Nans from St . Maxminon th e ea st . Th ere i s a l so anotherway from Auriol , join ing th eGemenos road outside the vi l lage ofPlan d’Aups .

Th e plateau itself, of curious geologica l forma t ion , i s a stony ,arid pla in , covered wi th stunted vegetat ion and a fewsma l li solated fir trees flowers , at least at midsummer , are few. The

mounta ins of Sa inte Baume wa l l i t in on the sou th S ide , and

corresponding h i ll s of less a l t itude , and more i rregu lar , on the

north ; a t the ea st and west are deep va l leys , th rough wh ichthe above roads descend . Th e north S ide of th e p lateau i scur iously seared by irregular ridges of rock runn ing from ea st towest , aboutwh i ch i s a cons iderable growth of broom and scrub ,often concea l ing dangerou s holes and fis sure s between th e upstanding rock . All th i s i s good ground for Ha i rstreaks , and

Blues espec ia l ly .

On th e first two days thewind rather interferedwith col lec ting, a fterwards thewea th erwas perfect . On June 22nd, therefore, I confined mywork to th e north s ide of th e plateauwh erethe Sh rubs and rocks afforded some Sh elter , and th erewere manywarm corners . One of my first captures wa s an exces s ivelysma ll fema le Chrysophanus a lcip hron var . gordius . Th i s insect ,I fancy , i s very far from common in th i s neighbourh ood . I on lytook one oth er th i s year ; that a l so a fema le . But th e ir cond it ion d id not in th e least suggest that the Spec ies was over .

La st year I only took one ma le . C . p hlceas , th e on ly oth erCopper ” Seen ,was a l so qu i te a rarity . Perh aps later broodswou ld b e more abundant . At th i s date Thecla sp iu iwa s just

1 6 THE ENTOMOLOGI S T .

emerging , but became very common la ter . The Spec imenswerenot so large as those I have taken at Digne and La Granja more

l ike th e Rh one va l ley (Swi s s ) examples , but with th ewh ite l ineand blue Spot on th e under s ide more pronounced . Thecla ilicis ,abundant ,was genera l lyworn ; and var. esenli perh aps commonerst i ll

,but I did not find T . ilicis var . cerri . Of T . a ca cia Iwas

able to secu re a fewin fine cond it ion and of large S i ze ; st i l l i twas very scarce, and cons iderably more a lert th an i ts congeners .One i s accustomed to see P lebeius argus (argon) very abundan t a tt imes , but never h ave I seen anyth ing l ike the mu l t itude of th i sl i ttle Blue ” extending over SO wide an a rea . They fly in

numbers over the wh ole plateau , and hang from every gra s sstem . Th e ma leswere all of th e formwe expect in th e sou th ,

with sh in ing S i lvery wh i te under S ides . The fema les Showedsome var iety . They were pret ty evenly d ivided between all

brown forms , and others suflused in various degreeswi th b lue ,b ut in many ca ses in both forms there i s a very fine but stronglydefinedwh ite l ine on the upper S ide h indwing ju st before th efringe . I sent one or two of these to Mr . Wh eeler for in spect ion ;whowri tes : Thewh ite l ine on th e upper s ide h indwing i s veryremarkable . I have on ly not iced it h i therto in medon , and i t i shardly so marked in any spec imen s I have ever seen , even of

th at spec ies .” Of course, one effect of th ewh ite l ine i s to throwup th e orange ch evron s into greater prom inence . Th e orangein most ca ses ( though not a lways ) i s cont inuou s on bothwingsa lmost to th e costa of the forewing . In one beaut i fu l brownspec imen th ere i s a series of sma l l , bu t very d i st inct , blue Spotson th e inner S ide of th e orange marks , on th e upper S ide h indwing , fa intly suggest ing th e marking of Orion var . orna ta . One

oth er ma le aberration i s dest itute of all spot s on th e under S ideof fore wings , including the discoida l, except the ou ter row,thereby outdoing I carus var . icarinus ; and in th e lower wingsthe three spots nearest the ana l-angle are long and elongated .

The next day I turned my step s towards th e woods on th e

east , espec ial ly one protected by a notice “ Ch a sse Gardéewh i ch I took not to exc lude a bu tterfly net . Here I sawth e firs tof a com ing Shower of Gonep teryx Cleop a tra , a ma le . Last year ,by theway , Iwas rath er su rpri sed to see severa l fema les two or

th ree days before a ma le appeared . M elanargia syllius h ad beennot uncommon , but was much worn . Th e best th ing wa sLeosop is roboris wh ich appeared in increas ing numbers duringour stay . I sawno ash at Sa inte Baume ; evident ly the foodplant h ere i s oak ; some German authors give a l so privet , andeven elder . The spec imenswere finer th an those of Digne , andthe Spec ies much more abundant . B renthis heca te al so began toShowi t sel f on the edge of th e wood , and B . did was of

exceptiona l ly la rge S i ze . I a l so got a very n i ce banded ma leof M elitcea a tha lia . All the a tha liawere dark , and very strongly

LEPIDOPTERA OF .LA SAINTE BAUME , VAR , s . FRANCE . 1 7

marked . M . p artheniewas in i t s la st stage of tattered garments .On th e 24th Limenitis camillawas not infrequent on the roaddescending to Nans , and G . cleopa tra (fema les) and S a tyra s

a lcyone first appeared . On June 25th I made a cros s the pla teauin th e Opposite direct ion to cl imb the Col de Bretagne. Iafterwards found that there i s a much better path and muchbetter sport by th e forest under th e mounta ins . All th e wayinsect swere most abundant . In one or two open ings , or l ittlemeadows ,wh ich Slope sou thward s from th e edge of th ewood tothe plateau , I saw, I th ink , a greater number of butterfl ies thanI h ave ever Seen in an equa l Space—not excepting Swi s s local it ies . L . camilla was Spec ia l ly not iceable . I h ave often seenL . sybilla in flocks , but never before camilla , th ough the latteri s

,I Sh ou ld say , a morewidely d i stributed Spec ies .At th e top of the Col , ju st under th e perpendicular ma s s of

th e Pie de Bretagne, Polyomma tus escheriwaswel l representedby str ikingly fine Spec imens of both sexes . One fema le Sh otwi th bluewa s the first I have seen of th i s form . I sent it toMr. Wh eeler ,wh o informs me th at “ th i s S l igh t ly blue form offema le escher i i s Stated by Tura t i to b e common in th e AlpesMari times .” Mr. Wh eeler furth er says th at th ere i s anoth erform abou t as blue as corydon ab . semisyngrapha th i s has beennamed subap ennina by Tura t i , and i s not very scarce on th e

lower s lopes of the Apenn ines ; and that h e h imsel f h as takenone such at Fiesole ,wh i ch b e exh ib i ted before the Entomologica lSoc iety, London , in 1 9 09 . Th ese, I suppose, are comparat ivelynewly noted varieties , as I find no a l lu s ion to any blue forms ofth e fema le either in Staudinger , Riih l, Wh eeler , or th e newedit ion s of Spuler

s or Berge’s ‘ European P .

eschertwas to b e taken all over th e di str ic t , but i twas on th e

Col th at it evinced the greatest beau ty of form . In th i swa lkPyrameis carda iwa s often to b e seen , s ix and e igh t at a t ime .

Agriades thetis (bellargus adonis was a l so th ere, bothworn and

in good order . The ma les genera l ly large and Of a deep blue,rath er of th e l i la c tone of colour

, and frequent among th emab . p uncta , Tu tt . Last year I h ad taken a very beaut ifu l ma lehybrid , p olonus , and hoped , but in va in , to renewmy goodfortune th i s year . A fewragged icaruswere to b e seen , and a

Th e Po lyomma tu s esch eri of th e Bouch es du Rhone h a s a Specialform , and , though not so large as Andalusian examples , is generally largerthan those found on th e Cen tra l Alps . M . Oberthur makes Spec ial mentionof th e female form (Lepid . Comparée , fasc . l V . p . towhich h e h as giventh e name v ar . fou lqu ieri , a fter M . Gedeon F oulquier , of Marse i lles ,who ,

with Dr . Siepi , h as done so much to in troduce lepidopterists to th e fauna of

th i s interesting regi on . I do not think either of them report th e formanalogous to syngrap ha ; bu t th e sligh tly b lu e form is not uncommon in

th e hill d istricts of th e south -east . I have m yself taken it a t N yons (Drome) ,Allos (Basses-Alpes) , and St . Martin-Vesu b ie (Alpes-Maritimes) and , in th e

words of M . Ob erthur , these , like v ar . fou lquieri , montrent pres du corps ,des a tomes bleu s .

”—(H . R .

ENTOM .—JANUARY

, 1 9 1 4 .

newbrood began to appear beforewe left , but I sh ould say th espec ies was not very abundant . The same remarks a pply toCup ido minimus and Nomiades semiargus wh i le of A f

ricia medon

(astra rche) I sawbut one , fresh ly emerged , nea r Nan s at th e endof my vi s it .Wh i lewr i t ing of th e Blues 1 wi l l h ere make a leap of a

fewdays . On June 30thwe moved down to the HOtel de Lorges ,near old Nans , at th e foot of th e road a scending to th e plateauof Plan d’AupS . Th i s hote l i s some 800 ft . l ower down th anth e Hotel lerie . Late in the afternoon my wi fe and 1 , a fterhaving taken rooms and arranged our baggage ,went for a shortstroll . She cal led my attent ion to wh at Sh e though t to b e a

s trange form of corydon at rest . I caugh t i t and pil l-boxed it ,but cou ld on ly see th e under s ide,wh i ch looked l ike a somewhatunusua l P . meleager . Wh en k i lled it proved to b e a typica lma le Dolus . Of course on th e next daywewere on th e look -out

for more , but i twas not unt i l two days later th a t i t turned upaga in , and th en not on th e same ground . Th e first spec imen

was taken on th e rocky s ides of th e h i l l uponwh ich the ru inedchateau stands , but the restwere taken in th e clearings of th ewood and edges of fields Skirting th ewood . On Ju ly 6th I gots ix ma les and four females , and Mrs. Lowe two of each sex. In

th i s local i ty Dolus present s th e double in terest of affordingSpec imens both of the type and of var . vitta ta , u sual ly ass ignedsolely to th e Department of Lozere . I left before the spec iesWas ful ly out , but my captures Showof the type eleven ma lesand seven fema les , aga ins t five ma les and one fema le var . v itta ta .

It mu st be noted , however , th at some of these reckoned of thetype form h ave a dec ided tendency to th e S treak on the upperS ide h indwingwh ich di st ingu i shes the variety . Th ey mi gh t b eca lled var . intermedia . Th i s i s parti cularly true of Certa in ofth e ma les .

All former Spec imens in my cabinet came from Florac and

Mende, th e gifts of Mr. Jones and Mr. Rowland-Brown , and are

of course var . v itta ta . On comparing these with th i s year’scatch at Nan s , i t i s at once evident that the Nans Spec imen s areon an average cons iderably larger th an th ose from the Mendedi strict—a much darker blue, and a l so have a very muchbroader b lack edge to thewings . It i s quite easy to p ick out aNans Spec imen i f you mix th em togeth er.

Agriades corydon began to appear on July 2nd at Nan s , andcame out very S lowly—th e ma leswith rather dark and Sh arplydefined margin ; th e fema les d id not Showup beforewe left . Itook one very beaut ifu l example of var . cinna s.

One fine fema le , Libythea celtis ,was taken between Nan s andSa in te Baume ofl flowers of bramble. But I never sawanoth er ,neither could I see any plan ts of Celtis austra lis . At Sa inteBaume S a tyras a lcyone had appeared on June 24th ; at Nans ,

20 THE ENTOMOLOGISTantiop a M elita a p hoebe, M . cinxia (one) , M . didyma , M . a tha lia ,M . p arthenie Argynnis niobe var. eris , A . agla ia ,

A . ad ipp e

Dryas p ap hia ; B renthis heca te, B . dia , B . euphrosyne (oneworn) .SATYRIDE .

~—Pa7‘ a7'ge egeria var . intermedia , P . mam ,P .

mega ra ; S a tyra s hermione, S . a lcyone, S . circa ,H ipp archia

semele ; Ep inephele jurtina , E . p asip ha ; Ca nonympha p amphilus

and vars . C . dorus, C . aroania M elana frgia syllius , M . ga la thea

var . p rocida .

LIBYTHEi Dzs .—Libythea celtis .

LYCJENIDZE .—Ch rysophanus a lciphron var . gordius, C . p hta as

and var . eleus-caeru leopuncta ta ; Cup ido minimus ; N omiades

semiargus , Polyomma tus dolus and var . v itta ta ,P . hyla s , P .

escheri , P . icarus Agr iades thetis and hyb . p olonus , A . corydon

and ab . cinna s ; Ariciu medon ; P lebeius argus ; Oelastrina

argiolus ; Leosop is roboris , Thecla Sp ini , T . ilicis, T . esculi ,

T . a ca cia Ga llophrys rubi Zephyrus quercus .

HESPERIDZE .

—E ’I’

ynnis a lca ce (one) , Hesp eria carthami, H .

a lveus var . 2 T ; Pyrgus sao ; Thymelicus a cta on common ,T .

lineola , T . flavus Pamphilus sylvanus .

NOTE ON THE OVIPO SITION OF RHYSSA .

BY L . N . G . RAMSAY, M .A.,B .se.

THE remarkable insect s of th e genu s Rhyssa h ave for longbeen known to prey on the wood-boring larvae of Siricida ,

int roduc ing th e i r eggs into the tunnel s of th e latter by mean s ofth ei r enormously elonga ted ovipos itor . Th e ovipos itor i s somet imes even found sticking in a S ires - infested log (as, for example ,th e Spec imen s exh ib ited in the insect ga llery at Sou th Kens ington) ,but , I understand , the manner in wh i ch the insect con tr ives toin sert th i s unwieldy appl iance into the tree-trunk has not

h ith erto been fu l ly described . I h ope , therefore , th at th efol lowing account may be of interest to entomologi st s .

The event descr ibed was wi tnessed in th e summer of 1 9 09 ,wh i le Iwa s staying in the sou thern part of the Black Forest , toth ewest of the Weh ratal . On the afternoon of August 29 th ,wh i le Skirt ing a wood—th e very finest con i fers of th e BlackForest flourish in th i s loca l i ty—I happened to pau se bes ide a pi leof sma l l p ine-logs , and a s I stood th ere one of th ese extraordinaryin sect s appeared and sett led on one of the logs . I wi l l quoteverbatim from my noteswri tten the same day It sat st i l l forsome t ime, and th en began towa lk about , feel ing every hole and

Probably H. bellieri v ar . fou lqu ieri .- (H. R .

NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA . 2 1

corner in the rough barkwi th i ts long antenna . After a minuteor two ofth i s it s topped , and drewup i t s long body , doubl ing th elong black ovipositor underneath i tself ; i t h ad to h itch itself upsevera l t imes before i t got th e long n eedle into pos it ion underneath ,with the t ip in a crevice . Th en i t gripped the barkwithi t s claws and gradua l ly th ru st the ovipos itor about ha l f an inchinto the bark , th en sudden ly flewaway , perhaps because i thlad completed laying th e eggs , perh aps becau se I had gone tooc oseImmediately after , I made th e rough Sketches of th e bea stwh ich accompany th i s note. Th ese are probably a l ittle la rgerthan l i fe, a lthough the insect was a very large one. I notedth a t th e abdomen was black and wh i te, the legs pale, and the

antenna black .

EXPLANATION OF F IGURES (d iagrammatic) .—1 . Th e insect reconnoitringth e barkwith its antenna . 2 . Getting th e ovipositor in to position . 3 . Th e

insect just b efore fly ing away th e ovipositor thrust home in a crevice .

(Sketched from life .)

At th e t ime I was unaware of the insect’s ident ity , but onsee ing th e Specimens ofRhyssa exh ib i ted a t the Natura l Hi s toryMu seum th i s year , I at once recogn i sed my old a cqua intance ,and compari son of the oth er Spec ies of th e genus in the cabinetcollect ions there leaves l i ttle, i f any, doubt that th i s wasR . p ersuasoria .

Th e figures wi l l help to indicate th e manner in wh i ch theinsect succeeded in bringing i t s unwieldy ovipos itor to bear onthe log. AS ment ioned above , th esewere drawn before I left th espot (with th e exception of the second ,wh ich I h ave added nowto make th e act ion clearer) , and th ey are reproduced withou tany ch ange from my origina l rough drawings . As the insect

h ad a l ready taken i t s departure , th ey are necessari ly crude , asi twas th e on ly example of its kind onwh ich I h ad ever set eyes .For th i s and for th ei r obviou s art i st i c defect s I sha l l make nofurther apology as th ey are merely intended to convey th emanner inwh i ch th e insect accompl i shed it s object .

Sharp* figures (after Ri ley) th e a l l ied genus Tha lessa in th eact of ovipos it ion , and states that in both these genera th eovipos itor i s brough t into use by be ing bent on i t self over th eback of th e insec t , so as to bring th e t ip vert ically down on toth ewood , th rough wh ich i t i s th en forced by a ser ies Of effort sth e sh eath s do not enter thewood .

It i s ev ident th at th i s descript ion does not ta l ly wi th th eforegoing observa t ion s on Rhyssa . The insect figured by Sh arpfol lows h is statement s in having it s long ovipos itor ben t on i t sel f,out of its norma l and approx imately stra igh t form,

into an a lmostcomplete c i rcle . From purely phys ica l cons idera tions , i s i t nota l i tt le diflicu lt to understand howa non-muscu la r s tructurecould b e cu rved at wi l l in th i s way ? The poss ib i l i ty suggest sitself to the present wr i ter th at the in sect there figured , afterhav ing inserted i ts ovipos itor in the manner descr ibed in th i snote for Rhyssa , may h ave p ivoted it s body th rough an angle of1 80° around th e flexible fixed ovipos itor , in it s effort s to th ru stth e latter into an unu sua l ly res i stant p iece ofwood . Th i s migh teas i ly h appen th rough th e insect’s sh i ft ing it s feet aga in and

aga in to obta in a better purchase , andwould expla in thewholema tter very S imply , as th e ovipos i tor in such a case wou ldnatura l ly assume the pos i tion figured .

[Th ere can b e no doubt a t all th at Mr. Ramsay’s notes referto R . persua soria , L . ,wh i ch h a s an extremelywide di stributionth rough Europe to Canada and th e Un i ted Sta tes in the West

and the H ima laya s in th e Ea st , s ince i t i s to the best of myknowledge the on ly Spec ies a ttacking pinetOphagous larvae. R .

approxima tor , Fab ., i s sa id by Holmgren to attack Xyp hydria

p rolonga ta ,wh ich feeds in oak ; and there are severa l in terest inga ccount s of the American spec ies

economy (Canad . Entom . xi .1 879 , p . 1 5 , &c . ) and Harrington has (l . c . xix. p . 206) put on

record Th e Nupt ia l s of Tha lessa . Mr . Ramsay appears totake it for granted th at th ese in sects bore for themselves an eggpa ssage th rough the sol idwood ; but i t i s by no means provedth at they do not oftener introduce th em a long th e tunnel of th ehost larva (cf. Morl . Ich n . Brit . i i i . p . 25 , et Revi s ion Iehn . Bri t .Mu s . i i . p .

- CLAUDE MORLEYJ

1 ‘ ‘ Cambridge Natural History , Insec ts ,’

pt . i . p . 5 54 , 1 89 5 .

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS , SPINOLA.

Fami ly ICHNEUMONIDZE : Subfami ly CRYPTINZE : Tribe CRYPTIDES .

BY CLAUDE MORLEY, F .Z .S &c .

THIS genu s has been twi ce excellent ly descr ibed ; in th e

first place , by Spinola (Magaz . de Zool . xi . 1 841 , p . and

la ter, in ignorance of any previou s knowledge of i t , by deSau s sure (Di stant

’s Natura l i st in the Transvaa l ,’

1 89 2 , p . 229 ,under th e name -D istantella ) , though neither author a ss igned i ta very defin ite cla s sified pos it ion . That i t i s dis t inct fromA croricnus , Ratz . Linocera s , I am able to state froman examinat ion of the typica l Spec ies of both genera ; Da l laTorre treated Ratz eburg

s genu s as synonymous , but Schmiedeknech t in 1 9 04 correct ly tabu la ted th e pala arctic kinds underA croricnus ,wh i ch differs from Osp rhynchotus in posses s ing twostrong metanota l transcarinse in pla ce of on ly a subba sa l one,in hav ing th e h ind t ibia norma l and not incra s sate th roughou t ,in i t s lack of centra l seta beneath th e h ind onychii, in i t s les scompressed abdomen , posteriorly broader h eadwith leSS excavatefrons

,in i t s centra l ly intercepted nervellus ; but most espec ia l ly

in h aving the mou th part s but sl igh tly produced , wherea s intrue Osp rhynchotus spec ies they are rostri form,with both ch eeksand clypeu s no Sh orter than th e face, surmoun ted by stronglyexserted labrum and l igula , extending in all to th ree and a

h a lf mi l l imetres belowthe scrobes in th e typ ica l Spec ies .Osp rynchotus p erona tus, Cam . (En tom . 1 9 02 , p . 1 82 ; placed inLinnoceras by its auth or at Spol ia Zeylan ica ,

’1 9 05 , p . 9 7) i s

an A croricnus and very common in India ,wh ence I h ave seeni t from th e Khas i Hi l l s , S imla , Lab atach , S ikkim, Sh i l long , andth e Kangra Va l ley . I may b e permi tted to h ere br ing forwardth e unknown fema le of A croricnus syria cus , Moos . (Magy . Akad .

Term. Ertek. xi i i . P. 1 1, 1 883 , p . 1 2 , ma le) ,wh ich differs from

the ma le in l i ttle but i ts terebra , and th i s i s as long as th e

abdomen, except ing the petiole ; i t i s a true member of that

genu s andwas captured by E sca lera during 1 9 00 at Kuh Sefidin sou th -west Pers ia .

Th e large S i ze and n igrescent or brunneous wings of

Osp rhynchotus render i t one of the most consp icuou s genera of

th e Ichneumonida . Th a t con siderable confus ion has existedconcern ing th e synonymy of the spec ies i s owing to the fact thatBrullé , in my opin ion , described an extremely rare one in 1 846 ,and th at Tosquinet m i stook i t for the commonest in 1 89 6 .

W . A . Schu lz ’s remarks upon th i s genu s (Zool . Anna len ,

1 9 1 1 , pp . 35 a ll the spec ies ofwh ich he there wi sh es toregard as synonymous , appea r to h ave been based uponin suffi c ient materia l ; h e profes ses to h ave Seen five examples ofmy last spec ies , th irteen of my first

, and an unrecorded numberun ited under my second to fourth . Among th ese he fa i led to

d i scover any pla st ic di s t inct ions suffic ient to just ify spec ific rank( though I cons ider th e difference in Shape of th e areolet andbra ch ia l cel l to b e constant) , and th inks the “ d istr ibut ion of

red -brown colour varies‘

greatly , apparently accord ing to individua l developement ” ; to me th i s variat ion appears verySl igh t , and that of the h ind t ibia l colour even les s so . The

synonymy of thewh ole genu s i s repea ted in the same cri tic’s“ Zwe ihundert a lte Hymenopteren (Berl . Ent . Zei t . 1 9 1 2 ,p . where O . v iola tor , Thunb .

, a lone i s a l lowed to stand ,ghough far antedated by O . objurga tor , Fab . , a s I pointed out in9 09 .

TABLE OF SPECIES .

1 . Wings , basa l abdom ina l segmen t and part of thorax black .

2 . Areolet externally subrectangu lar above ; brach ial cell ap ically less explanate ; anu s pale ;flagellar pale band u sually six-jo inted 1 . v iola tor , Thunb .

3. Areolet externally rounded above ; brach ia lcell apically strongly explanate ; anu s black ;flagellar pale band u sually four-jo inted .

PrOpleura and temples u tterly glabrou s ; h indtib ia wh ite on ly to the ir centre 2 . objurga tor , Fab .

5 . Propleura striate and temples p ilose ; centralh ind tibial flavou S band extend ing far beyond centre .

6 . H ind tibia l black band longer th an calcaria :length 27 mm . 3 . gigas , Kriech .

7 . Hind tibia l black band not longer ; length2 1 mm . 4 . ruficep s , Cam.

8 . Wings brown , ba sal abdominal segment andnearlywh ole thorax red .

9 . Wings basally paler ; flagellum and h ind legsred and not pale banded 5 . pu lcherrimus , Kirby .

Wings un icolorous ; flagellum and h ind legsblack , pale banded 8 . fiauipes, Brulle.

1 . OSPRHYNCHOTUS VIOLATOR , Thunb .

I chneumon viola tor,Thunb . Mem. Acad . Sc . Petersb . ix . 1 824 ,

p . 303 ; cf. Roman ,Zool . Eidr . Uppsa la , i . 1 9 1 2 , p . 288 .

Osprhynchotus cap ensis, Spin . Mag. ZOO] . xi . 1 841 , p . 75 ,ma le, fema le . D istan tella trinota ta , Sanes . Nat . Tran svaa l , 1 89 2 , p . 230, fema le .

Maximi l ien Spinola beau tifu lly figures (loc . cit. pl . lxxv .)both sexeswi th deta i l s of th e h ead and of th e male abdomen ,

wh i ch la tter i s not ap ica l ly pa le ; he regarded the genus as a

Sou s-fami l le des Oph ionides and derived h is generic name

from the rostriform mou th ; on ly th ree example s of both sexeswere known to h im,

from the Cape of Good Hope. I h aveexam ined what Mr . W . L . Di stant a s sures me i s th e typeSpec imen of Saussure’s elaborately described genus Distantella ,and find i t to be ent irely synonymouswith O . cap ensis, Sp in .

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS . 25

Th i s genus ha s S ince been employed by both Cameron "‘and

Schmiedeknech t , wi th th e erroneou s characters ascr ibed to itby Ashmead (Proc . U . S . Nat . Mus . 1 9 00, p . for verydifferen t insects , whose posit ion i s con sequently untenable .

Though Sau s sure records on ly a S ingle fema le from Pretoria ,th ere i s a long series of (presumably) cotypes from th a t local ityin Di stant’s collection ,

nowin Mu s . Brit th e formerwa s at a

l osswh ere to place the genus and adds , Je ne cro i s pas pouvo irle placer , a i l leurs que dan s la tribe des Cryptiens .

” Th ere are a

Score of fema les in Mus. Brit . found by Dr . Smith in 1 844 in

South Afri ca , in 1 852 in West A fr ica , in 1 85 9 at Knysna inSouth Africa , later at Sterkfontein ,

&c . ,in th e Transvaa l ,

Queenstown in Cape Colony , and in March , 1 9 00, at Slievyra ,in Nata l . I h ave a l so seen i t from Bonnefo i , in the Tran svaa l ,in th e Deutsch es En tomologi sch es Museum ofBerl in .

2 . OSPRHYNCHOTUS OBJURGATOR, Fab .

I chneumon objurga tor , Fab . S . I . 1 78 1 , p . 426 ; Cryp tas abja r

ga tor , Fab . Piez . 1 804, p . 79 , fema le. Osprynchotus heros,Sch let . Ann . Soc . Ent . Belg . 1 89 1 , p . 33, fema le ; Tosq.

l . c . 1 89 6 , p . 248 , ma le, fema le .

Th i s Species i s descr ibed —Head and th orax dull red and

punctate ; ma le fa ce wh i te ; antenna black , wh i te -banded ;abdomen black , smooth and Sh in ing , apica lly compres sed ; legsblack , the fron t ones du l l redwi th t ib ia du l l stram ineous , th eh ind tib ia and somet imes their tars i purewh i te-banded ; wingsinfu scate-viola ceou s length , ma le 20 mm . and fema le 28 mm.

All th i s , a s I h ave a lready pointed out (Entom. 1 9 09 , p .

exactly agreeswith th e type of Fabric iu s’s Spec ies ,wh i ch i s st i l lpreserved in th e Banks ian Cabinet in the Brit i sh Museum . Th i sspec ies i s extremely con stant in th e coloration of it s h ind t ibia ,

and the score in Mus . Brit . a ll have purewh i te h ind t ibia l bands ,extending on ly to the centre , in both sexes . Sch letterer

s fema lewa s from the equator in the Congo , Fabri c iu s

’s from “Afr ica

a qu inoctiali”; Tosquinet g ives i t a range th rough Togoland ,

th e Cameroons and Senega l , to S ierra Leone ; and i t appearspretty cons tant to that lat i tude, for I h ave seen examples on ly

Distan tella p ilosella , Cameron (Journ . Bombay Na t . Hist. Soc . 1 9 09 ,

p . 729 ) is a true Cryp tu s , sensu Thom s . , ma le . Of Cameron’s o ther In di an

Species of Cryp ta s , C . lu cu len tu s (En tom . 1 9 05 , p . 85 ) ta r so leu cu s , Sch r

C . hima layen sis (Tr . Ent . Soc . 1 904 , p . 1 06) = Hedycryp tu s—not a good

genu s—fi li corn is , Cam . (Zeits. B ym .

-Dip . 1 9 03 , p . 29 9 ) C . or ien ta lis

(Manch . Mem . 1 89 7 , p . 1 6 ) Obscnru s , Grav . C . na rsei ( J . Bomb . N . Hist .Soc . 1 9 06 , p . 285 ) m szdia tor , Sm ith ; B u a thra fl not a good genu s

—r ufic en tre

s (Tr . En t . Soc . 1 9 03 , p . 234 ) mu st b e included and is probab ly hardlyd ist inct from app a ri toriu s , V ill . ; nor is C . bibu lus (Tr . Ent . Soc . 1 9 04 ,

p . 1 06) from O . a lba toriu s, V i ll . Cryp tu s ind i cu s , Cam . (Manch . Mem .

1 8 9 7 , p . 1 5 ) Mesolep tu s annu lip es, Cam . ( li b . ci t. 1 9 00, p . Syz eu c tus

annu h p es , Morley , Fauna of Ind i a , Ichn . 1 9 1 3 , p . 236 .—C . M .

from S ierra Leone in 1 838 (Rev . F . D. Morgan) , S ierra Leone(J . J . S impson and W . G . Clements in Sh engay in th e

north Sherbro Di stric t of S ierra Leone in 1 9 1 0 (W . Addi son) ,Kokona on March 26th , 1 9 1 2 , G igbema on August 22nd , 1 9 1 2 ,Bunbumb o on Augu st 1 5th and 1 6th , 1 9 1 2 , and Kamagbou se on

Apri l 6 th , 1 9 1 2 ; from N igeria at Ilorin on Jun e 3rd , 1 9 1 2 ,M inna dur ing 1 9 1 1 (J . W . Scott -Macfie) , and on October 1 8th ,

1 9 1 0 (J . J . S impson) , O sh ogbo , in south ern N i ger ia , in 1 9 1 0

(Dr . T . F . G . Mayer ) from the Congo in 1 843 (Dr . R i ch ardson )and 1 8 9 0 (Mi s s Sh a rpe) ; from th e Ea st Neave has sent severa lfema les from th e Tero Forest , near Buddu , taken at th e end

of September , 1 9 1 1 , at 3800 ft ., and near Kumi and Lake K iogo

at 3500 ft . in th e Uganda Protectorate during th e precedingAugust . The Deut . Ent . Museum h as i t from Togo and th e

Cameroon s .

3. OSPRHYNCHOTUS GIGAS , Kriech .

Osp rynchotus gigas , Kriech . Mem . Accad . Sc . Bologna , iv . 1 89 4 ,p . 86 , fema le .

Th i s I bel ieve to b e th e commonest spec ies of the genus . Iti s descr ibed — Black ; h ead tran sverse , posteriorly obl iquelycon stri cted and red wi th th e fac ia l orb it s paler , fulvescent ;antenna blackwi th scape red, and the eigh th to twelfth jo int spale fulvou s ; mesonotum rugose ly puncta te , and not at a ll red ;metanotum rugose ; scu tel lum somewh at convex , pun ctate,centra l ly subglabrous ,wi th th e prescutellar latera l lamina red

ma rked ; abdomen glabrou s and nitidulous,with terebra 1 2 mm .

in length ; front legs red, wi th in fusca te tars i ; th e posteriorblackwi th a band , occupying abou t two-th i rds of th e h ind t ibia ,

pa le flavous ; mos t of th e apica l ha lf of th e h ind metatars i , andwho le of the second to fourth j oints , concolorou s ; wings darkViola ceous ,with thei r apices broadly black ; a subpel luc id markbeyond th e st igma l base , and th ree hyal ine fenestra in the

d i sco-cubita l , second recurrent and outer areolar nervure ;length ,

2731; mm . Kriechb aumer’

s above account i s not verya cces sib le and was overlooked by Tosquinet ; I , con sequently ,give i t in exten so from h is part of the paper “ Ra s segna degl

Imenotteri Raccol t i nel Mozambico dal Cav . Fornasini.

I h ave seen a hundred and forty Spec imen s of both sexes ( thema le d iffers in noway but i t s pa ler red capita l colour) wh i chagree exa ctlywith th i s descript ion from Abyss in ia , Brit i sh EastAfr ica , Uganda , German Ea st Afr i ca , Nyassaland , Mocamb ique ,Delagoa Bay , north and north -ea st Rhodes ia , Nata l ; and a

ma le in th e Rev . T . A . Marsh a l l’s col lect ionwh i ch i s label ledSenegal ,

”b ut severa l of h is Afr i can loca l i t ieswere incorrect ,

and the present Species seems rare orwanting towards the ea stOf the Continent . I h ave seen both sexes in the Deut . Ent .Mu seum from Th ree S i sters , near Barberton , in th e Transvaa l ,wh ere they occurred dur ing October and December .

fema le , label led Gambia in the Briti sh Museum ,wh i chwou ldpo int to a range n early as restr i cted a s th at of th e la st Spec iesth i s fema le exactly agreeswi th Brulle’s de scription in everyway ,

espec ia l ly in th e red basa l segment and the terebra l length of

twelve m i l l imetres , not only e igh t as indicated by Tosqu inet.Th e spec ies referred to under the present name by Col . Bingham,

(Trans . Zool . Soc . xix . 1 9 09 , p . 1 7 9 ) from Mount Ruwenzor i , i sO . gigas ,wh i chwas at th at t ime m i staken for i t in th e Na t iona lCollect ion . Th e colorat ion of O . flavip es i s qui te di st inct iveHead , th orax , scape and extreme apices of antenna rosy ; thelast wi th only two j oint s wh i te ; mesonotum and metanotumsomet imes more or les s , but never ent irely, n igrescent ; abdomen

black , wi th the ba sa l segment ent irely red ; legs ferrugineou swi th the h ind femora , t ibia and tars i black , th e basa l h a lf ofthei r t ib ia and second to fourth tarsa l j o int s very pa le flavous ;wings brown i sh , not at all n igrescent , but with violaceousreflect ion ; length , fema le , 25 mm .

TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDE S FROM ALGERIA.

BY FRED . V . THEOBALD , M .A . , Hon . &c .

THE two newAph ides described h ere were taken by Mr. P.

A . Buxton and Mr . R . Gurney in ant s ’ nest s in Algeria ; one ofth emwa s a lso foundwi th termi tes . So far on ly a S ingle aph i dh as been recorded from the nest s ofwh i te ant s , namely , Termitap his circumva lla ta , Wasmann (Tijdschr . V . Entomol . xlv . 1 9 02,p . 1 05 , pl . 9 , fig . 7 , a

—cProfessor Robert Newstead informs me th a t h e is describing

anoth er peculiar form from termi te nests in the West Indies .One of th e two spec ies described h ere i s very marked , and

th i s I have placed in a newgenus forwh ich I propose the nameRectina sus . Th e other comes in th e genu s F arda , a l though th eadu lt fema le present s a somewh a t different form to the otherknown FordaS . Th e ant h osts are given wi th th e Spec iesdescr ibed .

Genu s RECTINASUS , nov . gen .

Antenna offive segmen ts , long , o ften over h a lf the length of the

body , rath er th in , the first and second segments sma ll, of abou t equal

length ,th ird and fifth long , abou t equ al in length , fourth Short ,

S ligh tly longer th an the second , the first and second h ave a shortblun t Sp ine , at the apex and base respec tively. Eyes small.

Probosc is long , from two -th irds th e length of th e body to a littlelonger th an th e body , c arried a t a marked angle to the body, oftennearly at righ t angles acum in ate , h a iry. Seta ceou s mand ibles and

maxilla long . Body segmented . Corn icles absen t . Legs ratherlong and th in , bu t somewh at th icker in young forms .

This insec t h as since been placed in a newfam ily .

Two NEwMYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDE S FROM ALGERIA . 29

Th e marked ch aracters of th i s genus are the antenna and

the project ing long probosc i s .The Viviparous apterous fema le only known .

Found in companywi th ants .

.Rectina sus buxtoni , nov . Sp .

Ap terous v ivip arousfema le.—Ochreous yellowto pale yellowand

a lmost pearlywh ite , pubescen t ; legs and antenna brown ; probosc isblack at the apex , brown to nearly the base in some , paler in o thers .

Eyes black . Frons more or less porrec ted . Vertex convex to flat ,broad , h a iry . An tenna of five segments , th e two basal ones small ,ofnearly equ al length , th e basal one somewh at thewider , the apex

Rectinasus buxtoni , nov . sp .

A . Head of apterous Viviparous female ; a , antenna ; a l , joint of first andsecond segments , showing spines a

3, apex of antenna ; b , eye ; c , labrum ; c

maxilla ; c2 and C3, mandibles ; d , proboscis . B . Variations in head a , b , and c .

C . Lateral tubercle . D . Labrum, d1 apex further enlarged .

of the first and base of th e second with a » small dark , blun t , medianprojec ting process , po inted towards one another , th ird segment long ,fourth short , bu t longer th an th e second , fifth as long as the th ird ,

end ing in a Short , blunt na il , a small round sensorium at the apex of

th e fourth and a peculiar Sh aped one at the base of the na il onth e fi fth ; a ll th e segmen ts h a iry , in some the antenna are nearly as

long as the probosc is , in o th ers sh orter. Probosc is c arried at a

marked angle to the body , bent near th e base , acuminate , th e apexof th e last segment ,wh ich i s long and th in , black , h a iry ; setaceousmand ibles and maxilla long labrum moderately long , porrec ted , basewith some ha irs . The proboscis varies in length , usua lly abou t twoth irds th e length ofth e body, bu t may b e longer . Frons o ften porrec ted .

Pronotum constricted from the rest of the body,wh ich i s oval .Abdomen with Short h a irs on the anterior three -fourth s , longer

ones beh ind with Sh orter ones between . Cauda rounded to cone

Sh aped ,very h irsu te ,

h a irs long . Pore -like , ova l , flat tubercles at

the sides .Legs rather long and th in ,

projecting ; femora wider than the

t ibia ,tarsi of two segments , the basal one small , all th e segments

with fine Short h a irs .

Length—1 5 to 2 3 mm .

Habita t .—Lambese , Ba tna , E . Algeria .

Time of Cap ture.-Apri l 5 th , 1 9 1 3 .

Notes .

—A large number taken in ant s ’ nests (Pheidole pa llidu la , under th e same s tone as a nest of th e term i te

(Leucotermes lucifugus , ROSS) , and th ree spec imen s from nest ofB othryomyrmex merid iona lis by Mr . R . Gurney at th e same t ime .

Th e h ead varies somewha t in form ; in some i t i s convex infront , in oth ers flat , and some appear to h ave a median sulcus .Th e rela t ive length of the antenna and proboscis al so varies ; inyoung forms th ey are about the same length ,

in Older ones th eantenna are con s iderably Sh orter than the probosc i s . Withregard to the connect ionwith termi tes there i s some doubt , forMr.

Buxton sends th e followmg from h is notebook Ant , Aph i s andTermi te a ll under th e same stone . The termi tes probably notin a s soc ia t ion , but ant s and aph ides actua l ly in th e same nest .

The term ite has been determined by Holmgren as Leuco

termes lucifugus, ROSS .

F orda rotunda , nov . Sp .

Apterous v iviparous fema le.—Dull wh ite above , mu ch domed

flattened below, brown , the marked segmen ts darkened api cally .

An tenna less th an one-fourth the length of the body , th in , of fiv e

segments , th e two basal ones Short , abou t th e same length , th e basalonewider than the second ,

th ird segment the longest , slightly narrowerth an th e second , abou t as long as the fourth and fifth togeth er , the lasttwo equ al , a single round sensorium near the apex of th e fourth and

one large one and one or two small round ones at th e base of th e verySh ort , blunt na il on the fifth , th e last two segments brown , th e rest

yellowish , all th e segmentswith fine Short h a irs .Eyes small and black , projecting from th e s ide of the h ead .

Vertex rounded or curved , nude . Probosc is Short and th ick ,reach ing ju st past the second coxa , dark at th e tip ,wi th two sub

terminal seta ; setaceou s mand ibles and max illa rather Sh ort , theformer spirally curled ; proboscis bent under the body and more or

less closely applied to i t . A fewha irs on th e posterior of the body ;cauda very h irsu te , h a irs curved ap ically ; no trace of segmentationon th ewh ite domed dorsumwh ich h as the appearance ofwh ite kidmarkedly segmen ted on th e brown venter .

Legs brown , first and second pa irs very short , the femora th ickand nearly as long as th e tibia ; tarsi of two segments , th e same

length in the first two pair of legs ; th ird pa ir of legs longer , just

TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES FROM ALGERIA . 31

projecting beyond the body , femora much th icker and sh orter th anthe tib ia ; tars i longer than in th e two front pa irs ; th e basal segmen tof th e feet , small ; tibia and tars i h a iry , h a irs very fine and Sh ort .

Length— 8 mm .

Imma ture v ivip arous fema le—Colour varying from pale yellowto dull brown ish grey . Legs pale yellowish brown . An tenna

with the last two segments pale brown ; two basal segments sh ort ,abou t equal length , the basal one broader th an the second , the th irdth e longest , abou t as long as th e fou rth and fi fth ,wh ich are equa l , asen sorium on the apex of the fourth and one at the base of th e shortblunt na il on the fi fth , with two to four smaller ones surround ing

Forda rotunda ,nov . Sp .

A . Head of mature apterous female ; 0 , antenna ; cl , further enlarged apex ;b , probosc is ; b ] , mandibles ; b2 , maxilla ; a ,

eye ; a l , eye further enlarged . B .

Head and antenna of imma ture female . D. Front tarsus . E . Proboscis . F .

Lateral viewof cauda . G . Hind tarsus.

i t , all th e segments with small h a irs . Eyes small and black , not so

projecting as in the adult . Proboscis reach ing just to th e th irdcoxa , of similar form to the adu lt . Legs longer in proportion thanth e adu lt ,well projecting from th e body , otherwi se simi lar . Caudarounded , h a iry, h a irs long and curved ap ically .

Length—2 to 2 5 mm .

Ha bita t . —Hammam Meskoutine , E . Algeria .

Time of Cap ture.-Apri l 3rd , 1 9 1 3 .

N otes .

—On‘

e mature fema le and four immature ones takenin ant s’ nests (Tap inoma erra ticum) .

There i s no doubt th at these are all one spec ies , a lthough th emature form looks very d ifferent , i ts swol len appearance , i tswh i tekid-l ike upper surface and flat brown venterwi th marked segmentation i s very ch aracteri st ic

, the younger forms are more F ordal ike ,wh i l st the adu l t approach es a Tycheoides in appearance butth e antenna are F orda -l ike . The h a iry cauda i s prom inent in a ll .

The types of both Spec ies h ave been placed in th e Na tiona lMu seum at South Kens ington .

THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT ,

COLORADO .

BY T . D. A. COCKERELL .

ORTHOPTERA are uncommon in th e Tertiary rock s , and

u sua lly poorly preserved , a lthough they must h ave abounded informer t imes a s now. Probably most of th e spec ieswere betterable to escape destru ct ion during vol can i c erupt ion s th ansma l ler and more fragile insects . Th e M iocene sh a les of Flor i ssant h ave yielded no fewer than th irty -th ree Species and a lthoughth i s must b e bu t a sma l l fragment of the OrthOpterouS fauna of

that t ime,i t i s suffic ient to give us some idea of th e types exi st

ing perhaps a mi l l ion years ago . Two newSpec ies have beenrecen t ly d i scovered by Profes sor Wickham, and are describedbelow.

Th e Forficulida are represented at Flori ssant by th e ext inctgenu s Labiduromma , Scudder , wi th no fewer than ten spec ies .

E arwigs are the only Orth optera in th e sha les wh i ch can b e

ca l led common .

B lattida are represen ted by th ree genera sti l l l iving inAmeri ca , each with a s ingle spec ies . It i s pos s ible th a t theSpec ies referred to Z etobora i s rea l ly an Ischnop tera , and ident i ca lwi th th e described member of tha t genus .

Th e Man tida are represented by th ree spec ies , referred totwo genera , both bel ieved to b e extinct . Scudder has describedone Ph a sm id , plac ing it in Aga themera , a neotropica l genus st il lextant . In th e Acridiida we find th e apparently extinct genu sT ceniop odites , Ckll. of th e Acridiina ; th ree spec ies of (Edipodinaand th ree of Tryxalina . All th ese Acridians , wh enever th e i rgener i c characters can b e made out , seem to belong to ext inctgenera . In the Locustidawe have Pa laeorehnia , Ckll . , a remarkable ext inct genu s referred to Ph aneropterina ; a very dubiou smember of th e PseudOphyllina ; Lithymnetes , Scudd .

, an ext inctgenu s pla ced in th e Orienta l and Au stra l ian group Phylloph arina ; a Conocepha line referred to th e l iving genu s Orchelimum ; two Dec ticina , belonging to th e l i ving genera Capnobotesand Anabrus ; and two spec ies of th ewidely d i s tr ibu ted Grylla cris , of th e subfam i ly Gryllacridina (Gryllacrina ,

Kirby,

Scudder) .AS th e l i st s tands , les s th an a th i rd of the spec ies seem to

belong to modern genera , and i t i s qu i te pos s ible tha t i fwe h adcomplete Spec imen s of th ese, a t lea st some of th emwou ld proveto b e incorrectly a ss igned . On th e oth er h and , i t may b e th atsome of th e genera described a s extinct are st i l l l iving . The

whole matter mu st s tand subj ec t to future revi s ion , Sh ouldbetter materia l s b e brough t to l igh t ; b ut we can at lea st sayth i s , tha t the M iocene Orth optera of Colorado were, on the

THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT , COLORADO . 33

wh ole, strikingly differen t from the exist ing fauna of that region ,

andwere l ike those ofwarmer regions to th e south . Th e apparent resemblances in some ca ses to the O ld World fauna maypos s ibly b e deceptive , but i f th ey are not , th ey fal l in l inewi thth e indi sputable occurrence of such O ld World genera as Glossina

and Ha lter .

ACRIDIIDJE .

Tyrbula scudderi , n . Sp .

Hind leg with femur 1 74 mm . long , 34wide , superior carinastrongly marked many broad oblique brown bars , broader than the

interva ls between them . T ibia of same leg 1 8% mm . long , 4 mm .

wide , th e h ind margin wi th sixteen large , two med ium , and foursmall sp ines , th e uppermost ( small) one 3gmm . from base of tibia ,

th e first large spine 7 mm . from base th e large spines formed as in

T . mu ltisp inosa , bu t SO c lo sely set that their bases almost touch , and

th e longest spines are nearly 1 4 mm . long ; the longer spine at apexof tibia i s about 1 mm . long . Tarsu s 6 mm . long .

Tegmen as preserved about 29 mm . long , b ut if complete itwou ldprobably b e abou t 32 mm width abou t 5 mm . A Sligh t ind istinctmarbling , but no d istinct Spots or bands . Venation as ind icated in

Tyrbu la scudderi , Cockerell . A . Tegmen . B . Tibial spines .

the figure ; the costal region broadly expanded , with oblique , rarelybranch ing Ve ins , much as in S tirap leura texana as figured byMcNeill ; the first subcosta l branch mu st b e very short , as it is not

clearly visible , the base of the costal field being suffu sedly brownwithou t well-preserved vein s ; the rest of th e venation Sh ows a

general resemblance to th at of variou s Tryxalines ,with the fo llowingpecu liarities : radiu s branch ing ab pu t m iddle of tegmen , th e branchescontinu ing c lose togeth er , jo ined by numerou s cross vein s , approaching in apic al field , bu t d iverging aga in , the lower branch giving off

belowat least three long Oblique ve ins ; media branch ing a littlebeyond the rad ius , the branches widely d ivergent , form ing an open

fork , bu t gradually approach ing as they go toward margin ; cubitu ssimple , u ltimately jo in ing first anal . In the figure th e stems of th e

med ia and rad iu s are too c lose together with a good lens th ey can

b e seen to b e d istinctly separate , jo ined by numerou s small crossve in s , bu t the med ia i s only h alf as far from th e radiu s as it i s fromth e cubitu s .

Miocene shales of F lor i s sant , Wilson Ranch (H . F . Wickham) . I make the leg the type , becau se i t Shows parts wh i chcan b e comparedwi th th e descr ipt ion s of Scudder

s two Spec iesof Tyrbu la . Th e tegmen was on another p iece of Sh a le, bu t I

ENTOM .—~JANUARY , 1 9 1 4 . D

feel confident that i t belongs to the same Spec ies . Th i s i sprobably Scudder’s supposed T . mu ltisp inosa from Flor i s san t ;but the true T . mu ltisp inosa i s a differen t in sect , from th e

Eocene of Wyoming . The Wyoming Spec ies i s the type of thegenu s , and very pos s ib ly better materia l of i t wou ld indicatetha t th e Flor i s san t in sect s belong to a different genu s .

MANTIDE .

Lithophotina costa lis , 1 1 . Sp .

Tegmen , as preserved (base and apex wan ting) , abou t 1 8 mm .

long , actual length probably 25 ; pallid , the ve in s appearing ligh tredd ish , perh aps green in life ; similar to L . floccosa , bu twith the

costal field mu ch larger (nearly 2 mm . broad near m iddle) , and th einferior bran ches of the med ia not forked . The first superior branchof the rad iu s i s nearly 2 mm . b efore the ap ical fork (or origin of last

in ferior branch ) of med ia . Th e subc ostal ve in i s th in , bu t qu ited i st inc t , and i s jo ined to the rad ius by oblique cross-ve ins , some

h aving a s igmo id curve . The costal field i s finely reticu lated , agreeing h ere inwith S tagmomanti s and not with Photina . The width of

th e tegmen in middle i s a little over 8 mm .

Miocene shales of F lori s san t , Wilson Ran ch (H . F . Wickham) .

REVERSION OF ARCTIC EREBIA LIGEA VAR . ADYTE ,

HB . , AND ALPINE PARARGE M /ERA VAR . ADRAS TA

TO THE TYPE -FORM . HIBERNATION OF PYRA

ME IS A TALAN TA AND PARARGE EGERIA VAR .

EGERIDE’S .

BY H. ROWLAND-BROWN , M.A. , F .E . S .

MR . WILLIAM CARTER , of Hamburg , h as been good enoughto fu rn i sh mewith a copy and trans lat ion of a paper commun icated by Herr Augu st Selzer to the Entomologica l Soc iety of

Hamburg ,wh i ch con ta in s severa l i tems of cons iderable interestto those of u s who study the bionomi c s of th e wes tern pa laarct i c butterfl ies . For some t ime in the arrangemen t of th egenus Erebia cons iderable doubt appears to h ave

existed as toth e actua l Spec ies ofwh i ch HUbner’S adyte i s a var iety . Ifany such doubt rema in s at th e present , i t shou ld b e final ly d i s

pelled by the resu lt s of th e breeding experiments succes sfu llycarried th rough by Herr Sel zer who , from ova obta ined fromLapland adyte, h as derived typica l ligea .

Adyte was common enough at Abi sko , Swedi sh Lapland ,when I was col lecting th ere in July , 1 9 06

xxxix.p . and i twas h ere , a lso , that Herr Sel zer took th e

fema les fromwh ich h e bred the typ ica l form in Hamburg .

36 THE ENTOMOLOGI S T .

th e year for larva ,found th em, and th rough th e winter of la st

year had l ive pupa in h is cages . Hefi

rther tel l s u s th at of th elarva of Para rge egeria var . egeride

usua l ly s ingle-brooded inth e Ha rz ) Obta ined from captured females in June , ha lf fed-upand emerged in Hamburg in the fol lowing September , th e restpupa t ing at the end of th at month and in October , and in th i sph ase h ibernat ing for a spring emergence .

A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA .

u BY FRED . V . THEOBALD,M .A .

Pseudotceniorhynchus samoa nsis , n . Sp .

Head brown , with narrowpale border around th e eyes and paleline in th e m iddle , a dark patch on each s ide black uprigh t sca lesall over th e h ead . Probosc is almost black ,with a med ian creamyband . Th orax deep brown ,with somewh at marked med ian lines andtwo pale spots before the bare space in front of scu tellum . Abdomen deep blackish -brown , unbanded except for a narrowpale basalbroken band on th e last segmen t ,with basal , a lmost wh ite ,

latera lspots ; venterwith th ird and fourth segmentswith basal pale bands ,th e fifthwi th a line of pale scales at th e apex , oth erswith traces of

basal bands . Legs deep brown ,narrowly handed , the bands ma inly

basal , but tra ces on the ap ices . Wings brown scaled .

9 . Head Sh iny blackish ,wi th a fewsmall pale narrow-curvedscales and numerou s uprigh t black forked scales all over it , a line of

pale narrow-curved scales around the eyes and small flat grey and

dark lateral scales , a med ian nude line appearing pale ; probosc israth er th ick , black with a med ian pale creamy band , black ch a taventrally at the base ; palpi moderately long , black-scaled ; clypeu sdeep brown i sh black .

Thorax black ,with small , narrow-curved th in brown scales , verydense , two Spots of similar but pale go lden scales before th e bareSpace in front of the scu tellum , traces of two med ian parallel barelines Sh owing as dark lines , with two lines of paler h a irs in th e

m iddle and o thers at th e sides ; latera l ch a ta black , very dense overth ewing-roots and a number on each S ide of th e bare space passingback to the scu te llum ; scu tellum paler , with small narrow-curveddark Scales and long black posterior border-bristles , dense on the

lateral lobes metanotum brown pleura black and greywith someSmall flat wh iti sh scales .

Abdomen black , unbanded ,with Small basa l creamywh ite lateral ,

Spots ,wh ich are prom inent on th e last segment , nearly form ing a band ;posterior border h a irs pallid ; venterwith basal pale band s , th e fifthwith awh ite band near or on th e apical border ; on th e S ixth and

seventh segments the basal lateral Spots spread out a long the sidesof th e segments to some exten t .

Legs dark brown i sh black , th e fore pa irwith a small ap ical yellowSpot on femora and tibia and on th e first four tarsals basal pale

A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA. 37

bands ; in the mid pa ir very S imilar, but Sligh tly more prom inent ; inth e h ind the band ing still more prominent , in all traces of i t on th eap ices of th e segments ; femora and tibia with numerous blackcha ta ungues small, equal and S imple .

Wings rath er narrow,with dense brown scales , rather broad and

stra igh twith sh orter and broader median ve in -scales ; first fork-cell

longer bu t abou t the samewidth as the second fork-cell, th e ir basesabou t level ; stem of the first not qu ite h alf as long as the cell ;stem of the second about h alf as long as th e cell ; posterior cross

ve in much longer than the mid c ross-ve in close to it . Haltereswithpale stem and large fuscous knobwith pale scales , especially at th eapex .

Length , 4 8 mm.

Ha bita t—Apia , Samoa .

Observa tions—Described from a S ingle perfect fema le sentme by Dr . K . Friederiks , Government Zoologist of Samoa twospec imen swere taken in a privy .

It forms a very marked spec ies ofPseudota niorhynchus , ea silytold by the brown thorax having no poster ior pa le Spot s and bythe abdomina l ornamenta t ion . Th e type I h ave presented tothe Liverpool School of Tropica l Medic ine .

Dr . Friederiks tel l s me the oth er mosqui toes found in

Samoa are S tegomyia fascia ta , Fab . S tegomyia p seudoscutellaris ,Thorp Culexfa tigans , Wied and a Spec ies of M ansonia ( i. e . ,

Tceniorhynchus) .

SYNONYMY OF I CHNE UMON OBLITERATUS AND

I . BARBIFRONS .

BY CLAUDE MORLEY , F .E .S .

SOME t ime ago Dr. T . A . Ch apmanwas SO good a s to presentme wi th a fema le of Ichneumon oblitera tus , Wesmael (Ichn .

M i sce l lanea , 1 855 , p . wh i ch emerged on Augu st 2 l st , 1 9 1 0,from th e pupa ofB renthis pa les , found a t Furka ,

in Swi tzerland ,on 28 th of the previou s month . Wh en first descr ib ing th e

Spec ies , Wesmael knewbut a S ingle fema le : M . le Dr . Kriech

baumer a pri s cette femel le aux environs de Co i re, en Su i s se.

G i raud (Ann . Soc . France, 1 877 , p . 39 8) says Fa l lou bred itevident ly st i ll th e fema le only—and adds in a footnote,

“ L’

oblitera tus provient de ch en i l les d’

Argynnis pa les pri se s en ju i l let1 866 , autour de l

hospice da S implon ,dans le Va la i s ,

”Swi tzer

land . Berthoumieu in 1 89 4 S imply epitomi ses th i s ( somewh a tincorrectIY) . and adds “ Hol ste in , in Prussia , apparently on

h is own authori ty . Male inconnu .

Dr. Chapman h as j ust sent me th ree more fema leswi th a

Single ma le , bred during August , 1 9 1 2 , a t Col d ’

Iseran , in th e

Gra ian Alps of Savo ie , France , abou t fifteen m i les north of

Mt . Cen i s , a t 9 000 ft . , from pupa of Gnop hus ca libar ia . The

fema les are cospecific wi th th e above , and th e ma le i s qu i tecerta in ly i t s a lternate sex,wh i ch has not h ith erto been a ssoc ia tedwi th i t

,though described by Holmgren in 1 878 (Verb . z .

-b . Ges .

Wien ,xxvi i i . p . 1 73 , in h is “ Enumeratio Ichneumonidum

exh iben s Spec ies in a lpibus Tirolia captas”

) in th e ma le sex

only under th e name I chneumon barbifrons, on account of th eelonga te capital p i los i ty found on ly in th i s sex, or to a muchles s degree in the fema le . His descr ip tion i s excel lent , b ut h eindicates no more exact local ity , and no one has s ince recogni zedth e spec ies .

Monk Soham , Suffolk : October 1 5th , 1 9 1 3.

NOTE S AND OB SERVATIONS .

UNUSUAL PAIRING OF MoTHs .—I was interested to see in the

‘ Entomologist’

for November , 1 9 1 3 (v ol . xlv i . p . Mr . A . E .

Hodge ’s note upon th e pa iring of a male N . xan thograp ha with a

female 0 . gramini s: Some years ago ,wh ilst living in London , I h ada male E . versicolor pa ir with a female Prodromari a . Many ov a

were la id , bu t th ese proved in ferti le and soon shrivelled up .

G . BERTRAM KERSHAw; West Wickh am ,Kent , November 3rd , 1 9 1 3.

NOTE ILLUSTRATING MILDNESS OF THE PAST SEASON — I captured a very wo rn male of Percnop tilota fluvia ta on my studywindowon September 30th , a perfectly fresh male on October 25th ,

and a th ird male in good cond it ion on November 26th . Th i s seemsto ind icate th e ma turing of two broods after th e end of September .

Vanessa urtica appeared in the garden on November 24th . A hat

was h awking round street lamps on November 23th .

— E . N . C .

STOWELL ; Laleh am , Bexh ill-on -Sea , December 1 2th , 1 9 1 3.

NOTE ON REARING DASYPOLIA TEMPLI .— In Ju ly of last year I

collec ted a number of larva of D . temp li in th e ne ighbourhood of

Kinloch Rannoch , bu t from over th irty larva I only bred two insects ,all th e rest be ing stung . Th is year , in Ju ly , I collected more larvain Cornwall, and prac t ically all these atta ined th e imago stage . Th e

Scotch insects emerged on September 20th and 26th , wh ile th e

Corn ish insects did not begin to appear until Oc tober 28th , and

Continued till November 1 2th . Th is may h ave been cau sed by thed ifference in the two seasons , bu t I th ink it more probable th e

Scotch winter be ing earlier, insects from there h abitually emergeat an earlier date . Th e larva are easy to find in in fected plan ts ofHera c leum sp hondylium, and very easy to rear , in my experience .

All th at I did was to d ig up with a trowel in fec ted plants and

replan t them in a large tin or rhubarb pot , togeth er with a fewun in fec ted plants— and th is I coveredwith a perforated z inc cylinderwith a mu slin top . The larva requ ired no a ttention , andwhen full

NOTES AND OBSERVAT IONS . 39

fed left th e plants and pupated in th e surround ing earth ,withou tany cocoon .

—PERCY C . RE ID ; Feering Bury, Kelvedon .

DRAGONFLIES BRED IN 1 9 1 3 .— I h ave bred th is year Gomp hus

vu lga tissimus (one) , E schna grandis , Corda lia a nea ,Libellu la quadri

macu la ta , Symp etrum striola tum, Pyrrhosoma nymp hu la ,Ischnura

elegans , E rythromma na ias , and Ca lop terya: verge . Th e nymphof Gomp hus vu lga tissimuswas obta ined in th e N ewForest in May .

It i s th e first time I have taken one of th is Species , th ough I h avefor some years collected nymph s (and bred , too ) in the same place

in the forest , on one day at any rate , in early summer . I got noCordu lega ster annu la tus th i s year , though they h ave generally turnedup there , or , more accurately, h ave been turned up . A fewhours ont h e Ouse , near St . Ives , in early June produced many Ischnura

elegans and one nymph— an Anisopterid—wh ich I h ave not yet been

able to identify. It i s growing fast , living ma in ly on small sna ils ;bu t it i s nowtaking toworms ,wh ich it refused for a long time .

HAROLD HODGE ; 9 , Highbury Place , London , N .

PLEBEIUS (LYCZENA) MEDON (ASTRARCHE ) IN DOVEDALE .-Referring

to th e note of Mr. St . John (vol. xlvi . p . I was in Dovedalein Ju ly , 1 9 08 , and found th i s Spec ies qu ite common and I secured ,

as did Mr. St . John , qu ite a good series of thorough ly typ icalSpecimens . Insects generallywere decidedly scarce , th ough I tookone spec ially prettily marked blue female of Polyomma tus icarus .

Nuda ria mundanawas not uncommon on thewalls of the ou tbu ildings of some of th e farmyards ,wh ilst Boarmia bistarta ta lariciaria ,

Dhld . occurred in the dale . I also took one or two pretty Cerostomasequella

— and , apart from lepidoptera , S i res: gigas fema leswere seen

several times , th ough I on ly took a S ingle specimen—G . T . BETHUNEBAKER .

A DRAGONFLY AT SEA .—On September 6th , somewhere in mid

sea , between Kevel and Helsingfors , I sawthe insec t flying abou tover the deck . It subsequently settled on a ch a ir , wh ere it wasc augh t by a fellow-

passenger ,who gave it to me . The presence of

th is dragonfly seemed curiou s , since th erewas no landwith in a goodmany m iles , neith er h ad we touched land S ince leaving England .

—JOHN B . HICKS ; Stoneleigh , Elmfield Road , Bromley, Kent ,November 8th , 1 9 1 3.

WASPS ACTIVE IN DECEMBER—On December 5th I was mu chinterestedwatch ingwasps , apparentlyworkers , go ing in and out of

a nest in the ground . Th i s must b e unu sual—E . C . STOWELL ;Laleh am , Bexh ill-ou -Sea , December 1 2th , 1 9 1 3.

POLIA FLAVICINCTA IN GLAMORGAN SHIRE .— I took th i s moth at

sugar on October 2nd last in my garden . I can find no record of its

being taken in th i s county before —E . U . DAVID ; Y scallog,Llandaff,

November 24th , 1 9 1 3 .

NOLA ALBULA IN HANTS .

- I h ave much pleasure in reporting th ec apture of Nola a lbu lawh ilst‘ collec ting in Hampsh ire (abou t July1 8th and 1 9 th ) . My friend , Mr. Danby , h as two Spec imens , and I

40 THE'

ENTOMOLOGIST .

h ave one . Others were taken , bu t unfortunately got damaged intravelling . Am I righ t in believing th i s to b e a newrecord for thecounty —ARTHUR BUSS ; 43, Gleneldon Road , Streatham , S . W .

ACRONYCTA MENYANTHIDIS EMERGING IN NOVEMBER—On lookingin my pupa -cage on November 3rd , Iwas surpri sed to find that afemale Spec imen ofAcronycta menyanthidis h ad emerged from pupasent me from “ Barnard Castle , all collected th i s year . Theywerekept in a gla ss -top bottle in a roomwith no fire , temperature abou t55° to I though t itwould b e interesting to record th is , becau seI c an find no record of so late an emergence—H . L . DOLTON ;27 , Brunswick Street , Read ing, November 1 7th , 1 9 1 3.

EARIAS CHLORANA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE .— In Augu st , 1 9 1 2 , the Rev .

G. M . Sm ith found abou t a do z en larva of th is spec ies feed ing on theosiers growing on the Severn bank near Gloucester . One or twoimagos emerged in the following September, bu t the rest h ibernatedas pupa and came ou t at intervals during May , June , and Ju ly of

th i s present year . It is curiou s th at th i s spec ies h as not apparentlybeen ob served in th i s county h ith erto .

—C . GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK ,F .E .S . 23 , Hea thv ille Road , Gloucester , November l 6th , 1 9 1 3.

HYPOT ION (CHE ROCAMPA) CELERIO IN HANTS .— A Spec imen of

C . oc lerio was c augh t by a cat in a hou se in th i s parish la stSeptember . The locali ty is less th an a mile from the sea , betweenLym ington and Christchurch . (Rev . ) J . E . KEL SALL ; M iltonRectory , NewM ilton , November 22nd , 1 9 1 3.

DAPHN IS (CHE ROCAMPA) NERII .—One of these very rare visitors

occurred h ere th i s season , and was c aptured on September l 6th .

Th e moth was seen on th e wing at abou t p m . by two Small

village boys ,who even tually succeeded in the ir endeavours ,with theaid of th eir caps , &c . The following day i twas brough t to my h ou se(partly for identifica tion) , be ing a p it iable sigh t but still a live ; it is ,nevertheless , sufficient to serve as a record . My friend Mr . BrownofAinsdale kindly lent me the moth for exh ibition a t the Novembermeeting of the Lancash ire and Chesh ire Entomological Soc iety .

W . A . TYERMAN ; Derby V illa , Ainsdale , Southport , November 1 9 th ,

1 9 1 3.

CATOCALA FRAXIN I IN LANCs .—A spec imen of Oa toca la fraxini

(Clifton Nonpareil) was caugh t a t Grange -over-Sands , Lanes ,September 7th , 1 9 1 3 , in the grounds of YewbarrowHa ll , theresidence of Evan A . Leigh , Esq.

-J . DAVIS WARD ; Limehurst ,Grange -over-Sands .

COLIAS EDUSA REARED IN KENT—On May 23rd , 1 9 1 3, my son

brough t to me a fema le Colias eda sa he h ad c augh twith h is cap inawaste field not fi fty yards away from our house . I succeeded inkeeping it alive for th reeweeks . During th at time it kindly obligedwith one hundred and fifty ova ; these I placed s ingly in a irtigh t tin swi th a glass top , my in tention being to try for a second brood , bu t

the larva grewso Slowly that I h ad to abandon the idea . Th e firstimago emerged on Augu st 1 5th and the last on September 9 th . I

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . 4 1

migh t add th e larva were kept indoors and ou t of the sun , so

probably th i s had someth ing to dowith Slowgrowth . Altogeth er Ibred a n ice long series , butwith little or no variation —A . J . EXETER ;Watling Street , Dartford , Kent , October 1 7th , 1 9 1 3.

COLIAS EDUSA IN M iDDLESEx.—Ih previou s Eda sa years I have

u sually observed one or two examples h ere in Augu st or September .

But th i s season th e “c louded yellow” h as not pu t in an appearance .

However , my cous in, Dr . R . P . Cox , of Ealing , in forms me that inAugu st several v is ited h is garden ; and h e reports i t a lso to h avebeen not uncommon a t Sh ipley , in Sussex , and a t Torquay .

—H .

ROWLAND -BROWN ; HarrowWeald , December 1 5th , 1 9 1 3.

NOTES ON COLIAS ELUSA , &c . , IN EssEx.-I first noticed C . eda sa

h ere on Augu st 20th . The next day I visited a small field of lucerne

abou t ten m inu tes’walk from my hou se . On theway a brigh t lookingfemale edasa pa ssed me in th e road , but my netwas in my pocket .On reach ing the field not a specimen of eda sawas to b e seen , bu t

a fterwa iting for nearly an hour , a male flewby and settled on one

of the lucerne flowers andwas captured , and in th e course of h alf anh our I sawthree more , and caugh t two of th em— both males . Therewas a fa ir amount of bloom on th e lucerne , and itwas awarm brigh ta fternoon , bu t bu tterflies were very scarce . I only noticed singleexamples of Pyrameis a ta lan ta , P . carda i , Vanessa io , a fewfreshV. u rti ca , and one or two ea ch of Ccenonymp ha pamp hilus , Lgca naicarus , Chrysop hanus p hla as , and Adop a a lineola . Pa rarge megaerawas the most numerou s , and there were a fewP i eris rap es and

P . nap iwh ichwere noticeable on accoun t of th e ir small siz e . Twoof the nap i I caugh t are , I th ink , the smallest I ever saw,

measur

ing barely 1 4 in . across th e wings . A fewPlusia gamma werebu z z ing abou t amongst th e flowers , and one or two N omop hilanoctuella (S . hybrida lis) were d isturbed from th e h erbage . On

August 25 th I sawa large female eda sa flying along the h igh road .

The next day Iwent to Walton -on -th e -Na z e , as I though t th at m igh tb e a more likely ne ighbourhood , and I part icularlywanted to get afemale 0 . edusa for eggs . On arriving at Walton Iwalked out to the

eastward of the town , by the footpath on the top of th e cliffs , andwh en abou t h alfway to th e Na z e sawa brigh t-looking female flyingabou twillowh erb some d istance belowme , bu t Shewou ld not come

with in reach , nor cou ld I get down to h er . Further on Iwas pleasedto see , on my left , a large c lover field one mass of bloom— indeed , Ismelt it long before I sawi t . Here I though t I Shou ld surely finda ll the eda sa in the neighbourhood congregated , butwas d isappointed ,

forwh en I got into the field , noth ingwas to b e seen bu t a fewrap ce ,nap i , &c . I stopped there for more th an an hour , sat under a h edge ,eat my lunch , and smoked a pipe , bu t no eda sawould come . Itwasgloriou sly h ot and brigh t— ju st the day for them . After th i s Iwalked a little further along the coast , beyond the Na z e , and th enturned back , as itwas time to go to the station for my tra in h ome

and I h ad h ardly done SOwhen a male eda sa came dash ing along andwas secured . On the 28th I sawanoth er male at Dovercourt , andth i swas the last .

On August 27th I received five living females from my friendCommander Gwa tkin -Williams , R .N . ,who h ad taken th em th e daybefore a t Broadsta irs , where C . eda sa appears to h ave been rath erplentifu l . Th eywere placed under muslin hoods over growing plan tsofwh ite clover and b irdsfoot trefo il in flower-pots , and pu t in awarmplace in th e garden . Next day I sawa good many eggs h ad beenla id , and by th e time the last fema le d ied , two or three hundred ova

h ad been depos ited . The eggswere pearly-wh ite at first , bu t soonchanged to orange , and by September 2nd some h ad become lead

co lour, and larva began to ha tch out the following day . Th e younglarva were d ingy-olive ,with Sh in ing black h eads , and the ir first actwas to devour th e ir egg- Shells , then , a fter they h ad rested a bit , theywandered about , and finally settled e ither in th e m iddle or at one

of the corners of a lea f , and began to n ibble at the upper cu ticle,mak ing small blotch es . They la id up for th eir first ch ange on

September l oth , and some h ad got th rough by the 1 2th , and werethen du ll green ,with minu te black dots and Sh ort pale h a irs . Iwillnot give any furth er ac coun t of their progress , as th at h as been doneso many times by o ther writers . The potswere kept in awindowfac ing sou th , and everyth ing went well with th e larva until th etemperature began to fa ll towards the beginn ing of Oc tober,whenmany of the smaller ones began to S icken and die off. Some of th e

larger ones by th i s timewere nearly fu ll grown . On Oc tober 9 th Ino ticed one h ad attach ed itself to th e side of the muslin h ood , and

th e next day became a pupa . By th e 1 7th th erewere a doz en pupa ,

b u t scores of larva h ad d ied , and those rema in ing would not eat ,

and eventually they a ll perish ed . None of th em appeared to makeany attemp t to h ibernate . By th i s time i t was getting very much

colder, and I h ad started a fire in my s itting -room . All th e pupawere nowp inned to a Sheet of cork , and th is was placed under a

glass cylinder ,with a French Clocke over i t , on a table close to thewindow,wh ere they got th e fu ll benefit of th e sun . On th e 26th

the first pupa began to ch ange colour, and by th e 3l st the wingc aseswere brigh t orange , and th e black margins of th ewings pla inlyVisible , and on November 2nd , abou t noon , I observed th e bu tterflytrying to escape from its Chrysalis , and i t h ad evidently been tryingfor a l ittle time before I noticed it , a s i tswingswere h anging downpartially developed , so I lifted glass and cylinder and ,wi th a pa ir offorceps , managed to free i t , bu t i t was then so feeble it cou ld not

grasp anyth ing , and I h ad to h old i t by its fron t legs , a fter wh ich Imanaged to tie a p iece of silk round them , then passed th e S ilk overa pin in a p iece of cork and le ft it , and even tually thewings grewto their full S i z e , though one of them was Sligh tly puckered , bu t Imanaged to smoo th th i s ou t when I set i t . O th er pupa werechanging colour at th is time , bu t most of the bu tterflies seemedto b e unable to emerge , and I only bred five altogeth er , viz :

November 2nd , one male ; November 6th , one female ; November9 th , two ma les ; November 1 1 th , one male . Un fortunately I h aveno greenh ou se , i f I h ad I Should no doubt h ave bred a larger numberof the bu tterflies .

-GERVASE F . MATHEW ; Lee Hou se , Dovercourt ,November 1 7th , 1 9 1 3 .

from India , by Malcolm Cameron , M .E .,R .N . , F .E .S . Pseudacra a

eurytus hob leyi , Neave , and its models on Bugalla Island , LakeV ic toria ,with other members of the same combination , by G . D . H .

Carpenter , B .A . , M .D . , F .E .S . Pseuda cra a boisduva li , Doub l . , and

its models with Spec ial reference to B uga lla Island ,

by th e same .

“ Th e inh eritance of small variations in the pattern of Pap i lio dar

danus , Brown , by the same .

Wednesday , November 1 9 th , 1 9 1 3.—Mr . G . T . Bethune-Baker ,

President , in th e cha in— Itwas announced th at th eCounc il h ad dec ided to make an annual grant of two gu ineas towardsthe ma intenance of Wicken Fen—Th e following gentlemen wereelec ted Fellows of the Society z—Messrs . B . G . Adams , 1 5 , FernshawRoad , Ch elsea ; Barnard Ormiston D ickinson , D.A . , 57 , Castelnau ,

Barnes , S .W . ; Alfred Oliver Rowden , 3, Arch ibald Road ,Exeter ;

OscarWh ittaker , Ormidale , Ash lands , Ash ton -upon-Mersey, Ch esh ire .

—The following Fellowswere nominated by the Counc il a s Officersand Counc il for next year — President , Mr . G . T . Bethune-Baker,

Treasurer , Mr . A. H. Jones ; Secretaries , Commander

J . J . Wa lker , M .A . , R .N . , and Rev . G . Wh eeler , M .A . ,

L ibrarian , Mr . G . C . Ch amp ion , oth er Members of

th e Council : Messrs . E . A . Bu tler , B .A . , B .Sc . ; J . E . Collin ; S .

Edwards ; Dr . H . Eltringham , M .A . , D .Sc . ,O . J . Gah an ,

M .A . ; A . E . Gibbs , F .Z .S . E . E . Green ; G . Meade-Waldo ,

M .A. ; Dr . G . W . N icholson ,M .A. ,M .D . ; Hon . N . O . Roth sch ild ,

M .A H . Rowland-Brown , M .A. ; and O. J . Wa inwrigh t . Mr . A . H . Jones exh ibited specimens of both sexes of

P lebeius z ep hyrus v ar . hesp erica ,taken by h im in June last , at

Albarrac in in Spa in ; P . z ephyrus , type , and var. lycida swere alsoexh ibited for compari son . Also from Albarrac in , Melitcea desfonta int i v ar . ba ti ca , Rbr . , the Span ish form of M . desfo

nta ini i , Godt . ,

(an Algerian butterfly) ; both sexeswere exh ibited—Mr . E . E . Green ,

two Pierid butterfl ies , of d istinc t genera , taken in wi ld at Aripu ,

Ceylon , v iz . , App i a s libgthea , Fab . , male , and Teracolus limba tus ,Butl . , female — Mr . W . J . Kaye , a large and very variable series ofHeli conius doris, L .

—Dr . Chapman ,some Erebias , showing parallel

variation in severa l spec ies in d ifferent localities . He ra ised the

question whether th i s was a case of m im icry , and a considerabled i scu ssion followed —Dr. F . A . D ixey, a drawer conta in ing specimensof the genu s Pieris ,with drawings of their scent -scales , and remarkedupon them .

—Mr . A . Bacot , slides showing th e development ofPlaguebac illi in the a limentary c anal of the flea , and the method of infec tionth rough th e mou th , and read an importan t paper on the subjec t .Dr . K . Jordan , some Spec imens of a lep idopterou s larva d i scoveredby the Rev . A . M iles MOSS , who ,when collec ting near Para,noticed a Saturn i id c aterpillarwith black intersegmenta l bands andlong branched sp ines , a Spec ies ofAu tomeris , some of the b lack bandsofwh ich appeared to be Swollen . To h is ama z ement th ese swellings ,when touched , qu ickly Slid over the back of th e c aterpillar to theother side with the h urried motion of a Pyra lid larva , and indeedturned ou t to b e small lep idopterou s larva as b lack and glos sy as

the bands of th e Au tomems c aterp illar—Th e following paperswereread Revision of the Mexican and Central American Malach iida

SOCIETIES . 45

and Melyrida , with descriptions of newgenera and spec ies , byGeorge Charles Champion , F .Z .S . Four newgenera and Spec ies of

Hymenoptera from Au stralia , and “ Three newspec ies ofAustralianHymenoptera , by A. A. Girau lt , communic ated by A . M . Lea ,

Governmen t Entomologist , Sou th Au stralia —GEO . WHEELER , M .A . ,

Hon . Secretary .

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORYSOCIETY .— 00tobe7‘ 9 th , 1 9 1 3.

—Mr . A . E . Tonge , Presiden t , inth e cha in— Large add ition s to the Society’s reference collection of

Brit ish Lep idoptera from Mr . W . G . Dawsonwere announ ced —Mr .

Lucas read a paper :“ The Shorthorned Acridians of the British

Isles , and illu strated h is remarks with lantern slides of all th e

species—Mr. Ashdown exh ibited Lepidoptera taken by h im in

Switz erland in June and July last . —Mr . Colthrup , a sna il Shell fromwh ich h e h ad bred a Dipteron , presumably paras itic in th e sna il .Mr . Andrews , a scarce D ipteron , the Syrph id S . gu tta tus , taken at

Bexley in August—Mr . Step ,liv ing examples of the ant-nest Isopod

Pla tgarthrus hofimannseggi i , found in a nest of F ormica fusca .—Mr .

West (Ash tead) , enlarged pho tograph s of the same rarewoodlou se .

—Mr . Curwen , spec imens of Syntomi s p hegea'

and its var . pfluemeri ,in wh ich th e wh ite spots were reduced in S i z e and number , fromPallan z a and Iselle , together wi th Specimens of th e rare Na clia

ancilla —Mr . Newman , p icked ser ies from a large number of bredMelita a aurinia , from Coun ty Clare and Oban . The variation wasextremely small , although the larva were samples ofmany broods .

Mr . Tonge , a series of Coremia quadrifa sciaria , bred from a fema letaken at Albury, Surrey, Showing but little variation .

October 23rd , 1 9 1 3.—Mr . A . E . Tonge ,

President , in th e

ch a in—Pro f . E . B . Poulton , F .R .S , gave an accoun t of the M im icryexh ibited by the Nymph alines of North America , illu strat ing h isremarks by spec imen s and lantern Slides —Mr . W . J . Kaye exh ibiteda co llection of the Sph ingida found in the Island ofTrin idad . Th erewere abou t forty Spec ies in all—Mr . Sh eldon , series of species takenby h im near Albarrac in , Central Spa in , includ ing P lebeius z ep hyrus

var . hesperica ,Agriades theti s ab . rufolunu la ta ,

A . thersites , and

Glaucop syche cyllarus . Dr . Ch apmanwas of opinion th at A . thersites

only occurred wh en sa info inwas indigenous —Mr . L . W . Newman ,

Lep idoptera from County Clare , County Cork , and Killarney, inc lud ing very ligh t Ap lec ta nebu losa ,

very dark Luperina cesp itis ,Aphan topus hyperanthus , with green ish Sh ade on the under S ide ,E geria scoliaformis , bred Dian thaecia capsop hila , D . luteago v ar .

barrettii , &c . Th e weath erwas very b ad from April to the end of

September .-Mr. A . E . Tonge , a spec imen of Argynnis agla ia ,with

a strongly marked blotch formed by the coa lescen ce of several spotson th e forewings .

1N ovember 1 3th , 1 9 1 3.—Mr . A . E . Tonge , President , in the

cha in— Pro f . W . Bateson ,gave an address on th e “Prob lem

of Spec ieswh ich overlap Geograph ically , illustrating h is remarkswith numerou s lantern S lides .

—Mr. Curwen exh ibited spec imens of

Parnassia s ap ollo from Eclépens and the Laquinthal , mostly verylarge examples , and includ ing v ar . p seudonomion from Eclépen s .

Mr . Newman , long and variable series of Z onosoma annu la ta and

Z . pendu laria ,with many dark aberrations ; and a lso a series of thel

fiyb rid between th ese two Species , Showing well th e ch aracters ofoth .

November 27th , 1 9 1 3.—Th e Presiden t in the ch a in—The Annua l

Exh ibition of Varieties , &c .—Mr . West (Greenwich ) , th e Hon .

Curator , fifteen cabinet drawers of the Soc iety’s reference collection ,

withwh ich h ad been incorporated a portion of th e Dawson collec

t ion .—Dr . Ch apman , a nearly black Argynnis agla ia from Le Lau teret ,

Ju ly 1 3th , 1 9 1 3 , and spec imens of Agriades thersites , Polyomma tusicarus , and var . icarinus ,with d iagrams to Showth e d ifferen t alignment of spots —Mr . Edwards , a b ox of con spicuously coloured

Heterocera from Burmah .—Mr . H . Moore , th e rare Pap i li o heca ta us

from the Solomon Islands —Mr . Schmassmann , a series of varietiesin the male of Ornithop tera hecuba , and a pa ir of th e gorgeou sO . a lexandres from N ewGu inea —The Rev . G . Wheeler , examples ofmelan ic and xanth ic aberrations , inc lud ing Argynnis n iobe ab . p elop ia ,

Meli ta a p hoebe ah . , M . varia ah . , M . cinsvia ah . , and Melanargia ab .

of the former , and A . niobe v . eris , Ca llimorp ha domina ta v . persona ,

&c . , of the latter , and referred to many spec ies inwh ich yellowwasproduced in aberrational forms —Mr . R . Adkin , a series of th irdbrood Cela strina argiolus , and d iscu ssed the species as to i ts appear~

ance dur ing th e presen t season . He also showed long series of

Agriades corydon , includ ing ab . syngrapha , ab . semisyngrap ha , and

many o ther fine aberration s and series from many localities —Mr .

Baumann , a series of Boarmia rep anda ta from several localities ,inc lud ing var . sodorensium and v ar . conversa ria , and specimen s of

th e melan ic form ofAcida lia virgu laria ,wh ich h ewas plac ing in theSoc iety’s collec tion — Mr . Brigh t , a large number of striking aberrations ofBritish Lep idoptera , inc lud ing long series of under s ides of

Agriades thetis and A . corydon , awh ite aberration ofArgynnispap hia ,

Colias edusa ,withwings rich ly Sh otwith purple , a curiou s S a turniap avonia of female colorationwith male antenna , &c .

—Mr . Grosvenor ,h is fine collec tion of Ca nonymp ha tip hon and its local races —Mr .

Curwen ,numerous Lyca nida taken by h im in Italy and Swit z erland ,

and many aberration s of M eli ta a didyma— Mr . Newman , a varied

series of recently bred Smerinthus ocella tus series ofAmorp ha p opu lifrom pale cream to a lmost black colour , W i th intermed iate and r ichp ink forms and a series of hybrid ocella tus males and p opu li females ,two being of th e rare fema le form .

—Mr . A . Gibbs . a sec tion of h is

collection of South American Nymphalids , includ ing many of thebrillian t spec ies in th e genu s Perisamia .

—Mr . W . G . Sh eldon , longseries ofMelitcea desfonta inii , taken by h im at Albarrac in th i s year ,and a series of M . aurinia V . iberica , from near Barcelona , for com

pari son —Mr . T . W . Hall, c abinet drawers of Agriades corydon and

A . theti s , Sh owing great aberration with very pronounced bluefemales , and some females curiou sly splash ed with blue—Mr . Ma in ,

frames conta in ing series of photograph s of the life -h istories of

Cicindela camp estris (tiger-beetle) , Chrysopa flava (lace -wing fly) ,Phyllotoma aceris (j umping sawfly) , &c .

—Mr . Tonge , a bred series of

Psrlu ra monacha , includ ing the black form ab . eremita ; a long seriesof Tapinostola concolor , &c .

—Mr . W . J . Kaye , a ca se of twenty -three

SOCIETIES . 47

pa irs of the South American genera Melincea and Heliconius , foundflying togeth er and assim ilating to each o th er in colour .

— Com

mander Gwatkin Williams , aberration s of British Lep idoptera fromIreland ,

includ ing Ep inep hele jurtina , with banded h ind wings ,females ; several Ci darid , wh ich possibly may b e 0 . concinna ta ,

X anthorhoe montana ta , with band Obsolete , confluent An throceratrifolii , Euch loe

cardamines , femaleswith ochreou s h indwings , &c .

Mr . Chas . Oldham , two collec tions of small ch alk stones th a t h e h adcollectedwith in a small rad iu s of th e open ings of twowasps ’ nests ,andwh ich thewasps h ad been unable to carry to a grea ter d istance .

—Mr. A . W . Buckstone ,for Mr . Arch er , a bleach ed form ofAngerona

p runaria ,male , from Oxsh ott ; an a lmost black L i thOSi a helvola

(dep lana ) from Wimbledon ; and an Acida liawh ich was supposed to

b e a very aberrant form of A . subsericea ta .—Mr . H . Worsley-Wood ,

numerou s forms ofMellinia ocella ris , includ ing ab . lineago , ab . inter

media , with M . gilvago for comparison ; yellowBrep hos par theniasfrom Wimbledon , and lead -coloured males of Agri ades thetis fromCorfe .

— Rev . J . Tarba t , black suffused forms of Brenth i s eup hrosyneab . nigro

-spa rsa ta ofAbraceas grossu laria ta , and a Cidarid trunca ta

with a broad -banded fore wing—Mr . Haynes , a series of hybridS elenid tetra lunaria males and S . bi lunaria females , with a largepreponderance of gynandromorphou s spec imens ; melan ic and

ochreou s varieties of Ennomos quercinaria , &c .—Mr . H . J . Turner ,

a series ofE rebia stygne from the Continen t to Sh owthe extremelocal variation in th e Alps and Pyrenees —Messrs . Sh arp C . W .

Colth rup , many Colias eda sa from the sou th -eastern d istrict , re

presentative of the Species in 1 9 1 3.—H . J . TURNER , Hon . Rep . S ec .

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY .

—Octobe7’

20th , 1 9 1 3.—Meeting h eld at th e Royal Inst itu tion , Oolquit Street ,

Liverpool —Th e President , Mr . F . N . P ierce ,in th e ch a ir .

Exh ibitionswere as follows —Mr . W . Mansbridge brough t a longbred series ofHadena glauca from Burnley, some ofwh ich Showed a

strong melan ic tendency ; also from Burnley the melan ic variationofEma turga a tomaria , Hgria murica ta , purple form , and Ca nonymp ha

typ hon v ar . roth liebii from With erslack ; Ngssia z onari a from th e

Crosby Sandh ills , and th e insects captured on th e oc ca sion of the

Soc iety’s field meeting at Mold on June 7th ,1 9 1 3, includ ing Lobo

p hora v i reta ta , Cnephasia muscu lana , Capua favi llaceana ,Arggrolep ia

ha rtmanniana , and Agriopis apri lina (larva) . -Mr . R . Ta it showed a

long and variable series of the beau tifu l melan ic form of Boarmia

rep anda ta from Penmaenmawr , a lso bred Agrotis lucernea from th e

same d istric t ; varieties of Abraccas grossu laria ta , inc lud ing ab .

varleya ta , bred from variou s localities in 1 9 1 3 ; Ap leeta nebu losa v ar .

robsoni and Geometra p ap ilionaria from Delamere ; Heca tera serena

and Ca lligenia minia ta from Sussex . Mr. Ta i t also gave an accoun tof h is collec ting h oliday in Sussex , from wh ich it appeared thatLep idoptera h ad been as d iffi cult to obta in in the South of Englandas in th e North during the past summer .

-Mr . Johnson exh ib ited a

long and fine series of C . typ hon ,includ ing some very dark forms ,

from With erslack ; also Acida lia fuma ta , N issoniades tages , and

Lyca na astrarche from th e same place .—Dr . P . F . Tinne , various

Species of au tumn lep idoptera from the North of Ireland , including an icely varied series of Cidarid trunca ta , several be ing th e var . cen

tumnota ta . All the members present reported a very poor sea sonfrom a collector’s po int of view—WM . MAN SBRIDGE , Hon . Sec .

RECENT LITERATURE .

Common British Moths . By A . M . STEWART . London : Adam

Charles Black . 1 9 1 3 . Pp . viii , 1—88 . S ixteen plates .

THIS little book is a worthy compan ion -volume to the ‘ Bri tishBu tterfl ies ’ by th e same au th or , already noticed in the Entomolo

gist ’ for 1 9 1 2 , p . 21 2 . The e igh t coloured pla tes are really of mostexcellentworkmansh ip , one is inc lined to th ink some of th e best everproduced , certa in ly in entomological literature . They are splendidlyc lear , and marvellously accurate in colour . They con ta in figu res of

some two hundred spec ies , a ll those mentioned in th e text in fac t ,and though only three -fourth s natural S i z e i t Shou ld b e qu ite im

possible to iden tifywrongly any of th e Spec ies figured . The blackand -wh ite plates of preserved larva , &c . , h ave beenwell chosen , th e

text i s obviously the work Of a prac tical entomologist , and th e

Spec ies described form a very excellen t representative collection of

th e commoner British moth s , amongst them , one i s pleased to note ,some of th e “M icros ” be ing given a place . Errors of any kindseem exceedingly few, a lthough i t i s d iffi cult to understand howth eSpec imen ofBoarmi a repanda ta var . conversaria , figured on Plate 1 5 ,c ame to b e labelled “ B . gemmaria var . p erfumaria , probably by acci ~dent . The book is absolutely idea l for th e young beginner

Transactions of the City of London Entomologica l and Na tura l

Hi story Societyfor the year 1 9 1 1 . Pp . 32 . Publish ed by theSociety , Th e London In stitu tion , Finsbury C ircus , 1 9 1 2 .

WE h ave rece ived a copy of the above Soc iety’s ‘ Transaction sfor 1 9 1 1 . Apart from the notes in the President ’s address upon th e

season ’s collec ting and upon the scarcity of some insec ts formerly socommon in the ir h aunts , there i s a Sh ort but qu ite interest ing paperby Mr . Tau t z upon th e specie s of the genus Cosmid (Oa tymnia ) .Th is includes a record of O. pyra lina from M iddlesex (Pinner) , a

Spec ieswh ich the au thor states h ad not been previou sly recorded , so

far as he knew, from th at county, bu t here he i s in error, as the spec iesi s pretty generally known to inh abit M idd lesex , and was recorded

from M ill H ill over th irty years ago .

N . D . R .

spec imen ; and a neat ly PR INTED lab e l i s superior In everyway toa lways legib le , and effec t ing a grea t savi ng of t ime and la b our

One to fiv e loca li ties , equa l quan ti ties ; lo cality

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL . XLVII .] FEBRUARY , 1 9 1 4 . (No . 609

A NEW SPECIE S OF METAN (EA FROM FRANCE .

BY KENNETH J . MORTON , F .E .S .

IN examin ing a sma ll lot of Tri ch optera taken by Dr.

Chapman la st summer in the Alps of Dauph iné , forwarded byMr. Lucas , I found four insects ,wh i ch at first s igh t I supposedto b e M etancea fiavip ennis , Pic t . On confronting th ese , however ,with McLach lan

s figures , Iwas surpri sed to find that the deta i l sdid not agree sat i s factori ly , and on looking over th e materia l inmy collect ion i twas man ifest that th ere were two spec ies , andth ese rather di st inct ones , mi xed togeth er , examples fromMurgta l (R i s ) , S ilvaplana (Morton) , and Carin th ia (Klapalek) ,perta in ing to the Spec ies described and figured by McLach lan ,

wh i le other s from the Va l Bedretto (Ri s )were evident ly the sameas Dr . Chapman

’s . I asked Dr . R i s to go over h is materia l , andh e confirms my viewof the matter . “ Th e on ly explanat ion of

the overs igh t that can b e offered is the ident i ca l genera l appearance of the two Spec ies , and evenwi th regard to the profi le Viewof th e gen i tal ia the S im i lari ty i s ra ther remarkable . I proposeto describe th i s h itherto overlooked spec ies a s

M etanaea chapmani , n . Sp .

Very similar in appearance to H . flav ip ennis , Pict . Head ,

thorax , palpi , legs , and under S ide of body testaceous , ha irs goldenabdomen above darker. Basa l jo int of antenna and between the

posterior ocelli Sligh tly fu scescent . Sp ines of legs black .

Anterior wings narrowand elongate , pale yellowish , sh iningneuration concolorou s , pubescence of membrane dense , goldenDisco ida l cell about th e same length as its footstalk . Posteriorwingswh itish , subhyalinewith pale ve ins ; first apical cell variable ,

but narrower at th e base th an second ; second broader, moderatelyoblique at the base in the d irection opposite to the first ; th irdlonger than first and second , almost acu te at the base ; upper branchof cubitu s furcating about , or a little beyond th e level of the

beginn ing of the d isco idal cell.In th e male the apex of the abdomen above is rather deeply

concave , the posterior margin coveredwith scattered black tuberc les ,th e s ide produced into rather long finger-shaped processeswh ose tips

ENTOM .—FEBRUARY , 1 9 1 4 .

are very S ligh tly curved downwards , th ese processes a lso tuberculate ,more densely so towards the apex wh ich thereby becomes black .

Superior appendages pale yellowwith rounded ou tline when seenfrom the s ide , concave in ternally . Intermediate appendages v iewedfrom beh ind , separate, each arising from a narrowstem and spreadingou t in broad triangular formwith three d istal projection s , the two S ideones small , the oth er long , horn -like , Sligh tly inturnedwith a smalltooth before th e apex . Inferior appendages large ; from beneaththey are close together at the base , d iverging Sligh tly , concaveinterna lly, rounded at th e apex , wh ich i s very sligh tly inturned and

c loth ed internallywith Short spines and spinous h a irs .

I am unable satisfac torily to d escribe the female . Differencesprobably exist in the gen italia as comparedwith H . flavipennis , andthese could very like ly be defined from Canada -balsam preparations .

Expanse ofwings , male , 1 9—20 mm . female , 2 1 mm .

Metanaza chapmani .

1 . Apex of abdomen viewed from above . 2 . Apex of abdomen viewed from side.

Three ma les , one fema le, Lauteret , Alp s of Dauph ine(Chapman , Ju ly 22nd , August 5 th ) . Also occurs in Va l Bedretto (Ris , September 6th , 1 89 6 ; Ju1y 20th , 1 9 06 ) : Splugen(Ri s , Ju ly l 6th , uncerta inwheth er from the Swi s s or th eIta l ian S ide , probably th e la tter ; Madonna di San Martino

(July 29 th and Augu st l st , 1 889 , Nagel i in R i sDiffers from H . flavip ennis , espec ia lly in th e direct ion of the

blackened processes of the last dorsa l segment . Th ese in H .

flavip ennis are turned to th e S ide a lmost at righ t angles to th elong axi s of th e abdomen , wh erea s in H . chapmani they are

nearl,

para l lel , only very S l i gh t ly out -turned .

l\ ach lan gives th e fol lowing loca l i t ies for H . flavip enni sDisffewiis , Grisons (Ju ly 25th , Sta inton ) , Bergun (Zel ler) , Leuk ,Va la i s (October 2nd , Frey Gessner ) Hosp ice St. Bernard ;Prat igau an d Pontres ina according to Meyer-Dur ; Meyr ingen

(McLach lan , August 1 6th ) , Champery , Va la i s (Eaton ,Augu st

2oth ) , Samoens , Savoy (Eaton , September 5th) Carinth ia ( Sep

A NEW SPECIES OF CH'IROTHRIPS FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 5 1

tember , Zel ler) . Hagen s tated tha t he had i t fromBavarian Alps , and Styria U lmer adds Hessen. Suppos ingi t to be t h e trueflavipennis of Pictet , i t sh ould occur in the Vald’

Illiers , Va la i s . Th is l i s t may requ i re revi s ion , as some ofthese loca l it ies may refer to H . chapmani. I found H . flavip ennts commonly at S i lvaplana (July 1 8th to 25th , 1 9 04) , R i sh as taken i t in th e Murgta l (July 27th , at Cierfs in theMdnstertal (Ju ly 1 4th , 29 th , and Klapalek in Carinth ia(Ju ly Sl st,

A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS (THYSANOPTERA )FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY C . B. WILLIAMS , B .A F .E . S .

AT the beginn ing of th is year I received a smal l collect ionof

mi scellaneous insect s from Mr. W . O . Backhouse , taken nearBuenos Ayres , in th e Argentine Republ ic , South America . Fourgenera of Thysanopterawere represented- Chirothrips , F rankliniella

,Physothrip s, and Thrips ; th e Chirothrip s ,wh i ch i s a; dist inct

Spec i es , i s described below; notes on the oth ers arereserved forth e present , in the h ope of gett ing furth er mater ial to eluc idatesome doub tful points .

Gen . CHIROTHRIPS .

Haliday, Ent. Mag. 1 836 , i i i . p . 444 ; emend . Uzel , Monog. d'

Thysanopt . 1 89 5 , p . 79 ; emend . Hinds , Proc . U . S . Nat .

Mus . 1 9 02, xxvi . p . 1 33 .

Chirothripsfronta lis, Sp . nov .

Female (macropterous) .Measurements .

—Head , length 0 1 5 mm . ,width (beh ind the eyes)0 1 22 mm . prothorax , length 0 22 mm . , greatest width 0 26 mm .

pterothorax , length 0 32 mm . , width 0 30 mm abdomen width0 35 mm . wing , length (from basal lobe) 0 80 mm . , width (abou th alfway along) 0 045 mm.

Antenna — segment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 8

length (pt) 1 4 36 38[34 42 1 2. 1 6

width ( 1 1 ) 36 40 24 24 21 20 7 5

To tal length , about 1 4 mm . , antenna 0 24 mm.

Colour un iform dark grey brown , fore tibia and all tarsi a littlepaler , the th ird segment of the antenna d istinc tly ligh ter .

Head (Fig . 1 . longer thanwide, produced beyond the eyes into a

long prom inence more than ha lf a s long as the rema in ing portion of

the h ead . The sides of th is at first d iverge Sligh tly and then convergerapidly to a rounded po in t ; on the converging portion th e antennaare situated . There are no long h a irs on the h ead bu t severa l small

ones wh ich vary sligh tly in position and may not b e qu ite sym

metrical . In general they con form to the arrangement Shown ln theE 2

52 THE ENTOMOLOGIS T .

figure . Eyes dark and relatively far back. Ocelli d istinct , theposterior ones beh ind the level of the back of th e eyes . Crescentsred-brown , d istinct (in mounted specimens) . Mou th cone rounded ,

ch ing abou t two -fifths across th e prosternum . Maxi llary p a lps three segmented , th e basal segment shortest , theap ical longest ; four or five sensory h a irsat the tip . La bia l pa lp s two segmented ,

th e basal segmen t very short and in

d i stinc t , not much more th an a r idge on

the labium . Antenna abou t two -th irdslonger th an th e h ead ; th e first segmentshort and broad , th e second much longerand narrower except at the apexwherei t i s produced ou twards into a bluntprom inence , th e th ird with a d istinctpedicel , the fourth and fifth equallylong , the sixth th e longest , _

the e igh thlonger than the seven th . Colour : firstand second dark , th ird c lear , fourth toe igh th darker but not so dark as the

Chirothrip s fronta lis , Sp . nov . first two . An unforked sense-cone on

Head and prothorax . the th ird and fourth segments .

Prothorax long , aswide as th e head

in front but much widened posteriorly , the whole surface of the

pronotum finely striated and with a number of m inute h a irsscattered unsymmetrically over its surface . No long spines at

the front angles , two at each h ind angle and abou t six smaller

h a irs on each S ide a long the h ind margin . P terothorax Sligh tlywider than the prothorax in front , gradually narrowing beh ind .

Legs normal for the genu s , fore femora th ickened and producedou twards at the base , tibia a lso th ickened . All tarsi (except fora small dark spot

at the base of the second segment) and foretibia ligh ter th an th e rest of the legs . Fore wings pale '

b rown ,

clearer at the base . About twenty (eigh teen to twenty-one) Spineson the costal ve in , the d istal ones finer and longer th an the proximal ;

five or Six Sp ines at the base of the fore ve in and two on its ap icalh alf ; four, five , or six on the h ind ve in . The ve ins are u sually veryind i stinct except near the base of thewings th i s varies in d ifferentSpecimens . Hindwings clear , vein indistingu i shable .

Abdomen normal, ha irs on the n inth and tenth segments paleand weak . Th e n inth segment Short , abou t h alf as long as the

tenth .

Described from eleven macropterous fema les taken nearBuenos Ayres , Argent ine, South Ameri ca , in January , 1 9 1 3, byW . O . Backhouse , probably from a plant (Compos ita ) locallyknown a s cepocaba llo .

Typ e in the Hope Department , Oxford Un ivers ity Museum .

Th i s Spec ies may be ea s ily separated from a ll others of th i s

genus by th e great prolongat ion of th e h ead beyond th e eyes ,and a l so from hama tus, Trybom,

Obesas, Hinds , crassus, Hinds ,

A NEW SPECIES OF EURYTOMA FROM QUEENSLAND . 53

and mexicana,Crawford , by hav ing two Sp ines at the h ind angle

of the prothorax , and from both manicatus , Bagna ll , and similis ,Bagna l l ( i f these two are real ly d is tinct and not forms ofthe same variable spec ies ) , by the more Slender antenna and

relat ively longer proth orax.

The John Innes Horticultural Institu tion ,

Merton , Surrey : January , 1 9 1 4 .

A NEW SPECIE S OF E URYTOMA FROM QUEENSLAND , WHICH LIVE S IN THE STEMS OF

EUCALYPTUS .

BY A . A . GIRAULT .

THE fol lowing spec ies seems phytoph agous , S ince I found i tinhabit ing short grooves or ch annel s under th e bark of youngEucalyptus trees , somewhat after the manner of Scolytida .

Wh ere occurring , the stems of the treeswere somewhat swol len .

Wh en one th inks of it , th i s Spec ies does not seem to difler greatlyin h abit from the other members of i t s tribe ,wh ich seem to l iveon gal l s rather th an upon ga l l-makers . Has th e para s it ic habitof th e Eurytomini been proved 2 The genus Bruchophaguswouldincl ine one to doubt .

Genus EURYTOMA, Illiger.

Eurytoma p icus , n . Sp .

Black , the legs, tegula and scape rich reddi sh brown , the h indcoxa black , the wings hyaline ; flagellum brown i sh yellow, kneesand tips of tibia yellow. Propodeum with a ra ther broad med iangroove . Venation pale ; postmargina l and stigmal veins subequal .Scape Obclavate ; pedicel a little Shorter th an fun icle 1 , wh ich i slongest of the fun icles, much longer than wide; about twice the

length of fun icle 5 , wh ich i s somewhatwider than long , fun icle 4a little longer thanwide , fun icle 2 subequa l to the ped icel . Clubwith three d istinc t joints , the antenna 1 1 -jointed . Mandibles tridentate . Hind tibia with two spurs . Pronotum wi th a more

or less d istinc t , obtuse med ian carina . Punc tuation not qu iteas dense as usual , the cephalic part of scu tum densely, transverselylineolated .

Ma le—Not known .

Described from two fema les taken from Short grooves underth e bark of young euca lypt trees in the forest , October l 6th , 1 9 1 3.

Ha bita t—Nelson (Ca i rns) , Queensland .

Typ e.—One of the above Spec imen s on a tag, the h ead and a

h ind leg on a Sl ide. In the Queens land Museum, Brisbane .

agnification 72,—i nch objective, 1 -inch opt ic , Bausch and

THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

NEW CENTRAL AMERICAN SYNTOMIDZE .

‘E GIBBS , F .L.S.

AMONG the Lepidopterawh i ch I h ave recently rece ived from'

Bri ti sh Honduras are two Syntomid moth s .wh ich appear to b enewto sc ience . Th eywere both '

captured at a‘

Sma l l seaportca l led Punta Gorda in the south of the colony , not far from th e

front ier of Guatemala . I append'

descriptions.

i Orange belowantenna Wh ite at

tips ; tegu la orange with blue Spots at base patigia and thoraxorange ; coxa oranga red ; abdomen ,

first segment bluewith pa iredred stripes , rema inder browni sh blackwith dorsa l and lateralmetallic

green stripes and blu ish -green terminal segment forewings hyaline ,veins broadly black , oval d i scoidal Spo t from costs. to lower angle of

cell , margin s ,broadly black ,widen ing at apex and on ou ter margin ;

h ind'wing’s hyaline ,with dark borders ,widen ing at apex .and tornus .Var. 1 .

[Forewings scaled, brown-black .

Expanse ; 30 mm .

t. —PuntaGorda, Bri t i sh Hondura s , July , 1 9 1 3 . TypesMuseum ; co

-types of var. 1 in Mus. G ibbs .

N ap a ia cortes , n . Sp .

Black ; tegu la and patigia with pa ired blue-wh ite Spots ; forecoxa wh ite ; tibia redd i sh ; first jo ints of tarsi wh ite ; metath oraxwith blue -green Spot ; first segment of abdomen black with a fewblue scales and blue-greenlatera l Spots ; med ial segments blue-green‘

dorsa‘

lly’

nwith darker ‘ tran sverse bands largewh ite ven tra l patch on_

basal segments ; rema inder of abdomen ventrally and the terminal

segments dorsally red ; forewingwith blu ish Spot at base of costa ;small hyaline spot extend ing across Cell near base , and a larger onebelow

it , another in cell near upper angle ; a'

transverse series of fourSpOts

yond cell , on'

abOVe vein 6 and a smaller one belowi t , a‘

minu te spot ab ove Ve in 4 and a larger one belowit extend ing a lmostto vein *

3 ; hindwingwith hyaline ’

patch at base ; Spo t ,near end of

cell and’

extending almost across i t ; below, fore wingwith blu i sh‘

costal streak , h indwingwith blue basa l streak above hyaline patch ,

bests. narrowly and apex and Outer margin'

broa‘

dly blue“

Expan se ,4 1 mm .

Habita t.—Punta Gorda , Briti sh Hondura s , June, 1 9 1 3.

Napa ta cortex has a' f

general resemblance to N . b roadwayi,a Trin idad spec ies , but i t may b e readily di stingu i sh ed

by th e large hya l ine p atch at‘

th e ba se of the h indwing and thefed termina l segments Of the abdomen .

abou t and after a late déjeuner at once set off to invest igate th e first length of the cla s s ic “ Route du Lac d

Allos,”

where I h oped to capture in good cond it ion some at least of th ebutterflies over or on th ewanewh en Iwa s here in 1 9 08 . Withth e exception of July 20th and 22nd , th ewh ole of my collect ingat Al loswas done between th e Vi l lage and the lake. Th e mu lepath mounts steeply from th e one street and then more gent ly ,and somet imes between th i ck h edges , pa st meadows a lreadyharvested , to th e first bridge over the Chadoulin stream . On

the southward S lopes butterfl ieswere genera l ly in ev idence , butmore di st inguished by quan t ity than by qua l ity . Here on the

lavender tufts—th i s being about th e vert ica l l imi t of the plantth e males of Ep inephele lycaon were fresh ly emerged . Of theBlues ,

”Plebeius a rgyrognomon predominated , but the beaut iful

blue female , var. ca lliop is , BSdV . , ofwh ich I h ad secured a

spec imen or two at Digne , evident ly belongs to th e lower levelsand the hotter l imestone . A fewperfect ma les of Lyca na arion

h aunted th e lavender. Here, a l so , onewarm a fternoon towardssun set I p icked up a cur ious aberrant form of .M elila n didyma

set tled to roost . On the under S ide,wh i le all th e black spotsand l ines rema in , th e usua l tawny mark ings , notably th ose ofthe ba sa l and an te-margina l bands of th e h ind wings , havea lmost ent irely di sappeared , giving a pecul iar black-and-wh i tech equered appearance to the insect as i t sat mot ion les s on the

sta lk ( 2 derufa ta , n . ab .

Hereabouts , too, a lowhedge fenc ing a newmown fieldwasa l i vewi th a diminu t ive race of Aglaop e infausta , both sexes infine condit ion , andwith them a fewAdscita pruni were kickedup from th e gra ss , th ough nei th er Burnet s nor

“ Foresterswere at all frequent , and at th i s point the same remark appl iesto th e Hesperiida , for wh i ch I wa s ch iefly on th e a lert . But ,a s everywh ere el se in th e south -east th i s yea r, S a tyrus cordula

was abundant not so Hipp a rchia semele, th ough poss ibly i twasst i ll somewhat early for the latter .

Th e on ly Theclid at all commonwas T . sp ini, Some of the

ma les extraord inari ly smal l , the h igh Alpes-Mari t imes form, as

a ru le, being of quite the average s ize . But not one S ingleT . a ca cia d id I encounter a long th e l ine of S loe bu sh es ,wh ereth e fema les were common enough in August , 1 9 08 , andwhereby all ru les the ma les Should nowh ave been disport ing themselves . B renthis ama thusia , a l so not rare near th e bridge inthat year ,was another absentee . Sa i l ing over the wi l lows Isawnot a fewsuperb E uvanessa antiopa ,wi th rarer Limenitiscamilla and Polygonia c-a lbum.

A recent writer h as remarked on the moisture-loving pro

penSitieS of th e Camberwel l Beauty , and I not iced that itwou ldfrequently liewi thwings flat and fully extended on th e stonesfacing the sun ; and also that very occas iona l ly i t jo ined the

A BUTTERFLY HUNT i N SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE . 57

Lyca nid and Hesperi id drinking clubs on the surface damp .

Th ey never a l igh ted on the mule -droppings so mu ch affected bymounta in Lyca nida ,

though P . c-a lbum i s not above such a ttraet ions ; and in th e Spring on the Riviera I have observed th a tthe la st-ment ioned spec ies i s much addicted to th e rotten ol ivesleft in th e orch ards from the previou s year’s h arvest . One

Sunday a fternoon I crossed th e bridge h ere to explore the pathth rough th e pine woods , return ing along the water channelwh i ch divert s a part of th e river to supply the farms aboveAl los . But these woods and SlOpes yielded noth ing beyondswarms of buzz ing and bit ing fl ies .

Th e rou te nowascends Sh arply on th e r igh t bank to thechalet s of Champ R ich ard , and th en from a narrowgorge of

loose S la ty format ion debouch es on a more open va lley ,whereaga in the newly constructed path separa tes from the old , andmounts by z igzags through flowery pa stures and occa s iona llarch sp inneys . Wh en th e sun reaches these upper Slopesra ther late in the morn ing there i s plenty to occupy attent ion . C a nonympha iphis h ardly gives place to C . aroania var .

darwiniana ; P lebeius argus (a gon) , mu ch les s plent ifu l th anP . argyrognomon ,

gemswi th wings of lapiS-lazu l i th e red-goldarn i ca da i s ies . Colia s p hicomone i s everywh ere, th e femalesju st nowin a maj ori ty . Ma les ofE rebia stygne, E . goante, and

E . tyndarus var . cassioides (= dromus) cross and re-cros s th emu le track . Th e larger Argynnids—A . aglaia and A . niobe (allvar . eris)— are a lready sucking the Sweet j ui ces of th e purpleth i st les in companywi th ma les of Chrysophanus hipp othoe var.

euryb ia and Polyomma tus eros . A l itt le h igh er st i l l E . eurya le

affect s th ewoods , and th e c learings by the roads ide are br igh twi th C . virgaurea ,

P . pheretes (ma les and fema les) , Parnassia sapollo, and occa s iona l E . ep ip hron var . ca ssiop e. Abou t th reequarters of an h our from th e la st-ment ioned bridge a Springempties it sel f into th e torrent ; and h ere over the saxifrage and

th ickwet moss P . deliuswas flying at a safe d i stance from th e

net . Once more the road crosses th e stream , and z igzagsupward th rough young forests , th e nursery of th e Ma i sonForest iere ,wh i ch nowcomes into Viewat a sudden turn . In sect sof all orders swarm at th i s point . The morn ing i s fa i r and theair del ic ious with th e scent of th e many Papi l ionacea ,wh i chmake a veritable Field of Cloth of Gold , interwoven wi thth e du l ler purples of th e vetches . A mud -bath hereabout sinvites a swarm of P . eros, P . hylas , and Agriades escheri ;Lyca na arion i s rare, even more so P . orbitulus ,wh i ch , commonin the Swi s s Alps , never seems abundant in th e Bas ses -Alpesand Alpes Mar it imes . Hesp eri a a lveus , H . fritillum ( z cirsii ,

H . ca rthami , and H . serra tu la represen t the Black -andWh ite Skippers ; Thymelicus lineola and T . a cta on th e Brown .

To th e Coppers may nowb e added C . doritis var . suba lp ina

58 THE ENTOMOLOGI S T .

of both sexes . High up at the back of th e Foresters’Hou seth ere i s a fine piece of rough ground carpetedwi th soft seedinggra sses and a lp ine flowers . The h igh freshwind carries a singleAnthocharis simp lonia male in to my net , the infrequent Pont iaca llidice are in rags ; but, a scending the last long slope ,wh ichendswh ere the mounta ins are mirrored in the lake, th e Ereb iasonce more cla im attent ion .

E . gorge,wi th occas iona l ab . erinnys and E . muestra , swel lthe cata logue. With in five m inutes Of th e ridge , on th e skrees

fac ing towards Al los , and exa ctly at the pointwhere th e path toth e Lac s de l’Encombrette diverges to the righ t , I d i scovered onm y second expedition the headquarters of E . a lecto var . dup on

cheli , Ob thr. , thus obviat ing the grind up Mont Pe’ lat ,wh ere i t

i s reported by Mr . Harold Powel l . A more hara ss ing insect tocha se and capture I -do not know. To beginwi th , th e favoured

. ground i s a lways a weary scramble , composed of loose Stonesand treach erou s for the feet ,where th emost i llus ive and blackestof all the Ereb ia s flits restles sly over the rock , or rarely pausesto toy a moment wi th the scanty yellowDoronicum patch es (Icannot find much to d ifferent iate var . dup oncheli from ab . p luto) .Added to th i s , the nature of th e loca l i ty ensures for every perfectimago a half dozen in tat ters ,wh i le crumpl ing and fa i lure ofwing p igmen t i s of frequent occurrence. The fema leswere fewin number ; in va in I watch ed for one to a l igh t and ovipositand c lear up the st i l l outstand ing mystery of the food plant ofth e Spec ies .Belowth e path and on the rock -strewn pelouse that fa ll s

to the mouth of the subterranean stream dra in ing the stil linvi sible Lac d’Allos,

” M elita a varia i s common wi th C . p hico

mone, aswel l as the sma l l Ereb ias . Here, a l so , I took a coupleofwa sted H . caca lia , and even more pa sses H . ma lvoides , Elw.

and Edw. (=fritillum; Rbr . )—the Dromio ofH . ma lva—for thespec ific confirmat ion ofwh ich I am much indebted to ProfessorReverd in , towh om th e th ree or four examples caugh t at a S inglesweep of the netwere submitted . I do not doubt tha t earl ierin th e season th i s Skipper occurs in most suitable loca l it iesth roughout the lower Ba sses-Alpes . Al los , h owever , may nowb e added authoritat ively to Profes sor Reverdin’s l i s t of Frenchloca l i t ies publ i shed in h is ma sterly treati se on the two Spec ies(Bul l . Soc . Lepid . Geneve, vol . i i . fa S . 2 , p . 73 , Th roughout the Va l ley , from Champ R ich ard upwards , H . serra tula wasfrequent ; and I h ave from the same region in my collect ion a

fewHesperiids ,wh ich seem to me to b e intermediates betweenH . bellieri, Ob th r.

, and th e var. fou lquieri ,wh ich M . Oberth iir

reta ins provi s ional ly under a lveus, but wi l l , I th ink , some daynot far off b e found nearer a ssoc iatedwi th bellieri .Iwas surpri sed -to find SO fewbu tterfl ies on the S lopes lead

ing down to the match les s lakelet ,where in 1 9 08 in sect swere

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN ”

SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE .

‘5 9

fa irly plent i fu l . E xcept a fewSh abby Cassioides and th e

ubiqu i tous C . p hicomone, there was noth ing to tempt me fromthe rock beh indwh i ch , and Sh el tered from the keenwind , I di sposed ofmy lunch . So I devoted th e greater part of th e t ime

on each occa s ion to A lecto-Duponcheli .

Ju ly 22nd , the hot test day of the month , I spentworkingdown -the Verdon river-b ed , wh ich , in

the cu stomary way of

Alpine torrent streams ; breaks up into many subsidia ry ch annel s , leaving

. broad stony i slet s covered with dwarf wi l low,lavender , Ep ilobium angustifiorum, great c lumps of Astragalusa lp inus and tangled vetches ,with occas iona l tufts of wi ldthyme . The lavender was espec ia l ly affected by A . escheri ,P . argyrognomon, and fema les of C . a lcip hron var. gardens, th e

latter in poor condit ion ,wh i le Anthrocera fausta gleamed verm i l l ion -winged in equa l abundance wi th A . carniolica . Th e

steep cl iffs of the righ t bank , h owever , disclosed no E . scip io , a s

I h ad hoped , after a long search for a ford waded knee-deepth rough spring-coldwa ter . A rare pool for trout at all event sand trout i s th e piece de resistance of every mea l in these delectable mounta ins . Return ing to the causeway at the end of the

long poplar avenue,wh ich extends for a mile or so , the va l leyonce more op en s out , and on the left bank ,where the old roadfollows th e course of the r iver , there i s a sun burnt s tretch of

waste landwith sparse berberi s bu sh es , mulle in , and aga in somefine lavender in fu l l bloom . T . a eia an, A . thersites and Issoria

la thonia,were the princ ipa l V i s i tors ; on the dusty upper road

Sa tyras circewas flyingwi th S . a lcyone, but very l i ttle bes ides ,and i twas not unt i l I waswel l in S igh t of Colmars itself tha tI could get a draugh t of drinkingwa ter at a

h ospitable farm

hou se , in th e garden ofwh ich the ripe red currant s hung inl u sc iou s c lu sters .

The neighbouring lucerne fieldswere gaywi th Colias edasa

and C . hya le, but so grea twas the h ea t of the afternoon that attwo o ’clock I boarded th e P.L .M. motor andwas qu ickly rushedb ack to Al los . Above the vi llage and righ t up to the Col therei s very l ittle promi s ing ground . Th e slopes on th i s S ide are

most ly di safforested and grazed c lose . I tr ied not to th ink thatthe fewEreb ias I sawfi om the car,wh en on my j ourney of th e24th to Barcelonnette, were E . scipio . I am nowsure th eywere not—on ly stygne.

I have been a skedwh ere, in my Continenta lwanderings , Ih ave found butterfl ies in th e grea test profus ion . It i s not an

easy quest ion to an swer , for “ di stance lends enchantment toth e View of most entomologi stswh en the t ime arrives to surveyin retrospect th e h appy hunt ing grounds of the past . I amincl ined to th ink tha t certa in stages of th e road to th e Lao

d’Al los I h ave a ttempted to describe come neares t to El Dorado .

Th en followth e Eaux Therma les va l ley a t Digne, in June ;

St . Martin-Vesubie , or th e Ganter Bridge belowBeri sa l , inmid-Ju ly wi th a far-away Apri l vi sion of Hadrian’s V i lla at

T ivol i,with i ts winged legions fleet ing the t ime carelessly as

in Arcady . In point of numbers only , some secluded spot s inthe Ch i ltern Hi l l s have provided a lmost as cheerful an abundance .

La st year ( 1 9 1 3) the Ba s ses-Alpeswere at lea st blessedwith a

summer of sun sh ine and butterfl ies in str iking contrast to themelanch oly condit ion s and the meagre bags reported fromSwi tzerland and Cen tra l Europe genera l ly .

(To be continued . )

SOME NOTE S ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTEBAUME , VAR, S . FRANCE .

BY Rev . F . E . LOWE , M.A., F .E .S .

II . THE MOTHS .

THOUGH Swi tz erland can never b e wi th out interest , a ftermany years’ experience of i t the collector begins 'to crave fornewground . If Norway does not appea l to him,

h e probablydec ides to explore as far south as the l imi ts of h is t ime and

purse permit . Th i swas my case in the summer of 1 9 1 2—but—Wh ere to go ? was th e quest ion . I wi sely consulted Mr.

Rowland-Brown , to every entomologi st a ver itable Baedekerfor France ; who , after d ismi s s ing my suggest ion of Th orencofwh ich h e had recei ved no report s—proposed La Ste. Baumeas be ing a centrewel l spoken of by French , and l i ttle known toEngli sh , collectors . Th i ther I went th erefore , and spent suchan interest ing ten days that I returned aga in for a s l igh t lylonger vi s i t th i s year . I h ad sent a select ion of my 1 9 1 2 captures for ident ificat ion to Mr . Prout ,who i s a lways k ind enoughto h elp me out of any d ifficu lt ieswith geometers . It was an

unexpected plea sure to h ear from h im th at I h ad fal len upon a

very good th ing , viz . , A cida lia determina ta . Hewrote : “ Youhave some interest ing forms , and A . determina ta was quite a

surpri se. I h ad never even seen the spec ies unt i l a fewweeksago ,wh en Pungler very kindly sent a valuable box of Acidalidsfor my inspect ion and inc luded a pa i r of th i s spec ies , onefrom Ca labr ia and one from Taurus . Where exactly i s Ste .

Baume ? It w1 ll surely b e a newloca l ity for th i s in sect . If

you ever vi si t th i s place aga in ,work for a series .” Herewassuffic ient incent ive , and th i s year mywi fe and I returnedwi thardour to the search , and were successful in gett ing togetherabout th i rty spec imens . Perhaps i t i s early days to expres s an

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME . 6 1

opin ion,but i t appears to b e very loca l even wh ere i t exi sts .*

We found it restricted to quite a sma l l space on th e edge of thewoodwh ich borders the north -ea st corner of the pla teau beforebeginn ing the descent

to Nan s . But i t s a ll ies , A . ma cilentaria

and A . litigiosaria , are fa irly commonly d i stribu ted over all th eneighbourh ood

, more part icu larly the former . From ne i th er ofthese cou ld I pretend to dist ingu i sh i t in fl igh t ; but A . macilen

taria, wh ich i s most l ike it on the upper s ide

,i s readi ly di st in

guish edwh en caugh t by it s dark Strongly-marked under s ide.

A . determina ta i s not an act ive insect and i s ea s i ly overlooked ,a s i t seems rarely to fly un les s di sturbed ; but l ike oth erwaves ,” i t i s fond of lying spread out on a leaf—not, I th ink ,

in the ful l sun , but rather c lose to th e ground , andwh ere longerbranch es above a fford a s l igh t sh ade . In our experience, i twasa lways driven out of l i ttle stunted oak bu shes ; wh ether i t hadany c loser connect ionwi th these than the fact they provided apleasant rest ing-place I cannot venture to suggest . From the

l i s t of captures appended it wi l l be seen tha t the Acidalidsproved a strong and interest ing fam i ly in th i s region ,

wh i le theLarentids were remarkably fewand ordinary . Th e Zygsenids

provided variety, b ut wi th the exception of Z . angelicce and

Z . lonieerwcould h ardly b e con s idered numerou s . Th at a lmostmost beaut ifu l “ burnet of all, Z. lavandu lw, appeared. on lysepara tely on the road to Nan s ; but on cross ing the 001 deBretagne, I found a large colony fea sting on th e flowers of

h emp agrimony , or a plant l ike i t , growing in a hollowbythe s ide of the Gemeno s road . Th i s , I th ink , i s an unu sua loccurrence, for at Bondol ,where Z . lavandu lwwas more common , I a lways took it s ingly and genera l ly on the wing .

Z . erythus , on th e contrary , has the burnet -habit of congregating ,andwa s seldom seen alone , but h ad a restric ted h eadquartersof it s own ; and gave it s attent ions to a tal lwiry scabiou swithl i ttlewizened flowers ,wh i chwould h ave been ju st ly despised inany betterwatered land . Probably the more act ive h abits of

lavandulwaccounted for a d ifficulty in gett ing good spec imen s .It seems a lso to be a sl igh tly earl ier spec ies . The most remarkable feature in “ moth -land , perhaps ,was th e extraordinaryquant ity of three sma l l spec ies in th e herbage of th e pla in of

Plan d’Aup . I have a lready remarked in a former paper on th eabundance of Rusticus cegou . But even morewonderful- especially in 1 9 1 2

—was the enormous number of A cida lia ser icea ta

and A . decora ta, disturbed in walking over th e plateau ; and

with them a lmost as many Crambus cra terellus th e onlyCrambus observed ,wi th th e except ion of two or th ree 0 . cumellus .

Among the “ pugs, Mr . Prout has pra i se for Tephroclystia

An indirect but suggestive token of th e rarity of A . determina ta in

collect ions may b e gathered from th e fact that it is not offered for sa le in

either th e Staudinger, Bang-Haas , or Bartel price-lists .

a llionia and T . ultima ria . The handsome Ortholitha mcema ta

wa s very common in thewood s and at l igh t and ascending th ewooded path to th e 001 de Bretagne M inoa marina ta , in Sp ite ofi ts sma l l s i ze ,was a prominen t fea ture . Th e Noctuae and theTephroclystiwwere all taken at ligh t , l the oth er famil ies nearly,all netted in the daytime , the ch ief except ions being A cida lia

v irgularia var . austra lis,A . submuta ta , Ep hym p ap illaria ,

B oarmia solieraria (one ma le) , Trep honia. sep iaria ( two) , Hylop hila bicolorana , E romene bella

,wh i chwere a ttracted by l igh t .Bes ides Mr . Prout , I am al so under obligat ions to Dr.

Ch apman for nam ing certa in spec imens and to Mr . Beth uneBaker for h elpwi th th e Zygaenids. It i s impos s ible to foreseewh a t system of nomenc lature th i s paper may represent a fter itha s pas sed the Editor’s h ands ; bu t in making my l i st I h avefol lowed the Staudinger -Reb elsch en Cata log . 1 9 01 . As MonsCulot says in h is preface to vol. i i . of Noctuel les d’EuropeLe cata logue que j

ai pri s pour gu ide , parce qu’i l est ls plus

répandu . I hes i tate to add with h im : Et non parce qu’i lrepré sente une clas s ificat ion rat ionnel le .

”Such crit ic i sm i s for

the ever-conflicting expert s .We spent two or th ree days at Bondol on the sea coast ,

hunt ing Z ygama erythus. Wh i le th ere I took a fewrather goodmoth s at l igh t , and as Bondol i s not far distant from La Ste.

Baume , I have added these captures as a separate note.

HETEROCERA or STE . BAUME AND NANS .

SPHINGIDZE} .—Mam’

ogi088a stella ta rum,Deilephila euphorbiae,

Hemarisfuciformis .

LYMANTRIIDZE .—Orgyia trigotephras (var. corsica

LASIOCAMPIDE .—M a la0080ma neustria .

DREPANIDzE .—Drep ane, binaria (one female) .

NOCTUIDzE .—A cronycta rumicis (dark ) , Dianthaecia comp ta ,

Cam dr imi exigua , Leucania scirpi, Tha lp ocha res polygramma ,T . purpurina , T . scita la , B ienia serieea lis , Prothymnia v iridaria ,Haemerosia. rena lis, Ca toca la conversa , C . nymphagoga , Ap op estes

dilucida , Euclidia glyphica .

GEOMETRIDJE .—Ap lasta ononaria , Geometra vernaria , N emoria

v ir ida ta , A cida lia ochra ta , A . macilentaria , A . determina ta ,A . rufaria , A . litigiosaria , A . sericea ta ,

A . monilia ta , A . virgula ria

var. a ustra lis, A . circu itaria ( two) , A . trigemina ta , A . d ila ta ria ,

A . degeneraria , A . inorna ta,A . aversa ta ,

A . rubigina ta , A . mar :

ginepuncta ta , A . submuta ta,A . imita ta , A . decora ta ,

Ephyra.

pap illaria , and var . gyra ta , E . lincar ia (trilinearia ; Rhodo

strophia v ibicaria, R . ca labraria and ab . ta bidaria .

LARENTIINZE .-S te7‘7‘ha sacraria , Ortholitha mcenia ta , M inoa

murina ta ( euphorbia ta ) , Larentia fu lva ta (one) , L . bilinea te. (one) ,Tephroclystia (Eup ithaecia ) a llionia , T . brevicu la ta ,

T . u ltimar ia ,

T . oblonga ta , T . pumila ta , Rumia lu tea ta (one) .

and Symp etram striola tum, all da ted July l 6th , as wel l as

Ena llagma cya thigeram and E rythromma na ias, l ikewi se taken inJu ly . Fur th ermore, Mr. South was good enough to give usEna llagma cya thigerum, male , caugh t by h imself at th e BlackPond , Surrey , on August 1 3th .

From the Ea stbourne district Mr. Harold Bosley kindly sentus A . p aella (two tenera l ma les , near Pevensey , May 24th ) , A .

pulchellum (a tenera l pa ir, near Pevensey , May 24th ; two pa irs ,Ea stbourne Marsh es , June 1 4th ) , and Ischna ra elegans (twoma les , Ea stbou rne Mar she s , June 1 4th ) .At Westc l iff, E ssex , Mr. A. Luvoni recorded P . nymphula and

Libellula dep ressa on May 25th ,I . elegans on May 31 8 13, and A .

p aella on June l st .During Junewe re-vi s i ted our Old Hunt ingdonsh ire local i t ies ,

and , among other spec ies , aga in metwi th Libellula fulva (nearHunt ingdon , June l 6th and 1 8th ) , L . quadrimacala ta and B ra chytron hafniense (near Ramsey , June 1 7th ) , Ca lop teryx sp lendens

(near Hunt ingdon , June 1 2th ) , and E rythromma naias (nearHunt ingdon , June 2 l st) .

Finally, .Dr. F . F . La idlawhas favoured uswith a l i st of th espec ies Observed by h im in Devonsh i re during 1 9 1 3 . His report ,wh i ch i s in th e following terms , relates to Uffculme, except inthe case of those records forwh ich other loca l i t ies are spec ia l lymentioned

The earl iest Odonate metwith was Pyrrhosoma nymp hula .

I sawa fema le spec imen on May 1 1 th , and the spec ies wasflying in some numbers th e next day . (Ja lop teryx virgo put inan appearance nearly a month later than i t d id la st year . Iobserved th e first spec imen , a tenera l ma le , on May 23rd , but

th e spec ieswas very abundant by May 28th . On th e la st -nameddate I sawvery many spec imen s , and th e in sect seemed to me

to b e much more numerou s than i twas la st yea r . Exactly theoppos i tewas the ca sewith C . sp lendens ,wh i chwas first not i cedon June 1 5 th , butwh i chwas never so abundan t as in 1 9 1 2 or sonumerou s as it s congener . Libellula dep ressa occurred on May26th at Sheldon . B ra chytron hafniensewa s taken at BurlescombebyMr. H. Pearse onMay7 27th . I received a fema le ofB . hafniensefrom nea r Langport , in Somerset , and a fema le of Agrion p u lchellum, a l so from Langport , th rough th e kindnes s of Mi s sD.Wrigh t (June 4th ) . Oth er record s are Agrion p a ella (Willand ,June l 6th ) , Ena llagma cya thigerum (Willand , June 20th ) , Cord ule

gaster annu la tus‘

(Septemb er 7th and 1 9 th ) and Symp etrum

striola tum, ma les , (Burlescombe , September 21 st and 28th ) . On

June 27th I sawan ZEschnid ch ased in a playful way by a

sparrow, wh i ch , however , i t ea s i ly evaded .

58 , Ranelagh Road , Ealing, W . : Dec . 26th , 1 9 1 8 .

FORFICULA AURICULARIA .

BY H. H. BRINDLEY .

Forficu la a uricu lari a (Slightly magnified) .

THE individua l s in th e photograph reproduced are a fema leand two ma les , th e latter be ing as regards length of cal l ipersh igh ”

and“ low,” fol lowing th e terminology ofBateson (Proc .

Zool . Soc . London , Nov . 1 5 , 1 89 2 , p . Theywere obta inedin September, 1 9 1 3, on the un inh abited i slet of Rosevear in th eSc i l l ies , S ituated about two m i les ea st of th e Bish op Rock . Th i si slet swarmswith earwigswh ich are mostly large bodied ,wh i lethe 1High ma le i s much commoner than th e “ low.

” Rosevearwas inh abited from 1 850 to 1 858 by theworkmen employed tobuild the present Bish op L igh th ou se. I s it poss ible th at theremarkable abundance of earwigs , on an i sletwhose features arema in ly ma sses of gran ite and a vegetat ion of sea-pink and giantma l low, i s related to th i s human settlement of h al f a centuryago ? On Round Island , the northernmost i slet of th e Sc il lygroup , earwigs are al so very numerous and seem to feed ch ieflyon th e kitch en refuse th rown over c l iff ” by th e l igh t keepers ,th e only human inhabitant s .

Th e specimen i l lustrated h as cal l ipers mm . in length ,

and thu s markedly exceeds th at taken by Mr . P. M . Brigh t atFreshwater , Isle of Wigh t , in 1 9 1 0, and i l lustrated in th e

Entomologi st ,’ June , 1 9 1 1 , p . 209 . In Mr . Bateson ’s collection

of 1 89 2 in th e Farn Islands s ix spec imens had ca l l ipers 9 0 mm.

long , and in 1 9 07 and 1 9 08 I obta ined four from the sameloca l i tywith call ipers mm . In a col lect ion made on RoundIsland in 1 9 1 1 I found th ir ty-four ma les wi th ca l l ipers 1 0 mm .

or more , among wh i ch th e h ighest h ad th e va lue 1 1 0 mm.

ENTOM .

—FEBRUARY, 1 9 1 4 . F

Till I mea sured the Rosevear spec imen the abovewas the largesth igh ”

ma le or var. foreip a ta known to me . It i s probabletha t Mr. Brigh t’s Freshwater spec imen , on my method of

measuremen t , h as ca l l ipers sl igh t ly more than 1 0 mm. , becau sethey were appa rently measured in sita . Th e latter methodi s qu i te unsat i sfactorywh en a large series i s be ing mea sured toa scerta in th e amoun t of var iat ion ,

becau se the degree towh ichth e bases of th e ca l l ipers are telescoped in to th e last abdom ina lsegment

d iffers in a series of ind ividua l s . So I a lways extractth e ca l l ipers to expose th e sma l l proces s , a kind of condyle ,wh ich i s s ituated on the externa l margin of the ca l l iper and i susua lly on ly ju s t h idden by th e last abdomina l tergum . Th e

cal l ipers are then la id on squared mm. paper and measured in a

s tra igh t l ine from th e“ condyle ”

to th e d i sta l extrem ity , th ecurvature be ing disregarded . Th i s i s permi s s ible , becau se , thoughh igh ’ males pos ses s stra igh ter ca l l ipers th an do th e

“ low, as

the correla t ion i s con stan t th e cu rve of variat ion i s not vit iated .

Unfortunately th e body of th e Rosevear “ h igh ma le wasdamaged ei ther at capture or in subsequent transport in sp iri t,so th at i t cou ld not b e set symmetrica lly for p h otograph ing .

I h ave not yet measu red the other Rosevear ma les , but th ereare manywh i ch clo sely approach th e example i l lu stra ted . Takena ltogether they seem to posses s in both body and ca l l ipers th elargest average d imens ion s of any collect ion from one local ity Ihave seen .

Zoological Laboratory , Cambridge : Decem ber , 1 9 1 3.

THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE .

BY J . W . CARR , M .A. , F .L .S F .G.S .

(Professor of Biology , University College , Nottingham . )

THE d istribution of these in sect s in Brita in i s sti l l so insufficiently worked out that a l i st of th e spec ies recen tly takenin Nott inghamsh i re may b e of some use . Wi th fewexception sa ll have been col lected during 1 9 1 2—1 3 by myself, and everyspec imen recorded h as been i dent ified or confirmed by Mr .

Kenneth J . Morton , to whom I am greatly indebted for muchgenerou s a ss i s tancewith th i s and oth er groups of Neuropteroidinsects .

SIALIDZE (Alder-flies) .S ia lis la ta '

ria , Linn .—By r ivers , canals , and ponds everywhere .

S . fa liginosa , Pi ct .— Eaton , near Retford , May 29 th , 1 9 01 .

RAPHIDIIDzE (Snake-flies) .Raphidia nota ta , Fab .

—Epperstone Park , May 1 2th and June

THE ENTOMOLOGI ST .

Con iop teryx tineiforni i s, Steph .— Thorney, August 1 5 th—1 9 th ,

1 9 1 3 (L . A. Carr) .PANORPIDZE (Scorpion -flies) .

Panorp a communis , Linn .- Common th roughou t the county , June

1 2th—August 24th , 1 9 1 3 .

P . cogna ta , Bamb .—Bu lwell, Ju ly 6th , 1 9 1 2 (F . M . Robinson ) ;

Thorney , Augu st 1 5th—1 9 th , 1 9 1 3 , two spec imens (L . A. Carr) ; nearNewbound M ill, Teversall, Augu st 3rd , 1 9 1 2 .

P . germanica , Linn .—Common everywh ere in No tts taken from

May 1 l th to September 1 2th .

[In addit ion to those above ment ioned th e fol lowing spec ie sh ave been recorded for Nott ingh amsh ire :Hemerobius inconsp icuus , McLach .

— Clumber Park , 1 9 08 (LadyRobin son ) .H . stigma , Steph .

—Worksop , 1 9 04 (Lady Rob lnson) .H . a trifrons , McLach . and H . concinna s , Steph .

—Worksop , 1 9 08(Lady Robin son) .

Chrysop a vu lgaris , Sch rd .—Sou th Leverton (Rev . A. Thornley)

Sh ireoaks , Worksop (J . T . Hough ton ) .Notkochrysa cap ita ta ,

Fab — Sherwood Forest

A NEW GENU S OF TRYDYMINE MISOOGASTERIDZE

(HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA) .BY A . A . GIRAULT .

TRYDYMINI .

EPITEROBIA ,n . gen .

F ema le—Agreeingwith“Terobia , Foerster , bu t the scu tellumwitha d i stinc t cross su ture before apex , and the marginal ve in is fu llytwice the length of th e stigmal ,wh ich is d i stinc tly sh orter than the

postmarginal . Both mand ibles flattened , d istinctly 4-denta te . Abdomen con ic -ovate , keeled beneath , th e second segment longest , occupying abou t a fifth of the surface , its cauda l marginwith a sligh t notchat th e meson ; abdomen somewh at longer than the rest of th e body .

Antennae with th e first ring-jo int very sh ort , inserted belowth e

m iddle of the face bu t somewh at above the ventral ends of th e eyes .Lateral margins Of propodeum carinated , bu t true lateral carinse

absent , the med ian carina d i stinc t , not very long , complete . Sp iraclesmall , round , cen tra l ( i . e . m idway between cephalic and caudalmargins , far from cephalic margin) . Parapsidal furrows deep .

Ma le .~ - Not known .

Typ e—Th e fol lowing spec ies .

Ep iterobia reticula tithorax, n . sp .

Fema le—Length , 1 1 5 mm . Dark coppery green , th e wingshyaline , the thorax finely reticulated , the l ines not ra i sed , smooth on

scutellum caudad of cross-suture ; propodeum glabrou s . Coxee con

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . 69

colorous , the femora also , the knees , tibiae and tars i pale . Mand iblessomewh at like an ou tspread h andwith the last finger-jo in ts turneddown and the thumb h idden . Antennae pale yellowish , the ped icelabove a t base and th e club dusky. Club somewh at enlarged ; fun iclejo ints subglobu lar, wider than long , increasing somewh at in siz e ,

d istad , but a lways shorter th an the ped icel,wh ich is a little longerth an wide . Club apparently wi th a m inute ap ical fourth jo int(excluding th i s , antennae 1 3-jo intedwith two ring joints) .Described from one fema le captured by sweeping in forest ,

December 2nd , 1 9 1 2 (A . P. Dodd) .Ha bita t .—Nel son (Ca irns ) , Queen s land .

Typ e.-The above spec imen on a tag, th e h ead and a h ind

leg on a sl ide . In the Queens land Museum, Bri sbane .

Th e spec ieswas describedwith a Bausch and Lomb microscope , g-inch Object ive, 1 - inch Opti c .

NOTE S AND OBSERVATIONS .

DO HOUSE -FLIES HYBEENATE ? —It i s commonly believed th atth e persistence of Ma sea domestica from one season to another i sensured by the survival of a certa in number Of fertili z ed females ,wh ich pass through the winter u sually in a dormant cond ition innooks and crann ies in h ou ses , and become the mothers of th e earliestbroods of the following year . In spite , however, of the large amoun tof attention bestowed upon the Hou se-fly during the last fewyears ,owing to the recogn ition of i ts importance as a d i sease-carrier ,defin ite proof th at the insect hyb ernates in the perfec t state i s stillwan ting ; indeed , Dr . Henry Skinner , as the resu lt of an observationmade by h im la st March at Ph iladelph ia , US A , has recently an

swered the question at the h ead Of th i s note by stating that :“ House -flies pass th e winter in the pupa l stage and in no oth erway ”

(‘ Entomological News ,’ vol . xx iv , NO . 7 , July , 1 9 1 3, p .

Th i s conc lusion , it shou ld b e noted , is directly at variance withresu lts Obta ined in th i s country by both Newstead and Jepson .

Didwe possess exact knowledge ofwh at h appens to the Housefly in th e interval th at elapses between the d i sappearance of the

belated stragglers in November and December , and th e sporad icinvas ion of our dwellings in the fo llowing June by the earliestskirm ish ers Of the season , it i s Obviou s thatwe migh t b e able to dealmore effec tuallywith an ever-recurring menace to the public h ealth .

Th is po int h as not been overlooked in the investigation s upon “Fliesa s Carriers of Infection , wh ich for several years past h ave beenc arried on by th e Local Government Board , under the d irec tion of

Dr . S . Monckton Copeman , F .R .S , but h itherto the results h avebeen purely negative . Hyb ernating flies belonging to several spec iesh ave been found in attic s and elsewh ere , but upon careful exami

nation itwas found that these did not include a single Hou se-fly.

In th i s matter the importance of accurate determination Of Speciesi s obviou s , and the object of the present note is to enlist during the

present winter the sympathetic aid of readers Of th i s Journal , insecuring and forward ing for identification collections of hybernatingfl ies . Such fl ies may b e looked for in attics and other unoccupiedrooms , in ch inks and crann ies in living rooms , such as th e spacebetween a Shu tter or a loose p iece Ofwa ll-paper and thewall, and instables , barns and other ou tbu ild ings close to h ou ses . Every con

signment of files so collec ted , if forwarded (with label stating placeand date of capture) e ither to Dr . S . Monckton Copeman , F .R .S ,

Local Government Board , Wh i teh all, S .W . , or to thewriter ,wi ll b egratefu lly and promptly acknowledged and investigated . The fl iesshou ld be placed , ju st as th ey are , in a small tin box orwide-mouth edbottle , well pro tected by soft wrapp ing and despatched by parcelpost . Such parcels , if sent to Dr. Copeman at the Local GovernmentBoard , and marked O .H .M .S need not be stamped —ERNEST E .

AUSTEN British Museum (Natura l History) , Cromwell Road , London ,

S .W . , January l 0th , 1 9 1 4 .

N OTE S FROM SALOOMBE , AUGUST , 1 9 1 3.— Colias eda sa was first

seen on the Kingsbridge Road on August 1 0th after church , andwasapparen tly a fresh ly emerged male . Therewas a large clover field a

sh ort d istance away , but a lthough the field was vi sited on a ll

su i table occasions for several days , and at intervals until th e end of

th e mon th , not a single o th er spec imenwas seen in that ne ighbourhood . On Augu st 1 5 th a ma le appeared on th e tenni s cou rts andwas promptly acqu iredwith th e h elp of a racquet . Th e same day mywife d i scovered the species flying qu ite freely in a steep stubby fieldon the Portlemou th side Of th e h arbour . A fewspec imens weregenerally to b e found there in sunsh ine for the next ten days ,wh enthey became scarcer . It was a great pleasure to find Vanessa iocommoner th an I h ave seen it for th irty years . It occurred almosteverywhere , but swarmed in some Of the ravines on the Bo lt ,whereat lea st h alf a doz en on one occa sionwere feed ing on an inaccessiblec lump of valerian , its ch ief attrac tion . NO doubt these were theimagines from the larvae noted as common at Salcombe by Mr . R . M .

Prideaux on Ju ly 1 st . V. iowas in th e p ink of cond ition , a largepercentage being absolu tely perfec t and very fine . Pyrameis

carda iwere very common in the c lover field and in good cond ition .

P . a ta lan ta appeared frequently towards the end of the month . On

Augu st 1 9 th a numberwere flying on the sandh ills at Hope ,wh erethey were greatly attrac ted by the Eryngiwn, then in full bloom .

Argynnis p ap hia was abou t over , b ut a fewwere seen in the

Courtenay Woods and on th e Bolt . Sa tyras semelewas common on

the barer part Of Bolt Head , but wasworn , and on ly four perfectspec imenswas taken . Para rge egeriawas numerou s in a ll su itablelocalities and in all cond itions . Pararge mega ra and Ep inep hele

tithonus swarmed on th e banks at the sides of th e h igh roads , butbothwere d ilapidated . Coenonymp ha pamp hi lns and Chrysop hanus

p h lwas were present in some numbers in the eda sa field and lesscommonly elsewh ere . Lycazna astrarche occurred in one corner of

the same field , but was confined to a space of abou t fi fteen yardssquare , and itwas metwith nowh ere else . L . icaruswas the onlyblue seen , and not a single skipper or h a irstreak was noted .

but little under one hundred , bu t on January 2oth of the presentyear that record was broken , as one hundred and three then sat

down to supper. Among those presentwere Adkin , Andrews , Arrow,Atmore , Black , Bateson , Bethune-Baker , Bouskill , Burr , Bagnell,Baco t , Beth el , Bla ir , Bu tler, Buxton , G . C . and H . G . Champ ion ,

Chapman , Co llin , Cameron , Camp ion , Cockayne , Crawley , Dixey ,Don isthorpe , Druce , Durrant , Stanley and F . W . Edwards , Elliott ,Froh awk , Fri sby , Fryer , Gahan , Gibbs , Hall , Harmer ,Hodge , Image ,0 . E . and J . O . Janson , Jackson , Jenk inson , Jenn ings , Jones , Joy ,

Jordan , Joseph , Lloyd , Lucas , Ma in , Meade-Wa ldo , M itford , Morley,Morice , Nurse , N icholson ,

Porritt , Poulton , Prout , W . Roth sch ild ,

Rowland -Brown , Riley , W . E . Sharp , S ich , Skinner , Smith , Step ,

Tomlin , Tonge , Turner , Wa inwrigh t , Walker , C . O . Waterhou se , andWheeler.

A DRAGONFLY AT SEA .—The dragonfly taken at sea mentioned

on p . 39 h as been kindly identified for me by Mr . W . J . Lu c as . Iti s a fully coloured male Of Symp etram scoticum. It was takenbetween Revel and Helsingfors , the former name being previou slymi sprinted as Kevel . ”— JOHN B .HICKS ; Stonele igh , Elmfield Road ,

Bromley, Kent , Jan . 8th , 1 9 1 4 .

ERRATA .—Page 27 , line 1 3 from bottom , delete c

'roricnns .

, line 1 0,for samoa nsis read samoaensis . Page 37 , line 1 9 ,

for “no posterior

”read “ two posterior line 2 1 , for Thorp read

Theobald .

SOCIETIE S .

LAN CASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL Son n y —Novemberl 7ik , 1 9 1 3 .

—The Presiden t in th e ch a ir .—Mr . W . B owater ,

Brandon Lodge , Russell Road , Moseley, Birmingham , and Arnold W . Hugh es , 33, Lacy Road ,

Everton ,L iverpool,were elected members of the Society —Dr . P . F . Tinne read a

paper entitled “ Insects concerned in the Pollination of Plants ,”

in wh ich he dealt very thoroughly with th e part played byinsects in th i s important process . Dr. Tinne gave many interestingexamples , ch iefly drawn from the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera , a s

to th e meth ods Of th e variou s spec ies h e described the struc ture of

th e floral organs Of plan ts wh ich fac l litated th e operation s Of th e

insec t principally concerned in the pollination ; and a lso ind icatedhowunwelcome or ineffi c ien t visitorswere repelled and impri sonedor o therwise prevented from interferingwith the process —Th e following exh ibits were made —By Mr . W . A . Tyerman—A fine bredseries of

Notodon ta dromeda’r ins v ar . perfusca , Diantha cia nana ,

D . cucu ba li , and Phiba lap terya v itta ta , from the Sou thport d istrict ;also Sp hinx convolvu li , Nemeop hila p lantaginis , and Ca llimorp ha

dominu la . A specimen of Cheerocanip a nerii , captured by a farmer

near Ain sdale on September 1 4th , 1 9 1 3 itwas in a very d ilapidatedc ond it ion , b ut easily recogn isab le , and i t forms a very in terestingaddition to our coun ty li st—Mr . W . Mansbridge sh owed a sh ort

series of Them varia ta and pale forms Of T . obelisca ta for com

parison .—WM . MANSBRIDGE ,

Hon . Sec .

l s . 9 d . per‘

t in . S tore Boxe s , wi th camp horBoard s , fla t o r ova l , l ln . . 6d . ; l l in . , 8d . ; 2

T h e En tomo logis t , M a rc h , 1 9 1 4 . Pla t e 1 .

Ph o to s G T Ly leMeteorus a lbid itarsis, fema le . 2 . M . niger , female .

M . niger , ma le . 4 . M . fragi lis , female .

Cocoon OfM . melanostietus fromwhich th e hyperparas1 te M esochora s cra sszmanus

emerged .

Cocoon ofM . p ulchricornis showing th e cap removed by th e imago in emergingCocoon ofM . a lbid i ta rszs . 8 . Cocoon ofM . i c teri cus .

Cocoons ofM . lev iventris . 1 0. Cocoon ofM decep tor .

very kindly forwarded to me the wh ole Of h is col lect ion ofMeteorida for inspect ion .

Ashmead , in h is class ification of the Ichneumon ida ,"e d ivides

his subfam i ly Meteorina into five genera , restoring Z emiota sand Proteins (Forster)wh ich had been rejected , apparently forvery good reasons , by Marsha l l . For conven ience sake, however ,I wi l l treat our Brit i sh representat ives as of but one genus ,M eteorus , as d id Morley in h is notes . 1

Th e Brit i sh species are compara t ively fewin number , someth irty-five or so having been recorded , includ ing two or th reerath er doubtfu l ones . Th ey are dist ingui sh ed by h aving th reecubita l areolets on the forewings , and , as in th e true i chneumon s ,a pet iolated abdomen . Wh i le u sua l ly para s it ic on the larva ofLepidoptera , some are known to prey on th e larva of Coleoptera ,and Morley has publ i shed a record of M . versicolor having beenbred from the larva of a Tenth redin id .

From Apri l unt i l late au tumn th ey are to b e found on th e

wing , and a l th ough I h ave no knowledge th at th ey ever h ibernatein th e perfect state, i t i s pos sib le that at least M . fi la tor ,wh i ch h as often been taken in November , and M . melanostictus

wh ich I h ave found so late as December 1 7th , may do so .

Most of the Meteorida are sol itary para s ites , th ough a feware soc ia l ; of th e former severa lweave brown sh in ing cocoon swh ich are suspended by a s i lken th read from leaves or twigs ofthe plant on wh i ch the h ost h as fed . Th i s swing rope i sgenera lly from a ha l f to two inches in length , th ough I h aveknown i t to reach e igh t inch es . Marsh a l l writes of th esecocoons Th e h ead of the insect i s a lways turned downwards ,and , as i t sp ins by the mouth ,we h ave to account for the fa ctth at someh owi t i s able to reverse i t s pos it ion in the air, s inceat the moment Of i ts first suspen s ion th e h eadwou ld natural lyb e uppermost ; so far as I know, no observat ion h as yet beenmade to expla in th i s c ircumstance . With regard to th i s , Ih ave severa l t imeswatched th e larva of M . pulchricornis emergefrom i t s h ost , and th e proceeding i s somewhat as fol lowsTh e h ead of the paras ite larva i s , of course, protruded first , andwh en abou t ha lf the body is free a pad of s i lk i s spun on th e lea for twig onwh ich th e h ost rests ; after th i s the rema inder of th ebody iswi thdrawn , and the pa ra s ite lowers i tself from th e pad

by a th read of s i lk , th e h ead be ing uppermost , a s ment ioned byMarsha ll . By a severe mu scu lar effort , wh i ch i s not a lwayssucces sful at th e first a ttempt , the apica l segmen t i s nowbrough tup unt i l i t touch es th e mou th , and apparent ly the th read i sgrasped between the ap ica l and th e adjoin ing segmen t s ,“the

Proc . U. S . Nat . Mus . v ol . xxi i i . 1 9 00. f Halliday , Ent .Mag. iii. p . 24 .

I En tomologist ,’1 9 08 , p . 1 25 . Trans . Ent . Soc . 1 887 , p . 89 .

Berthoumieu describes th e pedal processes on th e ap ical segments of

larva of Ichneumonida in Ann . Soc . France , 1 89 5 .

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRAOONIDzE. 75

a ttachment being at once made secure by the addi tion of a fewtwi s ts of s i lk , afterwh ich the h ead i s drawn away leaving th elarva suspended by i ts ana l extremity ; the forma tion of the

cocoon i s th en commenced . Some two hours are occupied byth e larva in covering itselfwi th the cocoon , but for many h oursafterwards it may b e seen hard atwork spinn ingwi th in .

In a ll the cases observed by me th e para s ite larva emergedfrom th e s ide of th e seventh or eigh th segment of th e h ost , Ibel ieve , th rou gh a Spiracle.

AS I men tioned before , I knowof no instance of a Meteorid

h ibernating in the perfect state, but with several spec ies thewin ter i s pa ssedwith in th e body of the h ost , e ith er a s an ovum or

young larva , andwi th a fewothers as a larvawi th in th e cocoon .

My exper ience i s that pupat ion does not take place unt i lwith ina fortn igh t or so of the emergence of the imago, no ma tter howlong a period may be spentwi th in the cocoon . On emerging , th eimago removes a neat cap from one end of i ts cocoon (fig .

wi th those spec ieswh i ch con struct fus iform cocoon s th e cap is

a lways removed from the sma l ler end .

In the fol lowing notes , un les s otherwi se stated , th e record sare

my own , and the insect s ment ioned have been captured orbred in th e NewForest .M eteorus a lbiditarsis (Fig .

—Th i s , the largestspec ies we have , may ea si ly b e di st inguish ed from all oth erBrit i sh Meteorida by h aving th e radia l areolet of the underwing divided by a d istinct tran sverse nervure . It seemsto b e genera l ly d i stributed and i s fa i rly common in May and

June ; on th ose du l l cold days wh i ch are, as a ru le, on ly toofrequent in th e late spring , i t may often be beaten fromthorn bush es .A sol itary para s ite of th e larva of Noctua , the para s ite larva

emerging from the h ostwhen th e latter i s about to pupate in i t ssubterranean earth ern cocoon , with inwh i ch th e cocoon of th epara s ite i s constructed . Marsh al lwel l describes th i s cocoon as

felted stramineouswi th some loose flocculence it cons i st s ofth ree layers , ou ts ide th e “ loose flocculence, wh i ch ea s i ly comesawaywh en th e cocoon i s handled , th en the cocoon proper ,wh ichi s rather S imi lar in colour

and texture to tha t Of the s i lkwormof commerce, and with in th i s a th in tran sparent , brown i shenvelope Of a materia l much resembl ing goldbeater’s skin . On

October 1 st , 1 9 1 3 , I exh ib i ted at a meet ing of th e Entomologica lSociety of London a skein of S i lk wound from two of th esecocoon s (fig .

At least a period of ten month s appears to b e spent in th elarva state, inwh ich condit ion thewinter i s pas sedwi th in th ecocoon . I bel ieve th at somet imes even a second winter i s so

‘ British Entomology ,’

pl. ccccxv .

passed , for a cocoonwh ichwas spun in June , 1 9 1 2 ,was found tost i l l conta in th e larva , l iv ing and unchanged , in September , 1 9 1 3 .

Th e fema le somewh a t resembles Z ele testacea tor (Curt i s) ,wi thwh ich spec ies i t h as frequently been confu sed in col lect ions ; inZele, however , the recurrent nervure i s verywidely rejected , andthe abdomen does not possess a true pet iole, as in M eteorus .

I have bred i t from a cocoon dug up at roots of an oak tree ,Apri l 1 4th , 1 9 04 , from larva of Ta niocamp a miniosa , May l 1 th ,

1 9 1 3 , and a l so from larva of T . gracilis , T . p ulverulenta ,T . stabilis

, and Panolis p inip erda .

M . chrysop tha lmus —I possess a ma le, beaten frombirch , May 5th , 1 9 1 2 ,wh i ch I must refer to th i s species , a s th ecosta l cell i s s l igh t ly longer than th e median . Very s imi lar tothe next , though the females d iffer in th e length of th e terebra .

M . decep tor- Genera l ly bred from larva of

Geometra , a sol i tary para s ite. Th e cocoon i s wh i te , felted ,fus iform andwi thou t loose flocculence ; i t i s foundwith in th at ofi ts host ,wh ich i s u sua l ly underground , 9 %mm. in length (fig .

I h ave obta ined th i s para s ite from larva of Gonodontis bidenta taand S emiothisa litura ta in May. S ingle brooded , th ewinterbeing passed in the larva statewi th in the cocoon .

In Morley’s col lect ion i s a pa i r bred by Clutten a t Burn ley ,from larva of a geometer ; in th i s case the ma le i s testaceousand not nigropiceou s .

M . ictericus (Nees) .—Marsh a l l con s idered th i s to b e “ perh apsthe commonest Briti sh spec ies .” Although fa i rly plent iful , th ereare certa in ly others that are far more so , at any rate , in th e

NewForest .Itwou ld seem th at Curtis

, Ha l l iday , and otherwriters con

fu sed th i s spec ies wi th M . p u lchricornis, and even Marsh a llcannot h ave seen th e cocoon , for he a ssumes Curti s

’s figure tob e correct , and describes i t as pens i le , yel lowi sh brown , sh in ing,and semi-transparent .” Bignel l , however, i s correct in sayingth at i t i s wh ite and very th in

, and so early as 1 834 Bou che Idescribed the cocoon as

“a lbu s ch artaceus and not s

pen sile .

All th at I h ave seen agreewi th th e descript ions of Bignel l andBouch é , be ing cyl indrica l , not fu s iform , and cons tructedwi th inro l led leaves . The transformat ion s of th e insect are vis ibleth rough the cocoon (fig .

Genera l ly bred from larva of Tortrices , a sol i tary para s ite .

I have obta ined i t from a cocoon found on oak, June 6th , 1 9 1 0

(NewForest ) , and a lso from la rva of e ither S ericoris fa bricanaor S . la cunana taken at Burgess Hi l l , Su s sex , May , 1 9 1 1 . In

Morley’s col lect ion i s a fema le bred by R . Adkin , October 1 2th ,

1 9 1 0, from a larva of Tortrize p ronubana , and two ma les bred by

Nees-ah-Esenb ech . B ym . Ich . Affinium Mon . vol . i . 1 884 .

‘r Wesmael , Nouv . Mem. Ac . Brux . 1 835 . I Naturgesch . d . Ins .

T h e En t omo logi s t , M a r c h , 1 9 1 4 . Pla t e l l .

J Luc a s d e l .

S YM PETRUM S T R IO LATUM .

N Y M PH ( x a b o u t

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1 9 1 3 . 77

R . South from larva of Peronea ha stiana, October 1 3th , 1 9 04 ,

and October 2 1 st, 1 9 04 , h ost from S t. Anne’s

, Lanca sh ire .

M . vexa tor —Is eas i ly known by the s i ze of th e

st igma , wh i ch i s as large or even larger than th e first cubita lcel l ,wi th a con s iderable pa le spot at the inner angle . We are

indebted to Mor ley for redescribing th i s spec ies , ale from spec i

mens bred by Keys at Plymou th out Of a fungu s , togeth erwithth e c lav icorn beetle Diphylla s luna tus Ha ll iday describedthe fema le from a s ingle insect , wh i le Marshal l , who descr ibedits suppos i t it ious ma le , had on ly a di lapidated spec imen beforeh im. In Morley’s insect s the antenna of the ma le are 26-j o inted ,of th e female 24 , and th e recurrent nervure i s rej ec ted .

M . a tra tor (Curt is ) .—In August , 1 9 1 3, C . W . Colth rup sentme from Eastbourne two fema les wh i ch h e h ad capturedwi thth ree specimens of th e hyperpara s ite Hemiteles area tor . Th e

insectswere caugh twh i le runn ing abou t on furn i turewh ichwasinfested wi th the moth Tinea biselliella , and were evidentlysearch ing for the larva of the lepidopteron . Morley h a s a

fema lewh i chwas a l so taken indoors . I bel ieve that no spec ifiedh ost h as before been c i ted for th i s spec ies , and i t appears toh ave been but rarely Observed ,wh i ch seems strange in the ca seof so benefic ial an insect .

(To be continued . )

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1 9 1 3 .

W. J . LUCAS , B .A F .E .S .

(PLATE II .)

ALTHOUGH the springwas an early one, I did not meetwi tha dragonfly t i l l May 1 8th , wh en Pyrrhosoma nymp ha la and

Libellula quadrima ca la ta , the latter in tenera l condit ion , weretaken at the Black Pond , near Oxsh ott , in Surrey ; no oth erspec ieswas seen—not even Ena llagma cya thigeram. On May25th th e same loca l i ty was aga in vi s i ted ,wh en a male and a

fema le of Corda lia a nea were taken , and E . cya thzgeramwas onth ewing , aswel l as P . nympha la and L . quadrima ca la ta ; but , onthewh ole , dragonfl ieswere not very evident in a loca l i tywlrierethey are usua l ly so plent ifu l by th i s date .

On June l et a vi s it was pa id to Fren sham Ponds and the

swampy ground near th em, in the south -west corner of Surrey ;but th eweatherwas dull . However , E . cya thigeramwas foundto be numerous . Therewere a l so a fewI . elegans , and a fema leAgrion pa ella was taken . One or two tenera l examples of

Entom . p . 4 , 1 9 1 2.

Orthetram cancella tamwere met with at th e larger pond , and anymph -sk inwas secured . Ca lop teryx virgo occurred in a wetfield near the sma l ler pond , most of th e fema les taken beingvery dark . On June 8th , anoth er du l l day, th e cana l - s ide at

Byfleetwas v i s i ted . Owing to th ewea ther , no doubt , dragonfl ie swere not numerous , but A . pa ella , P . nymp ha le , and E rythromma

na iaswere captured .

During th e first h a lf of June Col . J .W. Yerbury captured forme a fewdragonfl ies in th e north of Scotland . They wereLea eorrhinia ( la bia

, a ma le, June 3rd , a t Nethy Bridge ;P . nymp ha la , a fema le , June 4th , at Av iemore , gra sping it sprey , a caddi s -fly named Limnop hila s centra lis ; E . eya thigeram,

th ree ma les and a fema le,a t Av iemore , from June 6th—1 6th , the

ma le taken on th e l 6th h old ing its prey , a sma l l moth namedCrambus p ra tella s ; Agrion ha sta la tam, n ine ma les and twofema les , at Aviemore, from June 9 th—1 6th . Th e la st namedSpec ies varied much in the development of the la teral marks onthe second segment of the abdomen , and from two they werenearly or qu i te absent . Fema les of th i s spec ies seem seldom to

b e captured . On June 2 l st Mr . P. R ich ard s found I . elegans in

swarms at Seabrook , in Ken t , and sent me a ma le for identificat ion . On Ju ly 29 th Col . Yerbury obta ined a ma le P . nympha la

at Mynnyd Eppint, in Wa les , at an a l ti tude of about 1 500 ftno oth er dragonflywas seen .

In th e NewForest , from June 27th—29 th , dragonfl ies werefound to be fa irly numerou s . A . pa ella , P la tycnemis p ennip es ,P . nympha la , and Orthetram ca ra lescens were common , but thela st spec ieswas in tenera l condit ion . Ca lopteryx v irgowas outin fa ir numbers , and th ere were a fewI . elegans , one beingObta ined of the var . rafescens . Of Pyrrhosoma tenellum one

fema le was taken , but of Cordulegaster anna la ta s I am not

certa in th at I sawa s ingle spec imen , a lth ough , judging by otherrecord s , i t Sh ou ld have been on thewing by th i s date. Nei therAgrion mercuria le nor Isehnara p umilio, nor Gomp ha s a a lga tis

sima swas metwith , a lth ough a spec ia l searchwas made for thela st two . A week later , Ju ly 4th—6th , aga in the same twospec ies were not to b e seen ; but A . mercuria le was takenplen ti fully beh ind Holm Hi l l , one on ly , h owever , be ing a

fema le ,wh i ch was found to b e a ttacked by red acari. On th i so cca s ion P . tenellumwas metwith aga in .

From July 27 th onwards some t imewas spent in th e NewForest , and on July 28th a v i s i t was pa id to the pond on Beaul ieu Heath , where Symp etram fonscolombii was taken in 1 9 1 1 .

Though I sough t for over an h our in th e brigh t , hot sun sh ine,the only dragonfl ies found were Lestes sponsa ,

P . tenellum (andi t s var . melanotum) , I . elegans , E . cya thigeram, 0 . ca ra lescens ,

a Libella la dep ressa and an Anax imp era tor somewhat doubtfu lly ,and Symp etram striola tum. I feel es1 ta in that amongst the last

was that of th e female of th e same spec ieswh ichwas taken flyingin a street in Devonport on February 24th , 1 9 03 .

On November l 6th th e Black Pondwas aga in v i s i ted to see

i f S . striola tumwas st il l on th e wing . Th e latest date onwh i chI h ad previou s ly seen i twas November 1 4th in 1 89 7 , and a s th e

au tumn was mild th ere was a ch ance of a later date beingrecorded . Nonewere seen ,

h owever ; but i t i s qui te pos s ible th atth eywere not over , for theweatherwas not a ltogeth er favourable .

Some very interest ing notes have come to h and concern ingth i s , wh i ch i s perh aps th e commonest of Engl i sh dragonfl ies .M i s s D . Molesworth , of Brigh ton (in litt. , Oct . 2 1 st , and aga inNov . 6th , told me th a t sh e h ad h ad under inspect ion a

number of S . striola tum from th e depos it ion of th e egg t i l l th eemergence of th e imago , thewh ole l ife-cycle occupying les s th ana year . Th e fema lewa s caugh t ovipos it ing on September 1 8th ,

1 9 1 2 , and , a fter being kept fromwater ,was on September 2othh eld over i t ,when she gave more eggs . Th ese hat ched betweenOctober 2 1 st and 25th . Th e nymph s d id not growat a un i formrate , and the wing-ca ses appeared on th e largest towards th eend ofApri l , 1 9 1 3 . By June, four of th e nymph s h ad reacheda length of 1 6 mm . and then became restless . Th ere wereplenty ofwater -weeds in the aquari um, but they d id not attemptto cl imb , though earl ier in th e year many “ demoi sel les ” h adsca led th e water-planta in leaves and successful ly emerged .

M i s s Molesworth th en h ad to leave th em for th reeweeks and on

her return all fourwere dead . Meanwh i le , oth ers h ad reach edth e same stage ; but a s each a tta ined a length of 1 6 mm. i tdied . In Augu st a bankwas made in one corner of the aqu arium ,

reach ing abovewater- level , and strips ofwood about two feet longwere inserted in it . In September the nymph s began one byone to cl imb to variou s he igh t s— some to th e top , some less thans ix inches . The first emerged on September 4th and th e la st onOctober 1 2th ,

1 9 1 3 . Before the la st h ad emerged , th e board swere removed and a bank was bu i lt round the water-plan ta instems . Th e nymph cl imbed and th e imago emerged qu iteh appily . Th a t th e earl ier oneswere ready to emergewas clear ,for th ey part ia l ly d id so underwater . Th e fema le , fromwh ichthe eggs were obta ined , wa s depos it ing th em in water not

more th an s ix inches deep , and th e nymph s were kept inwaterof about that depth . In wa ter of greater depth th ey left th ebottom and began to crawl on th e weeds . In 1 9 1 3 anoth erfema le depos ited eggs on August 26th , and th e first nymph s ‘

emerged on September 1 4th , les s than th reeweeks later , buttheywere kept in awarm room Th e largest nymphwas 4 mm .

long on October 2l st ; i t was Observed demol i sh ing a sma l lercompan ion .

F igured , natural siz e , in Entomologist,’xxxvu . p] . 3.

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1 9 1 3 . 8 1

It shou ld b e s tated that the aquar ium in wh ich th e 1 9 1 2

nymph s were bred was standing on a brick window-s il l , whereth ewindowwas Open day and n igh t all th rough th ewinter . The

wea th er be ing m i ld the wa ter did not freeze , though i t d id informer years . In fact a nymph of a larger spec ieswas on one

occa s ion frozen in th e midd le of a sol id p iece of ice and

rema ined so for two days . When the th awcame i t revived andseemed none th eworse . Th ese nymph swere not forced , th erefore , by unu sua l hea t , b ut probably were by receiving an

unnatura l amount of food . As soon as th ey began to eat

Chironomus larva , they were fed a lmost da i ly andwhen nearlyful l -grownwould sometimes eat a s many as eigh t in succes s ion ,

though each was as long as th e nymph i t self. Probably inconfinement space has someth ing to dowi th th e rate of growth .

For a fewkept in a very smal l bott le wi th abundance of foodscarcely grewat all, and wh en th ey were moved into a largeraquarium,where food mu st h ave been more difficu l t to procure,becau se les s plent ifu l , theywere found to be scarcely more thanh a lf the s i ze of somewh i ch h ad a lready been th ere for s ixweeks .All emerged in the early morn ing , u sua lly on du l l days . One

nymph sh owed a part icu lar avers ion to sun sh ine . Being readyto emerge , i t crawled out of th e water on a c loudy morn ing .

Wh en on th ewood the sun came out ra th er sudden ly , and th enymph immediately scrambled and fel l down . As soon as the

sun d i sappeared i t c l imbed up aga in but on th e sun’s reappearance i t repeated its prev ious performance. It d id th i s threet imes , and th e nymph was not contented t i l l th e aquariumwa sshaded ,wh en i t emerged none theworse forwhat h ad h appened .

Mi s s Molesworth ’

s interesting notes may su i tably b e supplemented by a description *

and figure (Plate II . ) of a ful l-grownnymph of S . striola tum

,wh ich I have therefore preparedDESCRIPT ION — General colour sepia , from very pale to qu ite dark .

Length , includ ing ana l appendages , abou t 1 8 mm . ; greatest bread th ,

abou t 7 mm . Head ofmoderate si z e ; in ou tline a flattened pen tagonwidth about 5 5 mm . An tenna of seven segments , the basal twoshort and rath er swollen , th e rest more slender,with a ringed appearance . Ma sk ( labium) tapering backwards to the m iddle h ingewh erei t i s narrow; th is h inge ‘

a lmost as far back as th e insertion of th e

midlegs ; extrem i ty spoon -sh aped , covering the face ; p a lp i broad ,

wh ere th ey approach one anoth er and there serrated teeth redd ish ;mova b le hooks , long , sh arp , slender ; centre of*labium .produced in

an obtu se angle ; on th i s lobe , internally , are two semic irc les of longredd i sh h a irs , about fourteen in each , th e latera l margin of each

palpus fringedwith a similar rowof h airs , po inting inwards . Severalpale marks in front Of vertex ,wh ich also has pale markings . Eyes

A figure of S . vu lga tum s triola tum) in W . H . Nunny’s paper ,

Sc ience Gossip ,’ Ju ly , 1 89 4 , does not appear to represent a Symp etrmn at

all , and is certainly not S . str iola tum.

prominent , somewhat h emispherical , situated at the fore-corners ofth e h ead . Occipu t rath er broad , rough , bearing some long h a irs .Top of head as a whole sligh tly convex . Prothora ze collar-like , a

dark patch in centre , h ind -margin convex . Mesothora cic sp ira c les

dark , very consp icuou s . Meso and metanotum variegated withligh ter and darker tints . Legs long , slender, jo ints darker ; femora

and fore and mid -tibia ringed with darker sep ia bands ; fore and

mid -tibia h a iry, h ind t ibia rath er sp iny ; fore-legs abou t 1 0 mm .

long , mid - legs abou t 1 1 mm . , h ind - legs nearly 1 6 mm . Wing-casesabou t 5 mm . long . Abdomen broad and somewh at flattened ; withpale , long , slender , recurved mid -dorsal Sp ines on segments six , sevenand e igh t , and a small one on five h idden by thewing-cases ; a pa ir oflateral sp ines on e igh t and n ine , th ose on e igh t being of moderatelength , those on n ine conspicuously long , equal in length to th e lasttwo segments ; two or four dark dots on th e dorsal part of several ofthe h inder segments ; a lso lines Of paler or darker suffu sions on thedorsal surface , wh ich vary con siderably accord ing to th e depth of

colouring of the specimen s ; ventral surface of nymph -skin fa irlyun iform in colouring . Ana l appendages short , h a iry ; app er , tri

angular , po inted ; la tera ls , shorter and more slender ; lower , more

th an h alf as long aga in as upper , and flat when looked at from the

side . It i s somewh at difli cu lt to describe the h a iriness Of a driednymph -skin , consequently it h as been little referred to .

[Ma teria l— (i ) A nymph -skin fromwh ich a male imago emergedon July 28th , 1 9 03 (i i .) a skin of a nymph , taken in Richmond Park ,Surrey , fromwh ich a malewas bred on July l 0th , 1 903 ; (i i i .) oth ernymph -skins found under such condition s a s to adm i t no doubt ofth eir iden tity . NOs . i . and i i .were the spec imens ch iefly employed .

The figure is enlarged a little over four times .)

THE EARLIER STAGE S OF COLIAS HECLA .

BY W . G . SHELDON , F .E .S .

So far as I am aware , the only lep idopter is twho haswri ttenanyth ing on the earl ier stages of th i s beautifu l Arct ic spec ies i sStaudinger , and h is brief note is in one important respectinaccurate.

Staudinger ,who passed th e summer of 1 860 in the north ofNorway, during h is soj ourn there metwith Colias hecla abundau t ly , near Bossekop , in the Alten Fjord . He states : “

th eh eadquarters Of th i s species wa s a flat sandy pen insula in theb ed of th e R iver Al ten ”

; in th i s place Pha ca lapponica ,

De Cando lle, th e undoubted food-plant,grewvery abundantly,

and I not iced the fema les ova -deposit ing thereon .

Th e Phaca lapp onica of De Candolle i s , according to th e‘ Con spectus F lora Europa ’

of Nyman , nowknown a s Oxytrop islapp onica , a plant wh i ch , so far as I know, does not occur atBossekop at any rate , I carefu l ly examined the h eadquarters of

Th e ova from wh ich th e foregoing description was madewas depo sited by a captive fema le on a plant of A . a lp ina s , on

Ju ly 1 2th ; i twa s then creamywh i te in colour ; on the 1 3th i thad ch anged to l igh t red , and on th e 1 4th to brigh t cora l -red ;on th e 20th i twa s leaden coloured . Th e larva emerged on th e

22nd . It thu s appears tha t th e period Of the ova stage i s ten days .I twi l l b e seen , on reference to my description of the ova of

Coliaswerdandi in Entomologist ’ xl iv . p . 1 22 , th at th e ova ofth ese two spec ies are ident i ca l in s i ze and in all oth er respect s ,except that in 0 .werdand i th e colour changes to deep orangeinstead ofto cora l-red ,wh i ch th e ova of C . hecla does . Th e per iodof th i s s tage i s in the case of C .werdandi two days longer .Immediately after emergence th e larva was mm . long .

The headwas black , th e rema inder of the segment s were dul lgreen ,

tran sparent and th i ckly studded wi th tuberc les , eachtuberc le h aving in i t s centre a spine . The larva at th i s stageeat s h oles in the upper cutic le of a leaflet of its food -plan t , andrests stretched out a t ful l length on the midrib thereof ; i tch anged into the second stage on July 27th , andwa s th en 2 mm .

long and stou t in proportion to i t s length . Colour dull green ,

very Spiny , h ead green i sh brown , spiny and sh in ing , the re

mainder of the segment s h ad a dark medic -dorsa l stripe , l igh tersubdorsal area bounded belowby darker str ipes . Th e Spiracu larstripes are l igh ter than the rema inder of the surface of th e larva .

Th e ch ange to the th i rd stage took place on Augu st ‘22nd .

Th e larva was th en 4 mm . long ; h ead l igh t amber-coloureddorsa l area du l l dark green ; subdorsa l areas ligh t green of th e

same t int , bordered on the lower edges with dark stripes of th esame t int a s the dorsa l a rea . The Spiracular stripes were of

l igh ter green , the ventra l areawas of the same t int as the sub

dorsal . All the segments were th ickly covered wi th bla cktubercles , each one of wh i ch emi tted a black spine . Th e

sp iracles were l igh t green wi th black c ircumferences . On

Augu st 29 th th e larvawas s lowly feeding ; on September 6th i tceased feeding a l togeth er , andwas placed in a cool cellar in a

flower -potwh ich conta ined dry sand and Sphagnum.

My stock of ovawhen I left Laxelv on July 1 6thwas twen tytwo, but by th e t ime I reach ed England , on Augu st 3rd , th eyh ad been reduced to h a l f a dozen more or les s unh ea lthy larva .

A . a lp ina s i s a most d ifficult p lant to tran splant or to keep freshand h ea lthywhen i t i s ,

dug up , and a ll my plants were yellowand unhealthy on arr iva l a t home. Of th ese ha l f dozen larvaonly two reached th e h ibernat ing stage , and one of these twodied soon after being placed in winter quarters , reduc ing mystock early in October to a s ingle spec imen .

Th i s larva rema ined qu iescent and stretched out on th e

I h ad intended , upon th e first sign of frost appearing , to

THE EARLIER STAGE S OF COLIAS HECLA . 85

take i t out of doors , so that it migh t get some approach to it snatura l h ome condit ions inwinter

, and a fterwards to force it ,b ut th e winter turned out to b e exceptiona l ly m i ld , and byJanuary 23th , there not having been any frost , I brough t th elarva up and placed it in awarm room . I did not h ave a plan t ofA . a lp ina s in leaf, and so Offered the larva young leaves of Coluteaarborescens

, wh i ch I had a scerta ined the previou s summer itwould eat . On January 22nd i t commenced to feed uponth ese , and fed very slowly for severa l weeks , so slowly , h owever ,tha t i t s da i ly mea l ,wh ich was usua l ly takenwh en th e sun wasSh in ing , did not exceed a notch in a leaflet the s ize of an averagepin ’s h ead . In the beginn ing of March i t s i ckened and d ied .

During th e t ime it wa s feeding in thewinter th e s ize on ly increased a very l i ttle , notmore than a mi l l imeter in length . In a ll

probabi l ity , to succes sfully rear th i s larva would enta i l i t s beingkept at a tempera ture belowfreez ing point for severa l month s .

In i ts natura l h abita t the snowwou ld probably b e gone byth e middle of May . Staud inger men t ions th a t at Bos sekop th efirst malewas taken on June 1 8th , 1 860, but it certa inlywas notout th ere on th e day I left , June 22nd , 1 9 1 2 . On my arriva l atLaxelv on Ju ly 1 1 th ,

ful ly one-th ird of the spec imens flyingabou t were more or les sworn . Th e sea son was rath er a lateone, and I shou ld say th at June 2oth , as th e first date of emergence on an average season ,

i s probably not farwrong .

A straga lus a lp inas in Lapland ent irely loses a ll trace offol iage in th e winter , and unt i l th e m iddle of June ,‘ or ra therlater , i t does not develop suffic ien t newleaves to feed th e larvaupon th i s be ing the case, th ere seem to be th ree pos s ibletheor ies of its behaviour after h ibernat ion( 1 ) Th at it has an al ternat ive food-plant . I do not th ink th i s

probable for, a s before stated , I could not find anoth er leguminou splant in i t s h aunt s , and one cannot imagine i t feed ing uponanyth ing el se .

(2) Tha t i t feeds upon th e root s of A . a lp ina s . Th i s i s poss ible, for th i s plan t has long succulen t roots , very much after th estyle of Lotus cornicula tus .

(3) That i t feeds very slowly th rough th e summer on th e

leaves of A . a lp ina s , h ibernat ing a second t ime , eith er as a fu l lfed larva or a s a pupa . I am incl ined to th ink that th i s lat tertheory wi l l prove the correct one . Th e larva I h ad in confine

ment seemed perfectly h ea lthy and sat i sfied wi th it s da i lyminute mea l forweeks , wh i ch i s just wh at onewould expect i tto do in a sta te of nature i f th i s th eory b e correct , for the leavesunt i l the middle of June are very m inute and wou ld not sufficeto sat i sfy a more vigorou s appet i te . But

, of course, my larvah ad not been subjected to i t s na tura l lowwinter tempera ture formany month s , and one does not knowwhat effect th e unusua ltreatment rece ived migh t h ave h ad upon it s appet ite .

Youlgreave , South Croydon : January 1 3th , 1 9 1 4 .

DIADIPLOS IS COCCIDI VORA , N . SP.

BY E . PORTER FELT .

THE sma l l midges descr ibed belowwere reared in somenumbers from a Spec ies of Pseudococcus by A. Ru therford ,Governmen t Entomolog ist of the Department of Agricu lture ,Peraden iya , Ceylon , and forwarded for i dent ificat ion under th edate of November 27th , 1 9 1 3 . Th i s spec ies appears to b econgeneri cwith D . cocci, Fe lt , a spec ies reared ea rl ier by Mr.

Will iam H. Patterson from larva preying upon the eggs of

black sca le , Sa issetia nigra , in St . Vincent , West Indies . The

two spec ies are quite differen t , and furth er studies may result inth e i r be ing referred to d ifferen t genera .

Length 1 mm . Antenna probably h alf longer th an th e

body, presumably th ickly h a ired , fuscou s yellowi sh ; fourteen segments ,th e fifth binodo se , th e two portion s of th e stem eachwith a lengthapprox imately a quarter greater th an the d iameter , the d istal enlargementwith a length a quarter greater th an i ts d iameter, and bearingtwo moderately stou t c ircumfili. Palp i : the first segmen t small,globose ; the secondwith a length nearly th ree times its d iameter ;the th ird a little longer , more slender . Mesono tum dark yellowishbrown , the submedian lines , scu tellum and postscutellum fuscou syellowi sh . Abdomen fu scous yellowi sh . Wings hyaline , th e th irdvein un itingwi th costa at th e apex of th ewing , the fifth jo in ing theposterior margin at the d i stal fourth , its branch at the basal th ird .

Halteres and legs a nearly un iform fu scous yellowi sh , tarsi probablysomewh at darker ; claws moderately stou t , strongly curved , the

anter ior and mid unidentate , the posterior s imple , the pulvilli abou th alf th e length of the claws . Gen italia : ba sal clasp segmentmodera tely short , stou t term inal clasp segment sh ort , stout ,with a

rather large , strongly curved apica l spur ; dorsal plate long , deeplyand triangularly emarginate , the lobes narrowly rounded and sparselysetose ventral platemoderately long , tapering to a narrowly roundedsetose apex . Harpes foliate , tapering to a narrowly rounded apex ,laterallywith a th ick patch Of long , stou t seta ; style long , slender ,SlIgh tly curved .

52 . Length 1 5 mm . Antenna probably nearly as long as the

body , sparsely h aired , dark brown fourteen subsess ile segments , thefifthwith a stem one-sixth th e length of the cylindric basal enlargement ,wh ich latter h as a length about thrice i ts d iameter. Palp i :the first segment subglobose , the second with a length more th anthree times its d iameter, the th ird h alf longer than the second ,and more slender . Mesonotum dark yellowish brown . Abdomenyellowish orange . Ovipositor short , the term inal lobes narrowlyoval and sparsely setose , otherwise nearly as in th e male .

Type Cecid a2486 .

State Museum , Albany , N .Y .

th e lapse of fifty-eigh t years i t may b e agreeable to th ose

interested in th e bu tterfl ies of a l ittle-known corner of the

Alp s to retrace the footsteps of th ese pioneers .Th e publ i sh ed account of th eir experiences given by Gui llemot

i s rare . It i s to b e found nei ther in the l ibrary of the Natura lHi story Museum, South Ken s ington , nor of th e Entomologica lSoc iety of London ; and i t i s onlywi th in th e la st month ,

after th i s paper was printed , that I sawa copy includedamong the sep ara ta of a fore ign booksel ler . I am indebted ,th erefore , to the kindnes s of M . Ch arles Ob erth iir for a loan of

th ework .

As far a s I can see, Larch e has ch anged l ittle in appearances ince Gu i l lemot and Bellier were th ere in 1 855 , from July29 th to Augu st 3rd. The hotel accommodat ion i s dec idedlyworse , for wh ile they Speak of comfortable quarters and goodpla in food , I am a fra id I cannot endorse th eir recommendat ionof th e inn I v i s ited . However , Iwas lucky enough to find mybedroom occup iedwh en I came up from Barcelonnette on th e

morn ing of the 25 th , and by th e courtesy and kindnes s Of theCommandant of th e garrison ,

whom I chanced to meet in the

road , Iwa s enabled to obta in excel lent quarterswi th M . Math ieu ,th e loca l butch er—quarters usua lly fi l led by ofli cers of th e

Alpine regiment s on the march and on manoeuvres . BothMons ieur and Madamewere extremely kind and a ttent ive, and Icord ia l ly advi se any of my readers who may fan cy a week or

two at Larch e to do as I d id—put up in the i r chalet , lay in a

good supply of t inned foods , b i scuit s , &c . ,for lunch in th e Open ,

andwh ich are for sa le a t the sma l l grocer’s ShOp in th e v illage ;and a fter th e premier déjeaner of coffee and roll s , return to th eauberge on ly to dine .

In one respect , i t i s true, Larch e has ch anged . Many of th eenterpri s ing inh abitan t s h av ing ama s sed fortunes , espec ia lly inMexico , have come ba ck to bui ld large stu cco v i lla s and l ive inth e i r nat ive place, for the summer month s at any rate . It i sposs ible , th erefore , thatwith the steady increase ofmotor trafficin to Ita ly by th i s route, one of th ese proud proprietors maydevise a scheme for the reception of boarders , though th e summerat th i s a lt i tude— 5568 ft .

—i s short : e igh tweeks at th e most .I did not know,wh en I dec ided to fin i sh my entomological

tour at Larch e , tha t M . Ob erth iir’

s two col lectors from Digneh ad pas sed the previou s season ( 1 9 1 2) there . Nor h ad I thereport of thei r experiences to guide me, a s partly recorded inrecent publ i sh ed fasc icu les of Lépidoptérologie Comparée

(Rennes , 1 9 1 3 , fa sc . vii. ,‘ Observat ions sur les Syrich thu s du

‘ V ingt-C inq Jours de Chasses aux Lepidopteres a Barcelonnette, e t a

Larche ,’ par A . Gu illemot . Clermon t . 1 856 . Up , also , O bservat ions surles Lépidoptéres des B asses-Alpes ,

par Bellier de la Ch av ignerie , Ann .

Soc . Ent . France , 1 854 , p . 29 , 1 856 , p. 5 , and 1 859 , p . 1 77 .

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE . 89

groups d’

Alveus Al so , I had no intent ionwh en I left Englandof vi s it ing the Basses-Alpes a t all, but had planned to turnwestfrom Le Vercors (v ide antea , p . 8 ) into Ardeche . I h ad not

provided mysel f, th erefore ,wi th Bellier’

s notes , wh ich migh thave a ss i sted me to the righ t loca l i t ies , though a chance meeting at Barcelonnette with Mr. E . A. Tucker and Mr . CharlesMorri s

,of Cannes—both arden t lepidopteri s ts—gave me the

clue to a loca l i ty in wh i ch , as I subsequently d i s covered , th eseFrench natura l i sts made the ir most important captures .

Th e journey from Barcelonnette i s advert i sed in summer tobe performed by motor omn ibus . As a matter of fact ,wh en themotor reached Condamine—th e ha l f-way h ouse—th e driverwassei zedwith a sudden spasm of economy for petrol ; and anoth erand a ltogeth er anc ient piece was trundled out of the coachh ouse to perform the la st long uph i l l c l imb . After th e di z zyordea l of the day before on the Col d’Allos the change wasdel igh tfu l ; and as we jogged peacefully a long th e road i t wasposs ible to survey the Splendid scenery and to note chanceinsect s on th eways ide flowers . But for th e greater part of th ej ourney , th e forest gradual ly di sappearing and the flora of th e

va l ley giving place to the veritable mounta in kind , th ere wasl i ttle on thewing , as the sunwas sti l l h idden beh ind th e everr i s ing barr ier of th e h i l l s .Wh en the room d iffi culty had been sett led , I set off for the

Lauz anier va lley , the road diverging from that to Ita ly , andcross ing by pastu res to th e left bank of th e Ub ayette . Th e firstbu tterfly to attract attent ion was a remarkably fine brood of

I . la thonia , ju st emerged and in perfect cond i t ion ,with ma les ofEpinep hele lycaon fl itt ing mam -l ike over and about th e stonewa ll s of th e cornfields . On past th e bridge, fema les ofA . damon

were in some profusion ,wi th P . a rgyrognomon , C . v irgaurea

a ll males—some worn C . hipp othoe , var. eurybia females , and afa ir spr inkl ing of Argynnids—aglaia , and niobe, var . eris (veryrarely typica l) . The season was, h owever , gett ing late for themounta in meadows ; and I qu i te agreewi th Bellier,wh o recommends a vi s i t to Larche before they are cut , aswith the hay goesmuch of th e best col lect ing . Down by the stream I could see

some smal l Parnassida swinging laz i ly over th e S edam beds ; andthese subsequently proved to b e Pa rna ssia s delta s , ratherworn .

Th e steep gras sy banks on the left-hand s ide of the mu le pathwere fu l l of butterfl ies , ch iefly of the commoner a lp ine sorts ;conspicuous by th eir numbers and exquis ite condit ion be ingCa nongmpha ip his ,wh i le occa s iona l Black-and-Wh ite Sk ipperson th e track it sel fwere e i ther Hesperia carthami , H . a lveus , or

Pgrga s sao . Unfortunately , upon thewh ole length of th e greenva lley ,wh i ch ends with a steep cl imb to th e Refuge hut , va sth erds of sh eep , goats , and h orses h ad been gra zing and i twas

ENTOM .—MARCH , 1 9 1 4 .

THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

h ere a l so that for h a lf an hour I sat andwatch ed th e strapp ingCha sseurs Alpin s of the French Army defi le before me—fresh ,merry , and bri sk as are all these mounta in infantrymen , evenwith e igh t h ours’ march beh ind them over th ese stark mounta ins . Th e l i ttle herbage left by the Sheph erds’ flocks th e armymu les seemed to h ave fin i sh ed up ; and for quite an hour’swa lk ing I encountered pract ica l ly noth ing ofnote—a fewscatteredColia s phicomone, a very occa s iona l Erebia ep ip hron , var . cas

siop e, and rarer Polyomma ta s p heretes even P lebeias argus , the

ubiqui tou s , had diminish ed , and, of course , as soon as I atta ineda“not b ad eminence ,

”in went th e sun ,

down came th e m i st ,and col lecting butterfl ies in th e Lau z anierwas over for the day,though i twas barely one O’clock . So a fter lun ch and awelcome

foot-wa shing in th e torrent ( strongly recommended for wearyand sore feet) , I turned ba ck , seeing noth ing more on th ewingunt i l j ust past the oppos i te h amlet of Ma i son-Meane,where thela st rays of a belated sun woke ‘into momentary act iv i ty a fewfine ma le E . goante.

Next day being gloriously fine , I set out for th e Lac de laMadeleine ,wh ich lies on the Ita l ian s ide of the Col de Larch e(6545 a fewhundred yard s acros s the front ier , and about anhour and a ha l f

’s ea sywa lking from Larch e i t sel f. Qu i te th ecommonest insect about was M a croglossam stella tarum, and

wherever the sun touched th e l i ttle patch es of sa info in and

lucerne , Colias eda sa and C . hya le were cha sing one another ,with P . ap ollo and th e u sua l common Pierids . But I did notcome across P . nap i, var. bryonia and I th ink that , th i s being as ingle-brooded spec ies in th e Alps , itwas probably over . Pushing on ,

I d id not unfurl unt i l I h ad reached the “ Internat iona lHouse , wh ere the red-wh ite-and-blue and the red-wh ite-andgreen posts upon the roadside denote th e meet ing of Franceand Italy . The Ita l ian Dogana i s somewhat further on by th eLake, and th e aflab le Customs officer in command , whoregarded my net as an excel lent piece of fool ing , not being ableto d irect me to any mounta in pathwh ichwould bring me backinto th e Lau z anier, I missed no doubt the best col lect ingground h ereabouts . For example, I fa i led ent irely to h it

the righ t spot for C . p a la no ,‘wh i ch I su spect occurs only on

the Ita l ian s lopes , for nowh ere could I discover the indispen sableVa ccinium,

uponwh ich , in common with P . op tilete, th e larvafeeds .With in a fewyards of the Lake itsel f, however , I did come

a cros s a , to me, newand exceptional ly interesting form ofE rebia

ma estra ,th i s be ing th e variety named by Bellier gorgophone,

and described by h im as a d ist inct spec ies (Ann . Soc . France,1 863, pp . 4 1 9 intermediate between E . gorge of the Alp sand E . gorgone of the Pyrenees , but later determined as

loca l i zed form of ma estra . Th is variety i s apparent ly so l i ttle

THE GENUS PCECILOPS IS‘

(HARRISON) .BY J . W . H. HARRISON , B .Sc .

Part I.—PRELIMINARY REMARKS .

As I have pointed out el sewh ere , th e “ genus B iston , a s

represented in Staudinger’s Ca talogue ,’ i s a very heterogeneous

col lect ion , compri s ing elements from no fewer than Six di stin ctgenera . Th ese are

B iston (Leach ) ; type stra taria s .

Lycia type hirtaria .

I thysia type z onaria .

Pa cilop sis (Harri son) type pomonaria .

Apocheima (H. type hispidaria .

M icrobiston type lanarius (Ev .) tartarica s (Stgr . )Itwas originally my intent ion to take th ese genera in turn ,

and to dea lwi th each of th e specIes In all it s s tages in deta i l .The imagines of the genus I thgsia have a lready been di scu s sed ,and th e treatment of the o th er forms pos tponed in order to givet ime for the complet ion of the l i fe-h i stor ies of I thysia gra caria ,

I . a lp ina , and I . ita lica , but i t h a s been found impos s ible to rear(even in a h othouse) th ese exclus ively Sou thern forms . In th e

meant ime , however , I am glad to say th at I h ave been able tosecure , and describe at length , the early stages of all of th e spec iesin th e genu s Poecilop sis , and th erefore propose to complete mywork in th at sect ion now. Th i s genu swa s described in Lepid .

Comp . fa sc . vii. p . 344 , and I h ave bu t l i ttle to add to th edescript ion given there , except that one very important Observat ion h as been made wh i ch ju stifies further my separat ion of

th ese Spec ies from I thysia . Th i s i s the fact th at ,wh i l st th ech romosome number in I thysia i s 1 1 2 , in Pa cilop sis i t i s 56 , andin Lycia 28 .

It h as become imperat ive that I sh ould take up th i s genusnow, becau se I have di scovered in the course of my studies thatth e Centra l European form tha t pa s ses for P . lapp onaria i s notthat in sect a t all, a l though ,

fortunately , our Scotch insect i s so .

Not only i s th i s true , but , in addition , the two forms fa l l into twod ifferent sect ion s of th e genus ,wh i ch conta in s four spec ies forming two closely a l l ied groups of two. These groups are

The two Spec ies Pa cilop sis lapponaria and P . ra chela .

Th e two Spec ies P . p omonaria and P . isa bella .

The first group i s probably Northern in i t s origin , for P . lap

p onaria ranges from Lapland to L ivon ia , and th en reappear s inScotland ; wh i l st P . ra chela i s widely d i str ibuted in America ,from Montana and Man i toba a long the Mackenz ie Va lley7 toAla ska . Th e other group i s of Centra l European origin , p omo

nar ia h aving its headquarters in North Centra l Germany , butextending , a lthough sparse ly , to E a stern France , Scandinavia ,

THE GENUS PcEOILOPSIS . 9 3

and Austria . The other spec ies i s of more l imited distr ibu t ion ,

for i t i s confined to the S i les ian Mounta in s and to the Alp s of

Swi tzerland , Bavaria and the Tyrol .Itwi l l b e seen th a t I h ave been compel led to erect a new

Spec ies for the so-ca lled lapp onaria from th e Alps and S i les ia .

I have tried h ard to avoid th i s necessary Spl it , and to persuademyself that th e form i s but a mounta in form of p omona ria , but

i twi l l not do ; there are differences of spec ific va lue at everystage of i ts existence—differences greater in many instancesthan those occurring in the case of two obviou sly di stinct spec iesl ike L . h irtaria and P . p omonaria at corresponding po ints . In

fa ct , h ad one been so incl ined , i t wou ld h ave b een perfect lyfea s ible to break th i s genus on larva l diflerences , su ch a s h as

been done in oth er groups , and then find th i s separat ionju stified by imagina l characters . In su ch a ca se lapp onariawou ldfa l l into one subgenuswh i l st isabella wou ld fa l l into th e oth er

After th ese prel iminary remarks , I h ad intended to take thespec ies in deta i l , but I th ink it better to give a br ief descr ipt ionof the Centra l European form isabella , and th en contra st i t ,in a ll th e sa l ien t points ,wi th i t s nearest a l ly p omonaria , on th e

one hand , and on the oth erwith lapponaria ,wi thwh i ch i t hasbeen so long lumped . Th erewou ld b e no ga in in comparing itwith ra chela , for th at insect , a lth ough perfect ly d i stinc t , i ssuffic iently close to lapponaria to obviate any such compari son .

Poecilop sis isabella , sp . n . ( = lapponaria , auct .

Ma le—Tone ofwhole insect much blacker th an its congeners .Forewings subhyaline ,with th e ground area before th e second linefeebly prov idedwith S ilverywh ite scales . First , second and med ianlines present , undec ided , but fa irly broad ; med ian and second linestend ing to fuse toward the lower margin ; second line followed byfeeblewh ite line . A z igz ag subterm inal line intersects the more or

less dark terminal band . Veins , espec ially those of the c ell , black ;costal groove black , m ixedwith orange-yellowscales . Fore wingsfa irly long , rounded at the tip . Hindwings hyaline , except for a

fewwh ite scales at the base . Fringes narrow, black . Antenna black ,not pectinated to the apex . Head redd ish ,

collar wh ite , thorax and

abdomen black ,with fa irly. broad red med ian stripe ; patagia outlinedinwh ite . Gen italia , tip Of valve rounded .

F ema le—Wings rud imentary, but longer th an those of the other

three spec ies , provided with longish , stiff grey ha irs . Body black ,sprinkled everywh ere ,

like the wings , with orange -red scales , onlyconcentrated to form a med ian line on the th orax ; a fewscatteredwh ite scales may be present also ; th e wh ole prov ided with longrather coarse ha ir . Antenna th ick , h eavily grey scaled , feeblypectinatedwhen fresh ly emerged .

Types , one male and one fema le from Innsbruck , Tyrol .A table giving the po ints Of d ifference between th is species and

P . pomonaria and P . lapponaria i s appended .

9 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIS T .

Pomonaria . Isa bella .

OVUM Small translucent Fairly large ; glaucousgreen, more opaque

Young larva . . Black , with white Greenish ; no spots , AS in p omonaria , bu t

spots and bars &c . withmorewhite spotson Spiracular stripe

Second instar Usual form of genus Green striped to As in p omona ria

mimic larch needles

5 Full-grown Short , stout ; pattern Pattern nearly the Longer ; skin texture

53 decided texture same as inp omonaria . fine ; stripes degraded"1

coarse ; colour yel Ground purplish . as in z onaria

lowishOak most i forest Larch—refuses other Birch , Erica , Myricatrees foods ga le, many trees and

shrubs

Antenna Tip clear Tip clear

Collar Broadwhite NarrowwhiteThorax . Pattern as in descrip Pa ttern as described . Much broader . No

tion of isa bella , but Red med ian s tripe pattern ,medio dorsal

coa rser, and colours and white outlines red stripe clear ; fur

less dec ided ; whole of patagia very clear paler laterallymuch paler

51 Forewings Long—tip rounded As in p omona ria Shorter and broader ;

é tip angular

Fringes White black spots at Narrowblack Broad ; silky dark fusends of veins ; fairly cous , like z onariabroad

Valves ofgeni Tip rounded , as in As in p omonaria , b ut Tip with definitetalia hirtaria narrower angle as in z onaria

Antenna Rather thin ; black Thick ; pale Thin ; black

Thorax and Colour black , irregu Scales redder, simi-Red scales definitelyabdomen larly speckled with larly sca ttered . Fewmassed in a broad

rusty scales . Hairs pale scales . Hairs median stripe downshort pale much longer and both thorax abdo

paler men hairs pale short

Rudimentary , very Much longer ; scales Variable in siz e , b ut

short , with rusty redder , b u t some never so long.

scales and fewpale a lmost white scales in isa bella . Ha1 rs

hairs present . Ha irs much darker and shorterlonger

Whole outline Long As in p omona ria Shorter and rounder

of insect

P terodela pedicu laria , L .—Nottingh am , common onwindows and

tables in my study , August 1 5 th to 30th , 1 9 1 3 ; a lso noticed , lesscommonly , throughou t September .

E ctop soca s briggsi , McLach .—Widmerpool , on oak , Augu st 1 8th ,

1 9 1 3 .

Ca ci lia s flavida s , Steph .-West Leake H ills , abundan t on oak ,

ash , and beech , August 1 0th , 1 9 1 2 , Augu st 1 5 th—2l st , 1 9 1 3 ; EastLeake , August 1 1 th , 1 9 1 2 ; Edwinstowe , Sh erwood Forest , Augu st3oth

, 1 9 1 2 ; Thorney , Augu st , 1 9 1 3 ; Widmerpool , on oak , birch ,

and Sa lim, Augu st 1 8th , 1 9 1 3 ; North Collingham , on ash ,August

25 th , 1 9 1 3 .

C . burmeisteri , Brauer .—Thorney, August l 5th—1 9 th , 1 9 1 3 (L . A.

arr) .Hyperetes ga estfa lica s , Kolbe .

—Among papers in room at Un iversity College , Nottingham , December 1 3th , 1 9 1 2 .

Troctes divina toria s , M ii ll. —Also among papers in same room as

last species , February l oth , 1 9 1 3.

SYMPE TRUM MERIDIONALE , SELYB, AND OTHERODONATA.

BY C . W. BRACKEN , B .A. , F .E .S .

A FEW ca ses of insect s formerly belonging to th e veteranentomologist , Mr. G . C . Bignel l , of Sa ltash , near Plymouth ,came into my posses s ion a fter h is dea th . Among th emwas as tore-b ox of Neuroptera ( sensu la to) , collected by th e Rev . T . A .

Marsha ll , of Botus -Flem ing , Cornwa l l , who died in 1 9 03 . On

go ing through th i s recently I found a Symp etram label led va lgatam, Swanage , no date . As therewere no striola tum in the box ,I conc luded that Marsh a l l e i ther intended it for th e latter spec ies ,using th e older name , or tha t h e h ad rea l ly taken vu lga tum, a

rare occurrence . I sent the insect to Mr. W . J . Luca s ,who i sof op in ion that it i s nei ther vulga tum nor striola tum butmeridiona le. If so , th e spec imen i s of cons iderable interest ,s ince Mr . Luca s , in h is Bri t i sh Dragonfl ies ,

’ says : Th e cla imof th i s insect to a posit ion on th e Brit i sh l i st rest s on twofemales of old date. Most of Marsh a l l’s spec imen s wereCors ican , but therewere severa l oth ers from Swanage , includingsome fine Or thetram caneella tam. It may b eworth ment ion ingth at one of th e Cors ican 0 . ca ra lescens ha s th e left anteriorwing much abbrevia ted . Th e r igh t wing i s 28 mm . long , th eleft on ly 20 mm. , the pterost igma being about th e same distancefrom the body on each s ide .

Plymouth .

CONTINENTAL INSECTS OF VARIOUS ORDERSTAKEN BY DR. T . A. CHAPMAN IN 1 9 1 3 .

BY W . J . LUCAS , B .A . , F .E .S .

Papa-skin ofAsca lap hus coccajus. Magnifica tion a little over 2§ nat . Siz e .

One antenna could not b ewithdrawn , and it is shown broken , or bitten off.

Th e pupa l-jaws are well seen ; and it must be borne in mind that they wereworked by th e imaginal jaws tha t were not then withdrawn from them. Th e

pupa l-skin is very ethereal , as can easily b e seen . Th e head h as become detachedfrom th e body .

AFTER each of two entomologica l excu rs ions to th e Cont inen tin 1 9 1 3 , Dr . Chapman was kind enough to give me a sma l lcol lect ion of insec ts ,wh ich h ewas able to take , belonging to th eles s -known Natura l Orders . In Apri l , May , and June, h e vi s i tedth e Rhone va l ley in Swi tzerland and the distr i ct Of the Ita l ianLakes , and th i s first collection con ta ined insects from S ierre( 1 760 ft .) in th e Rhone va lley , from Locarno ( 680 ft .) on LagoMaggiore in Swi tzerland , and from Pa llanza (680 a l so on

Lago Maggiore , b ut in Ita ly .

In Ju ly and Augu s t the scene of operat ionswas tran sferredto France , and the . second collect ion conta ined insec ts fromLau taret (679 0 ft . ) and Bourg d

OisanS (2360 ft . ) in Dauph iné .

Th e former i s awel l-known botan ica l and entomologica l loca l i ty ,and th e la tter i s in th e va l ley of th e Rimauch e, on theway up to

Lau taret .My th anks are due to Mr . K . J . Morton for naming a number

of th e Spec imens .FIRST COLLECTION .

Plecop te ra .

Nemoara margina ta . Locarno , April.N . cinerea . Locarno , April .

N . la tera lis . Locarno , Apri l .N . variega ta . Pallanza , May 1 9 th

—26th .

O d ona ta ParaneurOptera) .L ibellula ga adrimaca la ta . Two males and three females in more

or less teneral cond ition ; Locarno , April . One male possessedstrongly developed noda l spots and longitudinal saffron suffu

sion , b ut was otherwi se normal ; the otherswere of the v ar .

p ra na bila , some being of a more pronounced type than th e

others .*Orthetram branneam. One male ; S ierre , May 27th

—June 2nd .

Corda lia a nea . One female ; Sierre , May 27th—June 2md .

E schna isosceles . One male ; Sierre , May 27th—June 2nd .

Pyrrhosoma nympha la . One female ; Sierre , May 27th—June 2nd .

Ischna ra elegans . One male ; Locarno , April ; one ma le ; S ierre ,May 27th

—June 2nd .

Ena llagma cga thigeram. Two males Sierre , May 27th

June 2md .

N europ tera .

*Asca lap hus coccajus. Four males ; Sierre , May 27th—June 2nd .

One of thesewas accompan ied by the very delicate pupa-skin .

In emerging it appears that one antenna stuck fast in its case(figure) . It i s well-developed but i s broken off, the knoband part of the shank rema in ing in the ca se . Dr. Chapman

th inks th i s i s not an i solated occurrence , and tha t the insec t ,wh en confronted with the d ifficu lty, itself bites Off the

antenna .

Sia lis la taria . Three ; Locarno , April .Rap hidia nota ta . One female ; S ierre , May 27th

—June 2nd .

Chrysopa perla . One ; Locarno , April .

T rich op tera .

P litocolepa s grana la ta s . Two ; Locarno , April .Phi lopotama s lad ifica ta s . One ; Locarno , Apri l ; one ; Pa llanza ,

May 1 9 th—26th .

SECOND COLLECTION .

O rth op tera .

Omocesta s rafipes . One ; Bourg d’

O isans , August 6th ~ 21 st .

Plecop te ra .

Nemoa ra inconsp icua . Two fema les ; Lautaret , July 22ndAugu st 5th .

N . variega ta . One male ; Lautaret , July 22nd—August 5th .

O d on a ta ParaneurOp tera) .E schna juncea . One fema le ; Lau taret , July 22md—August 5 th .

n petram vu lga tum. Four males and th ree fema les ; Bourgd’

O isans , August 6th—2l st . Most of these were tenera l incond ition to a greater or less degree , and pale in colour .

6 mm. , and the wings 3 mm . Th e next moult occurred on

Ju ly l oth , the dimens ion s increa sing to—ovipos itor 1 5 mm .,

wings 9 mm . , and tota l length 34 mm. Th e antenna , wh ichwere damaged and of unequa l length before , became norma la fter th e second moult . It greatly apprec iated being placed inth e sun , lean ing over on one s ide and extending th e longjump ing legs to expose a s much of i t s body as poss ible. Th esesun -bath s appeared necessary after each moult to enable i t toacquire firmnes s and proper colora t ion , an operat ion extendingover a period of about two days . For th ree days before a mou ltth e nymph ceased to feed , and became sluggi sh andwh i t i sh incolou r , somewh at after the style of a snake before s lough ingit s skin .

Th e empty nymph skinwa s a lways eaten immediately afterbe ing ca st , th i s employing the insect abou t an h our and a h a l f,th e sk in of th e large h ind legs be ing eaten la st . Th e fina l mou l ttook place on Ju ly 3 1 st at about a m . Th e imago , aftereat ing the empty skin , clung for some t ime to th e gra s s stems toa l lowth e Wings to un fold and a tta in the i r proper development .Th i s spec imenwhen taken in th e h andwou ld bi te fiercelywi ththe mandibles , occas iona l ly reta ining i ts h old un t i l set at

l iberty .

ADDITION S TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDZE

BY FRED. V . THEOBALD , M .A. , Hon . &c .

DURING the pa st two years I h ave found or identified frommateria l previously collected th e fol lowing Aph ides , so far not

recorded from Kent , and some ofwh ich are newto the Brit i shfauna . Severa l newSpec ies ofM a crosip ham have been describeds ince the previou s l i st , and these are a l so included here.

The year 1 9 1 3 was not iceable for th ree th ings : first , thecomparat ive pauc ity of the spec ie s of Aph ides to b e found ,secondly , the presence of numbers of sexupara in th e autumnmon th s , and th irdly , the vast numbers Of th ree or four spec ies .Most abundant and harmful ofall has been Ap his sorbi ,wh ich diduntold damage to th e apple crop next in importance h as beenA . a bietina , Walker ,wh i ch has been most h a rmfu l to the S i tkaand Norway spruces in Ireland and part s of the South of

England , in many ca ses causing complete defol iat ion . Th i s i sone of th e spec ieswh i ch breeds ent ire ly viviparous ly , no sexu

para having been found ,wh i l s t parthenogenet ic fema les occu rrigh t th rough thewinter . SO far no sexupara have been foundof A . gossyp ii, G lover , the so-cal led Cotton Aph i s , wh ich i srecorded here for the first t ime in Bri ta in . Only once h ave I

ADDITIONS To THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDIE . 1 01

found oviparous fema les , al so of the Wool ly Aph i s (E riosoma

lanigera , Hau smann ) , and as far as recent experiments go that Ih ave carried out , th ere does not appear to b e anymigrat ion betweenth e elm and the apple in th i s country , as h as been sh own to occurin America by M i ss Edith Patch . Moreover , I have had one badlya ttacked apple tree net ted for some th ree years , and no a latawhatever h ave appeared . Reproduct ion with out sexupara in

some spec ies may evidently occur for a long t ime . The l i stgiven h ere does not include any fresh loca l i t ies for th e Aph idesof Kent so far recorded (v ide

‘ Entomologist ,’ January , 1 9 1 1 ,

pp . 1 6—2 1 , and November , 1 9 1 1 , and January , on ly newSpecies found in th e coun ty .

Genus MACROSIPHUM , Pa sserin i .

M a crosiphum taraxa ci, Ka l tenbach .- On dandel ion (Leontodon

taraxa cum) . Wye , June 1 7th , 1 9 1 1 , and July 20th , 1 9 1 2 ;Blean Wood , Ju ly 7th , 1 9 1 2 .

M . dafi eldii , Theoba ld —On tu l ips , March 27th , 1 9 1 3 .

Ma id stone , many a la ta and aptera of th i s beau t i fu lly markedspec ies brough t me by Mr. Adr ian Duffield , and oth ers sent byMr . Bunyard .

M . pr imula , Theoba ld —On cult iva ted pr imu la s and on th e

wi ld primrose in gardens . Ma idstone , March 27th , 1 9 1 3 ;

Stoa t ing , near Hythe , Apri l 28th , 1 9 1 3 (A. Duffield) ; Wye ,June 26th , 1 9 1 3 .

M . beta , Theoba ld —On mangolds , beetroots , sugar beet ,and severa l wi ld Chenopodia cea . Herne Bay , Ju ly 4th , 1 9 1 1 ;Wye , Ju ly 2nd—1 4th , 1 9 1 1 ; Faversham, Ju ly 4th ,

1 9 1 1 ; Dover ,Ju ly 4th , 1 9 1 1 ; Bromley , July 2nd , 1 9 1 1 , and Thanet genera l ly ;Tonbridge , Ju ly 26th , 1 9 1 3 .

M . a rundinis , Th eoba ld —On Arando p hragmitis . Wye ,August , 1 9 1 2 ; Romney Marsh , Ju ly 1 7 th , 1 9 1 3, in sma l lcolon ies .M . graminis , Th eoba ld .

—On meadowfoxta i l and T imothygrasses ; Wye , Augu st 23th , 1 9 1 1 , evidently very uncommon .

M . rub iellum, Th eoba ld .—On bramble (Rubus fru ticosus)

and ra spberry (R . ida us) , May to June . Wye , Ash ford , PaddockWood , Tonbridge , Ma idstone, Ramsgate , abundant .M . ma lva ,

Mosley .—On M a lva sylvestris and M a lva

, sp . ?

Wye, June 7th , 1 9 1 3 , two a la te fema les .M . tr ifolii, Theoba ld .

—On Trifolium procumbens . Wye ,August , 1 9 1 2 , in sma ll numbers .M . loti, Th eoba ld —On Lotus cornicu la tus . Wye, July and

Augu st , 1 9 1 2 and 1 9 1 3 . Ala ta and aptera in the last year .

M . stella ria , Th eoba ld —On S tellaria , spp . Wye, May , 1 9 1 2 .

I found th i s spec ies in va st numbers in a late form at Bramley ,in Su rrey , in May , 1 9 1 3 . Th i swas erroneously pla ced under

Schrank ’s name (Entom. December ,

1 02 THE ENTOMOLOG IS T .

M . era tagarium, Wa lker .—On hawth orn . Wye, June 7th ,1 9 1 1 , and Ju ly l st , 1 9 1 1 .

M . Sileneum, Th eoba ld .—On S ilene infla ta . Wye , Ju ly l oth ,

1 9 1 1 , and Augu st 1 4th , 1 9 1 2 . A fewi so lated Spec imens .M . aquilegia , Theoba ld —On cu lt iva ted columbines . S tout

ing, near Hythe , Apri l 28th , 1 9 1 3 . Col lected by Mr. AdrianDuflield ; Wye, March 24th , 1 9 1 2 , and June 1 7th , 1 9 1 2 .

M . veronica , Th eoba ld .—On Veronica becca bunga . Wye,

May 22nd , 1 9 1 2 .

M . longip ennis, Buckton .

—Onwa ter gra ss . Romney Marsh ,

June , 1 9 1 0.

M . dip lanterea , Koch —Ou M a lva , sp . Wye, June 9 th , 1 9 1 1 .

Genus APHIs , Linna us .

Aphis ga lii , Koch —On bedstraw(Ga lium, sp . Wye,June 7th , 1 9 1 3 : Crunda le, June 1 4th , 1 9 1 3 ; Folkestone, June27th ,

1 9 1 3 , a lata and aptera in den se clusters .A . becca bunga , Koch —On Veronica beccabunga . Wye , June

1 9 th ,1 9 1 1 . A fewaptera and one alate fema le scattered about

on th e flower sta lks and leaves .A . p olygoni, V. d . Goot .—On Polygonum, sp . ? Wye, July

20th , 1 9 1 1 . A s ingle a la te fema le,wi th a fewl ice .

A . petasitid is , Buckton .—On Tussilago p eta sites . Herne Bay,

July 1 4th ,1 9 1 1 . I took two a late females of th i s spec ies , but

h ave fa i led to find i t S ince then .

A . nasta rtii , Ka l tenbach .—Onwatercres s . Wye , July 2oth ,

1 9 1 1 ; August 7th , 1 9 1 2 , and July 7 th ,1 9 1 3, on the flower

heads ; numerous aptera in 1 9 1 3 , but only two a lata .

A . padi, Reaumur . —On bird ch erry, Bearstead , October 1 8th ,1 9 1 3 . Large numbers of sexupara sent me by Mr. E . E . Green .

The oviparou s fema leswere depos iting thei r ova on th e leaves ,and cont inued to do so unt i l th e end of th e month ; th e ova

rema in firmly attached to the leaves wh i ch fa ll . Males a l sopresent .

A . ranunculi , Ka ltenbach .—On dandel ion roots ,wi th ant s in

a ttendance . Wye , October 22nd , 1 9 1 1 .

A . gossyp ii , G lover .—Ou cucumbers under gla s s , and on

marrows in the open . Wye , June 7 th , 1 9 1 3, and Ju ly 8th ,

1 9 1 3 . I h ave a l so rece ived th i s aph i s from oth er loca l it ies inEngland . It i s commonly known as the Cot ton and MelonAph i s , and does much harm to th at crop in Ameri ca , Afri ca , &c .

It i s nowwel l known in Ru ss ia , and i s probably one of theworldwide spec ies .

Genus MYZUS , Pas serin i .

Myz as rosarum, Kal tenbach .—On roses . Wye, May l oth ,

1 9 1 2 .

M . pyri, Koch —On pears . Wye, September 7th ,1 9 1 3 . I

Genu s TRAMA, Heyden .

Trama radicis , Kaltenbach .—On roots of art ichoke s with

ant s . Wye , December 1 4th , 1 9 1 3 . Ma s ses of aptera and

nymph a , one , a late fema le,h atch ed on F ebruary 7 th ,

1 9 1 4 .

In addit ion to these species newto Kent , I may men t ionth at Rhop a losipham nympha a , Linna us , occurred in quan t ityon Alisma a t Wye in Ju ly , 1 9 1 1 , and Ju ly , 1 9 1 3 , and a l soat Norwi ch in 1 9 1 2 ; and M elanoxan therium sa licis , Linna us ,in 1 9 1 3 nea r the ponds on Romney Marsh . I have a l so foundthe large Lachnus p icea ,

Wa lker , on one spruce in largenumbers at Tunbridge Wel l s , and th ese sudden ly d i sappearedwh en a lata , as in previous yearswhen I have found th i s Spec ies .

PRIONUS CORIARIUS IN EPPING FOREST — The past season seems

to h ave been very favourable for th i s beetle , as I captured three finespec imens during the lastweek in July . Two of th esewere males ,and theywere found rest ing upon the holes Of a very large oak tree ;at the base of the trunkwere a fewholes , th ree of these be ing in th eearth , out ofwh ich the insec ts mu st have emerged , as it is wellknown th at the larva feed with in th e underground roots . The

female ,wh ich i s very large ,was taken at some are lamps , and is thesecond one I h ave taken th i sway . Although th is insec t is so large ,

i t is fa irly inconspicuous during the daywhen at rest upon trees , asi t ‘ seems to h ave a good pro tective resemblance . My personal

experience of th e in sec t seems to point to its increase of late yearsin the Forest , as I h ave taken seven during the last three years fi four

males and three fema les —H. E . HUNT 255 , Ch ingford Road ,

Walth amstow, Essex .

DELAYED EMERGENCE OF SATURNIA PAVONIA (CARPIN I) . —Froma fewova , rece ived from a friend at the NewForest , I reared a

fewlarva of th i s species , s ixteen in all, during the summer of 1 9 1 2 ;

all Of these spun up as usual , bu t only four imagines emergedlast April— three males and one female . The rest of th e pupa are

laying over and are qu ite h ealthy , and I h ope to get the moth sou t during th e coming season —H . E . HUNT 255 , Ch ingford Road ,Wa lth amstow, Essex , January 30th , 1 9 1 4 .

NOTES ON “ COURTSHIP OF GOMPHOCERU S MACULATUS (ORTHOPTERA) AT CRAIGTON , LINLITHGOWSHIRE .

—On Augu st 8th , 1 9 1 3,

many G . ma cu la tus were stridulating . Hearing one ind ividualemitting an occasional single note in add ition to th e ordinary“ song , I approached cau tiously , andwi tnessed th e following littleinc ident . A male and female G . ma cu la tuswere settled S ide by sidein c lose prox imity , th e female almost motionless , and th e male

stridulating at intervals , for the most part in a very lowtone , onlyju st audible at the d i stance of a fewinches . Every nowand th en h emade a single abrupt movement of the th igh s , thu s cau sing th esh ort , single notewh ich h ad first attracted my a ttention th is soundwas u sually made by only one leg. For some m inu tes the twoma inta ined their relative position s , only altered sligh tly by small

movements of the male . Occasionally th e latter extended h is lowcall into the full norma l song . Apparen tly attrac ted by th e lasta second male soon came hurrying up , pau sing once or twice to call

by th eway . On h is approach the first male moved aside somewh at ,later commencing to feed . Number two settled face to facewith th efemale , and u ttered th e soft call as the oth er h ad done . The female

nowbegan to Showsymptoms of boredom , and , cu tt ing off a longstem of grasswith h er mand ibles , proceeded lei surely to munch itup . Wh en fin ish ed , Sh ewalked slowly Off, andwas not followed bye i ther male , a lthough number two ra i sed h is vo ice to a louder p itchas th e female increased h er d istance , as if in th e va in h ope of arresting h er attention . A fewyards further on the femalewas accostedby a th ird and more excitable male , and a repetit ion of the prev iou sscene took place . For nearly three-quarters Of an h our the male did

h is u tmost to please h is prospec tive partner , singing h is soft songalmost incessantly, and frequently swaying h is body from side toside in a most curiou s manner . Th e relative position s Of the twovaried , the male be ing sometimes face to facewith th e other , b ut asfrequently by h er s ide . Hewas always cautiou s not to approach tooclosely , as , wh en h e seemed too pressing in h is attentions , th efema le moved abruptly Off, although otherwi se qu iescent . At

considerable intervals of time the male broke into the loud song ,always prefixing i t by the short single note . The inc identwas at

length terminated by the female suddenly leap ing off to some

d i stance , leaving the disconsolate ma le a lone . Truly courtsh ip in

G . macu la tus requ ires patience l— S . E . BROCK ; Kirkliston , Lin

lithgowsh ire , January , 1 9 1 4 .

PYRAMEIS ATALANTA IN FEBRUARY —When walking along th eedge Of Ironsh ill enclosure th i s morn ing I was rather surprised tosee a bu tterflywh ich , flying past me , settled on the sandy bank of

the enclosure . A nearer approach proved it to b e Pyrameis a ta lanta .

Iwatched the insect for some little time at a d istance of a couple of

yards or so , and left it sti ll basking in the brigh t sunsh ine—G .

LYLE ; Brockenhurst , February l st , 1 9 1 4 .

GLOUCE STERSHIRE LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA .—On looking through

Hudd’

s‘ Li st of Lepidoptera of the Bristol Di stric t ,

’ I find no

men tion of Ep anda lu tu lenta in Gloucestersh ire . I captured threeat sugar here in Pucklechurch in September , 1 9 08 . I do not knowi f th is i s a newrecord , as B udd

’s list i s a l ittle out of date .—B . A.

CONEY ; Pu cklechurch , Gloucestersh ire , February 1 2th , 1 9 1 4

ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA IN DECEMBER — On December 1 4th ,

1 9 1 3, I took a freshly emerged Abraxas grossu laria ta at rest on

ENTOM .- MARCH

,1 9 1 4 .

a wall in Eastbourne . It was not near a greenhou se — S . A.

CHARLEs ; 1 70, Mayfield Place , Eastbourne .

ABRAXAS GRO SSULARIATA IN DECEMBER—I h ave to record th e

c apture of a Spec imen of Abraazas grossu lari a ta , as it was flyingth rough the arches of Rav enscourt Park Sta tion on December 4th ,

1 9 1 3, abou t 4 p m . It was a good spec imen , not crippled 1 n any

way , and rath er a large one . Itwas flying perh aps a trifleweakly ,b ut strongly enough to fly out of reach th e moment I let 1 t go . Iregret nowtha t I did not keep th e spec imen —C . W . WHALL ; 1 9 ,

Shaftesbury Road , Rav enscourt Park , W .

[A second brood of th is specieswas recorded in 1 9 03 (Entom .

xxxvi . pp . 289 , —ED .]

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF SKYE .—AS I propose to v i sit the

Isle of Skye next July , I Shou ld b e glad to knowwh a t one migh texpec t to meetwith in theway of moth s and bu tterfl ies during themonth in th at locality— (Ma jor) R . B . ROBERTSON ; HillingburyCottage , Ch andler

’s Ford , Hants .

RETARDED EMERGENCE OF PARAGE EGERIA .—At th e end of last

June I took a female P . egeria and Sh e la id a feweggs ,wh ich h atch edin due course and fed upwith th e exception of four or five ,wh ichseemed as if th ey were go ing to die . I , however , placed them in

another potwith grass , and th ey fed slowly , pupating at th e end Of

Oc tober and in November , one at a time . I nowhave four pupa ,

two look as if th eywere on th e po int Of emergence ,nearly black , and

two still qu ite green ; th i s being abou t three month s in pupa state .

It looks a s i f they were wa iting for v the spring before emerging .

Has i t ever been noted that th i s insec t in awild state passes th ewinter in th e pupal state ? Imagines from th e larva wh ich fed upbegan emerging on September 1 1 th — (Major) R . B . ROBERTSON ;Ch andler

’s Ford , Han ts , February 6th , 1 9 1 4 .

ORRHODIA ERYTHROCEPHALA ab . GLABRA AT EASTBOURNE .—On

November 30th 0 . ergthrocep ha la ab . gla bra c ame to sugar in awoodin th is neighbourh ood . Th i s , I believe ,

is th e first recorded capturein Sussex s ince th e early seventies . Although a steady

ra inwas falling, qu ite a number of insects vis ited my patch es . I sugared on

several even ings during th e first fortn igh t of December , bu twith no

furth er success—EDW IN P . SHARP .

HEM IMENE (DICHRORAMPHA) TANACETI (HERBOSANA) NOT IN

GLOUCESTERSHIRE .—Re ferring to my note (Entom. xlv . p .

(1 01 ) I

find th at th e spec imens th erein recorded must b e referred to the

second brood of Hemimene (Dichroramp ha ) a cuminitana , and thatwe cannot yet cla im herbosana as a Glou cestersh ire insec t — C .

GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK , 23, Heathville Road , Glou cester ,January l 6th ,

1 9 1 4 .

PLEBE IUS (LYCZENA) MEDON (ASTRARCHE ) IN DOV»EDALE .—With

further reference to the occurrence of th i s insec t in Dovedale noted

American Butterflies , by W . F . H . Rosenberg , F .E .S and

G . Talbo t , F .E .S . Mr . Ta lbot made exh ibits in connection withth is paper .

Wednesday, January 2l st, 1 9 1 4 .—Annua l Meeting

—Mr. G . T .

Bethune -Baker, President , in th e ch a in — N o othernames h aving been rece ived in add it ion to those proposed by theCounc il as Officers and Counc il for the ensu ing year, the latter weredeclared by th e President to b e elected —Mr . R . W . Lloyd , one of the

Aud itors , read th e Aud itors’ Report , wh ich was adopted on th e

motion ofMr . H. E . Page , seconded byMr. J . Platt Barrett—The Rev .

G . Wheeler , one of the Secretaries , then read the Report of th e

Counc il , wh ich was adopted on the motion of Mr . R . S . Standen ,

seconded by Mr . R . W . Lloyd—The Presiden t then delivered an ad

dress , a fterwh ich Prof.Poulton moved a vote of th anks to h im , coupledwith the request th at h ewould allowthe Address to b e printed as a

part of the Society’s Proceed ings ; th is was seconded by Mr . W . J .

Lucas and carr ied by acclamation .—The President returned th anks

and Mr. O . E . Janson then proposed a vote of th anks to the otherOfficers for the ir services during the past year ; th iswas seconded byMr . T . F . P . Hoar and carried ; the Treasurer and th e two Secretaries return ing thanks in a fewWor‘ds . —~GEORGE WHEELER , M .A

Hon . Secretary .

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORYSOC IETY .

~—December 1 2th , 1 9 1 3.—Mr . A . E . Tonge , Pres ident , in th e

ch a ir .—Mr . Ta tchell, of Bournemou th , was elected a member .

—Mr .

W . J . Kaye read a paper ,“ Th e Ithomiina , and illustrated i t with

a fine selec tion of examples of the d ifferent groups of th e subfamily.

—Mr . Hall reported a case of th e occurrence ofthe “ furn iture m ite ,and a sked h owthe pest cou ld b e effectively dealtwith —Mr . Step , a

b ox of D iptera , ch iefly Syrph ida , taken at flowers of M ich aelmasDa isy in Oc tober and December .

—Mr . R . Adkin , a series OfN emeophi la

p lan taginis bred from ova la id by a Grasmere female in Ju ly, 1 9 1 2 .

One larva fed up and pupa ted in September , and the imago came out

on O c t . 27th . The rest h ibernated several together in the debris of

th e cage , and emerged in due course th e following June—He alsoshowed four Melit a ia ocellaris , presented to th e Soc iety by Mr .

H . Worsley-Wood .

—Mr. Curwen , a series of E rebia ceto near the

form ab . obscura from the S implon Pass .—Mr . Carr , a collec tion of

Lepidoptera from Staffordsh ire and N .Wales , inc lud ing very stronglymarked forms of Acida lia marginep ancta ta , and some n icely bandedexamples of Melanippe trista ta

- Mr . Adkin read a Report of the

Annual Conference of Delegates of Soc ieties affiliated to th e Briti shAssoc iation .

Jana ary 8th , 1 9 1 4 .—Mr . W . J . Kaye , V ice-President , in th e

ch a in—Messrs . D . A . Gotch , of Northampton ; A . Leeds , of Kneb

worth ; W . H . Jackson , O i Wimbledon ; and T . H . Arch er , of Southfields ,were elec ted members .—Mr . Hugh Ma in gave an interestingaccount Of h is holiday in Switz erland in 1 9 1 3, entitled Th e Brun igRoad ,

”and illu strated h is addresswith a large number of lantern

SOCIETIES . 1 09

Slides , made ma inly from h is own photograph s—Mr. Step , a ph otograph by Mr . West (Ash tead) , of the

“ furn iture mite Glycip hagus

cursor .

January 22nd , 1 9 1 4 .—Annua l Meeting

—Mr. A . E . Tonge , F .E .S

President , in the ch a ir . The Balance Sheet and Report of the

Counc ilwere received and adopted , and th e Officers and Counc il forthe com ing year were declared elec ted — Th e Pres iden t read h is

Annual Address , and after giv ing an account of the present statu sof th e Society , dealt at considerable length with some phases of

h is special study of th e ova of Lepidoptera , particularly wild -la idova .

—Th e u sual votes of th ankswere accorded , and the newPresi ~dent , Mr . B . H. Smith , took the ch a in—Mr . Newman exh ibited a

small specimen of Lea cania p a llens , taken at sugar at Newark ,withth reewell-developed antenna , ofwh ich one was much th icker thanu sual , and towards the tip was b ifid .

—HY . J . TURNER , Hon .

Rep . S ecretary.

LANCASHIRE AND CHE SHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY — Annua lMeeting of the Society h eld at the Royal Institu tion , Colqu it Street ,Liverpool , December 1 5th , 1 9 1 3 , the President , Mr. F . N . Pierce , inthe ch a in—Mr . John M . Wild ing , 52 a , Orrell Lane , Liverpool ,waselected a member of the Soc iety — The following members wereelec ted Officers and Counc il for next year, viz .

— President , R . Wild~

ing ; V ice-Presidents , F . N . Pierce , R . Newstead , F .R .S ,

M .Sc . , J . R . le B . Tomlin , M .A . , F .E .S H . R . Sweeting , M .A Hon .

Treasurer, J . Cotton ; Librarian , F . N . Pierce ; Hon . Secretary ,Wm . Mansbridge , F .E .S Counc il , L . West , H. S . Leigh ,

A . E . Gibbs , F .E .S . A . W . Boyd , M .A . , C . E . Stott ,P . F . Tinne , M .A . , S . P . Doudney , Wm . Webster , R . S . Bagnall,

F .E .S .—Mr . F . N . Pierce delivered th e Presidentia l Address ,

taking for h is subject “ Th e Ha irs and Scales of Lep idoptera .

”Th e

President described in deta il h is original observation s upon th i sbranch of insect morphology , and illu strated th e same by manydrawings and m icroscopic preparations . In the course ofh is remarksh e described a d ifference h e h ad found between certa in scales inTep hrosia crepuscu laria and biundu laria for exh ibition , and statedthat th i swas the only d ifference of a structural ch aracter he h ad beenable to d iscover in these two spec ies —Mr . R . Wild ing brough t a

specimen of Ea bolia b ipunc taria for exh ibition , and stated th a t itwas taken by h imself so long ago as Ju ly , 1 880, bu t he h ad neverbefore recorded i t . Captured at West Kirby, th is is th e secondrecord of th is un likely moth for our two coun ties —Dr . J . CottonShowed a number of colour photograph s ofLepidoptera by the Pagetprocess , and po inted ou t the advantages of these plates over theOlder processes—WM . MANSBRIDGE , Hon . Sec .

THE MANCHESTER ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY .- Meetings held in

the Manchester Museum .—October l st , 1 9 1 3.

—Th e following exh ib itswere made —Mr . R . Ta it , Junr . : a long series of Abraxa s grossa

lari a ta varieties bred during 1 9 1 3 , inc luding v ar. var leya ta ; a fine

serie s of th e melan ic variety of Boarmia repand a ta from Penmaen

mawr, bred in 1 9 1 3 ; a series of Geometra pap i lionaria bred from

THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

Delamere larva ; Agrotis lucernea , bred from Penmaenmawr ; Caca lli a chamomi lla , bred from Devon sh ire larva , and Ap lecta nebu losa

var . robsoni bred from Delamere larva , 1 9 1 3 .—Mr . W . P . Stocks : a

large number of species , includ ing Lyca na argus ( z a gon) , Drepana

fa lca taria ,Anarta myrti lli , and Asp ila tes strigi lla ria from Delamere ;

Lobop hora vireta ta ,Ligd i a adusta ta , Diap hora mendica , Asthena

cand i da ta ,Lea cani a li thargyria ,

Tep hrosia bis torta ta ,Eucli dia mi ,

Mamestra dentina , Eup i thecia sobrina ta , Nameria pu lvera ria , &c . ,

from S ilverdale ; S emiothisa litura ta , Acronycta menyanthidis , &c . ,

from Wit herslack .—Mr . W . Buckley : a series of Agrotis a shworthii

from N . Wales , inc lud ing one tha t resembled A. lucernea superficially ,and an a symmetrica l example ; a series of Dian tha cia consp ersa

from N . Wales . These h ad been two years in pripa and includedtwo dark forms .—Mr . L . Nathan : Lasi ocampa quercus from Ainsdalelarva ; Phragma tobia fa liginosa bred from th e Isle ofMan , 850 .

- Mr .

V . Coryton : A large number of spec ies taken and bred In Ch esh irein 1 9 1 3 , inc lud ing Acronycta leporina ,

Tethea su btusa ,Eup ithecia

fraxina ta , E . a bsi nthia ta , Chesi a s sparti a ta ,&c . , and a number of

.M icro -Lep idoptera .-Mr . J . H . Wa tson : a newPhi losamia hybrid

P . pryeri , male , X P . cyn th i a advena , fema le , th i s being th e reversecross to the one named p ryadvena in th e Trans . Manch . Ent . Soc .

1 9 1 2. Also Parnassia s ap ollo apollo ex Goth land Is . and P . apollo

s candinav i ca for compari son ; .a lso P . ap ollo a lp hera hi f. magnificaof X sienschopolski.

—Mr . J . E . Cope showed the following Coleoptera : Boll weevil from the M i ssissipp i delta , 1 9 1 3 ; Anob ium

domesti cam from .Ash ton-under-Lyne ,Lanc s , July, 1 9 1 3 ; Atomaria

a tri cap illa from Ash ton Moss , August , 1 9 1 3 ; Psamma cha s sp .— a

foreign spec ies caugh t on bananas ; Prionus sp . from Toronto ,

Canada , Augu st , 1 9 1 2 .

November 5 ib , l 9 1 3 .

—Th e following exh ibits were made —Mr .

W . Mansbridge : a series of Nyssia z onaria , showing variation , fromCrosby , Lancash ire ; bred series of Ema turga a toma ria , Showingblack forms , both male and female , Mamestra glauca and Coremia

ferruga ta from Burnley ; Ca nonymp ha typ hon and Lyca na a strarche

(approach ing v ar . a rtaxerxes) frOm Witherslack ; Pa ra semia p lantagin i s from th e South ofEngland , Boarmia rep anda ta from Delamere ,

th e Liverpool d istric t and Portsmou th .—Mr . B . H . Crabtree : a

series from Hertfordsh ire of Lyca na corydon , female , var . semi

syngrapha some females h aving very ligh t under sides , and oth ersh av ing th e pa ir ofwings on one S ide smaller than th ose on the otherS ide ; a Short series of under S ide varieties ofLyca na bellargus fromFolkestone

; very ligh t yellowforms of Emata rga a tomaria from

Wansford ; two under side varieties of Lyca na a strarche var . arta

xerxes , with very fewmarkings , from Aberdeen ; a short series ofvery yellowforms of Sp i losoma menthastri frOm Aberdeen , showingrad iated markings ; three varieties ofMeli ta a aurinia from C han and

County Clare—Mr . C . F . John son : a long series of Ca nonympha

typ hon , Lyca na a strarche, and Acida lia fuma ta from Witherslack ; along and varied series of Aporop hyla austra lis , Agrotis obelisca and

Anchocelis lunosa , and spec imens ofLeucani a v itellina and Tripha na

subsequa , all taken at Freshwater from September 7th to 1 6th , 1 9 1 3.

1 1 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

F ebruary 4ih , 1 9 1 4 .—Mr. B . H . Crabtree showed three ichneu

mons bred from the larva ofAgrotis a shworth i i—Mr. W . Mansbridge ,a series of Peronea hastiana , selected from a large number bred fromAinsdale , on the Lancash ire coast ; these included vars . divisana ,

mayrana , coronana , a lbistriana , and unnamed melan ic varieties—Mr .

H . Horsfa ll , two living larva taken in the open on February l st :Phragma tobia fa liginosa and a small noc tu id larva —Mr . J . E . Cope ,photograph s of two Delamere localities and a fewof the Coleopterataken there : Amara communis , Ca la thus melanocepha lus , Pyrrhus

p ilu la , Chrysomela stap hylea , Corymbites a nea s , Barynotus schb‘

herri , Ap ion v iola ceum, and A . a li eis , Phyllobia s ca lcara tus and

P . oblonga s from one locality ; from birch es in the other : Athoushamorrhoid a lis

,Dol0p ius margina tus , Clytus ariela s , Deporans beta la ,

Otiorrhynchus p icip es , S trophosomus coryli and Phyllobius a rgenta tus .

—The rest of the even ingwas occupied by a m icroscope exh ibition .

Several members brough t m icro scopes and S l ides , and Mr . Buckleyopenedwith a d iscu ssion on the methods ofwet and dry mounting .

Mr . J . B . Garnett Showed some remarkable Hymenoptera and Diptera .

A. W . BOYD , M .A . , Hon . Sec .

RECENT L ITERATURE .

Anna ls of Tropica l Medicine and Parasitology . Series T .M . , vol . vn . ,

Nos . 3B and 4 , November 7th , 1 9 1 3, and December 30th , 1 9 1 3 .

Liverpool .

No . 38 conta ins noth ing Specia lly relating to En tomology . In

No . 4 , however , will be found — (i) A paper on“ Isle Of Wigh t

Disease , in connectionwith in sec ts other than Hive-bees , by H . B .

Fantham and Ann ie Porter ; ( 1 1 )“ Certa in Mosqu itos of the genera

Banksinella ,Theoba ld , and Ta niorhynchus, Arribalz aga , by H . F .

Carter (well illustrated) ; ( i i i) “ NewCulic ida from the Sudan ,

” byF . V . Theobald ; and ( iv)

“ Parasite of S tra tiomyia chameleon and

S . potamida (Diptera ) ,with remarks on th e biology of the hosts , byH . B . Fantham and Ann ie Porter .

The Forty-third Annua l Report of the Entomologica l Society of

Ontariofor 1 9 1 2 . Toron to . 1 9 1 3.

THOUGH conta in ing no paper of striking importance , the 1 44pages of th i s Report (with a number of illustrations) are repletewith u seful and interesting informa tion tou ch ing variou s sides of

entomology .

W . J . L .

so much so that wh en first seen I though t i twa s some queerGeometer, andwas surpri sed , after I h ad netted it , to find out

what i twa s. Un fortunately , th e photograph i s rath er blurred ,and does not showth e mark ings very clearly . The submargina lrows of black spots on bothwings are much larger th an usua l ,and those of th e h indwings reach the apex of the marginalblack chevron s . The disc i s paler and not so heavi ly marked a sin ordinary Spec imens . The markings on the under s ide are

a lmost s imi lar .No . 2 i s a beaut i ful variety of A . villica . Th e first example

of th i s strik ing formwas taken here more than twenty yearsago . It was discovered by Colonel A . J . H. Ward , D.L. , V .D. ,

S itt ing on a bu sh in h is garden ; and hewa s so struck by i t sbeau ty th at he sen t and a sked me to come and look at i t , as h ethough t i t m igh t be of u se to me . Of course I was del igh tedwhen I sawi t , and boxed it at once " S ince then I have bred a

few, and nearly a lways of the same type ; a s i t seems to bepecu l iar to th i s neighbourhood , I th ink i t deserves a varieta lname , and I have therefore ca l led itwardi in honour of i ts finder .There i s no need to give a descript ion a s th e figure i s so clear .It seems to be a very uncommon va riety , for I h ave not bredmany out of the hundreds of larva I h ave reared year a fter year .In addition to th i s form, I have bred one or two n i ce Spec imensh aving th e ba sa l spot s of upperwings un ited .

NO . 3 i s an extremely beaut iful and a symmetrical variety ,andwas th e on ly variety bred ou t of some two hundred larva Ireared la st season .

Lee House , Dovercourt , February 7th , 1 9 1 4.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES .

BY T . D. A. COOKERELL .

Anthop horula bruneri (Crawford ) .Da lla s , Texas , on Helianthus , September 22nd , 1 9 05 , four

ma les (F . C . Bish opp) .

Anthophoru la morgani , sp . nov .

9 . Length 6 mm . or sligh tly over ; black , c losely related to

A . bruneri , bu t d iffering thu s smaller (siz e ofmale bruneri) wingsgreyish , nervures and stigma dull dusky reddi sh (stigma in bruneri i sc lear amber) ; h a ir on inner side of h ind basitarsus dark fuscous ;a bdominal h a ir-bands wh i ter. The du sky stigma , dark tegu la and

well punctured ndesothorax readily separa te i t from A . texana (Friese) .Th ewell punc tured mesothorax separa tes it at on ce from A . coqui lletti

From A . compactu la (Ckll. ) it is known by the less brigh tlycoloured flagellum , the black or piceous tegu la , and the broad ,

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES . 1 1 5

sh in ing , h ardly punctured h ind margin of first abdominal segment .There are three submarginal cells .

Ha b . Fa lfurrias , Texa s , on Helianthus , May 1 8th , 1 9 07

(A. C . Morgan) .Exoma lop sis frederic-i, sp . nov .

Length abou t 871, mm . , expanse 1 6 ; black , mand ibles darkred except a t base , tibia at apex , and the tarsi ferruginous ; ha ir ofh ead and thorax long and abundant , sh in ingwh ite on face , cheeksand under side of thorax , fulvou s on h ead and thorax above , verybrigh t on anterior h a lf of mesothorax ; flagellum obscure brownbeneath ; vertex Sh in ing ; ocelli large , in a scarcely curved line ;mesothorax c losely and d istinc tly punctured , except on d isc posteriorly,wh ere it i s Sh in ing and sparsely punc tured ; base ofmeta thoraxwithstrong punc tures and small sh in ing spaces ; tegula brigh t redd ishamber ; wings c lear , dusky at apex , stigma and nervures c lear amberco lour ; stigma large ; b . 1 1 . go ing far basad of t . m . second S . m .

broad , rece iv ing first r . n . far beyond m iddle ; legs with pale h a ir,fulvous on inner S ide of tarsi , m iddle and h ind tibia with dark fu scou sh a ir on outer s ide ; h ind tibia th ick , bli t legs oth erwi se ordinary ;abdomen sh in ing , very finely punc tured ; h ind margins of second andfo llowing segments with entire pale fu lvou s h a ir-bands , th at on

second narrowand submarginal ; segments before the bandswith fineshort h a ir , only clearly seen in S ide View, th at on second och reou s ,on the oth ers black ; apex of abdomen broad ly rounded , ferruginous .

Ha b. Mexico (F . Smi th col l . , 79 , Brit i sh Museum. In

Friese’s table of Exoma lopsis th i s runs to E . p lanicep s, Sm. ,wh i ch differs conspicuou sly in the colour of the pubescence.

Th e insect looks rath er l ike a sma l l Diadasia . The h indspur i s strongly curved at end .

Ca lioays ardescens , Cockerel l .

Guayaquil , Ecuador , one ma le, one fema le (v . Buchwa ldAlfken coll . Th ese are quite ident ica l wi th the Braz i l ianC . a rdescens . Th e fema le, not before known , i s abou t 1 3 mm.

long, and resemb les the male except in th e usua l sexua lch aracters . The last dorsa l segmen t of abdomen i s keeled ,and ends obtusely ; the la st ventra l i s ra ther broad , and i snarrowed , bu t not dist inctly notch ed , before th e end . The

in sect rem inds one of C . otomita , Cres s . , fromwh i ch i t d iffersespec ia lly a s follows —aRidge between an tenna h igh , extendingdown to clypeu s ,wh ich i s obtu sely eleva ted in th e middle ( th elower edge of clypeus i s sh a llowly emarginate) ; middle of

mesothorax with sparser and sma l ler punctures ; m iddle of

ap ica l margin of clypeus much les s angulate ; la st dorsa lsegment much broader apica l ly ; la st ventra l broader , and

rather abruptly narrowed before the end . In Sch rottky’

s tableofBraz il ian spec ies th i s fema le runs to C . pygidia lis, Sch rottky,but differs from i t by the absence of a median tooth on scutellumand a ventra l keel on abdomen .

Ca lioxys sanguinosus, Cockerel l .Guac imo, Costa R ica , June 2 l st , 1 9 03 , one fema le (J . C .

Crawford) . US . Nat iona l Mu seum. The la s t ventra l segmenthas a wel l -defined tooth -l ike apex ,wh erea s the type has on ly anodule, but th e spec imen s are evident ly conspecific .

Ca lioxys a z teca , CressonSan Jose, Costa R i ca , May Sl et , 1 9 03 , on orquetilla , one

fema le ( J . C . Crawford) . US . Nat iona l Museum .

Ca lioxys texana sonorensis , sub sp . nov .

Length abou t 8—5 mm . ; face densely covered with wh iteha ir ; first two jo ints of an tenna dark red , th e o thers black h a ir on

eyes shorter than in male texana from Wisconsin region surrounding middle ocellu s strongly elevated mand ibleswith a red subap icalspot ; cheeks th inly covered with wh ite h a ir , more densely below( texana from Wisconsin h as a large bare Space ,whollywanting insonorensis) ; mesothorax closely and very coarsely pun c tured ; twoconspicuou s spots of creamy h a ir on anterior margin , and a th inlyh a iry triangle between ; scu tellum den sely punc tured , the h indmarginwith pale h a ir , and not tuberculate or angular ; tegu la c lear

bright ferruginou s ; first r . n . jo in ing second s . m . at extreme base ;legs brigh t c lear ferruginou s , the tarsi strongly du sky ; spurs c lear

red ; abdomen Cloudedwith red at s ides and beneath ; apical segmentdeeply excavated , wi th three teeth on each S ide , but one of themmore or less b ifid , no med ian too th ; fourth ventral segmen twith twored teeth on ap ica lmargin , not extend ing beyond th e fringe ofwh ite h a ir .

Hab . San José de Guayma s , Mexico, Apri l l oth (L . 0 .

Howard ) . Th i s in sect h as cau sed me some perplexi ty , becau se ,except for the sma l ler S i ze , i t agrees fa i rlywel l wi th Cresson’sbr ief a ccount ofma le texana . It i s certa inly qu i te di s tinc t fromth e Wiscon s in insect wh ich Dr . Graenicher has sen t me as

texana ; but Dr . Gra enich er’

s fema le ,wh ich certa in ly seems tobelongwi th the ma le, appears to be veri table texana as describedby Cres son . Dr. Howard’s b ee h a s th e appearance of a desertinsect , and shou ld b e d ist in ct from the Texan spec ies , wh i chmay wel l range into Wi scon s in . Very pos s ibly the newformrepresent s a d istinct species , C . sonorensis , but unt i l i t i s comparedwi th the type oftexana it may be given only sub specific rank .

In my table of ma le Ca lioxys in Canadian Entomologis t ,’

C . sonorensis runs to C’. quercina , Ckll. , differing by th e absenceof a median proces s at end of abdomen , th e rounded ( instead ofsquare ly trunca te) h ind margin of scu tellum, the red colour at

s ides of abdomen beneath , and the sma l ler s ize. It i s a ll ied ,h owever .

Ca lioxys otomita bicarina ta , sub sp . nov .

9 Exactly like C . otomita , Cresson , except tha t the c lypeus h ason its lower two -fifth s a pa ir of parallel longitud inal ridges ,with a

depression between .

THE ENTOMOLOGIST .

orange h a ir on inner S ide ; spurs red ; middle of abdomenwith thepunc tures Sparse and small , on the fifth segment minu te bu t close , inabrupt contrast ; h ind margins of segments , and edge of basin of

first , with conspicuou s bu t very narrowwh ite h a ir-bands , but no

oth er h a ir-bands or markings ; S ixth dorsa l segment delicately keeled ,

gradually narrowed ap ically , and turned up at extreme tip ; lastven tra l rather narrow, with a very ap ical part , not extend ing farbeyond dorsal ; sides of last ventralwith long bu t not dense h a irs ;ventra l segmentswith strongwh ite marginal h a ir-bands ; last ventralblack or nearly, contrastingwith the brigh t red segmen t before i t .Hab . Guapi les , Costa R ica , June 1 8th ,

1 9 03 (J . C . Crawford) .U.S . Nat iona l Mu seum . Th i s spec ies may b e compared wi thsome of those described by Cres son from Mexico, fromwh i ch i ti s readi ly separable a s fo l lowsLast dorsa l segmen t abruptly contracted on each S ide , the

ap ica l part much narrower than the basal chichimeca , Cress .Last dorsal gradually tapering to ape 1 .

1 . Last dorsal turned upward at tip ; last ven tral stra igh tcostaricensis , Ckll .

Last dorsal not turned upward at tip last ventra l stronglycurved downward totonaca , Cress .

C . costa ricensis i s in many ways s imi lar to the SouthAmeri can 0 . gua rea s , Holmbg. , towh ich i t runs in Holmberg’stable .

Ca lioxys luz onica s , sp . nov .

Length abou t 7 mm . ; black , h ead and thorax above verydensely punc tured ; h ead broader th an thorax ; mandibles entirelyblack ; h a ir on eyes sh ort ; face and frontwith pale golden h a ir , andscape beneathwith long h a ir of the same colour ; antenna entirelyblack mesoth orax with even posterior middle excessively den selypunctured cheeks coveredwithwh ite h a ir, no h a irless area belowocc ipu t with wh ite h a ir mesoth oraxwith very th in golden -brownh a ir , only d istinc t anten orly ; pleura ,

tubercles and S ides of metathorax densely covered with pure wh ite h a ir ; scu tellum du ll , verydensely rugosopunc tate , Short , th emargin simple , exceptwh en lookedat from in front , when two very small obscure nodules appear ;

axillar teeth Sh ort ; tegula black ; wings d ilu te fuscou s th roughou t ;b . 1 1 . meeting t . m . , first r . n . jo in ing second s . m . very near base ;legs entirely black ,withwh ite h a ir ; h a ir on inner side of h ind tars iorange -fulvou s ; Spurs fu scou s ; abdomen Sh in ing , strongly but not

densely punc tured , th e h air-bands pure wh ite ; marginal h air-bandsconfined to sides ,wh ere they form broad patches , on first segmentsending a very large lobe basad , and a th in line mesad to near the

m iddle ; subbasa l bands developed as small stripes on sides of th irdsegment , bu t nearly meeting in m iddle on fourth and fifth ; S ixthsegment very Short and broad ,with very small lateral basal teeth(minute ones also on fifth ) , and Six (three pa irs) at apex , four above ,and two (longer) below; ventral segments with broad wh ite h a irbands , the firstwith a median patch of ha ir extend ing from base toh ind margin , but the margin otherwi se bare .

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDJE . 1 1 9

Hab . Los Banos , Luzon , Ph i l ippine Island s (Baker ,Closely related to C . cap itatus , Sm. , from India , and C . suma trana ,

Enderl . , from Sumatra . It i s known from capita tus by th eabsence of spots on the mesothorax anteriorly and the interrup tedabdomina l bands ; from suma trana by the clear wh i te h a ir of

s ides of thorax , and other deta i l s of colora t ion . The ma leof C . p hilipp ensis, Bingh . , i s much larger , and h as th e s ixthsegment of abdomen elonga ted , wi th th e upper apica l teeth( two pa irs) very short . It i s related to the Indian O . basa lis , Sm .

Cera tina trop ica , Crawford .

Los Banos , Ph i l ipp ine Islands (Baker ,

A llodap e cupu lifera , Vachal.Los Banos , Ph i l ippine Islands (Baker , The fema le i s

only 5 mm. long ,with the base of th e mandibles dark, and no

latera l fa ce-marks . It can be di stingui shed from A . margina ta ,

Sm. , by its sma l ler s i ze .

M egachile aarantip ennis , Cockerel l .Cacao , Trece Aguas , Al ta Vera Par , Guatema la , March 24th ,

two ma les (Schwarz Barber) . U.S . Nationa l Mu seum .

CONTRIBUTION S TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE

BRITISH BRACONIDZE . NO . I . METEORIDIE .

BY G . T LYLE , F .E .S .

(Concluded from p .

M eteorus pulchricornis—Probably the commonest

spec ieswe have ; i t i s ea s i ly recogn i zed by the pa le an teriormarginof the otherwi se fuscous s tigma , and by the invariably black firstabdomina l segmen t . Th e metathorax i s a l so genera l ly black ,though I possess a spec imen inwh i ch i t i s ent irely testaceou s .A most variable Spec ies in S ize and colour ; quite h a l f myfema les may b e referred to Marshal l’s var . a ; and a l though Ihave seen no males Of th i s form , I h ave severa l approach ing vars .

B 7 . My larges t spec imen , a fema le , bred from a larvaof Agrotis (Lycophotia ) strigula , mea sures 1 1 mm . in expanse ,wh i le th e sma l lest , a l so a fema le , bred from a larva of C erostoma

radia tella , Sxpands on ly 6 mm. Marsh a l l describes th e secondcub ita l areolet a s “

S l igh tly narrowed towards th e radiu s , ” butin severa l of my spec imen s i t i s con s iderably so . The larva i spa le green ,wi th th e part s of th e mouth black and th e sp iracleson segments one and two a l so ou tl ined in black .

A sol itary para s i te of larva of Lepidoptera . There are

certa in ly th ree and probably four broods in the year , the firstappearing in Apri l and early May , the second in June and Ju ly ,th e th ird in August , and the fourth during September and Octob er th e indiv idua l s of th i s fourth brood no doubt depos it the i rova in larva wh i ch h ibernate, such as th at of A . (L . ) strigu la ,wh ich I have known to produce the paras ite larva so early in theyear as th e secondweek in March .

The cocoon i s brown , sh in ing , and pens i le (fig .

Bred on very many occa s ion s from March 3 1 st to May 1 5 th ,

from larva of Agrotis (Lycop hotia ) strigula , and from June 1 2thto Ju ly 4th from larva ofCheima tobia brama ta a l so from larva of

Thecla quercus , June 30th ,1 9 09 Thecla betula , June 1 7th , 1 9 1 2 ;

Poecilocamp a popu li, June 24th , 1 9 1 0 Cilex glaa ca ta , Ju ly 20th ,

1 9 1 1 ; N ola cucula tella , June 29 th , 1 9 1 1 and July 5th , 1 9 1 1 ;Eup ithecia a bbrevia ta , July 5 th , 1 9 1 1 ; E . nana ta , Augu st ~1 5 th ,

1 9 1 3 Hybernia lea copha a ria ,Ju ly 3rd , 1 9 1 3 Phiba locera guer

cana , July 26th , 1 9 1 1 , and Cerostoma radia tella , Ju ly 9 th , 1 9 1 3 .

On July 27th , 1 9 1 1 , I bred a fema le Spec imen of the Ichneumonid Panargyrops a rea s , and on Ju ly 7 th , 1 9 09 and July 4ih ,

1 9 1 1 , examples of M esochoras cra ssimanus (Holmg. ) from cocoonsof th i s spec ies , th e h ost in these cases being Cheima tobia bruma ta .

I have a l so obta ined M esochora s tetricus as a hyperparas ite (Apri l1 3th

, th e h ost be ing A . and a Chalch id (Perilamp as) , rather common ly from cocoons of th e second brood ;the la st-named rema in swi th in th e cocoon th rough th ewinter asa ful ly-formed imago , and emerges in th e fol lowing spring . All

these hyperpara s i tes gnawirregular jagged h oleswhen leavingth e cocoon s (fig .

M . niger (Lyle) . (Figs . 2 —Th i s spec ieswas brough tforward by me as newin the Entomologi st for Augu st , 1 9 1 3 ,and further notes appeared in th e number for th e fol lowingmonth . It i s a common sol itary para s ite of th e larva of Hygrochroa (Perica llia ) syringaria . I h ave recently di scovered in mycol lect ion a female wh ich was bred from a larva of Ennomos

quercina ria , June 1 7th , 1 9 1 1 . Th i s insect i s l igh ter than any ofthose bred from H . (P . ) syringaria , th e di sc of th e thorax and

st igma be ing fuscous , the second abdomina l segment p iceou s ,and th e antenna ba sa lly fulvous in a ll other respects it agreeswi th th e descript ion .

In both sexes the antenna are 25—27-j o inted .

M . melanosticta s (Capron) .—In Trans . Entom. Soc . 1 887 ,p . 1 1 5 , Marshal l describes th i s as a newspec ies from five ma les ,and ment ion s that the descript ion of th e other sex wh ich hegiveswas commun i cated to h im by Capron .

Although my spec imens agree wi th these descr ipt ions inmost particulars

,they difler in th at the wings are d ist inctly

Vol . xlvi . pp . 244, 266 .

th e emergence of th e paras ite larva from its h ost and the

appearance of the imago , at any rate in the sp ring brood .

Bred by me from larva of Trip ha na (Agrotis) fimbria , Apri l29 th , 1 9 09 , Apri l 23rd , 1 9 1 2 , and other dates ; Agrotis .(Lyco

photia ) strigu la , Apri l 1 3th , 1 9 1 1 ; N octua (S egetia ) xantho

grapha , Apri l 20th , 1 9 1 1 , Apri l 1 1 th , 1 9 1 1 , and other dates ;Tripha na (Agrotis) p ronuba , Apri l 7 th , 1 9 1 1 , Apri l 1 3th , 1 9 1 2 ;and from a cocoon bea ten from oak, June l 6th . 1 9 1 1 .

More th an one writer h as ment ioned th a t a permanent lytestaceous variety exist s of some spec ies of M eteorus

, and a fterexamining severa l spec imen s , and compa ring th em wi th th e

origina l description , I h ave come to the conclusion thatM . unicolor (Wesm.) i s merely a testaceous variety ofM . scutella tor.

M . versicolor - Cons iderable confusion seems toh ave ari sen concern ing th i s spec ies . Wesmael ment ions havingbred i t gregariously at Charleroy, from a larva of B ombyxcassinea the cocoons being brown , and connec ted by a fewth reads of s i lk ; h e a l so states th at th e terebra i s equa l in lengthto the abdomen . In the spec imens s ince recorded , th e length of

th e terebra i s given a s only h a l f the abdomen , so that even a l lowing for th e fact tha t Wesmael somet imes ra ther exaggeratedthe length of th i s organ , one can hardly suppose th at h ewoulddouble i t . Aga in , a ll recent spec imens are ment ioned as beingsol i tary paras ites making pendu lous cocoons .It wou ld therefore seem possible tha t we are wrong in

referring the insect s ment ioned belowto M . versicolor , as I am

convinced we shou ld be wrong in so referring the l igh t formsment ioned by Marsha l l (var . bima cu la tus) .

On May 7th ,1 9 1 2 , I bred an example of Marsh a l l’s var .

B from a cocoonwh i ch fel l into my tray wh i le beat ing youngbirch -trees for larva of Geometra p ap ilionaria . Bignel l record sth e breeding of a s imi lar spec imen from a larva of G. p ap ilio

naria , June 7th , 1 883 .

The cocoon i s pendulous , sh ining , and much darker th anthat of any other M eteoruswi thwh ich I am a cqua inted .

M . bima cula tus —Although Marsha l l cons idered th i sto b e merely a variety of M . versicolor , I feel sure , after referr ingto the origina l descript ions and examin ing a large number of

spec imen s , th a t i t i s a distinct Spec ies . M . bima cula tus ha s th e

wings somewh at infumated , espec ial ly in the male , and the ba seof the pet iole and first abdominal segmen t are never wh ite ,though th e former i s pa le. In Wesmael

s description of the

fema le , the two dark spots on th e first abdom ina l segmen t arement ioned a s being triangular and elongate ; i twould perh aps

Since writing th e a bove I have been much in terested to find tha tThomson advanced this view; see ‘ Opuscu la Entomologica ii . p. 1 1 2 .

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACON IDfE . 1 23

b e more correct to say that th e segment i s centra lly narrowlytestaceou s .As the male does not appear to have been not iced before, I

subjo in the following description from ten spec imens in mycollec tionMesothorax testaceous , or fu scous , with the d isc testaceou s ,

scu tellum testaceou s , metathorax black ( fuscous in pale Specimens) ,rugose ; abdomen piceou swith the second segment and base of th e

th ird testaceou s , the second often fuscou s at the S ides , petiole basallypale , first segment striated , tracheal groves obsolete , tuberclesapparent ; legs testaceou s , all the tarsi fuscous , posterior coxa and

femora at apex fuscous , posterior tiba fuscou s , basally pale , all th eclaws dark ; head scarcely aswide as the thorax , o cc ipu t fuscou s (inpale specimens testaceou s) , orbits , clypeu s , and cheeks testaceous , facefu scous , palpi pale , antenna setaceou s , Sligh tly longer th an th e body,fu scou s , 30—33-jo inted , u sually 32 ; wings in fumated , stigma and

nervures fuscous , recurrent nervure interstitial or sub interstitial ,second cubital areolet sligh tly narrowed towards the rad iu s ; length4% mm . to 6 mm . , expands 8 mm . to 1 0 mm .

In the fema le th e antenna are about equa l in length to thebody , 30—33 jo inted .

Var . fema le. First abdomina l segment dark fu lvouswi th ou tnoticeable dark triangular patches at the s ides 2 M . decolora tus

(Ruth e) .A sol itary paras ite of larva of Lepidoptera ; i t varies

grea tly in s ize. I h ave a fema le , bred from a larva of

B ra chionycha (Asterosc0p us) sphinx ,June 28th ,

1 9 1 1 , wh i chexpands no less than 1 1 ; mm.

Th e cocoon is pendu lous , sh in ing , and of a rather rich browncolour , th ough not nearly so dark a s th at of M . versico lor . Twospec imenswh i ch I must refer to th i s spec ies , bred from larva ofN ola cucula tella , made cocoon s of a pa ler colour , s imi lar to th oseof M. p ulchricornis . From s ix to fou rteen days in th e cocoon .

Among oth er dates I have bred it from larva ofM a crothylacia

rubi, August l st , 1 9 1 1 ; N ola cucu la tella , June 2 l st, 1 9 1 1

Anarta myrtilli, Augu st 5 th , 1 9 1 1 Ema turga a tomaria , Ju ly 30th ,

1 9 1 1 ; Cheima tobia brama ta ,June 1 9 th to 27th , 1 9 1 1 , and Agrotis

aga thina (Sand banks , Poole) , June 23rd to 30th ,1 9 1 3 .

From a s ingle cocoon of th i s spec ies I bred on August 1 7th ,

1 9 1 1 , some th irty or forty smal l hyperpara s i tes . Dr . R . C . L .

Perkin s , towhom I submitted th em,h as been most kind in

work ing them out , and says ( in litt . January 1 5th , 1 9 1 4)“ Th e

very minute spec ies i s certa inly C losterocerus (Westwood) , butthewings are not marked in black a s in all described spec iesknown to me . It i s qu ite l ikely th a t spec ieswith s imi larwingshave been wrongly described in En tedon or E ulophus , as the

markedwings h ave been cons idered a generic ch aracter . Th e

antenna. i s th at of a true Closterocerus .

M . fi la tor —Appea rs to b e common , th ough I h aveon ly once taken i t in the NewForest , on November 1 5 th , 1 9 1 0,when a femalewas bea ten from h ol ly . Genera l ly found in theau tumn , and i s sa id to b e a para s i te of larva wh i ch feed in th efungus Polyp horu s versicolor .

M . fragilis F ig . 4 .—A del i cate spec ieswi th long ,

s lender antenna and legs the second abdominal segment i s flavotestaceou s ,wi th two black spot s on the d i sc ; th ese Spots seemto b e quite constant , and are a great h elp in ident i fying th espec ies .A sol itary para s i te of sma l l larva of Lepidoptera . Th e

cocoon i s pen s i le , somewh at s imi lar to that of M . pu lchricornis ,though rath er more elongate and brigh ter brown in colour ,5—6 mm. in length . From the t ime the para s i te larva leavesth e h ost to the emergence of th e imago from the cocoon ,

a per iodof from eigh t to th i rteen days elapses . Bred frequent ly fromsma l l larva of Hylophila bicolorana , September 8 th to 1 2th , and

a l so once from th e same h os t on May 9 th , SO that probably bothspring and autumn broods prey on th i s larva . Also bred fromlarva of Nola cucula tella , June 1 7th , 1 9 1 2 , and June 1 9 th ,

1 9 1 2 .

M . larida s —Th i s i s a gregariou s para s i te of th e

larva of Lepidoptera . The para s ites leave th e h ost and formthe i r cocoonswi th in th e underground chamber con structed byth e h ost for th e purpose of pupat ion ,

though somet imes incapt iv ity the cocoon s are to be found sca ttered on the surface ofthe earth ,

or in bun ches connected by a fewthreads . Th i s may,

of course , h appen in a state of nature, but I do not th ink itusua l . The cocoons are heaped together and are fus iform,

brown ,wi th a l igh ter spot at the sma l ler end , not sh in ing , and'

coveredwith a th inweb of fi lament s , as mentioned by Marsha l l ,45 mm. to 5% mm. in length . Fourteen days or so genera l lyelapse between th e emergence of the paras ite larva from the

h os t and th e appearance of the imagines .When courting , the ma le of th i s spec ies follows th e fema lewi th rapidly vibrat ing wings , repeated ly tapping the apices of

h erwings ,wh ich Sh e keeps folded ,wi th h is mandibles .I h ave obta ined many broods , the largest cons isting of th irty

two indiv idua l s , the sma l lest of four , and a l so once bred i t as asol itary para s ite. Fema les appear to predominate, for instance —Twenty-s ix fema les , s ix ma les ; fou rteen females , fourma les ; twenty - three , a ll fema les ; seven , a ll fema les . I have,h owever , one brood of ten, a ll ma les .Commonly para s it ic on the larva of Ap lecta (M amestra )

nebulosa , often qu ite th irty per cent . of th ese larva succumbing ,yet larva of other Noctua , S imi lar in size, collected at th e samet ime, often from th e same bushes , h ave not been affected . Fromth i s h ost I bred i t on May 24th , 1 9 08 , broods of th irty-twoand twenty-four ; May 25 th , 1 9 08 (n ineteen) , June 2nd , 1 9 08

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF

UNEXPLORED FRANCE .

BY H. ROWLAND-BROWN , M .A F .E .S .

(Concluded from p .

UNQUESTIONABLY th e best col lect ing ground near Larch e i s tob e sough t in th e mounta in s east of and above th e Col ; and i twa s h ere tha t I took th e majori ty of the butterfl ies brough th ome , and included in the fol lowing l i stHE SPERIIDE . Carcharoda s a lthea ; not uncommon lateral

valleys of the Col de Larche ; qu ite fresh .

Hesp eria carthami .—A fewtaken rather small .

H . a lveus .—Flying with others of th e group in the h igher

valleys ; small as compared with examples from the Pyrenees .Var . ryfielensis Ob thr not uncommon , and in fine cond ition ,

Val . d’

Ornaye , bu t never below7000 ft . Di st ingu i shed by the sma llness of thewh ite spots on the forewing .

H . bellieri , Ob th r.—The largest of the Hespernds met Flies

a t the same a ltitudes as H . a lveus and its var.

With regard to th is d ifficult group ofHesperia ,wh ich , thanks tostuden ts of structure and bionomy on both S ides of the Ch annel, i snowless of a tangle even as regards the nomenclature , Gu illemotcontents h imself ( loc . cit . p . 33) with the remark : Nous avonspri s une certa ine quantité d ’

autres syrichtha s , qui v iendra ient sansdoute se ranger dan s les nombreuses especes crées il y a peu d

années

aux depends de friti llum ; ma is je ne m’

aventurerai pas a donner i ciune liste de noms .

In fact , he only mentions H . serra tu la , common in most of thelocalities visited a fine brigh t form , parce qu ’

elle est tres d i stinctea l ’etat parfa it , et qu

’il est impossible de la confondre —though , Ifancy, some of us find the lowland form of th i s species none tooeasy to dealwith .

H . car lina .—Fa irly common at h igh a ltitudes ; just emerging .

Bu t I h ave not detected H . friti llum; Hb . cirsii , amongmy Larche Skippers .H . caca lia .

—Bollier speaks of th i s as much rarer, and onlyoccurring in the mounta ins abou t Barcelonnette . I did not come

across it myself , bu t I sawa recently captured specimen or two fromth e Val de Lau z anier in Mr . Morri s’s boxes .Pyrgus Sad

—Generally d i stributed , andwith the deep crimsonlake colouring of the under side u sua l to h igh Pyrenean forms .

Thymelicus lineola —Common in the pastures and on rough h erbage by the roadsides .

In th e ‘ Entomologist’

(vol . xlvi . p . 1 1 ) I stated my belief that thisbutterflywou ld also turn ou t to b e a separa te spec ies. I have not h ad longtowa it for a confirmation of its spec ific identity by M. Ob erthur and Dr .

Reverd in . Th e Hesperiid fly ing a t much th e same level near the Lao

d’Allos I Shou ld suggest as intermediate between v ar. fou lqa/ieri and th e

type , as I conceive it , bellieri .

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE . 1 27

LYCIENIDa .—Chrysop hanus virgaurea .

—Males only out .0 . hippothoe, var. eurybia .

—Males over ; isolated females in a ll

states , from fresh ly emerged to mere“rags ofqua lity,

ch iefly the latter .

0 . doritis , var . suba lp ina— Rare .

C . p h la as .—Very rare ; probably between the two generation s (2)

at th is altitude .

(Lyca na a lcon —Mr. Morri s and Mr . Tucker h ad fine series ofth i s butterfly from the neighbourh ood of Barcelonnette . Not met

with by me .)Cup ido minima s .

—Nearly over.

Nomiades semi argus .— Very occasionally .

Agriades damon .— Th e commonest Blue round Larch e , and in

pastures by th e river on th e Lau z anier rou te ; females predominant ,with several ab . macu la ta , Reverd in .

A . corydon— Scarce ; ma les only here and there .

A . hylas , A . escheri — Not common .

Polyomma tus icarus , P . eros .—Generally common from the village

to the Col, and on both S ides of th e Ubayette . Females by no meansscarce . A large form comparedwith the Swi ss .P . medon—Qu i te common .

P . orbitu lus .—Seemed to b e very rare ; one or two on ly at the

h igh est levels explored (8000—8500P . p heretes .

-Locally common . The fema les taken by me in theOrnaye valley, and th e mounta in s generally to the sou th -east of

Larch e , are so d istinctive in appearance ,when placed side by sidewith examples from other alpine localities , as almost to constitute a

variety. The ground colour of all the wings on the upper side i sblack ; not dark or cinnamon brown , as in those of my collec tionfrom Switz erland , the Brenner , Stelvio , 850 . But the most markedfeature i s the d isco idal spot on the forewings , u sually ob solescent orins ign ificant in S iz e and black in colour . Here it i s large , and of the

same lovely azure hue as of thewings of the male ; wh i le th e basalarea of all fourwings on the upper S ide i s also h eavily scaledwithblue of the same depth and brilliancy ; th i s latter character absentin many , bu t not all of the Swiss and Eastern Alps forms of myacqua intance . I propose , th en , for th is Larche form, if not alreadynamed , the name a z a rica , newab . , female . The female Lyca nids ,as in the case of damon c ited above , Showa regional tendency todevelop blue spots on the upper S ide of thewings .(P . Op tilete, taken by Gu illemot on the S lopeswh ich reach down

to th e Lao de la Madeleine , and one of the rarest of the group in theFrench Alps , I did not encounter.)

P lebeia s argyrognomon— Not common . Females Ofthe brown type.

P . argus .— Common , bu t both sexes getting rath er pa sses .

I observed no Th eclids at Larche , and I see that Gu illemot fa iledto do so .

PAPILIONIDZE .—Pa

_p ilio machaon .-A S ingle fresh male in the Val

Ornaye at abou t 8000 ft .Parna ssia s apollo.

—Not at the h igher levels . Fa irly commonbelowLarche .

P . delius .—From the upper Ubayette valley to about 8500 ft . , in

the Val d’

Ornaye . Fa irly common males only observed or captured .

Pieris bra ssica , P . rapa .— Both rare .

Colias p hicomone—The commonest Colia s.

—C . eda sa , C . hya le.

NYMPHALIDJE .—Argynnis aglaia —Common .

A . ni obe.— Less so . I do not remember seeing A . adippe, nor

does Gu illemo t record it .Issoria la thonia — Common , especially ju st outside the village

towards the Col .Bren this pa les .

—At sufficient a ltitudes ; but the commonerwasundoubtedly B . arsi lache, ofwh ich I took a lovely blanched fema leaberration in the Val d

Ornaye , a fewm inu tes’walk from th e ma inroad . In th i s example th e rufou s ground of the upper side of the

forewings h as entirely d i sappeared , and the ground colour i s creamywh ite primu la , new Th e same pecu liarity is observable on

th e h indwings , but th e fa ilure of colour less pronounced . At a dis

tance th e bu tterfly rather suggested a female 0 . p hicomone, but thed ifferent fligh t , sluggish and h esitating , fortunately cau sed me to

make a c loser inspec tion . A tendency to albin i sm was dec idedlynoticeable in the Larch e females of arsi lache. O f pa les , Gu illemotspeaks of th e v ar . nap a d

— the familiar violet-shot female form— at

Godessart ; and I took two of th i s variety in the Val d’

Ornaye ,among o th ers typ ical.(Melita a cyn thia

—Reported from the Pa in de Sucre , and one at

Malmorte by Gu illemot , not observed at Larche ; nor M . aurinia

var . merope,wh ich may h ave been over .)M . varia — Occasionally.

Pyrameis carda i—Rare .

Agla is a rtica .— Ju st emerging , and brigh tly co loured .

Pararge ma ra .—On thewane .

Ep inephele jurtina — Not common .

E . lycaon—Less rare , and in good order .

Ca nonymp ha ip his.— Common in all th e meadows—Val d ’

Ornaye ,

Val de Lau z anier, &c .

C . p amp hilus .—Some of the females very large , th e S i ze ofaverage

0 . tip hon .

C . darwiniana — Rare .

Erebia ep ip hron—Many Of the males and females exam inedwere

much nearer to,th e type th an to var. cassiop e ; bu t none of the

females Showwh ite -

pup illed ocellation . Not common .

E . muestra .-Well d istribu ted v ar . gorgop hone , Col de Larch e .

E . a lecto, v ar . dup oncheli , Ob thr . p lu to Esp .

—Not un

common at abou t 8000ft . No typical a lecto, or var . glacia lis observed .

E . geld—One female in th e grasswhere the stream crosses the

path up the Val d’

Ornaye .

E . stygne.—Over.

E . scip ia—One ma le only taken , on the 26th , flying with

numerous oth er Ereb ias in the Val d’

Ornaye belowthe a lec to

l ine . Although Iworked th i s place three or four times subsequently ,I did not meetwith another , and I expec t the spec ieswas only justcoming out . It i s stated by Gu illemot to occur on th e rocky slopesbelowthe last pastures of O z glosse , and on the left bank of th e

Ubayette above the junc tion of that riverwith the Ubaye .

na ta s , Pan z . , one spec imen ; C .vagus , L . , a

block of rottenwood , conta in ing pupae of th i s very common insect , seen on

November 1 4th , 1 9 1 1 , produced imagines toward s the end of th e

following June . Th e cel l s appeared , from th e debris , to h avebeen stored wi th Lu cilia s ca sa r , L . , and two other spec ies of

M a sc ida , b ut I cannot retrieve my note on th e po in t . C’. litura

tus , Pan z . , on Hera cleum, common in one spot , in a wood ;

0 . in terrup tu s , De Geer , one fema le , July 3l st , 1 9 1 3 , UpperRockh ampton Odynerus la v ip es , Shuck . , one ma le, June 1 l th ,

1 9 1 3 , Coombe wood ; 0 . herrichii , Sau ssure (basa lis , one

fema le , Ju ly 24th , 1 9 1 2 . On July 1 2th , 1 9 1 3 , I found a largecolony on a l im ited stretch of sandy hollowon a h eath , v i s it ingE rica

, and took both sexes . One fema le takenwas , apparently ,j ust entering h er burrowwith a sma l l green lepidopterous larva(unfortunately lost before fu l l exam ina t ion ) in her mandibles .I h ad not t ime to dig out the ce ll s . Th e h olewas on a flat bareSpot . NO oth er burrowswere seen in proxim ity , desp ite gregariou sh ab it s common to oth er spec ies of Odynerus . On Ju ly 2 1 st

therewere but one or two examples about . I took one fema le0 . p ictus , Curt . 0 . sinua tus , F . Eumenes coa rcta ta , L . ,

common

on the h eath s ; Colletes succinctus,L . I h ave a specimenwith

on ly two submargina l cell s in i t s wings, oth erwi se norma l .

P rosopis confusa , Nyl. Sp hecodes reticulosa s , Thoms .,one fema le ,

Ju ly 1 2th ,1 9 1 0, Moreton ; one fema le , June 2nd , 1 9 1 3, Ea st

Stoke ; S . variega tus , v . Hag. Ha licta s p ra sinus , Sm . Andrena

p ilipes , F . ; A . bima cu la ta , Kirh one fema le , August l st , 1 9 1 2 ;A . rosa , Pan z . (v . sp in igera , A . ap ica la , Sm . , one fema le ,Apri l 1 7th ,

1 9 1 1 , in a wood ; A . p ra cox , SOOp . ; A . juscip es ,Kirh .

,common on the h eath s ; A . ha ttorfiana , Fab . ; A . cciii ,

Soh r , , common on S cabiosa in Ju ly , Augu st , and September ;A . chrysosceles , Kirh . A . ana lis

,Pan z . ; seems ra ther pecu l iarly

l iable to abnorma l venation . In a short series a ma le (on one

S ide) and two fema les (on both S ides) Showb ut two submargina lcell s . A . a rgenta ta , Sm . , Studland h eath ; A . dorsa ta

,Kirh . ;

A . similis , Sm. ; M a crop is labia ta , F . , not un common on Lysi

ma chia in Ju ly and Augu st ; Cilissa hamorrhoida lis , F . C . lep o

rina , Pan z . Pana rga s ca lcara tus , Scop ., common ; P . a rsinus ,

Gmel . , very common ; N omada roberjeotiana , Pan z . N . bifida ,Thoms . , very common ; N . borea li s , Zett . , not un common ;

Ep eolus rufip es , Thoms . ; Ca lioxys quadriden ta ta , L C . a cumi

na ta , Nyl . ; M ega chile Circumcincta , Lep . ; M . ligniseca , Kirb . ;

M . versicolor , Sm . , four fema les , earl iest June l 6th , 1 9 1 2 , la testAugu st 25th , 1 9 1 3 ; Osmia p ilicornis , Sm. ; 0 . aurulenta ,

Pan z . ,

common on Ajuga in May ; 0 . bicolor , Schk . ; 0 . leucomelana ,Kirh . , one ma le ; 0 . sp inu losa , Kirh . ; M electa luctuosa , Scop . ;

P oda lirius retusus, L . ; P . fa rca ta s , Pan z . , common ,fond of

S ta chys sylva tica .

Brookside , Winfrith , Dorset : February 24th , 1 9 1 4 .

Q UERY RE SPECTING PLUSIA CHRY SON (ORICHALCEA) .—Does“ori

cha leca ever pupate in the au tumn ? Last Oc tober I beat twolarge and unm i stakably Plusiid larva on E . canna binum in the

loca litywh ere I expected to find oricha lcea , and to my surpri se bothwent down in late Oc tober . I cannot believe th at they are P . gammaorP . chrysitis .

—CHARLES MELLOW S ; Th e College , Bish op’

s S tortford .

DERMATOBIA IN GUATEMALA .- In February , 1 9 1 2 , at Qu irigua ,

Guatemala , mywife heard an Ind ian scream ingwith pa in , and foundth a t th erewas a d ipterou s larva under th e skin of h is arm . The

larva was extrac ted and I find that it agrees exac tlywith descriptions and figu res ofDerma tobia , espec ially fig . 1 1 , a , in In sec t L ife ,

September , 1 888 , p . 80. Authors h ave referred to two spec ies of

Derma tob i a , but Blanch ard (Ann . Soc . Ent . France , lxv . , 1 89 6) goesinto the matter a t great length , and shows tha t the records all

apparently refer to a single species , D . cyaniventris

T . D . A . COCKERELL .

STOMOXYS AT A HIGH ALTITUDE . On August 28th , 1 9 1 3, Icollec ted S tomoxys ca lci trans (L .) in a cabin a t timber-line ,

ft . , on the Long’s Peak tra il , Colorado . At same time and

place I a lso obta ined Phormia terra -nova Ma sca domestica ,

L . , and A llograp ta obliqua , Say.-T. D . A . COCKERELL .

RETARDED EMERGEN CE OF PARARGE EGERIA .—With reference to

Major Robertson ’s interesting no tes in the March number of the‘ Entomo logist ,

’ I h ave been looking up my d iary, and find th at ,wh ilst pupa d igging under an elm on Oc tober 9 th , 1 9 09 , I found a

ch arming green pupa suspended to a gra ss stem . Feeling satisfiedthat it was rather unu sual to find su ch a pupa dur ing th e wintermon th s , Iwatch ed it very carefu lly th rough the following mon th s ,andwas very surpri sed to see a fine male Spec imen of P . egeria h ad

emerged on M ay l st , 1 9 1 0.—W . W . MACM ILLAN ; Woodville , Castle

Cary , Somerset , March 9 th ,1 9 1 4 .

TROPICAL GRASSHOPPERS (PHANEROPTERIDZE) IN ENGLAND .—A

pa ir of grasshoppers taken a live in a hothouse near Felixstoweweresent me in December by a corresponden t . Some orch ids from Ind iah ad recen tly been placed there . The insec ts belong to th e Ph aneropterida , bu t are not of the

lgenu s Phanerop tera . Th ey lack the sp ineon th e anterior coxa , and are larger than e ither fa lca ta or quadri

puncta ta . Th e male h as a beau t iful redd ish -brown border to the

elytra , wing-tips , and centre of prono tum . Th e female i s mu ch

larger and of a brillian t green , includ ing the wing-tips . I h averequested my correspondent towatch for nymph s later in c ase thepa ir bred—C . W . BRACKEN ; 5 , Carfax Terrace , Plymou th .

A VARIETY OF PYRALIS CosTALIs .—In Ju ly , 1 9 06 , I took , a t sugar ,

a very remarkable variety of th is pretty little spec ies . Th e b rIgh t

rosy grey of thewings is replaced by deep maroon , or plum colour ,th ere are no S igns of any transverse lines across the forewings , and

1 32 THE EN TOMOLOGIST .

the large yellowSpots upon the costa are represented by a minutedull yellowspot near th e apex ; the fringes are du ll orange , tingedwith p ink , instead of th e clear yellowof typ ical specimens . I proposeunipuncta lis as a varietal name for th i s striking form . It i s a

verycommon Spec ies h ere , and I h ave often seen i t swarming at sugar on

Old pollardwillowtreeS .—GERVASE F . MATHEW ; Lee Hou se , Dover

court , Essex , February 24th , 1 9 1 4 .

SOME VARIETIES OF GONODONTIS BIDENTATA . In the earlysummer of 1 9 1 1 Commander Gwatkin-Williams , R .N . , sent me some

ova of bidenta ta from Coun ty Cork , and I placed them in a largeSleeve over the branch of an ash tree in my garden . In due coursethe larva h atched , fed up , and pupated . Th e following spring a

number of moth s emerged thesewere a very varied lot , hardly one

of th em being typical, and there were some very beau tifu l formsamong them , th e following be ing th e most conspicuous A palestrawcolour , someth ing th e shade of Croca lis elinguaria ,with veryfa int tran sverse l ines , the d isco idal spots very sma ll, and all thewingssparsely du stedwith very m inu te brown i sh atoms . A very beau ti fu lvariety . (2) Somewh a t S im i lar to the above bu t Sligh tly darkerbiscu it colour would perhaps best describe i t ; the tran sverse linesand d isco idal spots more d i stinct , and the irrorations more pro

nounced . (3) Th i s Is much th e same colour , bu t of a Sligh tly rich ertone , and with th e transverse lines and d iscal spots very d i stinct .

(4) Pale och reou s , transverse lines and d i scal spots rather fa int ;irrorations very d istinct , and grouped in patches towards the ou termargin of fore wings . (5 ) Go lden brown , tran sverse lines ratherd istinc t , and In One or two Spec imen s ou twardly edgedwith wh ite ;irrorations obsolete . (6) Warm brown , transverse lines somewhatfa int , th e ou ter one dottedwithwh ite spots ; irrorations ind i stinct .GERVASE F . MATHEw; March 9 th , 1 9 1 4 .

BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SICILY AND CALABRIA IN 1 9 1 2 AND

1 9 1 3 .—It i s a tru i sm that th e weather often makes or mars the

success of an excursion in search of bu tterflies , and my recollec tionsof a vis it to S icily in 1 9 1 2,where I Spent the month OfApri l , ch ieflycompri se h igh winds , du st , and torrents of ra in . Con trary to myu sual experience I left England bath ed in sunsh ine , and on the

ra ilway banks between Modane and Turin I sawseveral SpecimensofBuch loe

eup henoides flying abou t gently (March 29 th ) , and duringa compulsory stop of six h ours at Rome Iwatched females of P i eri srapa depositing the ir eggs on th e h erbage in the grounds of the

V illa Borghese (March 30th ) , but south of Naples c louds h id th esun , and in S ici ly (March Sl st) ra in and wind held sway . Myrecord of th eweather for the month of Apri l i s n inewet days , n ineshowery or dull days , s ix brigh t sunny days , and six days wi thoccasional sunsh ine . To be deta ined indoors by ra in orwindwasvery provoking , at a time toowhen the newpapers brough t news ofsunsh ine in England . On April 5 th I took tra in v ia Catan ia toRanda z z o at th e back ofMount Etna for th eweek-end , but my v i si twas a fa ilure , as c louds h id the summ it of the volcano . On former

visits I have found a great scarc ity of larva , the plants Sh owing nosigns of having been eaten , but th i s season the patch es of nettles

THE ENTOMO LOGI ST .

days a t Randa z z o , and on April 23rd I h ad one hour’s sunsh ine and

secured th ree male and three female damone. Ra in followed and Ileft on th e 25 th ,with Mount Etna still h idden by c louds .

Still anotherweek-endwith ou t any luck . The feast of St . Joseph

provided an opportun i ty to cross the S tra its and visit Scylla in

Ca labriawith my son . Th e early morn ing was prom is ing , and at

6 a m .wewere c limbing the\

steep h ill (2000 ft .) lead ing from Scyllato a pla teau above ,where M elanargia arge has its h aunts . Be forewe reached the top , a qu ite unexpec ted c loud covered the h ill andra in fell in bucketfu ls . Fortunatelywe had umbrellas , but our bootswere soaked through and we h ad much d ifficulty in negotiatingvariou s seam s of clay , somet imes of a brilliant red , tha twe came

a cross . Eventuallywe obta ined Sh elter under a Shed and wa ited .

Later in the daywe made a steep descent over slippery limestonerock to the nearest village of San Roberto ,wh ere the peoplewerekeeping th e festa in orthodox fash ion , with a band to play dancemu s ic , to wh ich the young men danced , genera lly two at a time ,

followed by th e young women by themselves and then th e littlegirls . Th e festa Offerings to be obta inedwere of the cheapest andcommonest kind , bu t itwas interesting to see howth e native s en joythemselves at such a trifl ing cost .My ill

-luck in April stuck to me un til the 30th ,when Iwalkedup to Grav itelli, and h eavy ra in sent me back h ome at once .

—J . PLATTBARRETT Westcroft , South Road , Forest Hill , S E .

SOCIETIE S .

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORYSOC IETY —F ebruary 1 2th , 1 9 1 4 .

-Mr . B . H . Smith , B .A President ,in th e cha in—Mr. B . Williams , Of East Finchley, and Pro fessorMeldola , F .R .S ,were elec ted members .—Mr. H . Rowland -Brown discu ssed the matter oi Nature Reserves , and appealed for furth erfinanc ial aid and suggest ion s for th e care of th ese areas —Rev . G .

Wh eeler read a paper on“ The Genu s Melita a , and exh ibited many

European spec ies . —Mr . A . E . G ibbs exh ibited h is collec tion of th e

American spec ies of th e genus M elita a with Spec ies of the a lliedgenu s Phyci odes .

—Mr . Curwen , Spec imen s ofmost European spec iesof Meli ta a .

—Mr . J . Platt Barrett , series of Sic ilian M . a tha lia and

M . d i dyma—Mr . Edward , Spec ies of Phyciodes and Coa tlantona ,

from Sou th and Central Americ a .

F ebruary 26 ih .—The President in the ch a in— Therewas a specia l

exh ib it ion of lantern -slides by members .—Mr . Tonge , variou s deta ils

of lep idopterous life -h i stories .—Mr . C . W . Williams , organ ismsObta ined by us ing th e Berlese appara tus , and deta ils of Coni op teryccand A leyrozdes , &c .

—Mr. West , variou s spec ies of Collembola , &c .

Mr . Co lthrup , illu strating the resting pos ition Of lep idopterou simagines—Mr . Froh awk , a series of Anosia p lexippus bred from ova

la id by a female sen t a live to th is country.—Mr . Ma in ,

for Mr . Sh arp ,

of Eastbourne , a bred gynandromorph of Erioga ster lanestris , left

SOCIETIES . 1 35

s ide male , righ t s ide fema le .—Mr.

W . J . Kaye , the Syntomid Dip tilonha ltera te, wh ich i s read ily taken for a Spec ies of Diptera —HY . J .

TURNER , Hon . Rep . Secretary .

THE MANCHESTER ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY —Ma rch 4ih , 1 9 1 4 .

Mr . H . Horsfa ll read a paper by h imself and Mr . W . F . Windle on

the Macro -Lep idoptera of th e Oldham d istric t . He first of allreferred to the geography of the d istric t , wh ich conta ins moorland ,

rocky h illsides , a manu facturing d istric t , and an agricu ltural pla in .

Then h e referred to the insects in deta il , the records towh ich h e h adaccess comprising th e last fifty years . It seems tha t there i s some ev i

dence to Showth at P la sia bra cteawas once not uncommon , thoughth e ac tual records are few. A fewinsec tswere exh ibited , including :Xyl0phaS i a monoglyp ha (dark forms) , X . rurea and var . combusta ,

Hyberni a defolia ria , H . marginaria ,Phiga lia pedaria and v ar . mona

charia , Agroti s lucernea , &c . Th e tendency towards melan ism i smost noticeable in many species —Mr . J . E . Cope made some introduc tory remarks on the Coleoptera , and expla ined h is remarks on

the ir structure by means of some beau tifu l d issections —A . W .

BOYD , M .A. , Hon . Sec .

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY—Meetingh eld at th e Roya l Institu tion , Colqu it Street , Liverpool, January 1 9 th ,

1 9 1 4 .—Mr . R . Wild ing , Presiden t , in th e cha in— A d iscu ss ion upon

Varieties and Spec ies recently added to the Local List of Lep idoptera was opened by M r . W . Mansbridge . Noveltieswere confineda lmost entirely to the M icro-Lepidoptera and to variation . TwentySix spec ies newto Lancash ire and Chesh ire S ince the last publi shedlistwere enumerated , one of th em S cop aria vafra ,

Mey . , be ing newto science . Th e increasing tendency to melan ism and spread ofmelanic formswas commented upon , instances being Boarmi a rep anda ta becom ing more frequent at Delamere in its black form (var.

nigra ) F idonia a tomaria , from near Burnley and Chat Moss Tortrizccostana , from Liverpool and Burnley ; h e also mentioned th at theblack forms of Ap lec ta nebu losa did not appear to b e increasing inrelative numbers at Delamere ; on the contrary, in 1 9 1 3 the per

centagewas smaller than u sua l fromwild larva —Mr . S . P . Doudneyexh ibited a Spec imen of Cha rocampa celerio captured a t Prescot , andMr . W . Mansbridge brough t a Spec imen of Ca toca la fraxini h av ingvery dark , almost b lack , forewings , bred from a Su ssex female .

F ebruary l 6th .—Mr. R . Wild ing , Presiden t , in th e ch a in— Th i s

meetingwas a jo int onewith th e Manchester Entomological Soc iety ,whowere invited to tea byth e Counc il . A large number of exh ibition swere made , inc lud ing the following , v iz .—A small collection of

insects from the Amaz ons , byMr . C . H . Walker .-Pro f . Newstead and

Mr . Watson , of Manchester , made remarks upon th i s exh ibit , describing th e h abits and life-h istory of th e more noteworthy spec ies .

M r . V . Coryton , of Manch ester , exh ib ited a fine melan ic Spec imen of

Plusia gamma , as well as a bron z y form and the typ ical insec t forcomparison ; also Troch i lium cra broniformis, Nola cucu la tella , F api

thec i a fraxina ta , and a short series ofPeronea variegana , a ll from th e

Brooklands d istric t of Ch esh ire—Mr . R . Ta it , Jr . , full-fed larva ofEpanda lichenea , found in the Open in North Wales , on Janu ary

1 36 THE E NTOMOLOGIS T .

l oth , many then found had already pupated ; he also made someremarks upon the early data—Mr. B . H . Crabtree showed varieties ofAbrasca s grossu laria ta as fo llows , v iz . z—lac ticolor-radia ta , lacticolor

cunea ta , iocha lcea , flavop a llia ta , and flavopa llia ta -cunea ta .-Mr. W .

Man sbridge , a long series of F idonia a tomaria from th e Burnleyd i stric t , bred by forcing in awarm room in January , includ ing manydark forms ; a lso a series of Odontop era bidenta ta var . nigra ,wh ichemerged in January in a cold room .

—Dr . P . F . Tinne , a series of

Cidaria reticu la ta fromWindermere .—Mr . R . Wild ing , Sa tyra s seme le,

Engli sh and Irish forms ; P ieris nap i from Ireland , Kent , and thecoa st sand -h ills ; also Melita a artemis from Ireland —Mr . F . N . Pierceh ad on viewthe drawings for h is forthcomingwork “ Th e Genitaliaof th e British Geometra , as well as preparations under the microscope —WM . MANSBRIDGE , Hon . Sec .

DERBYSHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY .—Th e inaugura l meeting

of th e above Soc iety was h eld on March 7th , 1 9 1 4 , at DerwentHou se , Dufli eld Road , Derby , by the kindness of Dr . St . John . The

Rev . R . C . Bindley (V icar of M ickleover) was e lec ted President forth e en su ing year , and Dr. St . John , Treasurer. The Secretary isMr. G . Hanson Sa le , L ittleover Hou se , Littleover , Derby , who willb e glad to forward particu lars to naturali sts in terested . Th e Objectof the Society is the study of general entomology , with Spec ialreference to Species occurring in Derbysh ire . Th e following exh ibitswere made z—Mr . Geo . Pu llen , a collection of Hymenoptera — Dr .

St . John , living larva Of Monacha and P lamigera .—Mr . H . C . Hayward , a number ofmelan ic forms of loca l spec ies—Mr . J . Douglas , a

large number of varieties of Ama thes (Orthosia ) lychn id i s .

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. Vol . i (Nov . 27 , 1 9 1 2) andvol . 1 1 (Dec . 1 0,

Bri sbane .

AMONG papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes is theseries on Australian Hymenoptera Chalc idoida , by A . A . Girau lt ,parts i , i i , and i i i ofwh ich are publish ed In volume 1 (pp . 66

parts iv—v i, and Supplements to parts i—i i i appear in volume 1 1

(pp . 1 01 A number of newgenera are charac teri sed , and verymany species are described as newto sc ience . The famihes treatedare—Trichogrammatida , Mymarida , Elasmida , Eu loph ida ,

Perilampida , and Pteromalida .

In another paper Alan P . Dodd describes some newgenera and

spec ies of South Queen sland Proctotrypoida (vol . Ii, pp . 335

Th ere i s a lso a sh ort article entitled “ Some Field Notes on

Queensland Insects , by Henry Hacker (pp . 9 6

OB ITUARY .—We h ave to announce , with grea t regret , tha t Mr .

G . B . CORBIN , of Ringwood , d ied on March 1 2th last . A furth ernoticewill appear in May .

1 38 THE ENTOMOLOG IS T .

TABLE OF SPECIES .

Wings un icolorous infumate , at most wi th c a ruleou s

reflection .

Upper basa l nervure strongly antefurcal .Thorax and abdomen entirely black .

Antenna orange with th eir ap ices a loneinfuscate 1 . rubricep s , Cress .

5 . Antenna black with no more th an a palecentral band 2 . dubiosum, Cress .Mesothorax entirely red .

Metathorax black and very strongly sculptured 3. ardens, Cress .Meta thorax a lso red and diScally glabrous

4 . ca ru leipenne , Cam .

Upper basa l nervure not postfurcal .Frontal orbits notwh ite ; upper basa l nervure con tinuous .

Thorax discally black ;wings un icolorous 5 . ap ica le, Cress .

Thorax entirely ferrugineous ; wings un icolorou s6 . fa scipenne, Brullé .

Fronta l orbits wh ite ; upper basal nervurestrongly postfurcal 7 . bellicosum,

Wingswith flav idous streak at base of stigmaand on h ind stigma 8 . annu licorne, Ashm .

1 . JOPPIDIUM RUBRICEPS , Cres s .Trans . Amer . Ent. Soc . 1 872 , p . 1 60, ma le and female ; J . rufi

ceps , Wa l sh ,Tran s . Acad . St . Loui s , 1 873 , p . 70, fema le .

Th i s i s th e typica l spec ies of the genus , and“

a s ingle pa i rwas captured in North Ameri ca on umbell i ferous flowers duringJuly . I am not aware that i t h as been not iced s ince 1 873 , andgreatly doubt the synonymy , suggested by Wal sh ,with B aucha s

a qua tus , Say (Boston , Journ . Nat . Hi st . 1 836 , p . 247 ; Leconte ,Writ . Say, i i . p . Th e typ ica l ma lewas acquired by th eBriti sh Museum in 1 873, and th e fema le was pos s ib ly destroyedin the Ch i cago conflagration of 1 87 1 , atwh ich t ime Cres son tellsus Wa l sh ’s MS . was a lready completed , th i s ma le i s f1 omTexa s (Belfrage) , andwa s label led by Fred . ( Smi th “

J Opp idiamnebriceps (sic) , Cres s .

’ It Is at once known from th e rema inderof th e genus by its ent ire ly black th orax and abdomen , and i t sbrigh t orange-coloured antenna wi th the i r ap ices a lone s l igh tlyinfuscate the description of Wa l sh ’s name appears to differsolely in i t s sl igh t ly darker flagel lum.

2 . JOPPIDIUM DUBIOSUM , Cress .

Proc . Acad . Ph ilad . 1 873 , p . 1 38 , ma le and fema le .

Sumichrast found both sexes at Cordova in Mexico ; but i twa s unknown to Cameronwh enwri t ing the Ichneumonida partof Biologia Centr .-Amer . of 1 885 . As i t s author remarks : The

fema le i s c losely a l l ied to that of rubr icep s, Wa l sh ,but di stinct

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM . 1 39

by the very different sculpture of th e metath orax . Th e ma les ofth e two spec ie s are very d i st inct . Th i s i s a sh in ing blackIn sect wi th all the t ib ia and tars i con sp i cuou s ly fla vous. Inthe Na tiona l Col lect ion are ha l f a dozen examples , compri s ingboth sexes , from Xucumanatlan in Guerrero at 7000 ft . in Ju ly ,Teapa in Taba sco in Ma rch , and taken by Schumann abou tAtoya c in Vera Cruz .

3. JOPPIDIUM ARDENS , Cress .Proc . Acad . Philad . 1 873 , p . 1 39 , male and female ; J . raficolle,

Cam. Biologia , p . 2 1 0.

First described from Cordova ; Isthmu s of Tehauntepec ; buta very common spec ies , and obviously th e same a s Cameron

’sJ . rufi colle, figured at Biol . pl . ix . fig . 1 6 , fema le . Known byth e constant ly black meta and red meso -th orax , the black h indt ibia wi th th ei r ba sa l ly pa le tars i . Over

s ixty example s werefound in Mexico at Ch i lpanc ingo at 4600 ft . in Ju ly , Atoyac inApri l , Xucumanatlan at 7000 ft . ,

Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at1 000 ft . in September , R . Papaga io in Guerrero a t 1 200 ft . inOctober , Amu la at 6000 ft . in August , Venta de Zopi lote a t

2800 ft . in October , Acaguiz tla in Guerrero at 3500 ft . in OctoberTemex by Gaumer ; T ierra Colorado ; and by Champ ion at San

Geron imo ,whence i s Cameron’s type in the Brit i sh Museum ,in

Guatema la , and San Joaquin in Vera Pa z .

4 . JOPPIDIUM CZERULEIPENNE , Cam .

Biologia Centr .-Amer . 1 885 , Bym . i . p . 2 1 1 , pl . ix , fig . 1 7 , ma leand fema le .

Extremely s imi lar to J . fuscip enne, Brulle, but quite certa inlydi st inct in i t s larger s ize , broaderwingswi th strong ca rulescentreflect ion , black h ind tars i , d ist inctly antefurca l ba sa l nervure ,and espec ia l ly in th e glabrous and gl ittering metanotum.

Apparently a rare spec ies ; th e ma le , taken by Ch ampion at

David in Ch ir iqu i (and figured in Biologia) , i s not in the

Na t ional Col lect ion , though th e fema le type , found by Boucardin Panama , i s there a long with a ma le , label led

“Amerique

merid iona le , and correctly named by th e late Rev . T . A .

Marsh a l l—probably ex col l . Andre—th ough the abdomen i sma in ly ferrugineous .

5 . JOPPIDIUM APICALE , Cress .

Trans . Amer . Ent. Soc . 1 872 , p . 1 60, fema le .

Quite di st inct from rubricep s by the colour of the legs andabdomen ”

the former are testaceous with th ei r h ind t ibiaand tars i flavidous , the coxa with h ind femora and troch antersblack ; the la tter i s ferrugineou s , basa l ly n igrescent . One fema lein the Brit i sh Museum was captured by Herbert H. Smi th at

1 40 THE ENTOMOLOG I ST .

Atoyac in Vera Cruz during May , and h as the meta th oraxtransaciculate , not deeply punc tured ,

”as Cres son describes

i t ; the ba sa l nervu re i s cont inuous . Itwa s orig ina l ly brough tforward upon a s ingle fema le co l lected in Coma l Co .

6 . JOPPIDIUM FUSCIPENNE , Bru lle.

Cryp ta s fascip ennis , Bru l le, Nat . Hi st . Ins . Hym . i v . 1 846 ,p . 1 89 , fema le ; cf. Cam. Bio logia Centr . -Amer . 1 885 ,Hym . i . p . 21 1 . J . yuca tanense, Cam . l ib . c it . p . 2 1 1 ,pl . ix . fig . 1 8 , fema le . J . dona bilis , Cress . , Proc . Acad .

Philad . 1 873, p . 1 39 , ma le and fema le .

No doubt can , I th ink , he experienced that Brulle’s descript ion refers t o J . dona bile, and i twas placed in the pre sent genusby Cameron in 1 885 ; themetath orax i s ra th er transaciculate thanrugueux ,

” but the “ deux chevron s para l leles ” are obviou slythe two tran scarina ,wh i ch are often centra l ly incomplete . Iti s an abundant Mexican spec ies , found by Sumich rast at Cordova ;subsequently described from a s ingle fema le as newby Cameronfrom Va l ladol id in Yucatan (th i s type differs from the u sua lform of J . donabile on ly in i t s pa ler—by no mean s wh i t i sh , as

figured—flagellar base) . I h ave examined eigh ty examples ,

among wh ich the ma le much predominates , from Venta de

Zop ilote at 2800 ft . in October , Ch i lpanc ingo a t 4600 ft . in Ju ly ,Temex in north ern Yucatan , Cuernavaca in Morelos in June,Acagu iz otla at 3500 ft . in O ctober , Guada lajara in Ja l i sco inJuly , and Dos Arroyos in Guerrero a t 1 000 ft. in September .

Th i s and J . ca ruleipenne are th e on ly Mexican spec ies wi thent irely rufescent th orax and unicolorouswings .

7 . JOPPIDIUM BELLICOSUM , Hal .

Cryp tas bellicosus, Hal . , Tran s . L inn . Soc . 1 836 , XVl l . p . 31 8 ,female. 0 . nitidip ennis , Brulle, Nat . Hi st . In s . Hym. iv.

1 846 , p . 1 88 , fema le . I chneumon ma crocerca s, Spin .

,Gay’s

Hi st . fis . Ch i le Zool . vi. 1 85 1 , p . 484 , ma le and fema le .

Th e above th ree authors record thei r spec ie'

s,wh ich h ave not

before been synonym i sed , respect ively from the Stra i t s ofMagel lan , Ch i l i , and Se h a l la en las provinc ia s centra les ,Sant iago , &c .

”Da l la Torre mi s spel l s Spinola

s spec ific name ;

and incorrectly a ssoc iates Cryp ta s bellosus , Cu rt . (Ar itranis signatoria s , noted at Proc . Ent . Soc . iv . 1 845 , p . lvn , wi thHaliday

s spec ies . Th i s in sect i s very d ifferent from a ll th e

others of the present genu s in i t s narrowly c learwh i te interna lorb it s , and i s probablyworthy of generi c rank in i t s s lender andelongate antenna , sh ort metathorax , sma l l areolet , postfurcalupper basa l nervure , and tremendou s ly elongate terebra ; i t i sprecluded from the genus Cryp ta s by th e e longa te ch eeks and

mandibles . The s i ze varies con s iderably th rough the whole

H . armoricanus .—Hyeres , May 1 8th ,

1 9 05 .

H . carlina .—Abries (Hautes Alpes ) , Ju ly 2oth to 22nd, 1 9 04 .

Beri sa l , Ju ly 22nd and 23rd , 1 9 03 .

H . cirsti—Albarrac in , Ju ly 27th to August 2nd , 1 9 05 .

H . bellier i. -Beauvezer (Basses Alpes) , August l st and 2nd,1 9 06 .

Mr . Rayward a l so made prepara t ions of all my H esp eria

ma lvae and H . ma lvoides , and th ese come out as followsHesp eria ma lvae .

—Aigle, June 26th , 1 9 02 . Buda Pest ,May 3oth , 1 9 09 , and May 1 l th , 1 9 1 0. Saeterstoen ,

Norway ,June 4th , 1 9 1 2 .

H esp eria ma lvoides —Rifl'

elalp , Zerma tt , Ju ly 4th , 1 9 02 .

Mart igny , June 27th to 29 th , 1 9 02 . Aigle, July 1 2th , 1 9 02 .

Albarrac in , June 6 th to 1 9 th , 1 9 1 3 . Guethary , near Biarr itz ,May 23rd , 1 9 08 , and June 23rd to 26th , 1 9 1 3 . Hyeres , Apri l1 3th ,

1 9 04 , and May 1 3th to 1 8th , 1 9 05 .

Itwi l l be noted tha t I h ave spec imens of both th ese Spec iesfrom Aigle . The examples ofH . ma lva ewere taken in th e fieldsat th e back of th e Grand Hote l , and those of H . ma lvoides

somewh ere a long the Sepey Road . I cannot a t th i s length oft ime remember the exa ct Spotwh ere they occurred , but on the

day onwh i ch th eywere taken Iwa lked up as far a s Vu argny .

Youlgreave , Sou th Croydon : March 2 1 st , 1 9 1 4 .

A BEE RE SEMBLING A WASP.

BY T . D. A . COCKERELL .

AUSTRALIA h as long been known as th e h ome of th e cur iou sgenu s Hyla oides , bees present ing th e most extraordinary resemblance to Eumen id wa sps . I have nowto record a b ee, j us trece ived from th e Queens land Museum ,wh i ch looks at first S igh tl ike some Crab ronid wa sp ; so mu ch so th a t I cou ld hardlybel ieve , unt i l I h ad exam ined it wi th a lens , that i twas rea l lya b ee .

Euryglossa crabronica , sp . n .

52 . Length , 1 1 mm . ; expanse , 1 4g, the wings unusually short ;robu st , black , marked with yellow, with very scanty greyish -wh itepubescence ; h ead broad , face and front Sh in ing ; pa lpi short ; bladeofmax illa rounded , abou t as long aswide ; mandibles bidentate , du llyellowish basa lly, ferruginou s apically labrum black ; clypeu s brigh tlemon -yellow, the lower border narrowly black , the yellowarea

depressed in midd le above ( following clypeal margin) and constric teda t S ides , thewhole h av ing th e ou tline of a low-crowned soft hatwithth e brim turned down ; supraclypeal area Sh in ing ,with very sparsestrong punc tures ; flagellum bright ferruginou s beneath ; thoraxwh olly black except the tubercles ,wh ich are partly yellow; mesothorax and scu tellum Sh in ing ,well punc tured ; area of metathorax

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1 9 1 3 . 1 43

smooth and poli shed , th e extreme base in middle rough ; tegulapiceou s wings dusky, nervures and stigma dark fu scous lower S ideof first 8 . m . strongly arch ed ; first r . 11 . meeting first t . c . ; legs blackwith wh ite h a ir, th e femora polished ; anterior and m iddle kneesyellow; anterior tibia ligh t yellowish -ferruginou s in front ; tarsiferruginou s ap ically abdomen dull black , segments 2 to 4with verylarge transversely elongated yellowtriangular or cune iform pa tch esbasally on each side ; fifth segmen t with a pa ir of quadra te ch rome

yellowpatch es , separated by a b lack band ; apex of fifth segment

wi th black ha ir .

Hab . Bri sbane , Queens land , October 1 7th , 1 9 1 3 (Hacker ;Queensl . Mus .

, A very remarkable spec ies , qu ite unl ikeany previou sly known .

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1 9 1 3 .

BY W . J . LUCAS , B .A . , F .E .S .

JUDGING by result s , the season of 1 9 1 3was a very ord inaryone as regards the Bri t i sh Orthoptera . On June 23rd Mr . P.

R i chard s sent me from Seabrook , a sma l l vi llage betweenHyth e and Sandgate , in Kent , a l iving fema le nymph of a largeLocu stid , presumably Phasgonura vir idissima . Itwas capturedat Seabrook on June 21 st , and Mr . R i chard s reports tha t therewere a good number in the place . He fed i t on fl ies ,wh ich i t ategreed i ly . On the other h and , Mr. C . W . Bracken ,

wri ting Ju ly2 l st , says of anoth er Locust id . Pholidop tera griseo-ap tera T .

cinereus) , that b e fed i t on lettuce . Many of our Locu st id gra s sh oppers are often found to b e carnivorous , b ut howfar th i s habiti s natura l to them does not seem to bewel l a scerta ined , and

reports on food that th ey take most readi lywould b e u seful , fori t seems l ikely th at some of th em at any rate may be goodfriends to th e gardener or agriculturi st .

In th e NewForest , on July 5 th or 6 th , I metwith my firstmature gra sshopper , a ma le of th e Acridian spec ies Chorthippus

p ara llelus . On July 30th the large bog-loving Acridian M eco

s tethus grossa swa s mature in the NewForest , two ma les beingcaptured on that date near Holm Hi l l .Mr. S . E . Brock h as forwarded me a fewda tes from Linlith

gowsh ire . He found 0mocestus v iridulus stridulat ing at Drumsh oreland and Riccarton Hi l l s on July 20th , and C . p ara lleluswa s heard at the former loca l i ty on July 27th . On th e next dayGomp hocerus ma cu la tus was stridulat ing at Cra igton . A sma l lcolony of the la st spec ies was found on the south S lope of

Cockleroy (a l ti tude about 800 on September 2l st . The

courtsh ip of th e same Spec ies was observed at Cra igton , on

August 8th (vide antea , p .

In the NewForest , from July 26th to September 8 th , th e

fol lowing spec ies were met wi th —M . grossa s , 0 . viridulus ,C . p ara llelus, S tauroderus bicolor, G . ma cu la tus , 0 . rufip es, Tetria:bipuncta tus, N emobius sylvestris , P . griseo

-ap tera , and M etriop tera

bra chyp tera .

On September 9 th a vi s it was pa id to Bookh am Common ,

Surrey , to get Gomphocerus rafus , th i s be ing the only loca l ity inwh i ch I h ave found i t . A spot of no great exten t by the s ide of

one of the string of ponds near Bookh am Stat ion yieldedspec imens , and i t could b e seen nowh ere e l se . We took e igh teenexamples . E ven at th i s late date severa lwere st il l but nymph s ,and two of these, togeth er with th ree imagmes, were brough thome a l i ve . On the morn ing of September 1 4th one of th e

nymph s was found to have ca st it s skin ,thereby becoming an

imago ( fema le) , and , j udging by i ts appearance , th e change hadoccurred but a short time before th e imagowas noticed . Th o sebrough t h ome a l ive fed on gra ss , as d id others of th e BritishTruxalida that I have kept in capt ivi ty . Thirteen tha twere putin a laurel-bott le,wi th perhaps a spot or two '

of benz ine ,were ofa bri ll iant crimson colourwh en removed a dey '

or two later , andth i s t int to some extent they reta ined when dry. An egg i s

i llustrated in fig . 1 to a sca le ten t imesnatura l s i ze . Its length i s 4 mm . , and

width in posit ion drawn about ‘

If th i s may b e cal led a latera l v iew,the dorsa l width i s about 1 mm. It i ssomewha t rounder a t the upper end as

drawn , and the lower end turns verysl igh tly to the left . Th e surface i s al ittle wr inkled transversely . Th e ex

amples usedwere extracted from a deadfema le and put in spiri t andwa ter , so Iam not able to say anyth ing about th e

2 natura l colour .

Egggggggfimgggflmm m Mr. B . S . Will iams sent me a l iving

(Both x 1 0)fema le ofLep top hyes p ancta tissima ,wh ichh e took from a fence in awood at Ea st

F inch ley , N on September 1 6th .

Somewha t late records are —Th e l ittle earwig (Labia minor) ,a male and two fema les taken by Mr. J . R . le B . Toml in , on

October 2nd , at G lemsford in Suffolk ; S . bicolor (one very dark)and M . brachyp tera , taken by Mr. E . Step , on the occa s ion of

the Fungus Foray of th e Sou th London Entomologica l and

Na tura l Hi story Soc iety , at Oxshott , on October 4th ; one

S tenobothrus linea tus , a loca l spec ies , taken as nymph , by Mr .

T . A. Chapman at Buckland , Surrey , on October 1 8th , wh i chbecame an imago on October 2 1 st ; G . rufa s , a fema le taken byMr . Chapman a t Buckland on October 31 st .Cons iderable in terest a ttaches to th e capture , in Kent , of a

posses s another fema le of good s i ze, wh i ch was taken in KewGardens four or five years ago . S ince th i s spec ies appears to b ech iefly ca rn ivorou s in it s h abits , i t i s probably more u seful thanotherwi se to the gardener (see above) . The egg (fig . 2 ) i s sma llfor so large a gra s shopper , i t s length being abou t 22 mm . and

W idth abou t ‘

8 mm. It is nearly , b ut not quite, a cyl inderwi thsomewh at hemi spheri ca l ends , and the surface i s sl igh tly , butregularly , rough ened . Of the colour I cannot speak , a s th e eggsexaminedwere extracted from the body of a dead fema le.

K ingston -ou -Thames : March , 1 9 1 4 .

SOME DORSET HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

BY F . H. HAINES ,THE following l i st of Hemiptera-Heteroptera found by me

during th e last fewyears in th i s neigh bourh ood may b e of

interest z—Tliyreocor is scara ba oides , L . Once in numbers .Podop s inuncta , F . West Lu lworth , common on th e cha lk .

S chira s luctuosa s , M. R . On th e coa st . Gna thocona s a lbo

margina tus , Goeze . Two , May , 1 9 1 3 , at West Lulworth . Pa lo

mena p rasina , L . , Piez odorus litura tus, F . ,Penta toma rafip es , L . ,

P icromerus bidens , L ., Rha cogna thas puncta tus , L . , Z icrona

coerulea , L . Common on the h eath lands . Acanthosoma hamor

rhoidale, L . , A . interstinctum, L . , Elasmostethus griseus , L . The

fema les may b e commonly foundwi th the i r young , in June , onB etula , near the outskirts ofwoods . Enop lop s scapha , F . Four ,la st August and September , at Ringstead . Syromastes margina tus ,L . , Coreas den ticu la tus , Scop . , S tenocepha lus agilis , Scop . Verycommon on the coa st . Coriz us ma cula tus, Fieb . One at Tad

nol l on Sept . l oth , 1 9 08 . N eides tip ularia s, L . One in mygarden , May 2nd , 1 9 08 . Nysius linea tus , Cost . One at Holme,near Wareham ,

- ou August 29 th , 1 9 1 2 . Cymas glandicolor ,Hahn , C . clav iculus , Fa l l . , Ischnorhyncha s gemina tus , Eieb . Verycommon on the heath s . Heteroga ster ur tica , F . , Rhyparochromus

p ra texta ta s , H. S . , R . chiragra , F Ischnocoris angustulus , Boh . ,

M acrodema microp terum, Curt . , S tygnus p edestris , Fa ll . , Aphanas

p ini , L . , Drymus sylva ticus , F . , D . p icea s, Flor . One at E a stStoke on Oct . l st , 1 9 08 . Notochilus contrac tus , H. S . , S colop o

stethus afi‘inis , Sch i l l . , S . thomsoni , Reut . , S . decora tus , Hahn ,

S erenthia la ta , Fa l l . , Campylostira verna ,Fa ll . , D ietyonota tri

cornis, Soh r . , M onan thia humu li, F . , Arada s dep ressus , F . ,Hydro

metra stagnorum, L Velia currens , F . , Gerris la custris , L . ,

Corana s subapterus, De G., N a bis la tiventris

, Boh . , N . major ,Cost . , N . flavomargina tus , Schol tz .

, N . limba tus , Dahlb . , N .

lineat us, Dah lb . , N . rugosus, L ., N . ericetorum, Scho ltz . , Sa lda

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 1 47

littora lis,L . , S . sa lta toria , L . , S p ilosella , Thoms . , S . cincta , H. S .

S . cocksi , Curt . , Lyctocoris camp estr is , F . , Anthocoris nemora lis ,F . , A . nemorum, L .

,Tr iphlep s minu ta , L .

, M icrop hysa elegantu la ,

Baer . , Pithana s maerkeli , H. S . , Miris ca lca ra tus , Fa l l . , M . la v i

ga tus , L .,M . holsa tus , F . , Lep top terna ferruga ta ,

Fa ll . , L . dolo

bra ta , L . , Lop a s gothicus , L ., Phytocoris reu teri

, Saund . , P . u lmi ,L . , Ca locoris ochromelas , Gmel . , C . roseo-macu la tus

, De G. ,C .

bipuncta tus , F ., C . lineola tus , Goeze , C . ticinensis

, Mey ., marshy

places , Augu st and September . 0 . infusa s , H. S . , S tenotus

binota tus, F . , Lygus cervinus , H. S . , L . p a stina ca ,

Fa l l . , L .

ha lmii, L . , Liocoris trip ustu la tus , F . , Rhop a lotomus a ter

Ha ltica s ap terus , L ., Campyloneura v irgu la , H. S Cyllocoris

h istrionica s , L . , C .flavonota ta s , Boh . , Or thotylus tenellus , Fa l l . ,0 . ochrotrichus , D. S 0 . ericetorum, Fa l l . , Heterotoma merio

p tera , Scop . ,M acrotylus p ayku lli , Mey .,H arpocera thora cica , Fa ll . ,

common on oaks . Phyla s pa lliceps , Fieb . , P . melanocepha lus , L . ,

P . coryli , L Psa lla s ambiguu s , Fa l l . , P . betuleti,Fa l l . , P . varia

bilis, Fa ll . , P . quercus , Kb . , P . fa llenii , Reut . , P . va rians

, H. S . ,

P . roseus , F . , P lagiogna thus a rbustorum, F . , N ep a cinerea, L . ,

N otonecta glauca , L . , Corixa geofih'

oyi, Leach , C . hieroglyphica ,Duf. , C . sahlbergi , Fieb . , C . ma sta , Fieb .

Th i s di s tri ct i s varied in character. Th e cha lk down s andoth er format ion s of th e coa s t are partly replaced inland byh eath s of Bagshot and Reading sands . Somet imes I fancy th eBagshot more pro l ific than th e Reading beds . Area s of LondonClay occu r , onwh i ch i s wood . Here and th ere i s marsh land ,and there are margin s of fenland by the Frome . I have not

spec ia lly search ed for these in sects , or , doubtles s , many morewou ld have been metwith .

An a lmost bare l i s t suffices , as most spec ies occurred underu sua l condi t ion s .

Brookside , Winfrith , Dorset .

AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIPTO CORSICA.

BY GERARD H. GURNEY, F .E .S .

THE fol lowing notes of a tripwh i ch I made la st summer toCors ica are in noway records of variet ies captured or an accountof a profus ion of bu tterfl ies seen ; for , as a mat ter of fact , inmany respects th e t ime I spent in th a t del igh tfu l and romant i ci sland was , entomologica l ly speaking, rather a fa i lure . The

rea son s for th i swere , that in th e first place i twas an extremelylate season , at any rate in the mounta ins , many insects not

appea ring unt i l a fortn igh t or more a fter one h ad a righ t to

expect them, and th en on ly in very smal l numbers . The greaterpart ofMay and early June had been verywet and cold , and at

Viz z avona Iwas told there h ad been more ra in and snowduringthe early part of th e summer than h ad been known for a t lea stten years . An o ld French gentleman who l ives at Ajacc io toldme that th e backwardnes s of plant l i fe genera l ly (h ewas some

th ing of a botani s t )wa s ph enomena l , and that the excess ive coldand wet wh i ch th ey had been having h ad done cons iderabledamage to frui t trees and crops ; and so of cou rse in th e sameway in sects suffered . Exceptwi th one or two except ion s butterfl ies were never plent ifu l ; and evenwhen we went down fromViz z avona to Corte, two thousand feet lower , we st i l l foundthe same condit ion of th ings preva i l ing and h eard the same

story : th at never had th ere been su ch a wet , cold summer .Con sequently ,wh enwe a rrived in the i sland towards the end ofJune many of our first days resu lted in seeing very l it t le, andwe had l itera l ly to wa it for th e bu tterfl ies to come out ,wh ichth ey chose to do very slowly indeed ; andwh enwe had to leaveon Ju ly 1 7th our b ag

”was by no mean s a large one , th oughI am bound to saywewere able to see and Obta in good series ofthe majority of th e interest ing Cors i can spec ia l i t ies . Beforegoing to Cors i ca I h ad spent a fewdays collect ing in th e forest snear Laon , in North ern France . Here on June 1 9 th Drya s

p aphia wa s emerging and becoming common ; in Corsica ,

h undred s of mi les furth er south , I d id not see D . p ap hia unt i lJu ly 5th ,wh en at Corte, in th e Restonica Gorge ,wh ich i s verywarm and sh eltered , th i s spec ieswas th en on ly ju st commenc ing ,andwas not out at Viz z avona aweek later ,wh ere most col lectorshave genera l ly found i t abundant in the second week of Ju ly .

However , if butterfl ies were not plentiful , Cors ica i tself i s sobeau t i ful and full of interest that one mu st indeed be wi th outresources i f one cannot fi ll up the t ime in otherways . We foundthe nat ives charming and a lways plea sant to ta lk to ; wh i lewi thi t s Splendid mounta in scenery every corner i s a perfect p ic turefor an art i st ; and of course th e flora of Corsi ca i swel l knownfor its variety and interest . I h ad as compan ion my fr iendMr . Robert Trapper -Lomax ,who , a l though at start ing somewh a t of a novi ce in matters entomologica l , soon became an adeptwi th the net , and qu i ckly began to ta lkwi th the greatest gl ibnes s of elisa and hosp iton ,

” though his grea t wi sh to

secure a spec imen of th e latter butterfly was never rea l i zed .

Leaving Marse i l les at 4 o’clock in th e afternoon , we s lowly

steamed out to sea under a cloudless sky , th e statue on th e

ch urch of Notre Dame de la Garde standing up above th etower l ike a figure of l iv ing gold , i l lumina ted by the raysof the h ot afternoon sun . Next morn ing , h owever , wh en wea rr ived at Aj accio at 5 a m . a driz z l ing ra inwa s fa l l ing , and th eh i l l s surrounding one of the most beautiful bays in Europewere

because of th e gradua l a scent from the hot lowpla in s and h i l l s ,fragrantwith the scent of endles s sweet-smel l ing h erbs , th roughth e den se maqu i s ,

”wh i ch i s th e Cors ican name for the th ick ,in many p laces a lmost impenetrable , bu shwh i ch covers a ll th e

h i l l s ides up to abou t 2000 ft andwh ich i s composed of arbutus ,Mediterranean h eath , and myrtle scrub , leavingwh i ch th e l inegoes th roughwoods of splendid chestnu t trees ,with p icturesquevi llages perched on the tops of rocky h i l l s , or lying h idden in

sh eltered va l leys , t i ll i t reaches the pine forests and eventua l lystops at th e stat ion ofViz z avona .

Herewewere very soon comfortably settled in the very cleanand n i ce Grand Hotel ,wh i ch in spi te of i t s name i s a suffic ientlys imple establ i shment , but perfectly comfor table for a lengthenedstay . Viz z avona i s r igh t on the edge of the magn ificent p ineand beech forest , and cons i st s of th e h ote l , po st-office , two orth ree sma l l v i l la s , and hal f a dozen cottages ; but i t i s a con

venient cen tre, and most o f the Cors ican bu tterfly spec ia l i t iesmay b e takenwi th in a sh ort di stance . The a fternoonwe arrivedwewent for a sh ortwalk in the d irect ion of Tattone , a sma l lh amlet some th ree mi les further on . Itwas very coo l and du l l ,with only occa s iona l gleams of sun , andwe did not see a single

insect of any description ,wh i chwas rath er a damper to one’s

entomo logi ca l enthusiasm. Th e h eliocrysum, wh i ch wa s so

con spicuous a feature at Ajacc io , cover ing th e ground wi thgolden blossom ,wa s at th i s e levat ion not in flower .

Next morn ingwas bri ll ian tly fine , andwe started off betimes ,th rough th e forest , pa st the Monte d

Oro h otel ,wh i ch i s fortym inutes’wa lk from Viz z avona , and on to the Col de Vergio on th e

way upwe sawvery l ittle, an occas iona l L . sinap is and a s inglefine Pyrameis a ta lanta S itt ing on a plant in a patch of sun l igh twh i ch forced itsway th rough the th ick p ine trees .However ,whenwe emerged from the forest on to th e moun

ta in s ide ma tter s mended somewh at , and i twa s not long beforeI h ad taken one of the Cors i can spec ial i t ies , viz . Ca nonymp ha

corinna . Near the Monte d’Oro hotel , in th e very black -colouredCors ican nettles ,were many larva of Agla ia a rtica var . ichnusa

in all stages of growth . I col lected a good number of these , butonly took th e sma l lest Specimens , as I knewi f I took fu l l -fedones I should probably breed out about n inety per cent . of

i chneumons ; th ose I kept fed up and emerged nearly a monthlater ,wh en I h ad got back to England , all fine large examplesof th i s interest ing insu lar form of a rtica ,

not a S ingle one be ingichneumoned . On th e Nek i tsel f Lyca na argus (a gon) var .

corsicawa s flying about quite common ly amongst th e brackenand sma l l j un iper bushes ,wh ich h ere th i ckly cover th e top of

th e Pa ss on e ither s ide of the road ; theywere qu ite fresh ,b u t

the beaut i fully marked fema leswere rath er scarce .

Pas s ing over th e “ Nek and descending a l i ttle the other

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . 1 5 1

Side, 0 . corinna turned up frequently ; curiously enough manywere qu iteworn ,giving the appearance of having been on the

wing for some t ime. Others aga in in the same loca l i tywereevidently fresh ly emerged—ri ch bri ll iant orange , the maleswi thinten se black t ips to thewings ; i t i s a very pretty l ittle butterflywhen qu i te fresh . Here a l so were a fewP . bra ssica , wh i chdeserve no spec ia l ment ion as th eywere quite typical . Cl imbingup to th e old fort , wh i ch stands so p icturesquely guardingthe Pa ss

,we found a fewvery dark 0 . phla as var. eleus ; and

worn P . mega ra v ar . tigelius , and L . a rgus (a gon ) var. corsica,were plent i fu l , wh i le an interesting object was th e Cors ican

sharp -headed L i zard , La certa oxycepha la— a finely

-marked blackand green form,wh ichwas very common on th e rocks roundthe Tour .Undoubtedly much th e best ground in the vicin ity of

Viz z avona i s the meadows and rough land in the direction of,and beyond , th e l i ttle vil lage of Tattone ; to reach th i s one hasa wa lk of nearly th ree mi les , e ith er by the winding road or ,

more qu ickly , a long th e ra i lway l ine . Here , where th e veryp icturesque vil lage school i s bui lt , i s some excel lent ground , andour second morn ing , and very many oth ers aswe ll ,were spentcol lect ing and sketch ing h ereabou t s . On the left of the road i smuch rough bracken-covered ground ,with open spaces coveredwi th flowers and luxuriant gra ss , rendered more luxuriant st i l lby the l i ttle streams ofwaterwh ich have been cut to irrigate theland andwh ich flowed in all direct ion s . Here L . argus (a gon)var . corsicawas in the greatest profus ion , both sexes abundantand in beaut i fu l condi tion , and i twas pretty to see th em s i t tingwi th expandedwings on th e bracken . Two spec imen s of Lyca naargyrognomon var . bellieri were netted h ere, but I have no noteof taking th i s spec ies anywh ere e l se

(To b e con tinued .)

WICKEN FEN .—The National Trust for Places ofHistoric In terest

or Natural Beau ty h ave nowmade arrangements for the appo intmentofawatcher for their property in Sedge Fen , Wicken , Cambridgesh ire .

Application s for perm ission to visit th i s property shou ld b e addressed

to A . H . Evans , Esq. , Secretary of the Loca l Committee , 9 , HarveyRoad , Cambridge , or to S . H .Hamer, Esq , Secretary of the NationalTrust , 25 , V ictoria Street , London , S .W .

HIBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA .—As there is a controversy

regard ing the h ibernation ofPyrameis a ta lanta , it may b e of in terestto knowthat a specimen was seen at Cripplestyle , near Ford ingbridge , on Thursday , April 1 6th . A. S . CORBET ; Bournemou th .

PROLONGED PUPAL DURATION IN ERIOGASTERLANESTRIs .—From

larva taken on June 1 9 th , 1 9 09 , I obta ined in 1 9 1 0 seven moth s , Sixmales and one female emerging on February 27th , and one female

on March 8th : no moth s appeared in 1 9 1 1 , bu t in 1 9 1 2 five malesemerged , two on February 2l st and three two days la ter . Th erewas no further emergence in 1 9 1 3, but on the 2md in st . a perfec tmale emerged . I have still th ree pupa rema ining , but wh eth erliving or not I am unable to say , the cocoon s being intac t . The

date of the last emergencewou ld seem to be unu sually late — LLOYDCHADWICK , 7 , Northgate Street , Warwick , April 1 9 th , 1 9 1 4 .

MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM .- I sawa specimen ofM . stella tarum

th i s morn ing flying over a rhododendronwh ich i s just bursting in toflower . Th i s seems to b e an unu su a lly early appearance ,

in viewof

th e ra iny and comparatively sunless Marchwh ichwe h ave experienced .

—H . V . PLUM ; Kelly College , Tavistock ,’

April 3rd , 1 9 1 4 .

DESCRIPTION OF THE FULL -FED LARVA OF THECLA SPIN I .—Wh ilstat Albarracin in June last summer I bea t sundry Th eclid larva fromtwo spec ies of Rhamnus , one ofwh ich was R . licyoides ; theseeventually produced spec imens of T. sp ini , and as descriptions of the

larva of all Continen tal European Rhopalocera h ardly ex ist , I am

induced to publi sh the fo llowing details of th e full-fed larva z— Length1 5 mm breadth 4 mm. Head jet black and sh in ing ; second segmen t much narrower than those following , and narrower in frontthan in th e rear ; th ird segmen t is th e fullwidth of th e larva (4Colour of all segments except first (the h ead) ligh t grass green . On

the front of th ird segment commence two subdorsal stripes , green i shwh ite in colour , th ese stripes are interrupted at th e front and rear of

each segment and th ey extend th rough ten segments . Th e spiracu larstripes are th e same colour as those on the subdorsal area , and

extend from the th ird to th e ana l segmen t , both inclu sive . Betweensubdorsal and spiracular stripes i s an incon spicuou s series of

d iagonal stripes . The ventral area i s blu ish greenwith claspers of

grass green . The sp iracles are inconsp icuou s and of a somewhatligh ter green than the surround ings—W . G . SHELDON ; Youlgreave ,Sou th Croydon , April 26th , 1 9 1 4 .

BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SICILY AND CALABRIA IN 1 9 1 2 AND

1 9 1 3.— Iwas persuaded to stay a t Mess ina for the firstweek in May,

and on the first I climbed Mon te C icc i (2000 on th e 3rd Iwalkedup to Grav itelli, and on the 6th I vis ited the lowh ills at the extremenorth -east po int of S ic ily overlooking the Faro , and though th e

weather was fine and hot , th e ra in h ad evidently retarded the

appearance of the summer butterfl ies . I reach ed Forest Hill onMay 1 0th with a very small “ bag, wh ich to my d isappo intmentdid not conta in a single fresh specie s to add to my li st . Thenfo llowed th ewet summer in England .

In the spring of 1 9 1 3 c ircumstances delayed my leav ing Englandfor S ic ily until May 1 4th . Aga in I started in brilliant sun sh ine ,

aga in I left the finestweath er in England . Crossing th e Ch annelclouds gathered , and at Dieppe th ere was a h eavy thunderstorm ,

and ra in fell as I journeyed across France and entered Ita ly . In

andwi th our combined three netswe captured fifteen Spec imen s ofEa ch loe damone in exce llent cond ition ,

before ra in practically pu t anend to collecting for the day . We each took a specimen of Lyca naa lcip hron (var . gordius) , and amongst oth er spec ies were Polyomma tus ba ton , Aporia cra ta gi , Pieris dap lidice, Tha is p olyxena (qu itep asse) , Ea ch loe belia (v ar . ausonia ) , cardamines , &c . , and a small formof z yga na . We got shelter from the ra in and enjoyed a cup of teawh ich Frau Hosferwas able to make by the aid of a Sp iri t lamp

Earn ed with them , and water obtained at th e adjo in ing farmouse .

Next day (May 2 l st)we agreed to take d ifferen t d irec tions . We

got up early, and before 9 a m . damonewas flying in th e sun . Lateron clouds began to gather , and abou t eleven o

clock spec imens ofApori a cra tagi became qu ite common . Apparently I was in a

swarm , theywere on all sides ofme , moving stead ily in one d irec tion—westward . I captured abou t a score— a ll males—not one female ,

in order to get a series of the S icilian form ,wh ich h as been namedaaga sta , and I h ad to hurry up , for before noon a thunderstormbroke . Then I had to run for Shelter from the downpour , and

fortunately reached a cave excavated by th e labourers for thatpurpose . The storm lasted abou t an hour, and th en of courseAporia cra tagi had d isappeared , and th e h erbage be ing soaked , i twas necessary to keep to a pathway . After lunch I followed a mu le

track up the mounta in in the endeavour to reach the h ighest z one of

vegetation ,wh ere only S edam grows , but after a three h ours’ c limb ,I h ad to be satisfied wi th find ing ou t that the variou s treeswh ichform a wood , very con spicuous from below, are not pines as Iexpected , bu t beech , oak , wh ite poplar , and a kind of berberry .

Making a hurried return to Randa z z o , I h ad a narrowescape of a

n igh t out , for at du sk a dense c loud , damp aswell , enveloped thedi strict and h id Randa z z o from View, though I had almost reachedthe ra ilway station , where an engine was wh istling continuou sly .

In the dark I mi ssed a sudden turn ing in the broad c inder path and

got on a dangerou s rocky slope , wh ere I though t i t pruden t torema in still. Fortunately , a fter a couple of hours the c loud lifted a

little , and after some careful search ing I found a narrowtrackwh ichled to some huts . The occupants h ad retired to b ed and at firstrefused to open the ir on ly door, but at th e th ird hut I found a Good

Samaritanwilling to d irect me . The following day was n ice and

sunny, butwe found the heavy ra in h ad apparently d imin i shed thenumber of bu tterflies . Herr Hosfer and myselfwere both desirou sto visit Pa lermo , and we agreed to meet th ere . I returned to

Messina and h e contined h is tour v ia Girgenti .From May 24th until I left Messina on June 1 4th there was an

entire absence of ra in , and a heat-wave gradually increased in

intensity . I found Messina hot and du sty , and Pa lermo still hotter .

By arrangement I met Herr Hosfer and h iswi fe , on Monte C iucc io ,

near Pa lermo , on May 26th , early . It is a steep rocky slopewithou tany Shelter . Melanargia p herusawas flying abou t in abundance , but

we fa iled to capture a S ingle specimen worth keeping . Th e h eat ,combinedwith the slippery slope , fa irly beat us , andwe h ad to retireto the va lley belowfor shelter. In the valley ,

I caugh t a newly

emerged specimen ofga la tea flying most erratically, and a fewbluesand Skippers .

I dec ided to return to Messina from Palermo by easy stagesalong th e north coast , and finding th at a motor-omn ibu s runs da ilyfrom Term in i Imerese (twenty-three m iles from Palermo) inland toN icosia , &c . , I c augh t an early tra in with a Viewto getting ar ide to the foot of one of the Madonie Mounta ins . The motor waswa iting a t the station ,

filled alreadywith passengers , so my planfa iled . Then I dec ided to climb the b ill at th e back of Termin iImerese , and somehowwaswrongly d irec ted , so th at I found myselfin a labyrinth of path s in the vineyards , and in consequence of the

intense h eat in the m iddle of the day I never reached the uncu lti

vated top region at all . I sawnumerous spec imens of poda lirius ,machaon , eda sa , c leop a tra (male and female) , dap lidice, ausonia ,

cardamines , and other species common to th e vineyard d istrict , bu tnoth ing novel. Abou t five o

clock I struck the mu le trackwh ich Iough t to h ave taken go ing ou t , andwas able to get back to th e townin a very Short time . Here there i s a magn ificent h otel in connectionwith the Bath s (HOtel de Bagnes) ,wi th a grand marble sta ircase , fine bedrooms with ante-rooms for wash ing , table d’

hote , and

every comfort at moderate cost (I made a note of th i s) .The following morn ing (May 28th ) I caugh t th e early tra in , and

arrived a t San Stefano di Camastra (fifty m iles) at a .m . I h adplanned to take the motor-Omn ibus to Mistrella , six m iles d i stan t ,and return on foot . Aga in there was not a seat vacant . Aga in Inever reach ed the top of the h ill owing to the inten se heat . The

indu stry of th e town is th e manufac ture ofearthenware jars ofa ll S i z esand Sh apes ; a lso bricks and tiles ; wh ile th e flowers on the wasteplaces adjoin ing the works were very attractive to the butterfliesnamed yesterday , and I also took Polyomma tus astrarche, Sp ilothyrusa lthea and Hesp eria sao . Burnet moth swere also plentiful . Hotelaccommodation and meals were qu ite S ic ilian , and certa in ly in

expens1 ve .

San Stefano lieswest of the Forest ofCaron ia ,whence it obta in sbru shwood for its kilns ; th e next station is Caron ia itself . On

May 29 th I reached Caron ia station early , h oping to get a glimpse of

the forest . Th e village (or rather big town of inh abitants)is four m iles up the mounta in , and on reach ing it I found therewas no decen t place to sleep a t , and th e only food I could get wasfried eggs , cold beans , and bread , at a d irtywine-shop , so I gave upth e idea of the forest and returned to the station in time to ca tch th eeven ing tra in to Sant ’ Agath a , the next town . On myway down inthe a fternoon I stru ck awide prov inc ia l road ,where I captured freshga la tea , several Vanessa c -a lbum, also V. egea , and a fresh spec imenofArgynnis cleodoaza . I reached San t’ Agatha after dark , and therethe sleeping accommodation and foodwere of a very primi tive and

inexpensive character . I returned to Messina on May 3oth , and Ih ave not qu ite given up the idea of a visit to the Forest of Caroniaand a trip in the S ic ilian long-d istance motor-omn ibuses ,wh ich are

not run for profit , but for the conven ience of the residents .

I found the heat at Messina very trying , and severa l p icnicpartieswe made up in June proved entomological fa i lures , as it was

qu ite necessary to take sh elter in them iddle Of th e day , and generallybu tterfl ies go to rest early. On June 6th I ventured on a long excurs ion to Scylla in Calabria , and reached the station qu ite early . The

locality for M . a rge be ing on the plateau 2000 ft . above th e station ,

when I reached there I could only spare a fewm inu tes to search fori t , and I th ink Iwas too la te , as its placewas occup ied by ga la tea .

Nearer home ga la tea v ar . p rocida was well ou t at Grav itelli on

June 8th , and on June 9 th the Sicilian form of japygiawas plentifu lon a particu lar slope at Cattarati. Th i s Spec ies fl ies later in the

even ing than most bu tterflies , and on th i s occasion h ad for its compan ion the showy Melita a didyma ,wh ich , as the sun begins to disappear beh ind the h ill , h as the habit of settling on the top of the

long gra ss with itswings wide open , exactly resembling a crimson

flower. It was suffi ciently abundant to create a veritable livingflower garden , a sigh t never to b e forgotten .

Another locality for japygia i s a t the foot of Monte Sondari(4000 ft . h igh ) , and on June 1 1 th I tra ined to Scaletta andwalked toItala , a h igh ly p icturesque village . Th e wind was blowing a gale ,and in th e Open i twas imposs ible to get any butterflies . By following a rocky path up the b ed of the stream for a considerable d istanceI reach ed a Sh eltered spot and there found japygia and some otherspecies in full force , amongst them being Argynn i s pandora and qu iteord inary ga la tea . Th e h ea t in th e narrowgorgewas terrific .

My last excursion was with an entomological friend to MonteC i cc i on June 1 3th . On ourway upwe d iscovered a fresh localitya t th e back of a fortwith flowers galore and the common Vanessain abundance ; a lso Hipp archia circe, the latter not easy to catch ,

owing to the breez e . Subsequently I found a Specimen of H . her

mione amongst th em , and my friend was able afterwards to captu remore . It was rather too la te for th e early brood of blues , bu twesecured severa l specimen s of semiargus , also a rgus (one) and teli

canus (one) , and amongst the Skippers Hesp eria comma (one) turnedup . Both ga la tea and japygiawere present , and apparentlyweweretoo early for sta ti linus and niobe var. eris ,wh ichwere both seen bu tnot captured . The h ea t , h owever, proved too much for my friend ,andwe returned early .

Next day I left for England , and found Naples , Rome , Pari s , andLondon , alike suffering from the h ea t -wave .

-J . PLATT BARRETT ;Westcroft , South Road , Fore st Hill , S .E .

SOCIETIE S .

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON —Wednesday , F ebruary 4th ,1 9 1 4 .

—Mr . G . T . Bethune-Baker , Pres ident , in the cha in—M issMaude Lina West Clegh orn , 57 , Ballygunge , C ircu lar Road , Ca lcu tta ,

and Mr . William John Forsh am , The V illa ,

Bubwith , Selby , Yorksh ire , were elec ted Fellows of the Soc iety .

Th e Pres ident announc ed tha t h e had nominated Dr . H . E ltringh am ,

the Hon . N . Ch arles Roth sch i ld , and the Rev . G . Wh eeler, as V ice

large fam ily of abou t two hundred mima and wahlbergi in aboutequal numbers . Th ese resu ltswere qu ite unexpec ted —Th e followingpaper was read : —“ A Rev is ion of the Central American Ch aulio

gna th ina (Fam . Telephorida ) based on th e Gen ital Arma ture of th e

Males , by G . C . Champion , F .Z .S F .E .S .—GEO . WHEELER ,

M .A . , Hon . S ec .

THE SOUTH LONDON EN TOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORYSOC IETY —Ma rch l 2ik.

—M r. B . H . Sm ith , B .A . , Pres ident ,in th e ch a in—Mr. J . C . Fryer, Northumberland Avenue ,was elec teda member.

—Mr . W . J . Kaye exh ibited two qu ite d istinc t spec ies of

Heliconius—H . hydara and H . amarylli s v ar. euryades— oi almost

exac tly th e same fac ies ,wi th m icroscop ic Slides of th e gen italia .

Mr . Newman , Gastropa cha i licifolia , male , taken a t Cannock Ch ase ,May 25 th , 1 9 1 3, by Mr . G . B . Oliver .

—Mr . Tonge , nest of the NorthAmerican hornet , Vesp a macu la ta , from Massachu setts ,with severalimagines—Mr . Step , ph otograph s ofA leurodes (Aleyrod ida ) , a fam ilyallied to the Cocczda , and gave notes on th e h abits of the insec ts .

Th e rest of th e exh ibits were m icroscop ical—Dr . Ch apman , the

androcon ia of Agriades thersites spring brood larger , much liketh ose ofP . escher t summer brood much like those of P . icarus .

M r . West , imagines of A leurodes (A leyrod i da ) .—Mr . Adkin , arma

tures of P tycholoma lecheana , cocoon struc ture of Anthrocera

fi lip endu la and Sa turnia p a vonia—Mr . C . B . Williams , British

Species of th e order Protura .—Mr. Coxhead , galls ,with larva and

pupa , of Cecrdomyia sa liCip erda .—Mr . Ashdown , small brilliant and

metallic spec ies of Coleoptera and HemIptera , includ ing Hispa a tra ,

larva of Ja lla dumosa , &c . ,with the Swiss Centhorrhynchus horridus .

—Mr . Noad Clark , androconial scales of P. brassica , D iatoms ,Desm ids , and botan ical struc tures .

March 26ih , 1 9 1 4 .—Mr . B . H . Sm i th , B .A. , F .E .S Presiden t , in

the ch a ir .-Mr . Edwards exh ibited a large coleopteron , Archon cen

taura s , found dead a t Blackheath , and also a number of Lep idopterafrom Burmah , includ ing Cha lcosi a venosa and C . z el i ca —Mr . Tonge ,a long series of Co li as eda sa taken near Reigate in 1 877—78 , theyears of great abundance —Mr . H . J . Turner , C . eda sa from Dawlish ,

&c . , inc lud ing female v ar . heli ce and bred examples of in termed iatecoloration .

—Mr. A . E . Gibbs , C . eda sa ,wi th loca l forms from manyEuropean localities ,with a llied Spec ies from th e Ea stern Pala arc ticarea and from th e Nearc tic region —Mr . B . Adkin , a large number ofC . eda sa ,

includ ing many spec imens of intermed iate colora tion .

Mr . Joy , a very long series of bred spec imens of C . eda sa , a ll of larges iz e , many females wi th sma ll or no spo ts in the marginal bands .

Mr. Dunster, C . eda sa , taken a long th e south coast of Englandduring the past three years —Mr . Frohawk , very long series of

C . eda sa and female var . helice , showing a lmost complete gradationin ground from purewh ite to rich orange , includ ing the rare Sh ades

of lemon colour and aberrationswith b lack suffus ion to the d i sco idal( forewing) ,with b lack h ind wings ,with drab marginal borders , anda fema le measuring 67 mm .

—Mr . R . Adkin , a long series of BritishC . eda sa , and read a paper ent itled Colias eda sa in Brita in , deal

RECENT LITERATURE . 1 5 9

ing in turnwith Nomenclature , Hi story in Brita in , th e Th eory of its

Occurrence , Probable Lines of M igration and Immigra tion ,Loca l

Habits , Variation and Aberra tion , Reasons of Irregular Abundancebeyond the confines of its area of Natural D i stribu tion , &c . A con

Siderab le d iscussion took place .

Ap ri l 9 th .—Mr . R . Adkin in the ch a in—Mr . C . P . Emmettwas

e lec ted a member .—Mr . R . Adkin exh ibited three Dasychira

fascelina , one wi th the u sual black tran sverse lines largely yellow,

and anotherwith the black markings intens ifiedwi th absence of th e

yellowfreckling .—Mr . Edwards , several very con spicuou s and beau ti

ful Heterocera from Burmah , includ ing Argi na argus , Euchromia

formosa , &c .

—Mr. S ich , spec imens ofLita melanella , first d i scoveredin England by th e late Mr . Boyd in 1 858 . Th eywere from Weymou th .

—Mr. H . J . Turner, a long series of Erebia prono'

from th e

Au strian Tyrol and Switz erland , and read notes on the variation ,

both local and aberrant , and th e d i stribu tion of the spec ies—Mr .

West , Greenwich , several drawers of the Society’s collec tion of

British Lepidoptera , to Showthe add itions made in the Pyrales andTortrices by th e donations from Mr . Dawson —Mr . Platt Barrett , aseries Of Coccyx strobilella bred from Spruce cones collected at WestWickham someweeks ago—HY . J . TURNER , Hon . Rep . S ec .

RECENT LITERATURE .

1 . The Life of the Sp ider . By J . H . FABRE . London : Hodder

Stough ton .

2 . The Life of the F ly . Withwh ich are interspersed some chaptersof Autobiography . By J . H . FABRE . London : Hodder

Stough ton .

ENGLISH readers Shou ld owe a debt of gratitude to Mr . AlexanderTe ixeira de Mattos for the admirable translationwh ich h e h as givenin these two volumes of a number of J . H . Fabre’s most deligh tful“souvenirs ,” and to the publishers , also , th anks . Th e books are

ligh t to h andle , and sowell printed as to be a joy to read . Althoughthere are no illu strations , th i s i s scarcely a matter for regret . Fabrei s so profic ientwith the pen , and so perfec t an artist inwords , th a tno descriptivewriter cou ld need pic torial illu stration less . And yet

we shou ld like to h ave seen a p ic ture of th e au thor h imself in thesecond of th ese vo lumes ,where , under th e title of Th e Life of the

F ly ,

’we c an learn almost as mu ch abou t h is own life as we can

abou t th at of the fly. His early struggles ; th e enthu siasm , the

patience and perseverance t Ch carried h im through all h is difficul

ties ; th e nature of h is ancestors and the k ind of Sch ooling he h ad ,

and howmuch , or howlittle ,these could account for that passionate

love of the insec t , and th at sp irit of observation wh ich ga ined forh im from Darwin the title of “ in imitable observer . All these and

other matters relating to h is life , are so modestly and ch arm ingly

told in the au tob iograph ica l Ch apters scattered through the volume ,

th at it is a p i ty more prom inencewas not given to th e fact in th etitle ,wh ich , h owever attrac tive i t may b e to th e d ipterologist , doesnot suffi c iently make known . th e deligh tful fieldwh ich it covers , orappeal so strongly to th e general reader . Fabre i s not an entomo

logist in the lim ited sensewh ich th at word nowimplies , and soweh ave himwri ting as intimately abou t the life -h istory and h abits ofsp iders of a ll sorts in the first of th ese volumes as he does abou tth ose of fl ies in the second . To th i s vo lume there i s a preface byM . Maurice Maeterlinck ,wh ich does full ju stice to Fabre ’s qualitiesof style and imagination , and contr ibu tes not a little to a properapprec iation of h im as a ph ilosopher and man of sc ience

OBITUARY .

GEORGE BENTLEY CORBIN .

READERS of the ‘ Entomologist ’ will learn with regret of the

death ofMr . George Bentley Corbin ,wh ich took place at Ringwoodon March 1 2th last . Born in Ringwood in 1 84 1 , h e developed an

early love of Nature , in th e study ofwh ich he Showed con siderableability . Hewas a keen and observan t entomologist . Abou t 1 866 andfor several years h e conducted Th e Amateur Naturali st — a manu

scrip t maga z ine , and h is contribu tion s were ma inly on insect-life .

Hewrote th e entomological ch apter in th e second edition of ‘ Th e

N ewForest Handbook ,

pub lish ed by Ph illips , in 1 876 , and for manyyears contribu ted artic les upon the subject to ‘ Sc ience Gossip

similar journa ls . At one time h ewas a frequent contribu tor to theEntomologist ,

and among h is later contribu tion s to that journal are— “ Deiop ea pu lchella in Hampsh ire

“ Emydia cribrum :

A Remin iscence “Aberration of Z yga na filipendu la and

Z . trifoli i near Ringwood “ Early h ibernation of Vanessa

a rtica ( 1 9 05 ) and P lusia moneta in the NewForestBy the tragic death of h iswife ,who was k illed in the ra ilway

accident at Down ton , in 1 884 , h e received a severe shock . Th e

news of h er death c aused partia l para lys i s of the left side . Th isunfortuna tely pu t an end to h is ac tive interest in entomology , anddeprived h im of the fullest enjoymen t of th e lifewith Nature thath ad h ith erto been h is . Hewas an inva lid for the rest of h is daysand yet h e lived a fu ll life and overcame h is incapacity . His spiritwas un injured and h ewas of a sunny d isposition , as h is writingsSh ow. He h ad awide circle of friends and correspondents , inc lud ingmany em inent entomologists . Hewas a deeply devout man , and to

tho se who enjoyed h is friendsh ip h is memory will rema in fragrantand kindly .

F V . B .

wh itishwith fa in t fuscou s tinge . Under sidewh itish suffused withfuscous especially on forewings .

Expanse , 32 millim .

Col lect ion number , 1 79 7 .

One fema le spec imen (m inus h ead and abdomen) fromRantaiz an (7500 May , 1 9 09 .

Para siccia nebulosa , sp . n .

Fore wings wh i ti shwith fa int och reou s tinge , finely sprinkledW Ith black ; a black pa tch on costal h a lf of ba sal area ,

its outer edgeIrregular ; antemed ial line black ,wavy , commenc ing in a black Spoton th e costa , interrupted above dorsum ; postmed ial line blackish ,

wavy , traversing black spots ; subterminal line black , interruptedwidely so belowcosta ; a terminal series of linear black spots , andtwo black spots in the cell , the ou ter one largest . H ind wingswh itish , fu scou s tinged , a blackish lunu le at end of cell . Under sideofforewings fu scou s , of h indwings same as on upper side .

Co l lect ion number , 1 265 .

One ma le spec imen from Ariz an (7300 August , 1 9 08 .

Seems to come nearest to P . ma ca lifa scia , Moore .

AGROTINZE .

Nocta a taiwana , sp . n .

Head and th orax purplish brown , patagia rather darker ; abdomen fuscou s , term inal segmen t fringed with ochreous ha irs . Forewings dark purplish brown ; antemed ial and postmed ial lines black ,double , th e former deeply indented above dorsum subterminal lineochreou s , undulated , inwardly edgedwith black ; termina l area beyondth e linewith clusters of blu i sh sca les on the ve in s and at costal extremity of subtermina l line ; orbicular stigma of the ground colour ,r ingedwith black ; ren iform oulined in black and partly filled upwithoch reou s . Hindwings fu scou s . Under S ide dark fu scou s , all the

wings h ave a darker d iscoidal mark and postmed ia l l ine .

Col lect ion number , 1 502 b .

TWO male spec imen s from Ariz an (7300 Augu st , 1 9 08 .

Th e cotype , not in su ch perfect condi t ion a s th e spec imen

described , i s browner in colour , and the mark ings on th e termina larea are absent .

HADENINzE .

Hadena variega ta , sp . 1 1 .

Head and thorax brown , collar and patagia paler edged ; antennac iliated . Fore wings brown clouded and mottledwith darker and

ligh ter brown subbasal l ine black extend ing only to median nervureunderwh ich i t runs to the incurved , black , antemed ial line ; postmed ial line black , incurved , angled abou t m iddle ; stigmata of the

paler ground colour , outer edges still paler and p inkish t inged ,ren iform outlined in b lack , i ts upper part extend ing a lmost to costa ,

ARCTIADIE AND NOCTUIDIE FROM FORMOSA . 1 63

a black cloud in lower part ; beyond the ren iform th e vein s are

marked with black and there are black streaks between the vein sbefore termen ; fringes black between the veins , pale brown at endsof the veins . Hindwingswh ite-brown powderedwith darker , venat ion and d i sco idal spot black fringes brown , paler tips . Under sidepale brown clouded with blackish on d isc of fore wings ; a blackd isco idal spot and an ind istinct postmed ial line (dotted with blackon ve ins) on h indwings .

Col lection number, 1 757 .

One ma le spec imen from Rantaiz an ,May, 1 9 09 .

S tretchia a cronyctoides , sp . n .

Head grey , palp i brown , antenna serrate thorax grey ,streakedwith grey on the S ides ; abdomen brown . Forewings greyclouded and suffu sed with brown ish , and powdered with wh itishespec ially on th e dorsa l area ; transverse markings not d istinc t , butthere are traces of a blackish , serrated , postmedial line a short blackstreak from th e base under med ian nervure , anoth er , In line with it ,extends to th e termen ; a black linear mark on m iddle of dorsum , and

black dashes between the ve ins on termina l area , those between vein s4 and 6 most in evidence ; orb icular and ren iform stigmata un ited ,

edged abovewith black ; some black dots on th e costa above thestigmata . H ind wings brown i sh grey , d iscoidal dot black . Underside brown ish , black d i sco idal dot on a llwings .

S? S imilar to the male but larger .

Expanse , 3‘ 38 millim 9 4 1 millim .

Collect ion number , 1 682 .

A ma le spec imen from Ariz an , May ,1 9 08 , and a fema le from

Ranta iz an , May ,1 9 09 .

Al l ied to S tretch ia saxea , Leech .

E r iopyga conspecta , sp . n .

3‘ Head and front of thorax brown ish grey , rest of th orax

wh itishwith fa int brown tinge ; palp i dark brown , th ird jo int palerabdomen brown i sh grey , h ind segments darker , anal tuft yellowi sh .

Forewingswh ite transversely clouded wi th grey on th e ou ter h alf ;a redd i sh brown mark on costa towards base , and another , a lso on

th e costa , ju st beyond th e middle ; the first mark broadly marginedwith black on i ts inner and lower edges , and , except on costa ,

narrowly on i ts inner edge the second mark h as a small black spoton each side of it on the costa , one on i ts inner edge , and a large one

belowthe lower outer edge ofwh ich i s produced ; a black mark on

the costa before apexwith a fewredd ish brown scales before i t , anda rowof black dots on the termen , the latter placed between th e veins .

Hindwings blackishwith traces of darker d isco idal mark and transverse line . Fringes of a ll the wings wh ite . Under s ide wh i tishtingedwith brown on the forewings and on costal area of the h indwings a cluster of blackish c louds beyond m iddle of the forewingsthe h indwings h ave black d isco idal Spot and postmed ial line , and the

costal area is freckledwith black .

Collect ion number , 1 44 1 .

A ma le spec imen from Ariz an (7300 August 1 8th , 1 9 08 .

Cirphis bipuncta , sp . n .

52 . Head wh itish , palp i and antenna pale brownish ; th oraxwh iti sh m ixedwith pale brown ish ; abdomen wh itish . Forewingspale brown streaked with darker brown between th e ve ins on th e

terminal area ; med ian nervure wh ite ; two black dots in th e cell ,

and a series of black po ints on termen ; fringes of the darker brownsh ade . Hindwingswh ite , a series of black po ints on termen . Unders ide of forewings wh iti sh suffu sed with brown on costa l and termina l area s , a du sky Sh ade under med ian nervure ; h ind wings as

on upper S ide .

Expan se , 1 5 millim .

Col lect ion number , 1 35 .

One fema le spec imen from Takou ( 200 August , 1 9 04 .

Near C . polemusa , Swinh oe .

ACRONYCTINZE .

Craniop hora p ica-ta , Sp . n .

Head grey , palpi black , grey at tips : th orax greywith blackline on lower edge , collar marked with black ; abdomen pale grey.

Forewings blackishwi thwh ite patch es towards th e base , around theorbicular stigma , and on apical th ird of the wings ; costa markedwith grey , three wh ite dots toward s apex ; antemed ial and med iallines black , double ,wavy, the med ial apparently merged in th e antemed ial belowthe orbicu lar stigma ; postmed ial line black , double ,wavy , curved round ou ter edge of the ap ica l wh i te patch ,

th enceSligh tly oblique to the dorsum ; subterm inal line wh ite , edgedwithdark grey , preceded on th e costa by a quadrate blackish Spot , intersec ted above middle and aga in before dorsum by blackish marks ;orbicu lar and ren iform stigmata fa irly d istin c t , both pretty mu ch of

th e ground colour , th e latter partly and the former entirely ou tlinedin wh ite ; a pale patch at base of dorsumwith some deep orangescales on its upper edge ; fringes dark grey ch equeredwithwh iteand markedwi th black . H ind wings wh itish , the termen broadlysuffu sed with smoky grey , a du sky d isco idal spot and traces of a

postmed ial band ; fringes chequeredwith smoky grey . Under S idewh itish , c louded with blackish on d i sc of forewings ; h ind wingswith ‘

b ar from costa to th e cell , a d isco idal Spot , and a spotted postmed ial line , all blackish .

A ma le spec imen from Rantaiz an , May 1 4th , 1 9 09 .

Th i s spec ies seems closely a ll ied to C . ligustr i, Sch iff.

Chytonix variega ta , sp . n .

Forewings brown ish grey , cloudedwi th darker brown sub

basal line black , oblique , not reach ing dorsum ; antemed ial line black ,oblique , bluntly angled above dorsum ; postmed ial line . black , ex

spot , is fa intly outlined in och reou s and extends to the black ou tlinedclav iform stigma ; ren iform stigmawh ite , i ts outerS ide stra igh t , somebrown ish dots at each extremity ; awh ite spot on '

the costa abovethe ren iform and fourwh ite dots nearer the apex ; beyond the ren iform i s a brown i sh clouded Och reou s patch , outwardly limited bythe postmed ia l line ; on the costal area between the postmed ial andsubterm inal line i s a tran sversewh ite streak followed by a black one ;

black lunu les a lternating with ochreou s dots on termen ; fringesblackish , ochreous at base . Hindwings fu scou swith du sky d isco idalspot and two lines beyond , both lines edged externallywith wh iteon ve in 2 . Under S ide fuscou s ; all thewings h ave a d i sco idal markand two transverse lines , the mark on forewings and the outer lineon h indwings arewh ite .

Co l lect ion number , 1 750.

Two fema le spec imen s from Rantaiz an ,May, 1 9 09 .

Th i s spec ies come near E . a lbonota , Hampson .

Lap hygma connexa , sp . n .

3‘ Head brown , palp i brown grey mixed ; thorax grey , edge of

collar paler ; antenna c iliated . Fore wings grey c louded withblackish ; subba sal and antemed ial lines ind i stinc t ,wh ite edgedwithblack , the subbasal only traceable on the costa , th e antemed ial interrupted belowthe costa and a t dorsum postmed ial linewh ite inwardlyedgedwith black , sinuous , in terrupted at th e ve ins ; subterminal linewh ite , double , almost parallelwith the termen , preceded and followedby black marks ; orbicu lar and ren iform stigmatawh ite , grey centred ,lower ends un ited by wh i te streak along median nervure ; fringesgrey markedwithwh ite at ends of ve ins . H indwings s ilkywh ite .

Under side silkywh ite , the forewings suffusedwi th blackish on the

d i sc ; fringes as on upper s ide .

2 . S imilar to the male but larger ; the markings less clearlydefined .

Expan se , 8‘ 22 millim . , 2 30 millim .

One example of each sex from Kansh irei the ma le capturedon November 1 0th , 1 9 09 , and th e fema le in the previou s month .

All ied to Laphygma ap ertura ,Wa lk .

M icromonodes ? ochreipuncta , sp . n .

52 Head pale grey , palp i blacki sh ; thorax and abdomen grey.

Forewingswh itish grey , basal two-th irds suffu sed and cloudedwithdarker ; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish , not clearly defined ;postmed ial linewh itish edged on each S idewith dark grey , sinuou ssubterm inal linewh it ish , angled before m iddle and above dorsum ;

orbicular and ren iform stigmata ind i stinc t , connec ted by a black bar ;c lav iform stigma represented by a pale ochreous round Spot , outlinedin black ; fringes grey m ixedwi th black , preceded by a black line on

termen . Hind wings grey, fringes paler . Under s ide grey , costa land terminal areas of forewings sprinkledwi thwh itish scales h ind

ARCTIADZE AND NOCTUIDIE FROM FORMOSA . 1 67

wings rath er paler than fore W ings ; d i scoidal Spot and postmedialline black but not d istinc t .

Expanse , 26 millim.

Col lection number , 242 c .

A fema le spec imen from Rantaiz an , May 1 4th , 1 9 09 .

Archanara p unctivena , Sp . n .

3 Head and thorax black sparsly m ixed with ochreou s ;abdomen brown ish , paler at base . Forewings black-brown , dottedwithwh ite on th e ve ins ; an och reous streak from th e base passesth rough th e ren iform stigma and broadens out beyond it , some

ochreou s scales above the streak ; antemed ial l ine ind ic ated by blackdots ; postmedial line black ,wavy, inwardly oblique from vein 4 to

dorsum ; ren i form stigma of the ground colour, i ts lower h alf partlyou tlined inwh ite ; fringes rath er paler, grey m ixed , preceded by a

black line . Hindwingswh itishwith a fa int dusky suffu sion , tracesof a dusky postmed ial line . Under S ide of forewings leaden greywith du sky d i sco ida l spot and transverse line beyond : of h indwingswh itish powderedwith brown i sh on costal area , d isco idal Spo t andline beyond blackish .

S2 S im ilar to the ma le bu t rather brown er in colour andwithmore ochreou s above the streak ; thewh ite ou tline of lower h alf ofreniform stigma less d istinct . H indwingswh iter .

Expanse , 8‘ 25 millim 9 30—32 millim .

Collect ion number , 620.

A ma le specimen from Kansh irei, November 1 3th , 1 9 08 , and

two fema les from the same loca l ity , August 1 3th and 26th ,1 9 08 .

ERASTRIANZE .

Oruz a a lbigutta , sp . n .

Head and palpi black ; thorax brown , paler in front ;abdomen mi ssing ; fore wings brown , finely irrorated with grey,ochreou s tinged on central area espec ially on basal h alf ; an temed ialand postmedia l lines formed ofwh ite dots , the antemed ial indistin cttowards costa , the postmed ial double excurved from costa to m iddlethence incurved to dorsum ; med ial line black , angled belowcell and

near dorsum ; subterminal line pale , irregu lar , area beyond suffusedwith dark brown ; fringes dark m ixedwith pale brown , preceded bya series of black ou tlinedwh ite do ts . Hindwings ‘

brown , pale on

costal area ; d isco ida l mark wh ite , linear , inwardly edged withblackish ; postmed ia l line represented by double serie s ofwh ite dots ,absent on costal area ; subterm inal line och reous brown , d iffu setowards costa , maculate towards dorsum : fringes as on forewings .

Under S ide wh ite-brown , c louded and suffusedwith darker ; tracesof transverse lines , a pale spot at costal end of th e postmed ial line onforewings .

A ma le Specimen from Kansh irei, Apri l 1 7th ,1 9 08 .

Hyp osada a lbicosta , sp . n .

52 . Head and thorax c innamon brown , the latter markedwithwh ite beh ind collar : abdomen c innamon brown , edges of segmentswh ite . Fore wings c innamon brown ,

costa wh ite with four blackdots before apex ; a black-ringedwh ite spo t at ou ter end of th e cell ;postmed ial line blackish , sligh tly excurved belowthe costa , thenceoblique to dorsum ; subterm inal and terminal lines represented byseries of black dots . Hindwings c innamon brown , d i sco ida l spotblack ; postmedia l line and black dots on termina l area as on forewings . Fringes of all thewings pale . Under sidewh itish suffusedwith fu scou s .

Expanse , 22—24 millim .

Co llect ion number , 55 1 .

Two fema le spec imen s from Kanshirei, one taken Apri l 29 th ,the o th er August l 6th ,

1 9 05 .

L ithacodia p ostvitta ta , sp . n .

Head and palpi brown , the lat ter markedwith darker ; thoraxbrown markedwith darker , tips of collar and patagiawh it ish ; tars ipale brown , barred in frontwith blackish ; antenna ciliated . Forewings brown c louded wi th darker , a wh ite dot at base of costa ;antemed ial line black , inwardly pale edged , curved round orbicularstigma , angled below; postmed ia l line black ou twardly pale edged ,obtu sely angled belowcosta ; subterminal line pa le , undu lated ,ind i stinct towards dorsum ; the space between postmed ial and

subterm inal lines , except on costa l area , pale , suffu sedwith greyish ;orbicular and ren iform stigmata pa le , dark outlined ; a black linefrom ba se of thewing to subterminal line passes th rough the cell ;fringes brown fa in tly pale chequered , preceded by pale edged blacklunules . Hindwings fuscou s , d i sco idal mark darker ; fringes ratherpaler th an those of forewings , traversed near their base by a darkline . Under S ide of fore wings fuscou s , pa ler on costa ; d i sco ida lmark blackish , postmed ial line pale and rather broad on the costa ;h ind wingswh itish powdered wi th fuscou s except on dorsa l area ;d i scoidal spot andwavy postmed ial line blackish .

9 . S im ilar to the male bu t th e pale edging of transverse l inesrather broader on costa .

Expanse , 8‘ 26 millim . , 9 30 millim .

Collection number , 622 .

Two male Spec imens and one fema le from Kansh irei. The

males were obta ined in June , 1 9 06 , and April , 1 9 09 ; the

fema le in May , 1 9 07 .

Th i s spec ies comes near L . coenia , Swinh oe .

E a strotia bipar tita , Sp . n .

a Head pa le brown m ixedwi th darker , pa lpi dark brown , the

th ird jo int and part of second paler ; thorax pale brown , frontdarker marked ; abdomen pale brown darker mixed . Fore wingspale brown on basal h alf , suffused wi th darker on outer half ;subbasal line dark brown , originating in a linear Spot on the costa ,

not traceable belowm iddle of the wing ; antemed ial line dusky ,

1 70 THE ENTOMOLOG IST .

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS ACRORIC’N US , RATZEBURG.

Fami ly IcHNEUMONIDa Subfami ly CRYPTINZE Tribe CRYPTIDES .

BY CLAUDE MORLEY, F .Z .S .

THIS genus ha s been th rice described under d ist inct namesfirs t a s above by Ratzeburg (Ichn . d . Forst . i i i . 1 852 , p .

secondly as Xenodocon by FOrster (Verb . pr . Rheinl. 1 855 ,p . and Kriechb aumer (Ent . Nachr. 1 878 , p . 22 ; cf. a l sop . 25 1 et lib . cit. 1 879 , p . and fina l ly as Linoceras by Dr .

Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges . Naturw. xxv . 1 865 , p . thoughi t s d i s t inct ion from th e earl ier Osp rhynchotus—oiwh ich I treatedin Entom . 1 9 1 4 , p . 23—was only so recen tly understood tha tDa l la Torre commingled the spec ies of both in 1 9 00. From the

latter i t i s at once recogn i sed by th e pos ses s ion of two in steadof a s ingle basa l , metath orac ic transcarina ; and from both th a tgenus and the closely a l l ied J opp idium,

Wa l sh , in i t s hya l ine or

subhya l ine wings , wh i ch in both those genera are nearly or

qu i te n igrescen t or infumate th rough ou t . On ly s ix spec ies arerepresented in th e Brit i sh Mu seum and my own collect ion ; aprofu sely ornate form from Pers ia (var . p ulcher) i s described byN . Kokujewin h is Hymenoptera as iat ica nova ” Revue Russed’

Entomologie ,’1 9 05 , p . 208) of A . elegans , Moos . (Magy . Akad .

Termé sz . Ertek. xi i i . 1 883 , p . 1 1 , fema le) ,wh ich I do not know.

Th e genus i s of pecul iar interest on account of its para s it i smupon bees andwa sp s , members of i t s own Order .

TABLE OF SPECIES .

Upper and lower margins of the d i scoida l cell parallel .Posterior metanotal transcarina entire through ou t .Mesonotum and m ost of the abdomen black .

Face , abdomen and scutellum black ; legsrufescent 1 . ma croba tus , Grav .

Face , abdominal bands and scutellum pale ;legs flavescent 2 . seductor , Scop .

Mesonotum and abdomen brickred , withflavous markings 3 . syriacus , Moos .

Po sterior metanotal tranScarina centrallyobsolete

8 . Metathorax long , subdeplanate ; face flavous4 . perona tus , Cam.

9 . Metath orax Short , convex ; face centralllyblack 5 . ambu la tor , Smith .

Upper and lower margin of d isco idal cell distinc tly d ivergent apically.

Nervellus centrally intercepted ; abdomen red

marked 6 . melanoleucus , GravNervellus intercepted above centre , abdomen

all black 7 . junceus , Cres s .

HA MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS ACRORICNUS . 1 4 1

[Of the rema in ing five Species included in th i s genu s , thethree described from Bra z i l by Ta sch enberg (Zeits . Ges. Na t .

1 876 , pp . 7 1—74 ) h ave not been men tioned s ince first brough tforward nor h a s A . edwardsi, Cress . (Proc . Acad . Ph i ladelph ia ,1 878 , p . th ough the last , A . cloutieri , Provanch er (Na tura l .Canad . 1 874, p . h a s twi ce been figured ( lib . cit . 1 879 ,p . 1 1 0, fig . 2b et Faun . Ent . Canad . Hym. 1 883 , p . 343 ,fig .

1 . ACRORICNUS MACROBATUS , Grav .

Cryp tas macroba tus , Gr . Ichn . Europ . 1 829 , i i . p . 440 ; A croricna s

schaumii, Ratz . 1 852 , p . 9 2 .

The on ly spec ies wi th en t irely black abdomen and metath orax . Folard sent a pa i r to the Rev . T . A. Marsha l l fromAvignon in August and September , 1 89 1 —2 ; of two in Ruthe’sGerman collect ion , onewas captured by Bermuth , pos s iblywithRatz eburg

s type ; Dr . L . W . Sambon found a female in Ost iaduring 1 9 01 ; and Buch eker h ad th e Spec ies from Lagern on

Augu st 8th in Alp . That . in the Engadine above St . Mori tz,

from Z iirich on July 1 st , and el sewh ere in Switzerland . Th i s i sthe only BritISh spec ies of the genu s , and ha s h i th erto beenknown on ly from th e extreme soutt ampsh ire , Is le ofWigh t

and Devonsh ire— though th ere appears to be no rea son for

suppos ing it confined to th ose count ies , s ince Dr . A . Roman tel l sme th at in Sweden i t extends at lea st as far north a swesternDa lecarl ia ( la t itude 6 1

°— that of th e Sh etland Islands )—and

that it i s th ere not rare in dry loca l i t ies . It s known Bri t i shrange i s , however , extending , for I h ave recently seen spec imensfrom Romsey in Han ts (Buckell) , Mi lford Haven in Wa les onJune 4th ,

1 9 1 0, and Stradba l ly , co . Waterford , in Ireland , at theend of June, 1 9 07 (Andrews ) . It i s known to para s it i se severa lspec ies of th ewasp genu s Eumenes and the b ee genus Osmia .

2 . ACRORICNUS SEDUCTOR, Scop .

I chneumon seductor , Scop . Del i c . Faun . 1 786 , p . 57 Xenodoeon

ruficornis, Forst . 1 855 .

A large and h andsome black and flavous spec ies ; occurringon both north and south Shores of th e Mediterranean fromProvence to Algeria , but probably commonest in Ita ly . Th e

Rev . T . A . Marsh a l l told me in 1 89 8 that h ewas then not i c ingth e spec ies abundantly about th e nest s of awa sp in Stonewa l l sat Aj acc io in Cors ica , b ut h is col lect ion conta ins bu t a singleexample sen t by Folard ,who took it at Avignon on October 1 st,1 89 2 ; I posses s th e spec ies from Oldenb erg

s col lect ion , takenin the mIddle of Ju ly , 1 89 9 ; and the Brit i sh Museum h as a

short series , taken in Italy by Birch , as wel l as in Alban iabetween 1 843 and 1 850 by Sir Sydney Saunders ,wh o says of

one parti cular ma le there “ Para s ite on Pelopa us spirifer ,

taken wi th i t . Mocsary h as bred i t from a second spec ies of

th e Sph egid genus S celiphron , S . destilla torium,Il l ig .

3 . ACRORICNUS SYRIACUS , Moc s .Osp rhynchotus syr ia cus , Moos . Magy . Akad . Term . Ertek , 1 883 ,

p . 1 2, ma le ; A croricnus syr iacus , Morl . Entom. 1 9 1 4 ,

p . 23 , fema le .

The un ique fema le of th i s handsome Syrian spec ies i s in th eBrit i sh Museum.

ACRORICNUS PERONATUS , Cam.

Osp rhynchotus p erona tus, Cam . Entom . 1 9 02, p . 1 82 cf. Spol iaZeylani ca ,

1 9 05 , p . 9 7 .

Th e auth or of th i s spec ies , in 1 9 05 , pleads ignorance ofOsprhynchotus wh en first bringing it forward , and then placesi t in Linocera s , wh ere i t i s suffic ient ly correct , th ough th e

nervellus i s intercepted somewh at be lowand not above i t scentre as i s u sua l ly there th e case ; th e metathorax i s , however ,b icarinate , though the ap ica l transcarina i s indi stinct and

obscured at th e j uncture of two colours . It i s a common Indianspec ies , and , bes ide s the type , I h ave seen i t from th e Kha siHi l l s of As sam, S imla , in May , 1 89 7 , one wh i ch flewon to a

table in Deh ra Dun in the North West Provinces on June 22ud ,1 9 02, S ikkim at 1 800 ft . in 1 8 9 7 , th e Kangra Va l ley of thePunjaub at 4500 ft . in Apr i l , May and September , 1 89 9 , theLush a i Hi l l s Of As sam a t 3600 ft . on Ju ly 1 4th and 1 7th , 1 9 04 ,and Sukna in th e Ea stern Hima layas at 500 ft . on July 2nd ,1 9 08 .

5 . ACRORICNUS AMBULATOR , Smi th .

Cryp ta s ambula tor , Sm ith , Tran s . Ent . Soc . 1 874 , p . 39 2 , fema le .

Th e Br i t i sh Mu seum type of th i s Species belongs to thepresent genus and d iffers from th e la st spec ies on ly in i ts mu chshorter and more convex metathorax , th e apica l co lour ofwh i chi s not centra l ly produced basa l ly , in i t s centra l ly black face and

in th e black abdomen wi th apex of basa l segment a lone pa le .

It i s from Hiogo in Japan and not , as given by Da l la Torre ,from Ch ina

6 . ACRORICNUS MELANOLEUCUS , Grav .

Cryp ta s melanoleucus , Gr . Iohn . Europ . 1 829 , i i . p . 489 ;Linoceras melanoleucus, Ta sch . 1 865 .

Gravenh orst knewa couple of Ita l ian females , wh i ch wererevi sed by Taschenberg , but hardly anyth ing appears to b e

oth erwi se known of th i s spec ies in Na ture and I do not vouchfor the correct determ inat ion of a ma le so named by Marsh a l l ,who took it in “

Cors ica th i s ma le i s very l ike a sma l lexample of Ha brocryp tas porrectorius ,wi th no flagellar band .

plenty of C . edasa and odd examples of P . a ta lanta and Vanessa

io,wh i le 0 . cor inna wa s general ly d i s tributed . Here a l so two

or three Spec imen s ofHesp eria serra tula were taken .

Going on past Tattone sta t ionwe found more l ikely lookingground in a sh eltered va l ley , a long th e bottom ofwh ich a

del igh tfu l stream meandered , sh aded by immense ch estnut trees .Occas iona l fine D . p andorawere taken ofl thist les near Tattones tat ion , b ut i t was st i l l rare, and A . elisa proved to b e j ustemerging , for we took several more ma les ; th ey are a qu i ckbold flyer, and not ea sy to catch . By the a fore -ment ionedstreamwe got two spec imen s of a fine form of Cyaniris argiolusvar. p arvipuncta ta and th e first S a tyra s neomiris , wh i le wenot i ced P . egeria and L . sinap is to b e not uncommon and a S inglePieris napi ,wi th stray examples of V. io , P . brassica , and one

immense fema le I . la thonia .

A fewdays later—on June 3oth to b e exact—wewalked overth e Col de Vergio to Bocognano , a large vi llage beauti ful lyS i tua ted amongst groves of large ch estnut trees , and at some

2000 ft . lower eleva t ion th an Viz z avona . Itwa s very coldwh enwe started , and th erewas mu ch fresh snowon Monte d’Oro .

However ,whenwe emerged from the Viz z avona forest the sun

was sh in ing bri lliant ly , and as we wa lked a long the wh i tewinding road , a lways downh i l l ,we were soonwarmed up and

though insectswere fewand far between , th e odd examples ofA . elisa and C . corinnawh ichwe picked up served to enl iven thewa lk . Wh enwe got near to th e vi l lage I m i ssed a Spec imen ofA . a rtica var. ichnusa , the first one I h ad seen . In one or twoof th e hayfields surrounding Bocognano ,wh ere th e h aywa s st i l lun cut , a magn ificent form of P . icarus was found , th e ma lesextremely large and fine , th e fema les equal ly large and di st in ct ,with broad bands Of orange spott ing on the upper s ide of the

lower wings . Here a l so 0 . corinna was a lmost common , and

beaut ifu l ly fresh A . elisa kept turn ing up , butwere a lways difficu l t to catch ; wh i le a s ingle fine D . p andora was added to theb ag. But by one o’c lock thewea ther had h azed in , andwi ththe depar ture of the sun a coldwind sprang upwi th s l igh t ra in ,

and all col lect ingwas over for th a t day ; and for th e next fou ror five days th e weather rema ined most unprop it ious and

noth ing cou ld b e done. Moreover , up at Viz z avona th e con

ditions became quite Alp ine, and one was glad of a ll one’s

th ickest c loth es . On Ju ly 4thwewen t to Corte , h oping to findat th i s con s iderably lower eleva t ion better wea ther and th ingsgenera l ly more advanced ; but , however , th e Fateswere aga inaga inst u s , as a lthough it was cons iderably warmer than at

Viz z avona , we only h ad two rea l ly good col lecting days , th erema inder of the t ime be ing absolutely spoi lt by th e tornadoes ofwind wh i ch made i t qu i te imposs ib le to do anyth ing out of

doorswhatever .

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP To CORSICA. 1 75

Corte i s certa inly one of th e most p icturesquely s i tuatedtowns I h ave ever seen . It i s ful l of beautifu l old e igh teenthcen tury hou ses with finewrough t ironwork sta i rcases , and an

interest ing churchwi th a wel l-carved pu lp it . Except ing , perhaps , Tangiers , i t is th e most ma lodorou s place I h ave everbeen in , and th e HOtel du Nord ,wh erewe stayed , i s , to say th eleast of i t , primit ive in th e extreme our bedroom—forwe h adto share a room for the firs t two days—proved indeed to b e a

moSt h appy hunt ing-ground , and qu i te a col lect ion of var iousorders of in sectswa s made h ere All the same , for those whoare not too part icu lar , and do not m ind rough ing it a bit , Cortei s an enchant ing spot , and once outs ide th e town ,

in th e beaut ifulgorges of th e Restonica and Tav ignano , one very soon forget sth e smell s and disagreeables , for th e romant ic va l leys are madequ i te lovely by th e mounta in s and ch estnut trees all round .

Butterfl ies , th ough not general ly abundan t , were certa inlymore a dvanced h ere than at Viz z avona . On the rough groundround the town Sa tyra s semele var. arista aswas not uncommon—all ma les and quite fresh . A fewPontia dap lidicewere not iced ,and odd spec imen s of Pap ilio machaon , C . edasa ,

Pieris rap a ,

and P . brassica , th e two la tter spec ies rath er frequent , h aunt ingth e sma l l vegetable garden s ou ts ide th e town ; wh i le in one

place some very sma l l P . icarus , Carcharodus a lcea , and

P . a strarche var . ca lida turned up .

Next day we ascended th e Restonica Gorge . D . p andora

occurred occa s iona l ly , and some way up th e va l ley D . p aphia ,

wi th var . imma cula ta and var . v a lez ina ,wa s rath er common and

fond of s itting on the leaves of th e ch estnu t trees . Here a l so ,getting up off the path , S . neomiris occu rred not infrequently

and C . corinna , too ,was common and qu i te fresh . A large darkbutterfly ,when captured , proved to b e E ugonia p olychloros , th e

on ly one I sawin Corsica ; and at one spot by the roads ide twoor th ree Spec imen s of Polyomma tus ba tonwere taken , and th e

first fresh P . var . tigelius noted . Nearer the town , a s we came

h ome , E . ida and E . tithonuswere both rath er frequent amongstsome bramble bu sh es .

Th e Tavignano Gorge , upwh i chwewent on th e 7th , and in

wh ich we Spent a most del igh tful day , proved to b e th e bestplace round Corte for butterfl ies . C . corinna in beaut ifu l condit ion was very abundant ,wi th plen ty of fine, darkly -markedC . var . clea s and occa s iona l S . var. a rista us , includ ing th e firstfema le . Higher up S . neomiris became qu i te common , and Iwassoon able to take a s many as I wanted . Magnificently freshD . p andorawere con stantly seen , a lways s itt ing on th e ta l l redth i s tle h eads . Th e majority of th e Spec imenswh i ch I took h ereand at Viz z avona h ave very l itt le S i lver on the under s ide of th eh ind wing ; th ey nearly

all tend to ab . p aup ercula . Most ofth e Spec imen s h ave th e s i lver reduced to a rowof pin -pricks

1 76 THE ENTOMOLOGIS T .

and one sma l l c rescent-shaped ma rk next the costa l ma rgin ;th e centra l and h ind margina l streaks are entirelywant ing . In

two or th ree spec imens the ground colour of the under s ide i s ar ich golden green , very d ifferent from the pale blue green unders ides of my Hungarian spec imens ,wh i ch are all heavi ly streakedwi th s i lver ; th e latter are dec idedly larger th an the Cors icanexamples , and of course not nearly so dark .

A fewdays later andwewere back aga in at Viz z avona . Hereth ings had certa in ly advanced in our absence . A . elisa of bothsexeswas nowvery common all round Tat tone , but not out yetat Viz z avona i tsel f. Amongst th e chestnut trees or in th e hayfields near Ta ttone sta t ion fine fresh S a tyra s c ircewere quitecommon , and S . neomir is was frequent ; wh i le on th e yel lowspa rtium

—wh ich looks so much l ike broom but i sn’t—L . ba ticus

was by no mean s rare , and occurred up to Viz z avona station .

Near h ere a l so we frequently took odd spec imen s of th e fine

form of C . a rgiola s var . parvipuncta . Our beaut i fu l purplefield of knapweed and ma l lowh ad been ruth les s ly mown , and

th e bu tterfl ies h ad di sappeared ; b ut h osts of st i l l freshP . carda i and E . var . hispulla were abundant amongst thebracken furth er up ; and C . eda sa

, wi th no var. helice, racedover th e l i ttle flowery patches ; and beforewe left odd examplesof D . p ap hiawere secured , for i twa s j ust beginn ing to come out

on July 1 8th . These p aphia and th ose wh i chwe took at Cortea ll incl ine very cons iderably to var. immacula ta . I took nonethat could b e con s idered type , and in many ca ses th ere i s notra cewhatever of s i lver on the under s ide of the h indwings .One or two spec imen s of var . va lez ina a l so h ave no Sign of s i lvermarkings , but are of a very rich green a ll over .

We h ad natura l ly been a lways keen ly on th e look-out forP ap ilio hosp iton , and h ad sea rch ed mi les of country all roundViz z avona and Tattone for larva ,

but we never sawa S ign of

anyth ing approach ing e ither the butterfly or th e larva , and Icould on ly suppose that owing to th e la te sea son itwas not yet

out . Th ere was a good dea l of a spec ies of fennel growingbetween Viz z avona and Tattone ,wh i ch I though t very l ikelym igh t b e the food -plant o f P . hosp iton ,

but th erewere no larvaon any of th ese plants . When we returned to Ajacc io , I met aFrench entomologi stwho l ived there, and h e gave me a lot ofinformat ion about P . hosp iton . He sa id i t was certa inly fullyout , and th e previous Sunday h e h ad taken four near a vi l lagebetween Tat tone and Corte ,wh ich he cons idered its headquarters ;b ut th at itwas extremely loca l , and only to b e foundwh ere i t sfood-p lant grew, and tha t the fennel I had seen at Viz z avona

and Ta ttonewas not the one th e larva fed on ; in fact i t d idnot growin that d istrict at all . Wh en I a sked h imwhy oth ercol lectors had found P . hosp iton near Ta ttone , he sa i d he con

sidered that th eywere chance examples wh ich had been carried

1 89 8 Mt . Penegal , Mendel Pass , July, 1 9 04 ; Mont Canigou ,

E . Pyrenees , July 7th , 1 9 05 ; Gavarn ie , July 1 4th—3oth , 1 9 1 1 ;Herkulesb ad , S . Hungary, July 4th , 1 9 1 2 ; Allos at th e Lao , July1 8th—23rd ; Larche , July 25th—29 th , 1 9 1 3 ; Le Vercors , aboveBaraques (DrOme) , July 7th , 1 9 1 3.

Var . ryfielensis , Ob thr .- S implon , Augu st (beginn ing) , 1 89 7 ;

Saa s Fée , August (middle) , 1 89 7 ; Franz enshOh e , Stelvio , Ju ly 1 3th20th , 1 9 00 ; Larch e , Ju ly 25th—29 th ,

1 9 1 3.

Var . fou lguieri , Ob thr .—Wh ich ,

I suggest , i s a form rath er of

H . bellieri , Ob thr . ; Cevennes , Balsieges , July 29 th ,1 9 01 ; Florac ,

Cau sse Mejean , Ju ly 1 8th ; Empé z ou ,July 1 9 th ,

1 9 01 ; Digne ,

Augu st (beginn ing) , 1 9 03, and Augu st (beginn ing) , 1 9 08 ; St . MartinVesubie , July (m iddle) , 1 9 03 .

H . serra tu la .—Chamon ix , Augu st , 1 89 4 (M i ss Foun ta ine) ; Saas

Fee , Berisal , Simplon , August , 1 89 7 ; Z inal , August , 1 89 8 ; Ch iesa ,

P iedmon t , July 8th—1 0th ; Stelvio ,Ju ly 1 2th—1 9 th , 1 9 00 ; Gavarn ie ,

Ju ly (m iddle) , 1 9 05 , and Ju ly 1 4th—29 th , 1 9 1 1 ; Lavey , June 6th ,

1 9 08 ; Simplon , June , 1 9 08 (A. S . Tetley) ; Le Lioran , Cantal ,Augu st 1 st—8th , 1 9 09 ; Brenner, Ju ly (end) , 1 9 1 2 ; Larch e , Ju ly23rd—29 th , 1 9 1 3 .

I h ave no examples in my collect ion at present of th e pla in formfrom th ewest of France , 850 . (= var . occi den ta lis , Lu cas) .H . onop ord i.

—Aix-en -Provence , April , 1 89 4 ; Sebdou ,Algeria ,

July and Augu st , 1 9 04 ; Albarrac in ,July , 1 9 05 (M iss Foun ta ine) ;

Bran tes , Vauclu se (under Mont Ventoux) , April , 1 9 07 (H . Brown )D igne , April (beginn ing) , 1 9 02 ( : eonyz a ,

*H . armoricanus .—Gibraltar , San Roque ,

1 887 (J . J . Walker) ;Mentone , April , 1 89 4 (M iss Founta ine) ; St . Malo ,

1 89 9”

(C . Ob erth iir) ; La Foce , Cors ica ,July (m iddle) , 1 9 03 ; Dunes de

M iel Pot , between St . Malo and Can cale , Augu st 1 5th—25 th , 1 9 1 0

(C . Oberth iIr) ; Cancale , no date (R . O b erthh r) ; Constantinople ,

September , 1 9 1 1 , and May , 1 9 1 2 (P . P . Graves) . And to theselocalit ies may nowb e added probably all the north ern and o th erlowland a lveus of th e French loca l catalogues .H . car lina .

— Berisa l , August , 1 89 7 ; Saas Fée ,Augu st , 1 8 9 4 and

1 89 7 ; Z inal , Augu st , 1 89 8 ,Binnen th al , Augu st , 1 9 07 ; Allos , August ,

1 9 08 , July, 1 9 1 3 ; Larche , July , 1 9 1 3 .

Var . ca cus , Frr . Saa s F ée , Aug. 1 89 4 and 1 89 7 ; Berisal , Aug. 1 89 7 .

H . friti llum, Hb . (= cirsii , — Ch amon ix ,Augu st , 1 89 3 (M i ss

Founta ine) ;“Albarrac in ,

July—August , 1 9 01 (T . A . Chapman) ;Binnentha l, Augu st , 1 9 07 ; Allos , Augu st , 1 9 08 ; Mende , Lo z ere ,

Augu st , 1 st—6th , 1 9 09 .

H . bellieri —Larch e ; Allos , July, 1 9 1 3 .

H . ma lva .- None from Continental locali ties .

H . ma lvoides .— Biarritz , Augu st , 1 9 05 , and Ju ly, 1 9 1 1 ; Beri sal ,

July , 1 89 7 ; Herkulesb ad , Ju ly , 1 9 00 (H . C . Lang) ;=“Digne , April ,

1 9 02 ;*Aurunc i Mounta ins , Central Italy , May 25th , 1 9 1 0 (P . J .

Barraud)"“April, 1 9 1 0 (O . Querc i)

"“Lac d’

Allos , Ju ly 2l st , 1 9 1 3.

H . melotis .—Beirut , Syria , April and July , 1 9 1 1 (P . P . Graves ,

from F . Cremona ) .

Confirmed b y special examin a tion of appendages .

HIBERNATION OF THE LARVA OF LYC /ENA

ARGIADE S .

BY F . W . FROHAWK , F .E .S .

DURING Ju ly , 1 9 1 3 , I obta ined a large number of eggs fromL . a rgiades fema leswh i chwere captured a t Rennes . Al so manyeggs of th i s spec ies from fema les captured in Hungary ; thesewere la id during the firs t h a l f of Augu s t .

Th e larva from both th e Fren ch and Hungar ian parent sentered into h iberna t ion about th e end of September .

After th e first mou l t th e larva became stripedwi th brown ,

th e ground-colour be ing pa le yel lowi sh ; th e medic -dorsa l andobl ique S i de stripes brown , and the la tera l stripe ru st -coloured .

After th e second mou lt the ground -colour i s pa le och reou sgreen , th e medio-dorsa l and la tera l str ipes are r i ch purplebrown , and th e oblique s tr ipe s are pa ler . The colouring rema in ss im i lar unt i l a fter th e fourth and la st moult , and wh en fullygrown th e ground-colour i s a very pa le p inki sh -och reou s ; th emed io-dorsa l s tripe i s deep purpl i sh -brown , th e la tera l stripel igh t chocola te-brown , and th e obl ique s ide stripes l igh t ru stcolour . Th ey rema in so coloured dur ing h iberna t ion .

As the larva develop , all th e green colouring di sappears ;and during th e la st stage no green form ex i sted in any of the

larva when th ey entered into h ibernat ion . Some of th e larvah ibernated in th e dead rol led-up leaves ofLotus cornicula tus , andsome lowdown on th e stems o f th e plan t . Th ey spin a fine

layer of s i lk to rest upon dur ing h ibernat ion .

No brown form occurred in the la st s tage of th e larva rearedfrom eggs la id July 24th , 1 9 04 , by a fema le argiades capturedin the Sou th Of France . Al th oughwh en young (a fter th e firs tmoult ) two di stinct forms of th e larva appeared , one be ingstripedwi th brown , th e oth er enti rely green ,wi th very sl i gh t lydarker green markings . A fter ea ch subsequent mou l t thestr iped forms gradua l ly lost the markings , and a fter th e la stmou l t all were en t irely green , except ing a fewwh i ch h ad th elatera l ridge t inged belowwi th pinki sh -brown .

The la rva pupa ted at th e end of August , and the imaginesemerged between September 6th and 1 8th inclus ive .

Th e complete l i fe-h i story of th i s spec ies I publ i shed in the

Entomo logis t,’ vol . xxxv i i . pp . 245—9 .

NOTE S AND OBSERVATION S .

PANORPA COGNATA (NEUROPTERA) .— Mr . H . Scott (Un iversityMuseum of Zoology, Cambridge) h as been good enough to send me a

fewnewrecord s of the scarce British scorpion -fly Panorp a cogna ta .

They are : One male , Henley-on-Thames , June , 1 9 06 , collected by

H . Scott and determined by K . J . Morton ; one ma le and one female ,

Henley-on -Th ames , Augu st 1 st , 1 9 1 0, collected by H . Scott , deter

m ined by K . J . Morton ; two males , Henley-on aTh ames , June , 1 9 1 1 ,collected by H . Scott , determined by K . J . Morton ; one male , Wells(Somerset) , 1 9 02 , collec ted by C . G . Lamb , determined by H . Scott ;one male ,

“ Brita in ; O ld coll . (withou t exac t data) , determined byH . Scott —W . J . LUCAS ; Kingston -ou -Th ames .

NOTE S ON THE LARVZE OF ZYGZENA EXULANS .— The recent h ot spell

in Sco tland proved very favourable for search ing for larva of Z .

exu lans at Braemar , and I found them qu ite abundant on the flowersofEmp etrum nigrum during the last fewdays of April . On one tinyplan t I coun ted eigh t larva . In captivity they seem ready to eat

a lmost any food (some of m ine h ave a keen appet ite for petals of

wa llflower and o thers take apple-blossom) , bu t th ey seemed confinedto crowberry as I found them . They are exceedingly active in th e

sunsh ine , and h ave a most extraordinay c apac ity for escap ing fromc aptivity— C . MELLows ; Bishop’s Stortford College .

CALLOPHRY S RUBI IN APRIL—On April 2l st I sawsevera l C . rubi

flying round broom on the h ills a t Braemar abou t th e 2000 ft .

contour . Perh aps they were in a sense “ forced ” by the extraord inary sun -h ea t ,

”th e max imum read ing for th e day being 70

—C . MELLows ; Bishop ’s Stortford College .

[Ea ch loe cardamines, among o th er spec ies , h as also been seenon thewing at an unusually early date th i s year . Records of su choccurrenceswould b e of interest . -ED .]

AGRIADE S (POLYOMMATUS) CORYDON var . HISPANA IN THE BAS SE SALPE s .

—A fewdays ago I rece ived from my friend Mr . C . E . Morris ,of Le Cannet , Alpes-Maritimes , awater -co lour sketch of a Lyca nid ,

with th e request that I wou ld identi fy the same for h im . Th e

bu tterfly turns ou t to b e Agriades corydon v ar . hispana , H .-S . , and

accord ing to the Rev . George Wh eeler ,wh o kindly named i t for me ,

th ough by no means rare elsewhere , has never be fore been reportedfrom th e Fren ch Alps . Th is example ,wh ich mu st b e regarded as

an aberration ra th er th an one of a local race ,was captured by Mr .

Morri s near Barcelonnette , very little h igh er th an th e town , flyingover mud , on June 25th , 1 9 1 3 .

—H. ROWLAND-BROWN ; HarrowWea ld , May 1 2th .

COLEOPTERA AND HEMIPTERA OF NORFOLK —Mr . J . Edwards ,Colesborne , Cheltenham ,will b e grateful to entomologists who havecollec ted Coleoptera or Hemiptera in Norfolk during the past fiveyears for particulars of the ir captures for present publication .

HIPOCRITA JACOBZEE IN EARLY MAY .—At Tuddenham, Suffolk , I

sawgreat numbers of Hipocrita jacoba a on th ewing on May 3rd .

IS not th is an unu sually early date ? Perhaps I m igh t add , as an

interesting parallel , a nest of thewh eatear ,with young , in th e same

d i strict —W . R . TAYLOR ; Jesus College , Cambridge , May 5 th ,1 9 1 4 .

MELANIC FEMALE OF BISTON HIRTARIA .— I h ave th e good fortune

to report the emergence of a perfec tly melan ic fema le ofB . hirtari a .

The insectwas bred from a pupa dug Up a t Finch ley . The spec imen

1 82 THE E N TOMOLOGI ST .

fastened on the stem of a tree . Also a small beetle , Semiclavige'

sikora ,Wasmann , wh ich came ou t of th is nest , and is a guest of

C . schenki —Mr . C . B . Williams , spec imens of th e genus Acerentu lus ofthe order Protura .

—Mr . E . B . Ashby, a female ofDrya s pandora ,withdarkly suffu sed underside h ind wing , very near the ab . li lacina ,

Ob th . ,from La Granja ; also an aberration of Meli ta a a tha lia , from

Hinterz arten ,belonging to the eos group of aberra tions of th i s

spec ies—Th e following paperswere read Descriptions of Sou thAmerican M icro -Lep idoptera ,

” by E . Meyrick ,B .A. ,

F .R .S ,

A Revision of the T ipulid Genu s S tyringomyia ,

” by F . W . Edwards ,F .E .S .

—GEO . WHEELER , M .A. , Hon . S ec .

—Ap 7‘ i l 23rd —Mr. B . H . Sm ith , B .A .

, President , inth e cha in—A spec ial exh ibition of Orders other than Lep idoptera .

—Mr . C . W . Colth rup exh ibited a large collec tion of Brit ish landSh ells —Mr. Stan ley Edwards , numerou s large and conspicuou sspecies of exo tic Coleoptera and Hymenoptera —Mr . Ashdown , a

collec tion of Swi ss Coleoptera , includ ing forty spec ies ofLongicorn iataken by h imself. —Mr . G ibbs , the lantern -flies Fu lgoria lan ternaria

and oth er conspicuou s insec ts sent to h im from British Hondura samong a collection of bu tterfl ies and moth s —Mr . Step , male and

female Asilus cra broniformis , a predaceou s Dipteron ,with Ta china s

grossa and T . fera , two h a iry fl ies wh ich attack larva —Mr . West(Greenwich ) , th irteen drawers of the Soc iety’s reference collection

(Coleoptera , Orth optera , Neuroptera ,Hymenoptera , and Hemiptera) ,

a b ox of typical examples ofDiptera presented to th e Soc iety by Mr.

Andrews , and h is own collec tion of Brit ish Homoptera —Mr . C . B .

Williams , the beetle Lochma a su tura lis , on h eath er from Chesh ire ,and willow-stems damaged by larva of Cecidomyi a sa li ciperda .

Mr. Andrews , the following very rare Diptera , and contribu tednotes z—L i sp e pygma a , Fall . , Limnop hora a stuum, V ill . , Macronychia

griseola , Fa ll . , a ll from Porth cawl , Phorbia p arva , Z tt . , fromCh attenden ,

F annia cilia ta , Ste in . , from M ilford , and Chirosia

parvicornis , Z tt . , from North Ken t . —Mr . Denni s , photograph'

plant -galls —Mr . E . E . Green , many spec ies of Coccida , largely fromCeylon ,wi th coloured drawings of their l ife -h i stories —Mr . B . Adkin ,

pieces of bark Showing depreda tions of the Homop tera Chermes

cortica lis on larch , and C . virid is on Weymou th p ine .—Mr . Moore ,

n ine h undred and twenty-five m ites of the genu s Gamisus taken froma beetle—HY . J . TURNER , Hon . Rep . Sec .

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY —Meetingh eld at th e Royal Institution , Colqu it Street , Liverpool , March l 6th ,1 9 1 4 .

—Mr . R . Wild ing , President , in the cha in—Pro fessor RobertNewstead , M .Sc . , F .R .S , gave a lecture entitled Some Observationson the Natural History of Nyassaland .

”The lec ture ,wh ich dealt

with the Professor’s own experiences during an expedition undertakento d iscover the breed ing h ab its of the Glossinida ,was most interesting,

espec ially the account of the finding of the first pupa of Glossinia

morsitans , and ofthe connect ion between th is fly and sleeping s icknessand ngana . A capital photograph shown on the screen recorded

RECENT LITERATURE . 1 83

th i s h i storic event —Mr. A . W . Hughes exh ibited Phiga lia p ilosaria ,

includ ing a pale olive un icolorou s variety , from Eastham , alsoHybernia lea cop ha aria and v ar . marmorina ria from th e same locality ;h e further reported th at Nyssia z onaria h ad been plen tiful at Crosby .

—WM . MAN SBRIDGE ,Hon . Sec .

Ca ta logue of the Lep idop tera Pha la na in the Bri tish Museum.

Vol . x i i i . By Sir GEORGE F . HAMPSON ,Bart . Pp . i—x iv , 1 —609 .

London : Prin ted by order of th e Tru stees . 1 9 1 3.

IN th is volume , the tenth dealingwi th Noctuida , the genera and

Spec ies ofCatocalina rema in ing over from vol . x 1 1 . receive treatment ,and th e subfam ilies Mom ina and Phytometrin a are con sidered .

Altogether 70 genera and 679 spec ies are h ere c lassified , and of

th ese .379 Spec ies in 44 genera are a ssigned to Catoc alina ; 1 1 generaand 74 spec ies to Momina and 1 5 genera with 226 spec ies toPhytometrina .

Th e largest genera of the Catocalina nowconsidered are Safia ,

Guen . (53 Z a le, Hb . (49 and Mocis , Hb . (31Sir George Hampson does not accept Habner

s‘ Ten tamen

names for genera , Euclidia , Hb . , is th erefore rejected . He findsth at fixa , Fab . , i s the type of Euc lidia , Treit . , and th at th e latternamewill th erefore supersede Synthymia , Hb . (a genu s belonging toth e Acronyc tina , v ol . ix . , p . The spec ies u sually referred to

Euc lidia are here placed under E a c lid imera , Hamps . ( type mi ,Clerck) , or Gonosp i lei a , Hb . (type munita , Glyphica ,

L inn . ,i s

included in th e latter genus .

In Mocis , Hb . , are inc luded Pelamia , Guen . ( t . p ha sa ianoides ,Remigia , Guen . (t . fruga lis , Para tha , Walk . (disse

verans , Walk ) , and Cauninda , Moore (t . unda ta ,

Ca tep hia trifascia ta , an Au stralian species described as a

Briti sh insec t by' S teph enS (Ill . Bri t . Ent . Hau st . , v ol . i i i . , p . i sass igned to Moczs .

Twenty-one of th e spec ies comprised in Mom ina belong to

Trisu loides , Bu tl . (t . sericea , wh ich includes Tambana , Moore

(t . variega ta , Moore) , and Ana cronia ta , Warren (t . ca liginea ,

Ca nobi ta , Esp . , i s th e type of Dip h thera ,Och s . , a lso of Panthea ,

Hb ., both of these names , together with Andela ,

Walk and P la tycera sa ,

Pack . , fall under Dip h thera , Treit . (t . ca nobita , Esp . )In th is connection it may b e men tioned th at a lp inum,

Osbeckorion , Esp , so frequently referred to Dip hthera , Hb . , h as been transferred to Daseocha ta , Warren (Ph al . , vi i i . , p .

Coryli , L inn . , is th e type of Demas , Steph . and a lso of

Ca loca sia , Hb . ( 1 827) the latter takes precedence .

In Phytometrina th e largest genera are Syngrap ha , Hb . (31and Phytometra , Haw. ( 1 58 Th e majority of th e spec iesh ith erto referred to P lusia are h ere placed under Phytometra , Haw.

(t . festuca , L inn .)Some 450 spec ies are dep icted in colour on the e igh teen plates

forming the Atlas issuedwi th th i s volume .

OBITUARY .

THE REV . E . N . BLOOMFIELD , M .A.

THERE passed away on April 29 th , 1 9 1 4 , th e most lovable and one

Of the mostwidely known of British entomologists , Edwin NewsonBloomfield , in h is e igh ty-seventh year . Hewas la id to rest amongthe Spring flowers that h e loved , and during th e earlier part of theafternoon old and young , rich and poor , cou ld be seen battling th eirway aga inst a stiff bree z e to pay h onour to onewh o for over h alf acen tury h ad laboured for good in the ir m id st .” He h ad been rectorof the village ofGuestling , near Hastings , for exac tly fifty years , andbefore tha t t ime h e lived with the fam ily at Grea t Glemh am , in

Suffo lk , wh ich h ou se i s still occup ied by h is brother , Col . AlfredBloomfield , a Ju stice of Peace for th e county inwh ich he own s twohundred and fifty acres . Our subject was the son of EdwinBloomfield , and was born as long ago as 1 827 at Wrenthani , near

Lowestoft . So far from devoting h imself to entomology , h ewas toa greater extent , probably , th an any man living in these days ofspeciali sts , all th ings to all men th roughout the gamu t Of Natura lHi story . In insects h e confined h is investigation s to the indigenousSpec ies , bu t in botany h e was as familiar with th e ornamentalCon ifera of the garden as wi th th e lowliest wayside flower, all Of

wh ich he could name at a glan ce .

His ch ief h obby was , undoubted ly, the comp i lation of loca lcatalogues , and wh en the projectwas mooted in th e sevent ies of

publish ing an account of th e Flora and Fauna of Hastings , h eundertook the flying in sects , wh ile Mr. E . A . Bu tler comp iled theground Orders . Hence it c ame about tha t h e was a lways more an

fa i t wi th Lep idoptera , Hymenoptera , and Diptera , than with theColeoptera and Hem iptera , ofwh i ch , h owever , h e was by no meansignorant ; h is range extended to the mammals , birds , fish es , fungi ,and I knownot h owmuch furth er . Ecclesiastica l arch i tecture a lsoreceived a sh are ofhis attention . N0 great standardworkwas i ssuedby h im , yet no standard work appearedwithou t due reference to th e

au th or’s indebtedness to h im for assistance ; and a great many of theforemost amongst u s nowadays owe more th an we can say to the

kindly h elp given so freely and unostentatiou sly in our young days .His last labour was a deta iled compilation upon the D iptera of

Norfolk and Suffolk , the manu script ofwh ichwas sent for completionand publication to Mr . Atmore and th e writer from the London

nursing h ome ,wh en h e felt the task beyond h is fa iling power ; th i swill appear in th e Trans . Norfolk Nat . Society during th e presentyear . La st September Mr . Bloomfieldwrote to me : I find I am in

much better h ea lth at h ome . I am in pretty good h ealth and get

aboutwell for my age (eigh ty-six years) , bu t I find a mile out and

back is qu ite enough for me th i s I c an p icture accompanied byth e b eneficent and rad iant smile wh i ch will always live

\in my

memory— th e sm ilewithwh ich h e greeted us all in h is speech at h is

last public appearance during th e Verrall supper of 1 9 1 3 .

T h e En tomo logi s t , J u ly , 1 9 1 4 . Pla t e IV .

REED B ED N EAR W IC K EN V ILLAGE, S HOW ING

“ J UN GLE GROW T H .

A “ LO A D i N T HE F E N . Ph o to s H A S t o rey ,

C a iu s C o l l C am b r idge

W IC KEN FEN AS IT IS .

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL . XLVII .] JU LY , 1 9 1 4 . [NO . 6 1 4

WICKEN FEN : ITS CONSERVATION FORENTOMOLOGY.

BY H. ROWLAND-BROWN , M .A F .E .S .

(PLATE IV .)

As no doubt many of our readers are aware , a great partof Wicken Fen has been taken over by th e Na t iona l Trust , andis nowbe ing admin i stered by that body . A guardian h a s beenappointed on th e spot , and the Entomological Soc iety of Londonis contr ibut ing a not di sproportiona te share of th e neces sarywage fund . AS nominated member of the Soc iety upon the

Counc i l of th e Tru st , I th ink , th erefore, that i t may not b e outo f place i f I offer a fewsuggest ion s on th e subject from the

entomologi st ’s point of view, and at th e same t ime a ttempt togive some idea of th ework being done for th e preservat ion and

upkeep of th i s Mecca of th e Bri t i sh col lector .In th e first place , i t sh ou ld be remembered th at ,wh i le the

Nat iona l Tru st property amount s in all to a s much a s 249 acresof the ent ire 300 acres or so of the area compri sed in WickenFen ,

thei r holding i s ne i ther coh erent nor coterminous . With inth e area lying nearest to Wicken v i llage there are severa limportant strip swh i ch break up and d iv ide i t , and i t s tands torea son th at th i s patchwork arrangement i s a great h indrance tothework of th e conservators . Vi s i tors th i s year , prov idedwiththe needful permi t s , wi l l find that the Trust lands have beendel imited by means of black iron posts markedwi th the in i t ia l sN . T . And here I may remark that the object of the Trust i snot to close the part s of the fenwh ich belong to th em aga in stbona fide natura l i st s , botan i sts , and oth er sc ient ificworkers , butto preserve for future generat ion s , as far as pos s ib le , the faunaand flora ch aracter i st ic of the loca l ity , wh i le poss ibly in the

fu ture h elping to restore to the fen some at leas t of those spec ieswh ich , ei ther by over-col lect ing , or much more l ike ly by a lterednature condi tion s , h ave completely d isappeared , or nearly so .

Th e quest ion th en arises howfar i t i s des irable to “ garden

ENTOM .—JULY , 1 9 1 4 . Q

for such purposes , and reduce by cutt ing and clear ing th e overgrowth swh ich have sprung up during th e last h alf century ,wh enthewi ld part of the fenland a ll about h as become ever sma llerand sma l ler under cu l t ivat ion . Forwhen I v i sited Wicken on

a fa i r day at th e end of May I at once rea l ized h owgrea t achange had come o

er the sp ir i t of the scene. E xcept on th eplot s wh ere the sedge h ad been cut a lready , the whole areapresented th e appearance of a jungle . A wide gra s sy drived ivides the fen nearest to Wicken vil lage from ea st to west .But on e i ther s ide of i t there ‘ i s an almost impenetrable tangleof lowshrub by

trees , reeds , and coarse gra s s , by wh i ch th e

more fragile growth s h ave been superseded . Th i s i swel l enoughfor reed feeders ; for other in sects requ ir ing a more del icatesu stenance i t may mean starvat ion . On the largest compac ta creage belonging to the Trust these condit ions are exaggeratedit i s cut off from th e rest of th e fen on th i s s ide by awide ditch ;and there i s noway of travers ing it apparently save by struggl ing ,often breast -h igh , th rough th e tangle .

I shou ld suggest , therefore , th a t so far as th i s la st -ment ionedp iece i s concerned a r ide b e c leared in cont inua t ion , as i twere ,of the one acros s th e stream towh i ch I h ave drawn at tent ion ,

with th e Pumping Stat ion as obj ect ive in a stra igh t l ine . Then ,

towards th e cen tre, ways of s imi lar breadth m igh t b e made ,intersecting th e ma in r ide at r igh t angles . Th i s would affordaccess to th i s partwi th ou t in th e leas t deprec iat ing i ts u ses a s apreserve ,wh i le the Comm ittee ,whose care i t i s to look after th ema intenance of th e Tru st property , migh t th en determ ine towh a t extent thework of clear ing on th i s s ide a l so should b eeffected .

At present i t seems th at th e den se growth s are prejudic ia l aswel l to bird and in sect l i fe , and in grea ter degree to plan t l i fe .

All such clearing , of course , requ ires to b e donewith d i scret ionby those employed , and under direct supervi s ion . But th e

Cambridge Comm i ttee are with in ea sy reach , and sk i l led fenlabour i s ava i lable near at h and . A large number of th e treesand bu sh es wh i ch encumber the inner part s m igh t wel l beeradicated ; th ei r cont inued en croachment on the fen as such i sa rea l menace .

Aga in , i t i s obviou s tha t if the aquat ic and semi -aquat i cflora i s to surv ive , and wi th i t the spec ia l in sect s that feedth ereon , th ere mu st b e jud ic ious treatment of the waterways .To take a s ingle in stance, the one in fact ofwh ich I am mostcompetent to speak from experience el sewhere . In my opin ionit i s imposs ible to acclimat i se Chrysophanus dispar var . rutilus in

Wicken Fen under exi st ing conditions . Rumex hydrolapa thum is

not th e sole plan t onwh i ch the spec ies feeds , I am aware , b ut itwas th e G iant Dock upon wh i ch th e larvae of the long defunctdisp ar l ived, and i t is th e same G iant Dock uponwh i ch the larvae

1 88 THE ENTOMOLOG IST .

A NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILYPSEPHENIDZE .

BY C . J . GAHAN, M.A.

interest ing and remarkable beetles wh i ch form th e

subject of th e present paper were d iscovered by Dr . A . D.

Imms , who found th em in a ll thei r stages in rocky , swi ftlyrunn ing streams—the larvae and pupae adhering to stones , andthe imag ines , newly emerged from th ei r pupa-cases , rest ingsubmerged under stones a longs ide th ei r empty pupa-cases . As

Dr. Imms proposes to describe fu lly and give figures of the

larvae and pupae, th e imagines a lonewi l l be dea ltwi th here b ut

in referring th em to th e fami ly Pseph enidae I h ave taken intoa ccount the h ab its of the in sect s and the grea t general resemblancewh i ch the larvae bear to those ofPsep henus .

One or two ch aracters posses sed by th ese beetles suffice todi s tingu i sh th em from a ll other known Pseph enidae , and from all

but a fewgenera of Coleoptera . ( 1 ) Th e elytra do not meet inth e middle l ine to form a suture in any part of th e ir length .

Wh en first I not iced th i s character I though t i t m igh t pos s iblyb e due to immatur ity , as most of th e spec imen s under observat ion h ad apparently on ly jus t emerged from th e pupa . But Dr .

Immswas able to tel l me th at two spec imens swept from gras sand ful ly maturewere l ike th e rest in having th e elytra rath erwidely separated from one anoth er . (2) Th e middle area of themetanotum , b eh ind the broad scutel lum , i s not grooved a longth e m iddle (as i t i s in th e grea t major i ty of beetles) , but i sconvex a long th e middle and markedwi th a groove a long eachs ide . Th i s ch aracter i s evidently correlatedwith the first , andsh ows pretty conc lus ively that the elytra never do meet in th e

middle l ine . We find the metanotum s imi lar ly devoid of a

median groove in the h eteromerou s genus Rhip iphorus , inwh ichthe elytra are sma ll scale-l ike structures , wh i ch do not meet

A NEwGENUS or COLEOPTERA . 1 89

beh ind the scutellum the latter a l so in th i s genus be ing re lativ ely very broad .

PSEPHENOIDE S , n . gen .

Head moderately exserted ; subvertical or somewh a t backwardlyinclined below; eyes convex , en tire ,

ra th er finely facetted ; antennaenotwidely separated , nearly as long as body in male ,with the jointsfrom the th ird increasing in length , and strongly flabellate , exceptthe eleventh , wh ich resembles the flab ellun of the tenth ; much

shorter in the female , with the joints from th e th ird serrate and

gradually decreasing in length . Mand ibles scarcely visible . Palp islender and end ing in a setiform jo int the maxillary about twice as

long as th e labial . Pronotum sligh tly convex above , turned downrath er strongly at the s ides , espec ia lly in front ; basal margin broadlyrounded in the m iddle , a little sinuate at each s ide , and makingwithth e la teral margin an angle sligh tly greater than a righ t angle .

Scu tellum very broad , rounded beh ind . Elytra separated from one

another , inner margins somewh at s inuate . Metanotum convex a longth e m iddle , marked wi th two very sligh tly curved , posteriorly con

verging grooves . Prosternal process triangular, pointed beh ind , bu t

scarcely prolonged beyond the front coxae ; th e latter prom inent ,strongly transverse ,wi th the ir acetabu lawidely open beh ind . M eso

sternal process broad , ch annelled a long the middle . Legs long and

slender ,with very long tarsi , th e first and fifth jo in t ofwh ich are

much longer than e ither the second ,th ird or fourth ,wh ich gradua lly

d im in i sh in length ; claws long , with a sligh t “ feston ”at base .

Abdomen in both sexeswith six ventral segmen ts visible , the sixthbeing very small and narrow, the fourth strongly arcuate in th emiddle beh ind , the fifth nearly truncate beh ind .

Type of th e genus P . immsi .

Psephenoidcs immsi, sp . n .

Dull brown i sh black in colour , coveredwi th a short fa int pubescence . Femora yellowish ,

becoming du sky towards the tips , Wh erethe colour i s nearly as dark as th at of th e tib iae and tarsi . Scu tellumglossy . Wings , v is ible beh ind between th e elytra , are du sky in

colour . (In the female specimen figured , the wingswere bulged ou t

a little at the sides of the elytrawhere they showbeh ind , bu t th iscond ition i s not normal .) In all the spec imens seen by me the short ,bead -like , second jo in t of th e antennae is a lmost en tirely yellowish inco lour ; but itwould probably b e darker in more matured spec imens .

Length , 9 3 —4 mm . Breadth , 2 mm .

Hab . Bh owa li, Kumaon , 5700 ft . , May 1 5 th , 1 9 1 2 (A. D.

Imms) .

The ma le antenna figured i s from a spec imen taken at

Lach iwa la , near Deh ra Dun , on February 8th ,1 9 1 3 ; i t i s

pos s ible, as Dr . Imms th inks , that th e spec imens from th i sloca l i ty represent a di st inct spec ies . But I h ave not been ableto detect any apprec iable d ifference between spec imen s from th e

two loca l i t ies . Th e type of the species i s,a female spec imen

from Bhowa l i .

BRITISH NEUROPTERA,1 9 1 3 .

BY W . J . LUCAS , B .A . , F .E .S .

Ald er-fl ies .—S ia lis lutariawas noti ced first on May 1 8th , at

th e Black Pond , E sher Common (Surrey) —probably not the

beginn ing of i t s fl igh t , for th e spec ies may somet imes b e takenin Apri l . On June l st i twa s found at Frensham Pond (Surrey) .Col . J . W . Yerbury gave me th ree examples , taken a t Aviemorein th e High lands—ma les on May 25th and 26th , and a fema leon May 29 th .

Snake-fl ies .—Ou Apri l 2oth Mr. G . T . Lyle and myself made

a lengthy search for larvae and pupae of Rap hidia , at Iron s Hi l lInclosu re , in th e NewFores t . Wewere not at all certa inwh ereth ey migh t be found , but as the imagines h ad been plent iful inthe spot the previous season, i t seemed l ikely th atwe m igh td i scover wh ere th e earl ier stages were pas sed . We at lengthfound that a favourite habitat ion for larvae and pupaewas thedead ba seswh ence th e l ower branches of Scotch fir had beenbroken off. Th ough decayed , theseweremore or less dry ins ide , so ,apparently , much moi sture i s not absolutely neces sary for th eseinsect s . Two larvae (by s ize appa rently Raphidia nota ta ) wereobta ined under the bark of a dead but standing Scotch fir .

Judging by s i ze a lone,we found larvae and pupae ofR . nota ta and

R . ma culicollis—a dozen or more in number . Pupaewere some

t imes in a distinct ch amber , but wh eth er theywere occupy ingone ready made by some oth er insect , orwh eth er th ey had madeit th emselves as larvae,was not clear . U sua lly th e pupae seemedto b e nearer th e boundary of th e Inclosure,wh i le those in the

larva l s tagewere deeper in thewood . Poss ibly the former developed earl ier , owing to the fact that more sun sh ine reach ed th em .

On May 2sth I captured a ma le imago of R . macu licollis at th e

Black Pond , E sher Common, wh i le an imago of th e larger

Spec ies (R . nota ta ) was taken on the occasion of the SouthLondon Entomologi ca l and Natura l Hi story Society’s excurs ionto Netley Hea th ( Surrey) on May S l et .

B rown Lace-W ings .—In Apri l Mr. Lyle gave me a spec imen

of Hemerobia s concinnus, wh ich h e had bred from the larva .

Th i s h e obta inedwhen beating on Apri l 1 6th . On th e 1 8th i tspun a very del i cate cocoon of yel lows i lk wi th ra ther openmeshes . In form the cocoon wa s a wel l-proport ioned ell ipseabout 6 or 7 mm . long by 3 mm.wide. Pupat ion took place onthe 3oth , and th e imago emerged between May 1 9 th and June9 th , butwas dead and st iff on the latter date. The pupa h adleft the cocoon by an i rregular hole at one end . H . quadrifa scia tuswa s taken on May 3 l st by Mr . A . S ich , on th e occas ion of th e

excurs ion of the Sou th London En tomologica l Soc iety to NetleyHeath a lready men tioned . At Aviemore Col. Yerbury took

carried far beyond thei r or igina l terri tory , except iona l ly goodoppor tun i t ies ari se for compar ing the insects frequent ing th emin th e ir na t ive landswith those in placeswhere they are a l ien s ,wi thout th ei r norma l insect enemies and a l l ies . Work of th i skind requ ires observer s in differen t countries , as i t rarelyh appens tha t a s ingle ind ividua l can travel suffic iently to maketh e neces sary observat ions . Th e writer in the course of h is

work on Helianthus i s collect ing all ava i lable data regard ing th einsect s vi s it ing or a ttacking sunflowers , and the obj ec t of th epresent d is cuss ion i s to arou se in terest and ( i t i s hoped ) securesome co-opera tion .

As an i l lustrat ion of th e workwh ich may b e done even byonewho i s no entomologist , Iwi l l descr ibe the col lect ion madeby Mrs . Maybanke Anderson at Pittwater, NewSouth Wa les ,during th e winter (Austra l ian summer) of 1 9 1 3- 1 4 . Mrs .

Anderson grewsome of th e new“red

”annua l sunflowers ,

derived from a cross between the red variety of the wi ldH clianthus lenticula ris and the garden H . annuus . Her materia lwas h eterozygou s , and of eigh t plant s ra i sed twowere red and

s ix had yellowrays . Wh en th ey came into flower , “ bees beganto vi s i t th e flowers at once, some from our own h ive [Ap iamellifem ; two sent , nei ther had collected pollen ] , and many of

Whatwe ca l l the na t ive b ee [Trigona carbonuria , Smi th ; foursen t] . Ants [I ridomyrmex itinerans , Lowne, var. depilis , Forel ,det . Wh eeler] from a nest of sma l l black ant s are a lways on

th e plant s , but seldom, i f ever , on th e flowers . Th ey are a lwaysbusy in th e edge (ha iry) of the young green leaves or in thej oint s . John [a ss i stant in the garden] tel l s me h e has seenone carrying pol len . I have never seen one on a flower . Th erei s a smal l fly [Psilop us sp . ]with ir idescen twings ,who seems tos tand h igh on h is legs ,who i s seen th ere often , many of him.

He i s h ard to catch . Th ere i s a green flying creature [a Ful

gorid , S ip ha nta a cuta ,Wa lker] , a pretty th ing, who squeezes

h imself in between th e swel l ing seeds . He a l so i s very cleverat gett ing away .

”Severa l other mi scel laneous insect s were

captured and sen t, includ ing another F‘

u lgorid , Oliarus, probably0 . asa ica , Kirk . , but perhaps new; two oth er fl ies , one apparently a Phormia

, but spec ies newto me ; the other a minuteth ing close to S ep sis ; two beet les , a Ch rysomelid , and a sma l lh a i ry Coc cinel l id a l so two spiders , one of them an Attid .

Thuswe see that even in Au stra l ia ,where no Helianthus i snat ive, the plant a ttracts a cons iderable ser ies of insect s ,wh ichon thewhole (espec ia lly the bees and ants ) beh ave exactly as dotheir representat ives in Ameri ca . Th e Trigona. workers h adcollected pollen , and were apparent ly making fu l l use of the

flowers , alth ough no Trigona exi stswi th in th e natura l range of

th e H . annuus group . At Boulder , Colorado ,we find Homoptera

(Publil'a modesta , Uh ler, and Ceresa. buba lus , Fahr .) on our

THE ENTOMOLOGY or HELIANTHUS . 1 9 3

sunflower plants . We a l so find Coccinellids (espec ia l ly Hipp odamia convergens, Quer . ) and Ch rysomel id s (Chrysomela excla

ma tionis,

Are we th en to conclude that the American insect fauna ,

wh i ch seems to be sp ecia lly adapted to H elian thus , i s in rea l i tynot so a t a ll ? Th a t a ll th ese insect s are in a genera l wayadapted to plant s of th i s type , or even to plants in genera l , andspec ia l , prec i se adaptat ion s do not exi st ? By no means ; thereare in America numerou s sp ecia l sunflower insect s ,whose placecannot b e truly occupied by a l ien spec ies ; b ut , nevertheless , i ti s evident th at themajority of th e spec ieswh i ch may b e col lectedfrom Helianthus are on ly loosely adapted to i t , and cou ld geta long verywel lwere th i s part icu lar genu s to become extinct .Itwi ll b e noted th at Mrs . Anderson ment ions no butterfl ies .

Unt i l I came to investigate th e subj ect , I supposed that sun

flowerswere freely vi s ited by bu tterfl ies , to the needs ofwh ichthe long tubu lar corolla s seem spec ia lly fitted . Observat ion s onth e red sunflowers in my garden at Boulder d id not confirm th i sidea . On Ju ly 30th I sawone B asilarchia weidemeyerii , Edw. ,

on the flowers . Itwa s espec ia lly not iceable th a t th e introducedspec ies , Pieris rap a ,

L . ,wh ich abounded in th e gardenwou ldfly among and over the sunflowers , never vi s it ing th em, a lthoughi twou ld vi s it Gailla rd ia . On September 1 0th , in Bou lder , I sawa

Colia s eurytheme, d . , vi s it a wi ld H . lenticu laris for an

instant , and then go to a Grindelia .

Dr. Max E ll i s informs me th at at V incennes , Indiana , hetook Junonia coenia

, Hb . , a t flowers of garden H . annuus .

Dr . H. Skinner , of Ph i ladelph ia , who h as h ad so muchexperien cewith butterfl ies ,writes me that he cannot reca l l as ingle instance of butterfl ies v i s it ing sunflowers . Mr. Geo .

Whee ler wri tes me that H . annuus in Engl ish garden s i sfrequently v i s ited by Pyrameis a ta lanta , L . , but h e h as neverseen any oth er butterfly on i t , and i t i s u seles s in h is experienceas an a ttraction for moth s . ( It does a ttract some moth s a t

Boulder ; e . g . S tibadium sp umosum,Grote . ) M . Buysman

writes that h e h as not seen any in sects v i s it ing H elianthus at

th e Botan ica l Garden , Lawang , Java , b ut perh aps th e a lmostinces sant ra in i s the cause .

” Knuth c i tes seventeen spec ies ofLepidoptera , all b ut th ree be ing butterfl ies , from flowers ofH elianthus in America ; but these are a ll from the perenn ia lsunflowers , H . tuberosus , grosseserra tus , divarica tus, mollis and

strumosus. Graenich er adds , from Wiscon s in , twelve Lep idoptera (nine butterfl ies) at flowers of H . strumosus, and th reebutterfl ies at H . gigan teus . Thu s i t appears that , wh i le th eperenn ia l spec ies are quite freely v i s ited , th e annua l ones are sora rely , in Ameri ca or Europe ; th ough no doubt careful observat ion swi l l br ing to l igh t a long l ist of in stances .Wh enwe come to Lepidoptera feeding on th e plant as larvae,

th ere i s a very differen t story to tell . At Boulder , on our redsunflowers , we h ave found larvm of differen t kinds feed ingexposed on th e leaves , folding the leaves , m in ing the leaves ,burrowing inside of receptac les , feeding on the unripe seeds , andfeed ing on the di sc florets . Are all such absent in Europe ?Mr . A . G . Scorer , in h is ‘ Entomologi st’s Log-Book

fa i l s to ment ion a s ingle spec ies attack ing Helianthus .

Th e fol lowing are some of th e more important or interest inginsect enemies of Helianthus annuus ( including lenticularis ,wh ichis thewi ld representat ive of annuus) .

LEPIDOPTERA .

Phyciodes ismeria , d . Lec .

Th i s i s ident ica lwi th P . carlota, Reak . ; Mead ( 1 875 ) refused

to recogn i se ismeria , on account of th e ra th er poor descript ion ,

but it rea l ly seems to apply to our spec ies . Th e larvae are

common on th e sunflowers at Boulder , and the spec ies extendseastward acros s the pla ins into Nebraska , becoming rare as far

east as Omaha , according to R . A. Leussler.

Th e larvae exi st in two colour variet ies as follows( 1 ) A rowof large subquadrate dark orange Spots down back ;

subdorsal region black , speckledwi th creamywh ite sidespallid ,with a broad redd i sh band , th e sp iracles enclosed inangular e longated grey-black patches spottedwithwh i te ;under side dark ; dorsa l and subdorsal spines black , butlatera l ones pale head sh in ing black . Larva abou t 20mm .

long , found by my wife August 1 7th ; pupated aboutAugu st 22nd ; imago Augu st 31 st .

(2) Entirely orange-redwith b lack sp ines and dusky subdorsaland lateral bands (the lateral bands ju st above bases oflegs) ; head sh in ing black . Larva about 2 1 mm . long ,found by mywife August 22nd ; imago September 5 th .

The original P . ismer ia fed on a perenn ia l sunflower , Heli

anthus tracheliifolius , and probably came from North Carolina .

It i s perhaps probable that the butterflywi l l be found to havetwo di st inct sub specific forms , one ( true ismeria ) of NorthCarol ina and adjacent regions , feeding on perenn ia l sunflowers ;the oth er (sub sp . carlota ) of th e Rocky Mounta in region , feedingon annua l sunflower s . The formerwas sa id by Boisduval andLeconte to be very rare in col lect ion s , and it appears st i ll to beso

, as I have never seen a spec imen , and the Academy of

Natura l Sc iences at Ph i ladelph ia h as none. The latter i sabundan t a long th e eastern foothil l s in Colorado , and goes north

(fide Dr . H. Skinner , in l itt . ) to Man i toba ,wh ere i t i s taken at

Beulah as early as May 24th , and Stony Mounta ins , June 1 1 th .

Dr. Skinner a l so tel l s me that the Ph i ladelph ia Academy h as onefrom as far ea st as Minneapol i s , Minnesota , taken May 25th .

1 9 6 THE ENTOMOLOG IST .

Chrysomela exclama tionis , Fab r .

Th i s i s extremely abundant in a ll stages on the red sunflowersat Bou lder , and i s a great pest . The larva vo id th e ir excrement

wh en touched , and are probably avoided by b irds . Th e beetlesare , however , a ttacked by th e Hemipteron Perilloides claudus ,Say, wh i ch resembles th em to a certa in extent in i t s colourscheme . Fabric ius publ ished 0 . exclama tionis in 1 801 , stat ingthat i t was obta ined by D . Sm ith Barton in North America .

Th i s was evidently Benj amin Smi th Barton of Ph i ladelph ia ;h owh e obta ined th i swestern insect in 1 801 I do not know, butthe descript ion of Fa br ic ius seems clearly appl icable . Mr . F .

Knab h a s very kindly copied out for me a ll the loca l i t ies forC . exclama tionis in the U.S . Nat iona l Mu seum, the Hubbard andSchwa rz col lection , and th e Knab col lect ion . The most ea sternloca l it ies are in South Dakota (Aberdeen ,

R . A . Vi ckery ; Volga ,Truman ) ; Kansa s (Ri ley Co . , POpenoe Topeka , Hubbard and

Schwarz ; Onaga , F . F . Crevecoeur ) Nebra ska (L incoln ,H .

Soltau ; West Point) ; and Texa s (Da l las , Boll ) . One spec imenis label led Pennsylvan ia , from th e collect ion of C . V . Ri ley ,but , as Mr . Knab says , th i s i s surely a mi stake .

One spec imen i s sa id to come from Ari zona (from col lect ionof J . B . Smi th ) , but th ere are none from th e Pa c ific coa st region ,

where I incl ine to bel ieve that Helianthus lenticula ris i s not trulyindigenous .

Th ere are in addit ion some very characteri st ic sunflowerweevi l s (espec ia l ly D esmoris constrictus , Say, and D . fulvus,

but my materia l s have not yet been fully examined .

HEM IPTERA .

Aphis helianthi , Mone l l , occurred in quant ity on leaves of thered sunflower in my garden at Bou lder ; but I a l so obta ined a

spec ies ofM a crosiphum, a newgenu s for Helianthus . Spec imensof th i s were kind ly examined by Profes sor C . P. G i l lette,whoreported tha t h e could not d ist ingu i sh th em from M . ambrosice,Th oma sThe predatory bug Phyma ta fascia ta , Gray, was found at

Boulder on th e red sunflower , prey ing on the h oney bee, Ap ismellifera ligustica , Spin .

THYSANOPTERA .

A thrips abundant on heads of the red sunflower at Boulderwas ca refu lly examined by M i s s E l i zabeth Robinson and th e

wri ter . We could not d i st ingui sh it in any way from the

common F rankliniella tritici , F itch .

A NEW SCELIONID PARASITE (iF LOCUST EGGS m om

THE NORTHERN TERRITORY op AUSTRALIA.

BY A. A . GIRAULT .

THE fol lowing spec ies was rece ived from Mr . G . F . Hi l l ,Government Entomologist , Northern Terri tory , Austra l ia .

Genu s SOELIO , La tre i l le .

1 . S celio semisanguineus , n . sp .

Fema le—Length 32 0 mm .

Blood red , the head , abdomen and d istal six jo ints of antenna lflagellum , black ; jo ints 5 and 6 of antenna suffu sedwith blackishsegments 2—5 of abdomen su ffu sed more or lesswith redd ish , ventradand dorsad . Di stal h alf of fore wings rath er deeply infu scated .

Scape long , abou t equal to the next six jo ints ; pedicel somewh atlonger th an jo int 3wh ich i s somewha t longer th anwide at apex ;following jo in tswider th an long , 7 longest of them , 5 and 6 sh ortest .Mand ibles very long , strongly bidentate at apex , the teeth subequal ;max illary palpi 3-jo inted . Venation fa int . Segment 4 of abdomen

d i st inc tly longer th an the two preced ing segments ; segments 2 and3 of abdomen with longitud inal stria more or less anastomosed ;segments 4 and 5 densely polygonally reticu lated , the line s ra ised ;6 striated like 3 , also th e entire venter ; segment 5wi th the striationalong d istal h alf . Th orax umb ilica tely punc tate , the puncturesunequal in siz e , smallest on propodeum ; the lat ter a lso obliquelylongitud inally striate but not densely , two of th e stria down th emeson as med ian carina wh ich are separated for some d istance .

Lateral margin of propodeum and the shoulders fr ingedwi th silverypubescence . Parapsidal furrows complete , ra th er d i stinct . Headcoarsely punc tate andwith short silvery pubescence .

Ma la—Unknown .

Described from five females labelled NO . 31 , -Botan ic Garden s ,Darwin , N . T . , Feb . 1 3, 1 9 1 4 , G. F . H ill, and c aptured over acrid idegg

-beds on sandy soil.

Ha bita t.—Au stra l ia : Port Darwin , Nor thern Terr i tory .

As soc iated with Acridiida .

Typ es .

—QueenslandMuseum , Br i sbane, five fema les on a tag.

NEW AUSTRALIAN BEE S .

E aryglossidia pm'

pura scens , sp . n .

3‘ Length abou t 85; mm black , the abdomen dark rich chest

nu t -red , suffused with purple , th e basal segment dark ; antennablack , extremely long , reach ing to th ird abdomina l segment ; h ead

Con tribu tion NO . 24 , Entomologica l Labora tory , Bureau of SugarExper iment Stations , Bundaberg , Queensland .

broad ; mand ib les black ; c lypeu s sh in ing , wi th sparse d istinc tpunc tures ; supraclypeal area dulli sh , appearing minutely granu lar ,contrastingwith clypeu s ; h a ir of h ead and thorax ma inlywh ite , butthere i s fuscous or black h air on c lypeu s , vertex , and d isc s of mesothorax and scu tellum ; mesoth orax du ll ,withou t evident punc turesscu tellum a little more sh in ing , sligh tly b igibbous ; area of metathorax large ,with onlym icroscop ical scu lpture ; tegu la p iceou s ,witha large testaceou s spot posteriorly ; wings strongly infuscated ,brown ish ; th e large stigma dark redd i sh ; nervures fu scous ; b . n .

falling far short of t . m . ; lower side of first s . m . with a gentledouble curve first r . n . jo in ing second s . m . at a d istance from baseequa l to length of first t . c . legs black basally , red api ca lly , th e blackend ing on femora , near m iddle on anterior ones , near apex beh ind ,

bu t at m iddle or before in front , on th e other ones m iddle and h indtibia with a du sky suffu sion on ou ter side ; abdomen broad basally ,not clavate , not punctured ; ap ical plate circular , its margin broadlytranslucent .

9 Length about 9 mm . ,much like the male , but antenna sh ort ,

ordinary ; supraclypeal area elevated , smooth and sh in ing ; s ides of

second abdominal segment with a large dark spot ; apical fimbriadark fuscou s , not very large .

Ha b . Ya l l ingup , S .-W. Au stra l ia , September 1 4th—October

31 st , 1 9 1 3, 1 ma le type) , 2 fema les (R . E . Turner) Brit i shMu seum. Th e th ree species of Euryglossidia nowknown mayb e separa ted thus

Wings hya line , nervures ferruginous (W . Austral ia)ichneumonoides

Wings brown i sh 1 .

1 . Nervures ferruginou s ; second s . m . receiv ing firstr . n . at a d istance from base equal to abou t h alfOf first t . c . (V i ctoria) rec tangu la ta , Ckll .

Nervures fuscou s ; second s . m . rece iving first r . n .

at a d i stance from base equal to length of firstt . o . (W . Au stralia ) purpura scens, Ckll .

All th ree showmore or les s purple lu stre on abdomen , at

lea s t in th e ma le . Th e spec ies nowdescribed i s cons iderablylarger than the oth ers .

E uryglossa undu la ta , sp . n .

9 Length about 1 0 mm robu s t, black , the h ead and thoraxwith rather scanty du llwh ite h a ir, the end of the abdomenwith darkfuscous h a ir ; h ead broad ; mand ibles black , with a broad brigh tferruginou s subap ical band clypeu s sh in ing , with scattered d i stinc tbut not large punctures ; flagellum beneath dark brownwi th pallidbands or spots , one to each jo int ; mesoth orax dull, mi croscop ica llytessellate ,with irregular shallowpunctures , sparse on d isc ; scu tellummore sh in ing ,with scattered large punc tures , and a very fine medianimpressed line ; area of metath orax large , sh in ing , with onlym icroscopica l sculpture ; tegula rufop iceou s ; wings smoky-hyaline ,

nervures and stigma piceous ; b . n . meeting t . m lower side of first

mand ibles with a very Obscure redd ish spot ; face broad , orbitspractica lly parallel ; scape with a narrowred str ipe in front ;flagellum dark ; tegula p iceou s ; wings strongly reddened ; meso

thorax very smooth , polished ; ha ir of h ind tib ia and tarsi rufofulvous .Hab . E agleh awk Neck , S .

-E . Ta sman ia , February 1 2thMarch 3rd , 1 9 1 3 (R. E . Turner) . Two fema les . Brit i sh Mu seum.

All ied to E . hamula ta , but dist ingu i sh ed by the ent irely blackface. It i s perhaps not more than a loca l ra ce of hamula ta .

Exoneum angop hora occidenta lis , sub sp . n .

S? Length 6a—7 mm . ; face wholly withou t ligh t markings ;face narrowed below; scape red or yellowish -red in front ; wingsredd i sh ; anterior and middle femora above , and belowapically , andtheir tibia and tars i entirely, brigh t ferruginou s ; h ind legs black ,the femora and tibia narrowly red at apex ; h ind tibia and tars iwith much fuscou s h a ir basa l segment of abdomen black except th eapical margin , the h ind border of the black obtu sely bilobed ; secondsegmentwith a broad b iundulate du sky band .

Ha b . Ya l l ingup , S .-W. Au stra l ia , September 1 4th—October

3 1 st , 1 9 1 3 (R . E . Turner ) Four fema les . B ri ti sh Mu seum.

Mr . Meade-Wa ldo notes Not E . bicolor ; differs in colour ofh ind legs , &c .

” It i s , however , so close to E . angophorre that Itreat i t as a subspec ies .

Exoneura, insu laris , sp . n .

S? Length about 6 mm . ; black , includ ing th e abdomen ; orbitsmoderately converging below; clypeal and lateral marks cream

colour ; clypeu s with a very broad med ian band , wh ich sudden lybroadens above , so as to include all of upper part of clypeu s ; lateralmarks rather sma ll , subtriangular ; scapewith a red mark near base ,and one at apex ; flagellum th ick , very obscure redd i sh benea th ;tubercles black , with wh ite h a ir ; pleura and S ides of metathoraxwith th inwh ite h a ir ; tegula piceous ; wings redd ish ,

nervures and

th e large stigma dull ferruginous ; legs black , anterior tibia obscureredd i sh at base and subap ically h a ir of h ind tibia and tars i blackabdomen very broad .

Ha b . Stradbroke Island , Queensland , September 24th , 1 9 06

(W . W . Frogga tt , Al l ied to E . botanica , but eas i ly separated by th e latera l face-marks and dark tuberc les .

A llodap e bribiensis , sp . n .

9 . Length abou t 4 mm . ; black , th e abdomen dulli sh , not

sh in ing as in A . unicolor ; eyes greyish -green ; clypeu swith a broadwh ite vertical b ar , narrowest at top , and graduallywiden ing downwards ; scape black ; flagellum ferruginous beneath , except a t base ;mesoth orax sh in ing ; tegula testaceou s ; wings moderately dusky ;nervures and stigma dusky reddish ; tuberc les wh ite ; anteriorfemora with two wh i te spots at apex , th eir tibia brown wi th a

wh ite line on ou ter side ; middle tib ia with a wh ite spot at base ;

NEwSPECIES OF GEOMETRIDJE FROM FORMOSA . 201

posterior tibia with more th an the basal h alf broadlywh i te posteriorly h ind margin s of abdom inal segments more or less reddi sh ,

but very narrowly and Obscurely .

Ha b . Bribie Island , Queensland , November 2nd , 1 9 1 3 (H.

Ha cker ; Queensland Mu seum , Nearest to A . unicolor ,bu t smal ler, wi th d ifferent c lypea l mark , andwh i te marks onth e legs .

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDZE FROM FORMOSA.

BY A. E . WILEMAN , F .E .S .

B ap ta consp ersa , sp . n .

Head wh ite , face brown ; antenna brown , wh i te at base ;thorax and abdomen wh ite , th e latter Speckled wi th grey. Forewings obtusely po inted at apex , wh ite speckled with grey , costanarrowly ochreou s ; d i sco ida l dot black ; an temed ial and postmed iallines grey , the former Slender and only d i stinc t towards dorsum , th e

latter d iffu se , curved and recurved . Hindwingswh ite speckledwithgrey ; d i sco idal dot minu te , black ; postmed ia l line grey , narrowerthan th at on forewings . Fringes and under side of all thewings ,wh ite .

Expanse , 3‘ 33 millim . ; 9 35 millim .

Col lect ion number , 778 .

One example of each sex. Th e ma le fromDaitoz an (8500September 1 7th , 1 9 06 , and th e fema le from Ariz an ,

Augu st2 1 st , 1 9 08 .

Bap ta margina ta , sp . n .

Head wh i te , face brown ; antenna brown , wh ite at base ;thorax and abdomenwh ite powderedwi th grey . Forewingswh ite ,

th ickly powdered with grey on the basa l area ,wh ich i s lim ited byth e sligh tly darker and almost stra igh t antemed ia l line ; postmedia lband grey , fa irly parallelwith termen ; a broad grey band on terminalarea ; d i sco idal dot black . Hindwingswh ite , ba sal two -th irds finelypowdered with grey ; term inal th ird grey , traversed by a narrowband of ground colour ; d i sco idal dot black . Fringes and also the

under s ide of all thewings ,wh ite .

Collect ion number , 778 b .

A ma le specimen from Ariz an (7300 Augu s t 22nd , 1 9 08 .

P seudomicronia fa scia ta , sp . n .

3‘ Head , thorax , and abdomenwh ite , the latter fa intly browni sh

tinged . Forewings wh ite with n ine sligh tly oblique fu scou s greytransverse lines , the th ird and fourth bi furca te toward s th e costa ,

the fifth and s ixth approx imate on dorsum and diverge towards costa ,

where they enclose a fuscou s grey transverse streak ; all th e lines are

blackish on the costa and h ave short blackish linear marks betweenthem ; a fuscou s grey band ju st beyond the fourth line ; terminal

ENTOM .—JULY , 1 9 1 4 . R

line blackish . Hind wingswh itewith four fuscou s grey transverselines , one before the fuscous grey band (wh ich is broader and moreoblique than on the fore wings) , and three , un ited belowm iddle ,beyond the band ; two b lack spo ts at angle ; term ina l line blackish .

Under sidewh ite .

A ma le Spec imen from Kansh irei, June 1 l th , 1 9 06 .

Al l ied to P . coela ta , Moore.

Ar ichanna p ost/flaw, sp . n .

Head , thorax , and abdomen grey . Fore wings grey withsome blackish clouds at the base and three tran sverse series of blackspots ; first series of four spots—two on costal area , one belowmed iannervure , and one just above the dorsum— represent an irregular antemed ia l band second series Of seven spots— three on costal area , and

four on dorsa l area (5 and 6 confluent)— represent a curved and

recurved postmed ia l band ; th ird series of n ine spots— 5 fa int ,7 and 8 confluent— ind icate a band almost parallel with the ter

men ; d iscoidal spot black . H ind wings yellow, grey on the basa larea ; d i sco ida l spot black postmed ial and subterm inal bands repre

sented by black spots of irregu lar si z e , th e spots of each seriesconfluent on dorsum . Under side similar to above .

Collect ion number , 772 .

A ma le spec imen from Daitoz an (8500 September 1 1 th ,

1 9 06 .

Comes near jaguarina ria , Oberthur .

Peronia sufiusa , sp . n .

Head and thorax browni sh grey , the latterwith two rows ofb lack dots ; abdomen grey , two black dots on each segment . Antennaserrate and fasc icu late . Forewings wh ite suffused wi th brown ishgrey on basal th ird and along th e costa ; two black dots at base and

Six spots representing subbasal and antemedial lines , all spots placedon ve ins ; d isco ida l spot black , ra ther large ; postmed ial line sinuou s ,formed Ofblack dots on the ve ins , outwardly broadly su ffusedwith darkgrey ; subterm inal and term ina l lines formed of black dots between theve ins , th e space enclosed suffusedwith dark grey . Hindwingswh i te ,

finely sprinkledwith brown ish grey on basal area ; antemedial linerepresented by blackish spots on the ve ins ; d isco ida l spot black , ratherlarge ; postmedial , subterminal , and terminal lines as on forewings .Fringes of a ll wings wh ite . Under side wh ite , d isco idal spot and

transverse markings beyond as on the fore wings ; ap ical area of

forewings darkened .

Expanse , 3 48 millim . ; 9 50 millim .

Collection number , 8 1 2 .

A ma le and a fema le from Kansh irei, Apr i l 29 th , 1 9 08 , ma leJune 22nd , 1 9 06 , fema le .

Th i s spec ies comes near P . maculata , Moore .

204 THE ENToMOLOC IST .

Ca lop teryaz Vanderl . , Biarritz , June 24th , a male

with teneral colouring ; June 25th , two males , one fu lly coloured , th e

o th er teneral , and a female not strongly coloured .

Cordu legaster annu la tus , Latr. , Biarritz , June 27th , a female .

P la tycnemis pennip es , Pa ll . , Biarritz ,June 27th , two females in

poor cond ition .

Pyrrhosoma nymp ha la , Sulz . , Albarracin , May 28th , a teneralfemale June 1 3th , a male and a female , th e la tter teneral .

Agrion mercuria le, Ch arp . , Albarrac in , June 1 3th , a male . Biarrit z ,

June 23rd , a female , June 25 th , a male and female in cop , and June27th , a tenera l male .

N eu roptera .

"‘Asca lap hus longicornis , Linn . , Albarrac in , about mid-June , a ma le .

Asca lap hus ba ttens , Ramb . , Albarrac in , about mid -June , a ma le .

Asca lap hus hispanicus , Ramb . , Albarracin , abou t mid June , a

male— an interesting species less frequen tly Obta ined th an the

prev iou s two .

*Cfreag

fris p lumbeus , O liv . (an ant lion) , Albarrac in , June 1 3th , a

fema le .

Th ose spec ieswi th an a ster i sk prefixed do not belong tothe Brit i sh fauna .

K ingston-on-Thames : May , 1 9 1 4 .

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS .

GYNANDROMORPHOUS BRED SPECIMEN OF CATOPSILIA (CALLIDRYAS)CROCALE .

—I h ad been breed ing a good many spec imens of C . croca le,when I noticed , to my aston ishmen t , th at one recently h atched ou t

to -day h ad the righ twing like a ma le ,wh ile the leftwingwas like a

female . I Showed the bu tterfly to M iss Foun tains ,wh o at once told .

me itwas an hermaph rod ite and a great pri z e for me to have secured ,

saying th at amongst several hundred spec imen s , including a numberof d ifferent species of Ca llidrya s bred by herself in variou s parts ofthe world , such a th ing h ad never occurred . Unfortunately the

bu tterflywas lying on i ts ba ck at the bottom of th e cage wh en Ifound i t , so th at at the root of th e forewings it i s deformed , but

oth erwi se well-developed—R . L . HUNTER ; Barron Fa lls Hotel ,Kuranda , North Queensland , April 29 th , 1 9 1 4 .

PACHY S (AMPHIDASYS) RETULARIA ab . DOUBLEDAYARIA IN BERKSHIRE .

—On May 22nd I took a fema le specimen of P . betu laria var .

doub ledayaria on a door- .post I th ink it interesting to record

th i s , because I believe th is form i s not very o ften taken in the

Read ing d i stric t—H . L . DOLTON ; 36 , Ch ester Street , Reading ,Berks .

MYELOPHOLA (MYELO IS) CRIBRUM IN NORTH WEST LONDON .

In 1 9 07 I recorded the oc currence Of th is spec ies a t Upper Tooting

on July 1 4th of that year (Entom . xl . p . Th i swas followed byoth er records of the spec ies from the same d istrict , also from ThorntonHeath and from Kingston (Entom . xl . p . I h ave nowto pu t

on record the capture of two spec imens at Brondesbury. The

moth s , wh ich were captured by Mr . Alec Urquh art , flewto th e

elec tric ligh t in one of the lower rooms h ere at about 1 1 p m . on

June 1 8th last — RICHARD SOUTH ; 4 , Mapesbury Court , Shoot-upHill, Brondesbury, N .W .

ACHERONT IA ATROPOS IN KENT .— I had a male spec imen of

A . a tropos brough t to me on June 1 5th u lt . It was flying , abou tin the morning , and was knocked down by the c aptor , conse

quently it i s somewh at rubbed .—PERCY RICHARDS ; Seabrook , Hyth e .

PLUTELLA MACUL IPENN IS (CRUC IFERARUM ) ABUNDANT .—P . cruci

fera rum i s a veri table nu i sance ju st now. It occurs everywh ere inth is d istric t in thousands . I Wonder i f th is abundance Of the Spec iesi s genera l throughou t the South of England —PERCY RICHARDS ;Seabrook , Hythe , June 1 7th , 1 9 1 4 .

[Wh en in Scarborough recently I noted P . macu lip ennis in some

numbers on the cliffs on June 9 th and 1 0th , but on the moors aboveGoath land on June 1 1 th the species was exceed ingly common .

R. S .]

LYTHRIA PURPURARIA .—Wh ile examin ing recently a small col

lec tion Of unnamed Lepidoptera , made by a schoolboy at Meads ,near Eastbourne ,

in the years 1 9 02—3 , I was a ston i shed to find

amongst them a Spec imen ofLythria purpuraria . It is not qu itetyp ical , h aving the dark cross-bars very broad , aswell as be ing underthe norma l si z e . With the exception of th e L . purpuraria , a ll th e

spec imens are of very common species ; a ll are p innedwi th largewh ite English p ins , and set

”in the u sual schoo lboy style , and a ll

are in very b ad condit ion . Under the c ircumstances , I c annot bu tregard the spec imen as a genu ine British example of th is Spec ies .It i s nowin the possession of a Son Of Dr . Rowland , of Lichfield , to

wh om the collec tionwas given by the c aptor—a son of Dr . Homan ,

a lso of th is c ity .—L . A . CARR ; Lichfield , May 29 th , 1 9 1 4 .

ZYGZENA TRAN SALPINA , Esp . , var .-I th ink it may beworthwh ile to

record the capture , on August 4th last , of a variety— or aberrationOf Z yga na transa lp ina , Esp , towh ich I c an find no parallel noticedin any works th at I h ave been able to con sult . There is no

similar spec imen in the collec tions in Sou th Kensington or in

Oxford . The d istingu ish ing fea ture consists in the absence of the

lower of the two u sual red spots of the centra l group on the fore

wings . (The absence Of one of the ou ter group of spots appears tob e not very infrequent in allied spec ies , though I do not rememberh av ing seen any such variety of transa lp ina .) The spec imen ,wh ichi s a male ,was taken on the Shores Of the Oesch inen -See (abou t oneand -a -h alf hour’swalk from Kandersteg) and as I did not notice itspecu liarity at th e time , and Zyga nas were swarm ing , I d id not

work for more . Iwas for some time uncerta in towh ich Spec ies toassign it , but inclined towards transa lp ina , and th is identification

206 THE ENTOMOLOG IST .

h as been confirmed by Dr . E . A . Cockayne ,who kindly examined thespecimen for me .

— A. W . PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE ; Balliol College ,

Ox ford .

EARLY APPEARANCE OF EUCHLOE CARDAM INES .—The first “ Orange

Tip I sawth i s season was on April 22nd . The specimen was a

ma le , and itwas flying along a h edgerowwith in a m ile of Ch ester .

Th e Species is unusually common in the d istr ict th i s year .—J . ARKLE ;

Chester .

With reference to the early appearance of Ea ch loe cardamines

th i s year , i t may b e Of in terest to note tha t I first sawit on April1 8th . Last year i t appeared on April 23rd , in 1 9 1 2 on Apri l 1 9 th ,

and in 1 9 06 on April 9 ; b u t the latterwas at Chudleigh , S . Devon .

I sawa male Colias edusa at Groombridge on May 1 6th .— E . D .

MORGAN ; 24 , Queen’s Road , Tunbridge Wells , Ken t , May 6th ,

1 9 1 4 .

I noted E . cardamines a t Tonbridge on Apri l 1 2th last —P . A .

BUXTON ; Trin ity College , Cambridge .

BUTTERFL IES OF VEN ICE AND NE IGHBOURHOOD .—Being at Ven ice

in th e middle ofApril th is year , and my interest in the butterflies Ofthe ne ighbouring L ido h aving been arou sed by Mr . Gurney’s article(Entom . xlvi . p . I took my net to th i s i sland , anx iou s to seewhatth i s early time of year m igh t afford in theway of butterfl ies . On

April 2oth , the P ierids rap a ,nap i and brassica were common ; also

an exceed ingly richly coloured form of Pararge mega ra and

Ca nonyrnp ha pamp hila s . Erynnis a lcea was not rare , beau tifu llyfresh , and evidently just emerging . I sawone specimen ofVanessa io,exceed ingly large and brillian t . Th e next day the weather beganto get really hot , and wh i tes were frequently seen flying over thecanals of Ven ice herself. On th e 22nd I aga inwent to the Lido .

The extra warmth since my last visit h ad brough t out five more

spec ies , besides trebling the quan tity of bu tterfl ies previou sly noted .

Polygoni a c a lbum, Ep inep hele jurlina , Cyaniri s argiolus and

N isoniades tages h ad emerged ; I h ad feared th at Iwas too early forColia s eda sa , bu t I a t last came across a fine fresh fema le ,wh ich Itook a fter an exc it ing chase . Th e moth Ema turga a tomaria wastaken also . A fewlocusts were flying abou t , c au sing a peculiarmetallic like sound . One settled on a branch wi th in a fewyards Ofmy h ead , so that I got a good look at i t . I th ink it was Acrid iump eregrinam. It is interest ing to note that n ine out of the twelvespecies of bu tterfl ieswh ich I came across on th e L ido In Aprilweremet with by Mr . Gurney in September . Th i s suggests th at th eremu st be at least th ree broods Ofmost of these spec ies . All along thera ilway line through Venetia and Lombardy , on myway from Ven iceto th e Italian Lakes , I kept a sharp look-out for insects . Amongstnumerou s Pierids , Nymph alids and “ blues , th e most consp icuous(beyond the u sual wh ites were Ea ch loe cardamines , Leucop hasia

sznap i s and V. io ,with C . eda sa qu ite common , and C . hya le a lmosteverywhere . In the clover fields bordering the line some d istancepast Verona , there appeared to be an orange-coloured Colias , likeC . myrmi done ; but of th is I could not b e absolutely certain . Is th i s

many examples ofwh ich were exh ibited by h imself, Messrs . Ma in ,

Edwards , and H . Moore —HY . J . TURNER , Hon . Rep . Secretary .

April 9 th .— Correc tion, p . 1 59 , l . 1 2 , for Lita melanella read Lita

leucomelanella .

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY.— April

20th , 1 9 1 4 .— Th e President in the ch a in — Mr . A . W . Boyd ,

M .A . , gave an address entitled “ The Natural Hi story of

Rosth erne Mere .

”Having described the physical Ch aracters of th e

mere and the probable cau ses of it s formation , the nature of thesurround ing land and it s flora , both arboreal and h erbaceou s , h edealt exh austivelywith the birds known to frequent th e mere , and

finally th e insec ta of the locali ty were d iscussed . Several veryin teresting records have been made , v ia : Acida lia circella ta , a fine

female specimen in 1 9 1 3, Ornix avellanella , L averna ra schkiella ,th is

species being an add ition to the Lancash ire and Chesh ire county list,

and Nep ticu la a rgentipedella . Mr . Boyd exh ib ited the Lep idopteracatalogued for th e loca lity, andwas congra tulated upon having made

such good use Of the Opportun ity of collec ting upon the priva teground surround ing th e mere . At the c lo se of the address Mr . Boydwas h eartily thanked for h is kindness in coming from Manch ester togive h is experiences . —Mr . W . Mansbridge exh ib ited several xanth icvarieties Of F idonia a tomaria bred among a large number of the

spec ies from Burnley fema les . The xanth ism was confined to theh indwings , and in most Of th e specimen s it affected on ly one Of the

h indwings , in two instances , h owever, both th e secondaries werenearlywh ite all oven—Mr. F . N . Pierce exh ib ited generic types Ofth e Briti sh Geomitrida , arranged accord ing to th eir affin ities as ind icated by the gen italia—WM . MAN SBRIDGE , Hon . Sec .

RECENT LITERATURE .

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. Vol. i . (Nov . 27th , and

vol. i i . (Dec . 1 0th , Bri sbane .

AMONG the papers of interest to entomologists In th ese volumesare a Series on

“Au stralian Hymenoptera Chalcido idea , by A . A .

Girau lt . Parts i . , i i . and i i i . are publish ed in vol . i . (pp . 66

Parts iv v . and vi . , and Supplement to Parts i .—i i i . , appear in vol . i i .

(pp . 1 01 A number of newgenera are d iagnosed , and verymany newspecies are described . Th e families treated are : Trich ogrammatida , Mymarida , Elasmida , Eloph ida , Pecilampida , and

Pteromalida .

Ano th er paper describing some newgenera and spec ies Of SouthQueensland Proctotrypoida (vol . i i . pp . 335—339 ) is by Alan P . Dodd .

There i s a lso a short artic le entitled Some Field Notes on Queensland In sects , by Henry Hacker (pp . 9 6

on for Entomo logy (with pla te ) , H . Rowlwnd B rown ,Coleop tera of th e Fam i ly Pses

upli enida ((with illus tra ~

Bri tish Neuroptera , 1 9 1 3 , J Lu ca s , 1 9 0. Th e

H . p ini rema ins in the restri cted genus Hemerobius . The

spec ies described by McLachlan as H . mortoni i s to be referredto Boriomyia ; and i f Banks is righ t in regard ing H . inconsp icuus

as a Sympherobius, then H . p elluc idus , Wa lk . , should b e placedin th e same genus . But it must be kept in viewth at bothH . inconspicuus and H. p ellucidus have regularly th ree radia lsectors ,wh ile in all the examples of th e former in my collect ionth ere is a cross-ve inlet between the radius and branch of th e

radia l sector at the apex of the h indwing . In th e five examplesof H . p ellucidus before me the same c ross-ve inlet exi st s in the

left h indwing of one spec imen only .

However , the pu rpose of these notes i s not to d i scu ss th egenus or genera a s awh ole , but ra ther to bring under not ice th efact that two spec ies h ave h i th erto been mixed in Briti sh collec

tions under the name of S . elegans .

In th i s coun try th ese sma l l insects do not appear to h avebeen taken usual ly in numbers

, and un t i l I rece ived from Mr .

Mart in E . Mosely a ma le taken by h im in Hamp sh i re , I had noBritish spec imens in my collection . Since

th en I have seen a

n ice series of twelve spec imen s taken by Mr. Hugh Scott , of th eUnivers i ty Museum of Zoology , Cambridge, to wh i ch I sha l laga in a l lude, and ofwh ich h e very kindly presented mewithth ree spec imen s . All these belong to the sma l ler spec ies .O f the oth er spec ies , towh i ch I Sha l l refer as S . stria tellus,

Klapalek , I had seen no Brit i sh example un t i l recent ly ,wh enProfes sor J . W . Carr, of Nott ingh am , sent me one in fine

cond it ion in a large col lect ion of Neu roptero id insects forwardedfor determinat ion . I then appl ied to Mr . Porr itt to let me knowwhat he h ad of supposed elegans , and h e at on ce very k indlyforwarded all h e pos sessed , not a grea t dea l and near ly a ll

carded spec imen s,but including both forms , and

th erefore ofmuch interest and use to me in h elp ing to a more sat i sfactoryunderstand ing of th e ma tter .

S . stria tellus was described by Klapalek from th e Transylvanian Alps Vest . Ceske Akad . Frant . vol . 1 3, p . 7 ,

A spec imen in a lot of Neuroptera -Plan ipenn ia receivedfrom the Zoologica l Museum, Berl in , for determinat ion cal ledmy a t tent ion to another fema le in my own collect ion fromMa cugnaga , received from McLach lan a longwi th oth ers Of theso-ca lled S . elegans .

The following sh ort d iagnos i swill ,with the aid of thewingphotograph s , serve to separate the twoFace dark Sh in ing piceous ; dorsum of thorax also darkp itchy brown ; neuration of fore wings entirelyfuscou s withou t pa le interruptions , these wingsh eavily marked to thewing base , the markings more

or less radiate , espec ially those prox ima l to the middleseries of gradate veinlets , those in the d i stal part

THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SYMPHERORIUS (HEMEROBIUS) 2 1 1

of the wing much broken up into irregu lar dots ;gradate veinlets u sually heavily shaded . Largerdarker species stria tellus .

Face and dorsum of thorax yellowish ; neuration of forewingswi th pale dotted interruption s ; dark markingson ou ter h alf of forewings mostly placed oppositeeach o ther on ei ther S ide of the dark portions of thelongitudinal ve ins . A pale Space at the base of thesewings inwh ich the veins are rather indistinc t , th etransverse veinlets being hardly visible . Paler smallerspec ies elegans .

Of S . stria tellus , in add ition to the spec imen sent by ProfessorCa rr (Nott inghamsh ire, from a sh ) , I h ave seen two examplesfrom Blackh eath (Ju ly 2md , 1 89 5 , November 9 th ,

1 89 5 , Beaumont ) , and one from Wel l s , Lincoln sh ire (August 3rd , 1 888 ,Eardley Ma son ) , all in Porritt

s col lection .

S . elegans i s represented in th e spec imens before me by theexample from Hampsh i re (by the Test , June 1 2th , 1 9 1 3 , Mosely) ;two from Bla ckhea th (June 27 th ,

1 89 6 , June 27th , 1 9 01 , Beaumont) and one from Lewi sham (June 6th , from Porritt

collec t ion . Mr . Scott’s fine series of twelve examples weretaken on June 30th la st at Henley-ou -Thames . They werefluttering round th e ends of the branches of some oaks in an

i solated c lump of trees . The oakswere much bligh ted and verys t i cky . The t imewas about and th e even ing warm and

fine . Oth er spec imen swere seen at the same trees at j ust th esame t ime one or two even ings la ter .My fr iend Dr. R i s , towhom I am on ce more indebted for

the beaut i fu l photograph swh i ch i l lu strate th i s paper , tel l s me

th at h e has of S . stria tellus th ree fema les , Katz ensee , July 3l st ,1 89 2 and Ju ly 3rd , 1 89 3 one female , Rheinau , September ,1 9 07—bel ieved to b e all from b irch . Of the smal ler spec iestwo fema les , Sa lgesch , Va la i s , June 1 5 th ,

1 889 ( the late MoritzPau l ) one fema le , Rheinau ,

May, 1 89 4 .

Wh en McLach lan wrote h is “ Monograph of th e Brit i shNeuroptera-Plan ipennia ”

(Trans . Ent . Soc . , 1 868 , part 2 ,p . 1 7 he may h ave had both spec ies before h im. Both occurin th e Blackh eath and Lewi sh am di strict ,wh i ch h e certa inly ata la ter period knewwel l , and some point s in his descript ionm igh t b e con s idered suggest ive of both . Thuswith regard toth e colour of th e front h e says “ sometimes yel lowi sh testaceou s ,a l so “

anter ior wings c losely spotted wi th darker grey and

varying accord ing to th e extent to wh ich th e spots coa lesce .

On th e other hand , his reference to the wh i ti sh dotted interruption s on the longitudina l veins Of th e disc gives a verydefin i te bias in the direction of the sma l ler spec ies wh ich Ibel ieve h as been genera l ly accep ted as S . elegans . But Steph ens

descript ions of elegans and marshami ( for a copy ofwh i ch I amS 2

indebted to Mr. Herbert Campion ) refer to someth ingwh ich hasimmacu late neurat ion , and Mr . Campion ,

who has a l so verykindly examined Stephens

s supposed types in the Brit i shMuseum, i s of opin ion th a t the elegans and marshami of Stephensare conspecificwi th stria tellus . If th ere h a s been no confu s ionabou t StephenS

s types , a change in th e nomenc la ture h ere u sedwi l l b e inevitable . I leave the matter as i t i s in th e mean t ime ,pending further inqu iries . I con fes s that i t i s a l itt le puz z l ingthat McLach lan sh ou ld have fa i led to not ice th e immaculatecond it ion of the neura tion of elegans and marshami wh en h e

examined th em in 1 868 , and th a t h e sh ou ld h ave dis t inctlystated tha t there exi sted in elegans an important character a t

variancewi th Stephen S’S diagnos i s andwi th h is type Of elegans.

If S . stria tellus prove to b e the true elegans of Steph en s , Rambur’

name pygma a swi l l requ i re to rece ive con s iderat ion in connect ionwith th e sma l ler species .Th ewing figures h ere given are both from female examples ,

and , as i s u sua l in th ese insect s , th e markings are more pronounced than in the average ma les . A number of closely a ll iedforms have been described by Fa ther Navas from Spa in and

e l sewhere . Of two of these the auth or has generously given me

examples , S . consp ersus and S . venosus , and a lth ough th eypresent a certa in amount of diflerence , espec ia l ly in th e colorat ionof th e body , I am not prepared to say th a t th ey are more thanvariet ies Of what i s h ere ca l led S . elegans. A mu ch moreexh austive examinat ion of all the forms , espec ia l lywith rega rdto th e struc ture of th e genital ia , i s requ ired before a properva luat ion of th ese i s poss ib le .

EXPLANAT ION OF PLATE V .— 1 . W ings of B or iomyia su bnebu losu s

(nat . length Of fore wing, 9 2 . Wings of Symp herob iu s stri a tellu s

(nat . length of fore wing, 5 3 . Wings of S . elegans (nat . length of

forewing a bou t 4

1 3 , Blackf‘

ord Road , Edinburgh : May , 1 9 1 4 .

THE SLEEPING ATTITUDE OF LYCZENIDZE .

BY F . W . FROHAWK ,F .E .S .

IT i s gen eral ly supposed tha t th e Lyca nida S leep th rough outth e n igh t , s i tt ing head downward s on the flower-heads and stemsof gras ses and oth er plant s , in the ch ara cteri st i c att itude th eyassume during even ing and twi l igh t . But later ,wh en darknes ssupersedes , th ese butterfl ies (L . icarus) turn round and s leeph ead upwards . I am indebted to Mr . W . Hol land for kindlyca l l ing my attent ion to this interest ing fa ct . In a letter recent lyrece ived from h im, h e a l ludes to marking down groups ofL . i carus at rest on marram gra s s in the even ing , and states

thorax very feebly Sh in ing , rather coarsely microscop ically tessellate ;tegula fuscou s ; wings hyaline , sligh tly redd ish , stigma and nervuresrath er pale dull reddi sh ; first r . n . entering basal corner of second

S . m . legs yellow,with the anterior femora and tibia ma inly blackbeh ind , the m iddle femora and tibia also dark beh ind and th eirtarsi brown , th e h ind femora and tibia black , the ir tarsi dark redd i sh(th e h ind coxa and troch an ters are yellow) ; abdomen rufopiceous ,with yellowbands , u sually mostly concea led , at bases of segmentsventer yellow.

S? A little larger ; no yellowmarkings on head ; tuberclesyellow; legs black ; yellowbands at bases of abdominal segments2 to 4 , very broad at sides , bu t interrupted in middle ; apical segment more or less redd ish .

Ha b . Mt . Lofty, 8.Austra l ia , December Sl et , 1 9 1 2 (R. E .

Turner) . Briti sh Mu seum. Two ofea ch sex th e type i s a ma le .

Th i s may b e compared wi th E . r idens , Ckll . , but i s at oncedist ingu i shed by th e dull mesothorax and the shape of th e h ead .

Mr. Meade-Wa ldo notes : In Euryglossa ca lliopsella-rubiginosa

ma cula ta group , but d i st inct .”

E aryglossa hemichlora , sp . n .

Length 4 mm head and thorax dark o live-green , the head

du ll , the thorax sh in ing ; mand ibles , labrum , the lowand broadclypeu s (bu t no suprac lypeal or lateral marks) , scape in front , andtubercles , all yellowha ir of head and thoraxwh ite , th in and ra th erlong ; flagellum very long , ligh t ferruginou s beneath ; tegula pa llid ,redd i sh ; wings hya line , iridescent , nervures and the large stigmaligh t redd ish -brown ; second S . m . broader than h igh , receiving firstr . n . a short d istance from base ; legs yellow, the femora and tibiadark brown beh ind , h ind femora dark except apex and a stripe above ,

h ind tibia and m iddle and h ind tars i redd ish -brown ; abdomenredd i sh -brown , paler at apex , andwith pa le bands at ends of firstthree segments ; venter yellow. The h ind trochanters are yellow,and the ir coxa yellowat apex .

9 . A little larger ; no yellowmarkings on h ead ; clypeu s and

supraclypeal a rea piceou s , with scattered punc tures ; labrum and

mand ibles (except at base) redd i sh ; tubercles yellowi sh -wh ite ;abdomen darker , very broad ,withou t evident pallid bands ; venterdark ; legs piceou s , anterior knees and tibia in front yellow, m iddlet ibia with a yellowstripe .

Ha b. Ya l l ingup , S .-W. Austra l ia , September 1 4th—October

31 st , 1 9 1 3 (R . E . Turner) . One ma le four fema les .Brit i sh Mu seum. Al l ied to E . a ltitud inis

,but ea s i ly known by

the green colour .

Euryglossa melanosoma , sp . n .

9 Length abou t 45 mm black , Sh in ing ,with th inwh ite h a ir ;head broad ; flagellum short and th ick , variably fulvous beneath ,

espec ially pa llid ap ically fron t , meso thorax and scutellum sh in ing ;tegula piceous ; wings hya line , nervures and stigma dilute sepia ;

GARDEN NOTES. 2 1 5

recurrent nervures meeting transverso-cub itals ; apica l plate of

abdomen narrow, ferruginou s .Hab . Ya l l ingup , S .

-W. Austra l ia , September 1 4th—October31 st, 1 9 1 3 (R . E . Turner) . Two fema les . Brit i sh Museum .

Resembles E . inconsp icua , Ckll . , but readily di st inguish ed bythe black legs and sh in ing metath orax . Readily known fromE . nigra , Sm. , by th e norma l antenna and the sh in ing , pol i sh edabdomen .

E uryglossa la tissima , sp . n .

9 . Length about mm very broad and robust ,wi th th inwh ite h a ir ; h ead and thorax Olive-green , Sh in ing , the fron t dull ;h ead very broad ; mand ibles cream-colour , with bidentate darkru fou s apex ; labrum dark ; c lypeu s sparsely punctured ; flagellumferruginou s beneath mesothorax m icro scop ically lineo late ; tuberclesdensely fringedwith wh ite h a ir ; legs black or sligh tly Ch alybeou sbasally, but knees , tibia and tarsi ferruginou s , the m iddle and b ind

tibia largely du sky ; tegula pale testaceous ; wings hyaline , stigmadark ru fous , nervures pallid ; second s . m . very large , quadrate ,rece iving first r . n . near base ; second r . n . meeting second t . c . ;

abdomen Sh in ing , very broad , honey-colour, the first segment ma inlypiceou s , the following th reewith narrowsu bapica l dusky bands and

suffu sed du sky lateral Spots .

Ha b . E agleh awk Neck , S .-E . Ta smania , February 1 2th

March 3rd , 1 9 1 3 (R . E . Turner) . Bri ti sh Museum . To be compared wi th E . rubiginosa , D. T. , butwi th out the dense fulvousha i r of that species .

GARDEN NOTES .

BY CLAUDE MORLEY , F .Z .S .

WE constant ly find in the Engl i sh per i odica l s a. multipl i c ityof record s from moors

,fen s , marsh es , mounta ins , and a ll kinds

ofwi ld cornerswh ere insect s most do congregate, because theyare undisturbed by our civi l izat ion ; but h owseldom are published notes from those spot s actua l ly inh ab ited by entomologists and con sequent ly thosewhere most le i sure can be enjoyedto note deta i l s of h i story and habit s " In treat ing of a part icularspot , such as one

’s own garden , i t i s wel l to set forth the

geologica l format ion underlying it , s ince upon th i s depends theso i l Of th e distri c t and consequently a large percentage of th evegetat ion uponwh ich th e great maj ority of i ts insects subsi st .Th e garden of Monk Soh am House i s about four acres in exten t( including th e paddock) , and l ies a lmost in the centre of HighSuffolk , a somewhat vague d i stri ct ,wh i ch may b e sa id to be a

ridge of somewhat eleva ted’ tableland obliquely cros sing the

county from north -east to south -west . The surface soi l i s composed of the Great Chalky Boulder Clay ,wh ich at certa in points

2 1 6 THE ENTOMOLOG I ST .

i s ful ly a hundred feet in depth . I t appears to b e the mora ine

p rofonde of an ice-sh eet formed in th e extreme period of th e

G lac ia l Epoch , and cons i s t s of grey clay intermixed wi th fragments of cha lk , and i s ful l of boulders of Ool ite , L ia s , and someoth er rocks ,wh ich '

are often pol i sh ed and grooved by ice-act ion .

SO rich i s th e surface tha t l i t tle or no land in the neighbourh ood goes untended ,woods are rare and very sma ll , and pa stureat a min imum . Fewmore unpromi s ing places cou ld b e imaginedby the entomologi st ; and yet th i s garden , wh i ch was h eld bycommendat ion by a freeman of E ly’s abbot in Saxon t imes , byRobert Ma let in 1 086 , and h a s undoubtedly been under cul tivat ion ever S ince , produces th ings of in terest , as I tru s t thefollowing jott ingswi l l Show.

1 . D ip teron p reying up on Hymenop teron .—We all knowth e

manner inwh i ch Hymenoptera take tol l Of Diptera th e nume

rou s spec ies stored up as food for the i r larva , a s wel l as th es ingle spec imen s So Often not iced outs ide th e nests of Aculeates,and the large numbers sla in entomoph agou sly by the para s it ickinds . But I can recall no record of retribu t ion on th e part ofthe la tter , except in th e case of th e genu s D ioctria . To -day(June l st, I sawa sma l l Empid fly S i tt ing upon a

bramble leaf , h old ing in i t s fore or i t s anterior legs a yet sma l lerinsect . Th ese I tubed , expect ing to find that th e preywas (asi s most usua l in su ch ca ses) one of the sma ller spec ies of theDipterou s genu s S ciara . What , then , was my surprise upondi scovering tha t itwas a Cha lc id of the difficult—and to meun intell ig ib le—genus E u lop hus , Geoff " It was quite dead ,th ough I could not see wha t part of i t s ana tomy the Empid,wh ich proved on examinat ion to be Ta chydromia minuta , Mg. ,

h ad been sucking .

2 . These Anima ls B ite.—Mywri stwas sei zed by Anthocoris

sylvestris , L inn .,in no fr iendly manner , wh i le I was read ing

in the garden at p m . on Ju ly 7 th . His probosc i swas firmly inserted th rough th e skin and effected a sma l l , Sh arppa in l ike the prick of a No . 1 9 entomologica l pin . He suckedmy blood a t h is own sweetwi l l for two minute s , poss ib ly th ree,th ere inafter I sawh is face no more . Th e result was di sappoin t ing ; none oi th e th rob induced by Cimex wa s exporienced ; the sma l l pri cking la sted for fifteen m inutes and th encea sed ; a s l igh t blush at th e point of insertion h ad faded infive, and noth ing further was seen or fel t . I h ave very rarelybeen the vict im of Heteropterous on s laugh ts , and can reca l l nospec ific occa s ion s ince Cap sus lanarius , L inn . , wa s capturedflying on July 2 l st, 1 89 6 ,when it promptly turn ed upon me and

caused my th umb sensat ion s s imi lar to th ose set up by Urticadioica ,

”to quote my d iary of th at date .

3 . A Curious A eria l Dance.—Records of unspecified in sect s

are often u seles s , but th e aeria l dances of Hilara spec ies form a

gating a dead willow-trunk in my garden . Th i s part iculartrunk h as been under my observa t ion for ten years , and no

Lepidoptera ( th e u sua l h osts of the genus Lissonota ) are knownto breed in i t . Noth ing nests th ere , as far a s I am aware , butAculeates and , perhaps , D ictenidia bima cula ta , Linn . ; but the

sma ller Fossoresm species of Pa ssa la cus , Ti'

ypoxylon , and Pemph

redon—are abundant ; though th e only th ing of suflicient s i ze torender it a probable host for th i s Ichneumon id i s the

bee Osmia

leaiana , Kirby, ofwh ich numerous spec imen swere seen aboutthe same time . Th e elongate oviposi tor renders its para s i tismupon some burrowing insec t nea rly certa in .

7 . A Pugna cious Dolichop odid .—Poecilobothrus nobilita tus ,

Linn . , i s common about th e moat , and on June 28th Iwa tch edone individua l for about an h our . Th i swas undisputed lord Of

a group of th ree overlapping water l i ly leaves (Nymp ha a a lba ) ,about wh ich it briskly wa lked and occa siona lly sucked the i rsurface as though for nutriment . At i rregular interva l s i twou ldmake Short fl igh t s to neighbouring leaves , but th ese appearedpurposeless , and i t a lways returned to it s part icular th ree, fromwh ich i t drove away by flying point blank at them all otherDiptera—mainly Notiphila and Dolichopodids

—wh i le the

presence of Gerris gibbifera , Sch . , larva was ignored . The onlyfoes i t feared were Pyrrhosoma nymphula , Sulz . , and Agrion

p a ella , L inn . from these i t fled prec ipitately . At rest itwouldsomewhat slowly and a t long interva l s v ibra te it swings , muchin the manner of S eop tera c ibrans, Linn.

ACRONYCTA (HYBOMA ) S TRIGOSA IN WICKEN FEN .

BY T . A . CHAPMAN , M.D. , F .E .S .

IN th e matter of Wicken Fen , Mr. Rowland-Brown’s a rt ic lein th e Entomologi st ’ for July , 1 9 1 4 (p . suggest s to meto say aword for th e protect ion of an old pet of mine , A cronycta

(Hyboma ) strigosa , i f i t st i l l exi st s . Most probably it does ;though I unders tand that of la te years i t i s rare or absent .Th e expres s ion in Mr. Rowland-Brown’s observations tha t induces me to advance my plea i s that in which h e condemns ,amongst oth er th ings ,

“ lowsh rubby trees . 9“ Many .years agoI reared A . strigosa from the egg for severa l broods , and I carefu lly examined its habitat in the Wicken district , though I didnot capture any spec imens . It i s long s ince Iwas at Wicken ,

and do not knowwhat changes have occurred there since ; norI suggest , of course , tha t these b e cut , if a t a ll , onlywhere necessary ,

andwith th e greatest d iscretion I hope other entomologistswill a ssistwiththeir views .

—[H .-

NEwSPEC IES OF NOCTUIDE FROM FORMOSA . 2 1 9

do I recollect or knowhowfar th e hab itat of A . strigosawas or

i s inc luded in th e nowpreserved port ion of the Fen . A . strigosa

feeds on hawth orn , andwhy i t sh ou ld b e so loca l i sed is not very /

Obvious . Various reasons may b e suggested , Cl imat ic and oth ers .There i s one somewh at important one, as towh ich I feel tolerablycerta in . A . strigosa pupa tes in a cocoon wh ich i t forms byburrowing in to rottenwood , and consequently i t cannot th ri veun less the trees onwh ich i t l ives are old and posses s some deadport ions th at h ave some fa irly rottenwood . NO doubt larva on

oth er hawthorn trees wi l l find places in wh i ch to pupate , butsuch places wi l l b e unsu itable, and wi l l resu lt in th e greaternumber of ind ividua l swho do so per i sh ing in thewinter . Not

impossibly stumps of cut reeds may aflord a s good substitu tesas any .

The point , h owever , on wh ich I des ire for th e moment toins i st , i s that Old hawthorn trees should b e jea lously guarded ,and that suffic ient younger trees should b e spared in order thatin due t ime they may replace th e Older ones a s these peri sh , and

that none of the old ones and not all th e younger shal l b eincluded in th e sweeping condemna t ion of “ lowsh rubby trees .

NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDZE FROM FORMOSA.

BY A . E . WILEMAN , F .E .S .

Trachea conjuncta , sp . n .

Head and thoraxwh itish , th e latter markedwith dark brownon edges of collar and patagia ; antenna bipec tinate except at tip .

Forewingswh iti sh , tinged and cloudedwith ochreous brown ; subbasa lline black , double ,wavy, not clearly defined ; antemedial line black ,double , s inuou s ; postmed ial line black , double , strongly curved fromcosta to m iddle , thence sinuous to dorsum a broad Oblique blackishband from costa to abou t middle Of a black bar connec ting antemedialand postmed ial lines , and a narrowoblique blackish band from the

connecting bar to dorsum ; orbicular and ren iform stigmatawh i tish ,

finely outlined in black and enclos ing brown i sh marks ; a blackishquadrate mark (extend ing to costa ) between the stigmata ; threeblackish marks on terminal th ird of thewing—one at costa l end of

postmed ial line , one (the largest) belowmiddle of postmed ial, one

belowapex ; fringes ch equeredwith black . Hindwings wh itewithblackish d isco ida l dot and two dusky transverse lines beyond ; fringesgrey brown . Under side wh itish ; forewings suffused with duskyexcept on margins , the blackish postmed ial line is preceded by a

blackish cloud on costal area ; h indwings have a black d i scoida llunule and blackish transverse line as above .

Collect ion number , 1 75 1 .

A ma le spec imen from Rantaiz an , May 9 th , 1 9 09 .

K era la lentiginosa , sp . n .

9 Head and thorax pa le brown , the latter markedwith black ;abdomen brown , Sligh tly darker than the thorax . Forewings palebrown , th ickly freckledwith darker brown except on middle of dorsal

area ; subbasa l and antemed ial lines blackish , originating in blackSpots on the costa , the first line indented above dorsum , the secondl ine d iffu se and angled belowm iddle ; ren iform stigma representedby a black lunule ; postmedial line dark brown , double , indentedabove dorsum ; subterminal line blackish ,wavy and interrupted , mostd i stinc t and black from belowapex to middle ; fringes pa le brownmarkedwith darker . Hind wings wh itish , bordered with blackishon terminal area ; fringeswh itish . Under side wh itish , forewingssuffusedwith blackish on the d isc ; a blackish subterminal line on

all thewings .Expanse , 32 millim .

Collect ion number, 9 34 a .

One fema le spec imen from Ariz an (7350 August 22nd,1 9 08 .

Comes nearest to K . decip iens, Butler .

K era la lentiginosa sufiusa , ab . 1 1 .

9 . Fore wings suffu sed with dark brown except at base and

on the m iddle Of dorsum ; h ind wings sligh tly tinged with brown ,

blackish border less d istinc t .Expanse , 30 millim.

Collection number , 9 34.

One female spec imen from Ariz an (7500 September l 6th ,1 9 06 .

M a crobarasa a lbibasis, sp . n .

Head wh i tish grey ; thorax somewhat darker grey, collaredgedwith blackish ; abdomen brown i sh grey ,wh i tish at ba se and

anal extrem ity . Fore wings wh it ish grey suffused with brown i shexcept on ba sal fourth ; subbasal and an temed ial lines black , sinuous ,angled belowcosta ; postmedial line black , angled belowcosta , sligh tlywavy to vein 3 wh ere it i s deflec ted inward s for a Short d i stance ,thence sinuous to dorsum ; o ther irregular transverse lines betweenantemed ial and postmed ial ; orbicular and ren iform stigmatawh ite ,finely ou tlined in black ; subterminal line black ,wavy, edged withwh ite on costa ; fringeswh ite m ixedwith brown ish at the base , preceded by a black line . H indwingswh itish , ve ins and h a irs thereonbrown ish ; term ina l area broadly bordered wi th blackish ; fringeswh itish m ixedwith brown ish at the base . Under S idewh itish , all

thewings h ave du sky d i sco idal marks and postmed ia l lines , and are

broad ly borderedwi th fuscous .Expanse , 36 millim .

A ma le spec imen from Rantaiz an , May 1 2th , 1 9 09 .

Al l ied to M . xantholOpha , Hampson .

222 THE ENTOMOLOG I ST .

Harma telia basa lis obscura , ab . 11 .

9 D iffers from typical basa lis (Moore) in the absence ofwh i tepostmedia l line and in the terminal area of fore wings be ing verylittle paler th an th e basa l two-th irds .

Expan se , 50 millim .

Col lection number , 1 5 1 6 .

A fema le spec imen from Kansh irei, Apri l 28th ,1 9 08 .

E d ict obscura, sp . n .

9 Head and thorax brown , sparsely mixedwith grey ; abdomen

paler. Forewings brown , pa ler and sprinkledwith grey on apica land term ina l area s ; antemedia l line darker brown , double , sinuou s ,enclosed space paler th an th e ground colour ; postmed ial line darkerbrown ou twardly edged with pa ler , excurved from costa to vein 4 ,

inwardly oblique from vein 4 to dorsum , indented belowve in 6 ;ren iform stigma ou tlined in dark brown but not c learly defined sub

term ina l line dark brown , s inuous , ind istinc t ; fringes brown , a dottedoch reous line a t base . Hind wings wh ite , broadly bordered withbrown ; fringeswh ite a t tornus . Under side of forewings fuscou s ,and of h indwingswh itewith broad fu scou s border ; all thewingsh ave a du sky d isco idal mark , th a t on the forewings i s lunular and

th at on the h indwings colon-like .

Collect ion number, 1 75 .

A female spec imen from Takow, September 1 st , 1 9 04 .

Al l ied to E . mosara , Swinhoe .

Adrapsa quadrilinea lis , sp . 1 1 .

Head , thorax , and abdomen brown , some wh itish h a irs in anal

tuft ; antenna pectinate on one side . Forewings brown , powderedwith darker ; antemed ia l and postmed ial lines dark brown , th e firstsinuou s , the secondwavy , excurved and edgedwithwh itish on costalarea ; med ia l line dark brown , d iffuse , almost stra igh t from wh ited isco ida l lunule to dorsum ; subterm inal linewh ite towards costa ,

where it edges awh itish subapical patch , obscured towards dorsum ,

inwardly c louded with dark brown ; fringes marked with wh itishtowards apex and preceded by black-edgedwh i tish lunu les . Hindwings sligh tly paler becomingwh itish above tornus ; transverse l inessim ilar to th ose on forewings , except tha t the med ial line i s absent .Under sidewh it ish brown sprinkledwith darker ; markings as abovebut the transverse lines of forewings are not d istinct .

Expanse , 6’ 42 millim . 9 40 millim .

Co l lect ion number , 1 004 .

One example of ea ch sex from Kansh irei ; the male Obta inedApri l 22nd , 1 9 08 , and the fema le, Apri l 1 9 th , 1 9 06 .

M ecoclina a lbip uncta , sp . n .

3 Head fuscous brown m ixedwith paler palp i fuscous brown ,

paler at the base and the tip of th ird jo int ; thorax and abdomen

fuscou s brown mixed with paler ; antenna finely c iliated .

: Fore

wings pale brown a lmost wh ity-brown on the d isc , sprinkled and

c loudedwi th fuscou s brown ; twowh ite spots in the cell , the outerlunular and smaller than the inner ; antemed ial line blackish ,wavy ,angled belowcosta ; med ial line blackish , sinuou s , commenc ing in a

blackish triangular mark on the costa ; postmed ial line blacki sh ,

wavy, curved round cell , un ited with ou ter edge of triangular markon costa ; subterminal line blackish , wavy ; term ina l area fu scou sbrown traversed by a diffuse and sinuou s band of th e ground colour ,Short black bars between the ve in s jo ining black lunules on the

termen fringes fu scou s brown markedwi th paler between th e veins .Hind W ings fu scou s greywith two dusky transverse lines , th e ou terone sinuou s and most d i stinc t ; subtermina l line wh itish outwardlydentate , inwardly d iffuse , not d i stinc t towards costa ; fringes pa lebrown markedwith darker between th e veins , proceeded by a seriesof black lunu les . Under side pale brown ; markings of forewings ason upper S ide bu t the terminal area i s not darker and the Short blackbars are not d i stinc t except between ve ins 3 and th e transverselines on h indwings are dark brown th e first bluntly angled beyondthe black d isco idal mark , the second i s serrated and is followed by a

brown band wh ich i s clouded with blackish abou t th e m iddle and

before dorsum .

A ma le spec imen from Kansh irei, June 1 6th , 1 9 08 .

M ecodina ( f) suborna ta , sp . n .

3 . Head and thorax fuscous brown , the latter mixed wi thdarker in front ; abdomen wh itish brown , h eavily powdered withfuscou s brown except on th e anal tuft . Forewings fuscou s brown ,

traces of two wh itish dots in the cell ; an temed ial line black ish ,

ind i stinct except on costa wh ere it i s inwardly edged withwh ite ;postmedial line blackish , sinuou s and wavy, ou twardly pale edged ,the edge becoming wh ite and d iffu se on the costa ; med ial lineblackish , a lmost parallelwith the postmed ial from cell to dorsum ;

fringes fuscou s brown , variegatedwithwh ite toward apex and tornu s .H ind wings fuscous brown , traces of a pale transverse line abovetornu s . Under s ide pale brown , variegatedwith darker brown ; onth e forewings the costa i s paler , and the term inal area from tornu sto a black Spot at m iddlewh itish on th e h indwings , the basal andterminal th irds arewh iti sh all thewings h ave dark transverse lines .

Expanse 38 millim .

Col lection number , 9 29 a .

A ma le spec imen from Kansh irei, Apri l 1 8th , 1 9 06 .

PLUSIA MONETA IN NOTTINGHAM SHIRE .— I h ave great pleasure in

reporting th e capture in my garden of P lusia moneta ; itwas takenby my son , W . J . Daws , on th e even ing of July 4th , 1 9 1 4 , and i s nowin my collection . It i s a fine fema le , but by the appearance of the

body it had already deposited its ova ; three or four years ago Iplanted a fewplan ts of monkshood , but th is i s the first time wecaptured P . moneta . The plan ts h ave been searched each season ,

bu t with ou t result unti l th is year . On Wednesday , July 8th , wemade another search , and found one h alf-grown larva and one freshcocoon . Wou ld you kindly tell me i f th ere are any previous recordsof P . moneta in Nottinghamsh ire , or is th is the first for th e countyWILLIAM DAws ; 39 , Wood Street , Mansfield , No tts , Ju ly 9 th , 1 9 1 4 .

(P . moneta h as been noted from most of the coun ties of Englandup to Chesh ire , but I do not recall any previou s record of th i sSpecies from Nottinghamsh ire .

v —R . S .]

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN KENT .—Mr . Percy Rich ards (an tea , p .

205) recorded a Specimen of A . a tropos c aptured at Hythe on

June 1 5th last . In a commun ication dated Ju ly 8th he writes :Ano ther spec imenwas found at rest on a mu lberry tree in Hyth e .

It i s a fine female , measuring 5 in . in expan se . I h ave no doubt ,judging from its cond ition ,

th a t it had only ju st emerged from pupa ,

although the nearest potato patch i s two h undred yards from the

mulberry tree .

PAPILIO HOSPITON IN CORS ICA .—Mr . Gurney S tates on p . 1 76 of

the ‘ Entomologist that a French entomologist , res ident a t Ajaccio ,

informed h im th at the food -plant of th i s spec ies did not growin th eV iz z avona d i stric t , and that examples taken there were chance

ones . Th is statement i s an error , the food -

plan t of P . hOSp iton

does growat V iz z avona , and the larva are locally common on it

there. Towards the end of July, 1 9 06 , I found twenty-seven larvain two days , as recorded in th e ‘ Entomologist ,

xl. p . 77 .—W . G .

SHELDON .

NOTE ON AMMOPHILA CAMPESTRIS — On the intensely h ot a fternoon of July 1 1 th Iwaswatch ing a sandy h illside , on West Kn igh tonHeath , for Aculeates . My attentionwas d irected to an insec t (almostcerta inly Ammoph i la campestris , wh ich i s even commoner th an A .

sa bu losa h ere , bu t exac t determ ination seemed of less importancethan leav ing th e creature und i sturbed) wh ich was carrying in its

mand ibles a small , roundwh i te pebble . Th i s it carefully deposited ,

wi th others , at the mou th of i ts burrow. It th en rap idly fussedabou t un til i t h ad found another qu ite s imilar stone , be ing veryeclec tic , and so intent on i ts task th at I could bend c losely over it .After Seeing several add itions to the little heap ,wh ich at last obscuredth e opening , I gentlywithdrew. Are these la st touch es of maternalc are protective aga inst some parasite ? Is the h abit generalF . H . HAINES , &C Win frith ,

Dorset , July 1 2th , 1 9 1 4 .

DE ILEPHILA (HYLES) EUPHORB IZE IN CORNWALL .—Wh ile staying

at S t . Gennys , North Cornwall , during Augu st , 1 9 1 0 I caugh t a

large moth ,wh ich rema ined un identified in my collection until lastFriday ,wh en a friend told me that , in h is Op in ion , i twas a SpurgeHawk (Dei lep hila (Hyles) euphorbice) . I took it up to the Sou thKens ington . Mu seum yesterday, and th ey told me that my friend

surm isewas correct . I h ave a fa ir collection of butterfl ies , but know

elevation , on May 6th ; and afterwards at Messina , S ic ily (2000May 9 th ; Palermo (2000 May 1 2th ; and Mount Etna (over3000 May 1 6th . During my trip into Calabria I c aptured spec imens at Pa lm i ( 1 500 May 22nd ; Catan z aro (2500 May 24th ;N icotera , May 30th ( 1 000 and Cape Spartivento (50 June3rd . Itwas flying at Mess ina (50 ft .) on June l 0th , and above and

belowBeri sal, Switz erland (4500 ft . to 5500 from June 1 7th to

22md , and finally I left the Spec ies in excellent cond ition ,both males

and females , at Kandersteg , at an elevation of 4000 ft . , on Monday ,June 29 th .

— J . PLATT BARRETT ; Westcroft , Sou th Road , Forest Hill,S .E . , July 3rd , 1 9 1 4 .

A DAY IN DELAMERE FOREST .— On July 1 l th , in Delamere

Forest , and feeding on bramble blossoms , I sawa fine and fresh male

Pyrameis ( Vanessa ) a ta lanta . Was th is pu z z ling butterfly locallybred ? did it pass th ewinter in th e egg, larva , Chrysalis , or imagostate , and where did i t h ibernate ? Or, a fter i t h ad crossed th ewaves of the North Sea , or thewaters thereto ,why did i t fly fromthe east to the very west of the country , arriving in specklesscond ition ? With these unsolved “ problems as compan ions Isubsequently captured a fine Ca nonymp ha tip hon with lanceolatedSpots (subvar iety lanceola ta ) , and two spec imen s ofAc ida li a strami

na ta var. circella ta . Th is latter insec t appears to b e common bu t

loca l here . Possibly it escapes detectionwhen on th ewing th roughbeing taken for Crambus margaritellus or females OfF idonia a tomaria .

At rest , however , on th e heather, &c . ,it cannot well b e m i staken .

From a female taken on the same spot in July of last year I obta ineda large number of eggs . These h atched , and the larva went on so

well that I h ad reason to th ink th eywould survive th ewinter . Theyfed read ily on knot -grass (wh ich I th ink does not growon or near

th eir habitat) , and th ey began h ibernation on the stems , fasten ingthemselves by their anal claspers , and branch ing ou t at an acuteangle in the form of a note of in terrogation . So they rema ined , untilI d i scovered at the end of last March that many h ad dropped fromth eir perch . Allwere dead . I h ad succeeded in giving them food ,

and plenty of fresh air , bu t I h ad fa iled in '

prov iding th e dampenvironment of the mosses . One of the C . tip hon (I only sawfiveor six altogether)was nearly captured by one of the larger dragonfl ies(E schna juncea ) , ofwh ich therewere many about . A movement onmy part scared away the dragonfly ,wh ichwas on ly an inch or twobeh ind th e bu tterfly, and SO th e tiphonwas saved . The mosseswereunu sually dry and enabled me to watch the rich ly-coloured ma les ofLeucorrhinia dubia ,

in black and maroon , hovering over the pools .

The females , inwh ich the maroon colour i s replaced by yellow,werenot so numerou s . I found th e tiphon ground— the only Delamere

h aunt now, I fear , for the butterfly—guarded by two rows of h ighiron ra ilings smearedwith fresh tar . I though twith regret of thenewspaper I h ad left beh ind in the ra ilway c arriage . Still, theobstruc tion did not prevent an O ld veteran of seventy summersclearing the ra ils and landing safely on th e o ther S ide ,

untarred ,excepting the h ands ,wh ichwere soon correc ted in the dry sand of

th e place—J . ARKLE ; Ch ester .

MOTHS CAPTURED BY LIGHT -TRAP .—My friend , Mr. F . Gillett ,

wh o h as a h ouse on the North Downs , near Ch evening (Kent) , h assent me a list of the Moth s that h ave been attracted by a large trapof h is own des ign during the month s of March , April , and May . Ith ink h is captures in th is manner may prove of in terest to readersof the Entomologist . ’ Hewrites

The following is the result of a mo th - trap , made like a cupboardwith three glasses h erring-bone fash ion in fron t ,wh ich exac tly fitsinto thewindow; ins ide are three 30 c .

p . elec tric lamps , the doorat the back be ing fitted insidewith a looking-glass , and th e sidewitha smallwindowcovered by a shu tter . The trap is on ca stors , to b eeasily movable . It i s run from 1 0 p m . to 3 a .m . ,wh en the ligh t i sau tomatically shu t off by an alarum c lock downsta irs . In Februaryand March i t was only run for a fewn igh ts ,with th e result : oneChestnu t (vaccinii) in February , and one Small ‘ Quaker (cruda ) inMarch .

APRIL .—Ta niocampa gothica . 2nd (four) ; 1 3th (three) ; 1 4th (two) ;

1 8th (eigh t) ; 1 9 th (two) ; 20th (e igh t) : 2 1 st (one) ; 23rd (three) ;24th (five ) ; 26th (two) ; 27th (six) ; 28th (two ) ; 29 th (Six) ; 30th

— T . insta bi lis . 3rd (one) ; 1 3th (two ) ; 1 8th (one) ; 1 9 th( two) ; 20th — T . op ima . 2 1 st (one) ; 26th (one) ; 27th (one) ;29 th —T . gracili s . 1 3th (one) ; 1 9 th (one) ; 29 th—T . cruda . 1 3th (two) .— T . sta bi lis . 2l st (one) ; 24th (two) ; 28th

—Antic lea badia ta . 1 3th (one) ; 1 8th (one) ; 20th (one) ; 29 th—A . nigrofa sciaria . 26th (one) ; 28th (one) ; 29 th

—D . mendica . 28th (one ) ; —Hemerophila a brup taria .

29 th (one) .—X anthorhoefluctua ta . 29 th (one) .MAE — Ta niocamp a gothica . l st (two) ; 2md (two) ; 4th (one) ;

1 2th (one) ; 1 4th (th ree) ; 1 5th (three) ; 1 8th (one) ; 2 1 st (one) ; 22nd(one) ; 23rd (one) ; 30th —T . gra ci lis . 2nd (one) .T . s ta bilis . l 6th (two ) ; 20th —Sp ilosoma menthastri .1 4th (two) ; 1 8th (two) ; 1 9 th (two) ; 20th (eigh t) ; 2l st (one) ; 22nd( seven) ; 23rd (two) ; 28th (th ree) ; 29 th ( four) ; 3oth (ten) ; 3 1 st

— D iap hora mend ica . 1 4th (one) ; 1 8th (one) ; 21 st(one) - Tephrosi a crepuscu laria . 1 4th (one) ; 22ndCoremia ferruga ta . 1 4th (one) ; 20th (four) ; 27th (one) ; 30th

—G. bidenta ta . 1 4th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ; 20th (one) ; 22nd—O . lu teola ta . 1 4th (one) ; 20th (one) ; 29 th (one) ; 30th—Agrotis cinerea . 1 5th (one) ; 1 7th (two) ; 1 8th (seven) ;

1 9 th (one) ; 20th (eigh t) ; 2l st (th ree) ; 22nd (one) ; 23rd (S ixteen) ;24th (th ree) ; 26th (one) ; 27th (five ) ; 28th (e igh t) ; 29 th (seven ) ;3oth (th irty —Dianthcecia cucuba li . 1 6th (one) ; 20th (one) ;2 1 st (one) ; 22nd (one) ; 28th -X . fluctua ta . 1 6th (one) ;1 9 th (one ) ; 20th —Apamea basi linea . l 6th (one) ; 23rd(one) ; 28th (one) ; 29 th (two) ; 30th —P . dictwa . 1 7th (one) .—H ip ocri ta jacoba ce. 1 8th (th ree) ; 20th (six) ; 2 1 st (four) ; 22nd(three) ; 23rd (one) ; 28th (eigh t) ; 29 th (seven ) ; 30th—Hemer0p hi la a brup taria . 1 8th (one) ; 2oth —Mamestraden tina . 1 8th (one) ; 20th (two) : 22nd (three) ; 23rd (one) ; 27th( three) ; 29 th (four) ; 30th (three) ; 31 st —M . tha lassina .

1 7th (one) ; 1 8th (one) ; 29 th (th ree) ; 30th —M . gen i sta .

1 9 th (one) ; 2l st (two) ; 22nd (one) ; 24th (one) ; 28th (one) ; 29 th

(three) ; 30th —Eup ithecia ob longa ta . 1 9 th (two) ; 2oth(one) ; 27th (one) ; 3oth —Lop hop terya: camelina . 20th

(one) . —Mesoleuca ocella ta . 20th (one) ; —Diantha ciacapsincola . 20th (one) ; 21 st —D . carpophaga . 2oth (one) ;2 1 st (one) 2 .

—Eup ithecia pygmcea ta . 20th (one) —Dicranura p inu la .

2 l st (one) .— Grammecia trilinea . 2l st (two) ; 22nd (fou r) ; 23rd(one) ; 28th (one) ; 29 th (two) ; 3oth — Anaitis

p lagia ta . 21 st (one) ; 28th —Ru sina tenebrosa . 2 1 st (one) ;29 th — Lamp rop tery:c sufiuma ta . 22nd (one) . — Cili:c

Sp inu la . 22nd (one) . —Losogramma p etraria . 22nd (one) .—Hep ia luslupu lina . 22nd (one) ; 28th (one) .

-2 .—Eup ithecia pu lchella ta . 22nd

(one) . —Leucania comma . 22nd (one) ; 28th (three) ; 29 th (two) ;30th (one) ; 31 st —Agrotis pu ta . 23rd (one) ; 29 th—P lusia gamma . 26th (one) ; 27th (four) ; 28th (four) ; 29 th (six) ;30th (six) ; 31 st —Agroti s exclama tionis . 28th (one) ; 30th

(five) ; 3l st —Pha lena bucep ha la . 3oth (one) . -X anthorhoe'

montana ta . 29 th (one) ; 30th —Ligdia margina ta . 3oth

(one ) . —Cucu llia umbra tica . 30th (one ) .— Mamestra p isz . 3oth

(one) .—R . M . PRIDEAUX ; Brasted Chart , Kent , June l 6th , 1 9 1 4 .

SOCIETIES .

—June 1 1 th .—Mr . B . H . Sm ith , B .Sc . ,

President , inthe Ch a in—Mr . Dunster exh ibited a short series of blue females ofPolyomma tus icarus from Horsley .

—~Mr . Edwards , bu tterfl ies fromCosta Rica , NewGranada , and Borneo .

—Mr. W . West , th e variou sSpecies of Coleoptera taken by h imself in the NewForest in mid -May,

ma inly from hawthorn blossom—M r . Curwen , abou t a do z en specieswith variou s forms of Anthrocerida (Z yga nida ) taken by h im in

numerou s h olidays on the Continent —Mr . Turner commun ic ated a

note on th e spec ies of mite (Acarus) Tetranychus lintea riuswh ichEad

recently been exh ibited as cau sing devastation among gorseu S es .

June 25th .—Mr . E . Step , in the ch a in—Messrs . Bla ir and

Main , a number of interesting items collec ted by them during a

recent h oliday around Me iringen and Lugano ,includ ing ( 1 ) liv ing

larva of a Crioceris sp . on Bryony (Tama s communis) ; (2) a Polistes

ga llica ( living) on its nest ; (3) liv ing fireflies (Luciola i ta lica )wh ichwere flash ing ”

; (4) a field c ricket found by Mr . Ashdown ; (5) aseries of Catania stictica ; (6) spec imens of Gnopkos glaucinariawithova , &c .

—Mr . Cou lson , a long series of many degrees of bluecoloration of the females of Po lyomma tus icarus from Horsley and

several Ca nonympha p amp hi lus , one having a bipup illate ap ical spo t ,a

fid anoth erwith threewell-developed eye

-spots on the h indwingsa ove .

Ju ly 9 th .—Mr . A . E . Gibbs , V ice-president , in th e

ch a in—Mr . Newman exh ibited living larva of Ga strop a cka i licifoliaand Ocleri o ga lli i , with the parent imagines of the former spec ies ,togetherwi th a curiously suffused a nd obscure form of Dianthcecia

h ighest developmen t in imagines of that genus . Morphology and

anotomy are c losely studied ,wh ile wing neuration and markings ared iscu ssed in even grea ter deta il . M iyake conc ludes that the JapanesePanorpids may , generally speaking , b e grouped in two categories as

regardswing-marking (i. ) ap ica l dark part incompletely developedand p tero stigma tic fa sc ia rather narrow; (i i .) ap ica l dark part completely developed and pterostigmatic fasc ia rather broad .

Spec ies ofPanorpa frequen t shady places , often resting on a leaf ;they are du ll insec ts , eas ily captured . Th ey live ch iefly on an imal

ma tter , pre ferring dead or dying in sec ts or o ther small an imals , andprobably bu t seldom capturing living prey . Occas ionally , at any rate ,they will feed on vegetable ju ices , &C . It seems doubt ful if theweaker and less ac tive insects , comprising the genus Panorp odes , arecarn ivorous at all. Th ey are more mounta in -lov ing insec ts , and are

sometimes a ttrac ted by ligh t . Spec ies of Bitta cus prefer places

more shady than th ose affec ted by Panorpa . They su spend th emselves from a branch or lea f by the legs (u sually th e fore ones) .Generally , but not entirely , the ir food is living in sectswh ich th eycapture . A life -h istory given is th at of Panorpa klugi , a lreadynoticed in ‘ Entomologist ,

vol . xlvi . p . 27 1 .

M iyake is inclined to reduce th e number of genera and spec ies of

Japanese Mecoptera , bu t he describes four newspec ies z— Panorpaa ra kava ,

Panorp a hakusanensis , B i tta cus ta kaoensis , and B . margi

na tus , and five newsubspecies . Besides six figures in the text th ereare ten excellen t plates . W J LUCAS

A Revision of the Ichneumonida . Based on the Collection in the

Briti sh Museum (Na tura l History) . With Descrip tions of NewGenera and Sp eci es . Part II .

~—Tribes Rhyssides , Ech th romorph ides , Anoma lides , and Paniscides . By CLAUDE MORLEY ,

F .E .S . Pp . i—x1 1 and 1 —1 40. Printed by Order of th eTru stees of th e British Museum . 1 9 1 3.

THE two hundred and n inety-eigh t spec ies h ere dealtwith belongto th e subfam ilies ( 1 ) Pimplina and (2) Oph ionina , each ofwh ichcomprise two tribes as follows Rhyssides , numbering six generaand seventy- two spec ie s (ten new) , and Ech thromorph ides , twogenera and th irty-two spec ies (six new) . Pyramishyssa , Moc s . , is

a lso mentioned in th e table of genera , bu t i s not o therwise referredto . (2) Anomalides , sixteen genera (five new) , and one hundred and

e igh teen spec ies (th irty-eigh t new) Paniscides , six genera (one new) ,and seven ty-six spec ies (seventeen new) . La brorychus , Forst . , andE rigorgus, Forst . , are also given in the table of genera .

In prepar ing th is valuable revision , th e au thor h ad th e advantageof ready access to Museum types ,withou twh ich labour of th i s kindwou ld h ave been almost fu tile .

Th e plate ,wh ich is in colour , represents a male spec imen (mu chenlarged) of Certonotus genicu la tus , Morley, reproduced from a

coloured drawing by Mr. Rupert Stenton ,who presented it to the

British Museum .

RECENT L ITERATURE . 23 1

Type Species of the Genera of Ichneumon F lies . By HENRY L .

V IERECK . Pp . 1—1 86 . Wash ington Government PrintingOfl

‘ice . 1 9 1 4 . (Smith son ian Institu tion , Un ited S tates National

Mu seum , Bulletin

FIXING the type of a genus is often a d ifficult bu siness , butwhenth e type of each of some two th ousand genera h as to b e ascerta inedthe task becomes almost h ercu lean , and th e warmest th anks of

entomologists are due to thosewho devote th eir time and ability tosuch labou rs .

Th is catalogue , wh ich i s alph abetical in arrangement , dealswithth e Ichneumonida of the world . Genotypes are designa ted whereth i s importan t matter had not been previou sly made c lear by thefounder of th e genu s , or a type selec ted by a laterwriter . A verylarge number of genera are monobasic , the term used to express a

genu s based on a s ingle spec ies .

Common B ritish Beetles. By Rev . CHARLES A . HALL ,

Con ta in ing 28 Illustrations , v iz . 8 fu ll-page plates in colour ,1 5 in black and wh i te from photograph s , 5 drawings in th e

text . Pp . i—vi i i and 1 —88 . London : Adam Charles Black .

1 9 1 4 .

THIS is one of a series of very inexpen sive volumes entitledPeeps at Nature ,

publi sh ed byMessrs . Black , and ed ited by the Rev .

C . A . Hall . It is excellent in everyway, and th e h ope expressed bythe au thor that i t “will b e the mean s of arou sing a more genera linterest in beetles

,is onewh ichwe cord ially endorse and tru stwill

b e fully reali sed .

The plates , bo th coloured and pla in , are surpri singly good for th isc lass ofwork , and th e spec ies selec ted for figuring just those th a tare most likely to come under the notice of the nature student . Th e

text is adm irable , the author h aving been careful to b e not onlyaccura te bu t a lso enterta in ing .

Transac tions of the Ci ty of London Entomologica l and Na tura l

Hi story Society for the yea rs 1 9 1 2 and 1 9 1 3 . Pp . 66 . Platesi.—vii . The Society, Hall 20, Salisbury House , Finsbury C ircu s ,London ,

E .C . 1 9 1 4 .

IN addition to Reports ofFie ld and Ord inary Meetings , there are

several papers of in terest in th i s volume , amongwh ich “ Notes on

Ca nonymp ha pamphi la s, by Mr . Harold B . Williams ; “ No tes on

Thera varia ta (Sch iff. ) and T . obelisca ta by Mr . L . B . Prout ;and “ Some Lyca nid No tes ,with a D iscu ssion ofthe Segmentation of

the Abdomen in Lepidoptera , by Dr . Chapman , may b e spec iallymentioned . Six of the plates representing gen italia and androcon iaare from ph otograph s by Messrs . F . N . Clark and A . E . Tonge .

It may b e noted h ere th at th is Soc ietywill in future b e known as

th e London Natural History Society , with wh ich the late NorthLondon Natura l History Society is also incorporated .

The Journa l of the Board of Agricu lture of British Guiana . Vol . V i i .

No . 3 . January , 1 9 1 4 . Demerara : “ The Argosy ”Company ,

Lim ited , Georgetown .

AMONG variou s en tomological contribution s publish ed in th i snumber th e following is perh aps the most important : “ The Scale

Insec ts of British Gu iana . A Prelim inary List ,with an Account ofth eir Host Plants , Natural Enemies , and Controlling Agenc ies ,

” byG . E . Bodkin , B .A. , Dip . Agr ic .

Proceedings of the Sou th London Entomologica l and N a tura l HistorySociety for 1 9 1 3- 1 4 . Pp . i—xvi i and 1—1 58 . Plates i.—ix .

Th e Society , Hibern ia Ch ambers , London Bridge . 1 9 1 4 .

ENTOMOLOGICAL papers , seven in number , are as followsTinea pa llescentella , Sta inton ( = nigrifoldella , Some

Notes on its L ife-h istory and its History , by Mr . Robert Adk in(pp . 1 —6 , plate Spring in the South Tyrol,

” by Mr . EbrayS ich and Mr . Alfred S ich (pp . 7—1 7) One of our Common Bu tterfl ies , Ep inep hele jurtina , by Mr . Hy . J . Turner (pp . 1 8

Brit ish Short-horned Grasshoppers ,” by Mr . W . J . Lucas

(pp . 26 - 34 , plates 2“M im icry in the North American Butter

fl ies of the Genus L imenitis ,” by Prof. E . B . Poulton (pp . 35

Th e Ithomiina , by Mr . W . J . Kaye (pp . 38—48 , plate En tomo

logywith a Camera in Switz erland ,

” by Mr . Hugh Ma in and Mr .

K . G . Bla ir (pp . 49—53, plates 6 Plates 3 and 4 , showing BritishGrasshoppers , are reprodu ced from ph otograph s by Mr . Lucas .Plates 6 and 7 exh ibit the life -h istory of the Tiger Beetle , and plates8 and 9 give th e life -h istory of th e ant -lion ; all the figures are from

pho tograph s by Mr . Ma in . Plate 1 , representing Tinea pa llescentella ,

natural siz e and greatly enlarged , also details of life-h i story , is fromdrawings by Mr. Froh awk .

We h ave also received the following :

Reprints from the Proceedings of the United S ta tes Na tiona l Museum.

Vol. 46 Vol . 47

North American Spring-ta ils of the Subfam ily Tomocerina . ByJu stu s W . Folsom . (Vol. 46 , pp . 45 1 —472 ,with plates 40

NewHymenoptera from North America . By A . B . Gahan .

(Vol . 46 , pp . 431 - 443,with PlateDescriptions Of twenty-three NewGenera and th irty-one New

Spec ies of Ichneumon-flies . By Henry L . V iereck . (Vol . 46 ,pp . 359—386)

NewSpecies of Noc tu id Moth s from Tropical America . ByWilliam Sch au s . (Vol . 47 , pp . 485

A Contribu tion towards a Monograph of the Homopterou s Insectsof th e Fam ily Delph ac ida of North and Sou th America . ByDavid L . Crawford . (Vol . 47 , pp . 557- 640,wi th plates 44

bflicial call s out th e name on each pas sport of th ewhole tra inload ofwa i t ing people , and

i f you do not recogn i ze your name

wh en i t i s ca lled out , and someone e l se c la ims your prec iou sdocument , i t d i sappears , and there you are

Immedia tely you h ave taken a room in a h otel , th e proprietordemands your pa ssport , forwh i ch he does not give a rece ipt . Iti s h anded over to the po l ice by him, and you get i t back before youleave the town . At your la st place of s tay it pays an addit iona lv i s i t to the pol i ce to have stamped upon i t permi s s ion to leaveth e country ; and on you r return journey i t i s taken from you

severa l h ours before you get to th e front ier , and only returnedat th e last Russ ian stat ion .

No , travel l ing in Russ ia i s not l ikely to be popula r wi thfore igners SO long as th e present pas sport regu lat i ons ex ist the

Russ ian s themselve s recogniz e th i s , and there i s an agita t iongoing on at the moment to get th em done awaywi th .

My though t s had Often been centred on Ru ss ian Lepidoptera ,but I had fanc ied tha t i t was rath er too tough a problem to b etackled during a summer h ol iday .

There are certa in parts in th e west and north -west wh ichi t i s qu ite easy to reach , but th e butterfl ies found there are

genera l ly toowestern in type to b e novel , and one can get nearlyeveryth ingwi th equa l fac i l i ty , and under mu ch more favourable.

condition s of sojourn , in ea stern Germany , or in Scandinavia .

The interesting parts of the country from a lepidopteri st’spo int of Vieware unques tionably those wh i ch are the mostremote from England ; and these are by no mean s ea sy toreach ,where t ime i s an object , andwhen one get s there, at th eend of about aweek of travel , there are various reasons , aswi l lbe seen hereafter , wh i ch make the average fam i ly man th inkh ard before he fina l ly dec ides to col lect Lepidoptera in remoterRuss ia .

One can get very l i ttle rel iable informa t ion in Englandrespecting Russ ia . Th e ubiqu itous Cook knows i t not , and

ra i lway t i cket s from London are on ly i ssued to Moscow,St . Petersburg , and Odes sa . Bradsh aw, in the Cont inenta ledit ion , profes ses to give t ime -tables of all the tra ins in everypa rt . One wonders when ce th ey were obta ined , and i f suchtra in s rea l ly ever d id run ,

for all I tested turned ou t to b e

hopelessly inaccurate, and th ere i s no reason to suppose theywere in anyway except iona l .Baedeker , unt i l th i s year, had only a somewhat ancient

edit ion ,in French or German , butwi th in recent month s a new

one , in Engl ish for the first t ime,was i s sued . Iwas not awareof th i s edit ion unt i l I ca l led upon the Bri t i sh Consul-Genera l atOdessa . Th i s gentleman gave me th i s very useful p iece of

informat ion , and further very kindly lent me a Copy ,wh i chwasof immense a s s i s tance.

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIE S . 235

On ment ion ing my project to th e compan ion of my Spani shexpedit ion of la st year , Mr. A . H. Jones , I was vei y glad to findthat h ewas able and wi l l ing to comewi th me once more , and

we left London on th e evening Of Apri l 29 th , for Odes sa ,wh ichwas reached after a mos t un interest ing journey of seventy-twoh ours , duringwh ich , after cross ing the Ch annel to Flush ing ,wedid not pas s through a s ingle tunnel .Iwi shed before th e more serious entomologica l work of th e

journey commenced to see someth ing of th e beautiful southcoa st of the Crimea . On the day following our arriva l at Odessawe therefore got on board th e Black Sea steamer , landing th efol lowing morn ing at th e famous fortres s of Seba stopol .We spent a couple of days at Sebastopol , wh i ch were

occupied in v i s it ing scenes of th e princ ipa l event s of th e s iege ofs ixty year s ago , not do ing any actua l col lect ing , butwe sawagood number Of butterfl ies , and th e di str ict impres sed us as

better ground for Lepidoptera th an anywe a fterwards sawinth e Crimea . Th e va lley leading from Seba stopol to the Engli shCemetery appeared part icularly promi s ing .

On May 7thwe h i red a carriage and drove to beau t i ful Ialta ,

a drive that wi l l a lways rema in vividly impres sed upon mymemory for th e lovel ines s of th e scenery en route. Apart fromth e interest of the j ourney ,wewere mu ch impressed with themanner inwh ich the three l itt le Tartar h orses dragged the fourwheeled carriage , ourselves , our luggage , and the driver , th ewhole d i stance of s ixty -one mi les , wi th out turn ing a h a i r ,ga l loping uph i l l and downh i l l equa l ly a s on th e level . The

route i s for the firs t h al f of the d i stance inland . Ba lac lava i spa ssed on th eway , and th en one gradua l ly mount s upward s ,betweenwoods— ful l ofwi ld pa on ies at the t ime of our v i s itunt i l a col named th e Porte de Ba idar i s surmounted , thena ll at once the beaut iful south coa st burst s into viewfrom a

h eigh t of a lmost 2000 ft . The day was perfect , and th e sea

a lmost a s blue as the Medi terranean can b e ; the viewi tsel f i ssuperb , and th e condit ions we sawi t under were the bestposs ible . Beyond Ba idar th e road i s ent irely a longs ide the sea ,

wh i ch i s never lo st s igh t of, and Vi sta s of surpa s s ing love l ines scon tinua lly burs t into View. Just before Ialta i s reach ed . the

Imper ial Pa lace and Park of L i vadia are pa s sed . Th e Czarwasin res idence , and th e road , and in fa ct th e who le di str ict ,waspatrol led by picked Cos sacks , magn ificent ly mounted and armed .

I twas an impres s ive sceneIa lta i s in s i tuat ion and surround ings very simi lar to

Mentone, b ut i t i s even more beaut ifu l . Th e vegetat ion i s , h owever , not so sou thern ; one sees plen ty of cypress trees and

occas iona l pa lms , and in the ma in street I sawsevera l finespec imens of J a caranda mimosaefolia , wh i ch j ust th en were a

gorgeou s ma ss of purple tubular flowers butwi th fewexception sU 2

the flowers and trees of th e Crimean south ern coa st are thosecommonly metwi th in mid-Europe.

We spent five days at Ia lta , duringwh i ch th ewea th erwasfavourable , and we were able to explore every day for Lep idoptera . I must say Iwas much surpri sed and di sappointed tofind h owwestern th ey a llwere . Scarcely a spec ies was seenthat cannot b e found in the Alps . The only butterflywe noticedthat was at all eastern in i t s d i str ibut ion was Pyrgiis orbifer , ‘wh i ch was not uncommon . Colias era ta, Z egris eup heme, and

Plebeias z ephyrus , amongst other spec ies , are sa id to occu r , butwe d id not see any of th em. A plant that i s very like’Astraga lus

exscapus , th e food-plant of P . z ephyrus , was, h owever , abundantloca l ly by th e roads ide nea r Aloupka , some ten mi les from Ialta .

Mos t of th e ground that seemed promi s ing i s enclosed , and a

con s iderable part i s v ineyards , and th ere is very l i t tle space tocollect in . Butterfl ies were by no mean s common e i th er as

individua l s or spec ies , except in one or two in stances . Hibernated examples ofLibythea celtiswere pret ty frequent , a l thoughwe did not see any trees of Celtis austra lis .

On the even ing of May 1 2th we once more boarded th esteamer , landing the fol lowing day at Novoross i sk , on th e ea stcoast of th e Black Sea .

Novoros s isk i s a seaport of con s iderable s ize, and trades incorn , t imber , and oth er commodit ies . It i s s i tuated at th e ba seofwh at I suppose one migh t cal l th e footh i l l s of th e Cau casu sMounta in s , wh i ch have an a l t itude h ere of from 1 500 ft . to2000 ft .We s tayed five days , and during that t ime explored th e

surrounding mounta in s and va l leys as mu’

ch as pos s ible .

Iwas aga in much surpri sed at th ewestern ch aracter of bothvegeta t ion and Lep idoptera . Many of the l itt le d ingles seemedvery l ike th ose one meet swith at h ome ; th e s ideswere c loth edwi th elm and ash and oak, and many of th e common Engl ishflowers grewbeneath .

Th e on ly eastern butterflywe came across wa s Erebia afer ,wh ich was not uncommon some d i stance up the mounta ins .Unfortunately,wewere a mon th too late for it , and nearly all thespec imen s capturedwere more or les s p asse.

We found some good ground amongst the h i l l s to th e northof th e town , but the bes t was undoubtedly th e va l leys andmounta in s south of the harbour .In planning an expeditionwh i ch h ad for one of its Objects th e

making acqua intance wi th a s many eastern bu tterfl ies a s poss ible , i t seemed to me tha t there were th ree di str icts wh i chwereworthy of con s idera tion .

F irst , th ere i s the great range of th e Cauca su s Mounta ins ,magn ificent in scenery , h i storic in th e past ages , and peopledwith some of the most fa sc inating races in theworld . All of

to Offer a fea s ible sol ut ion of my d ifficult ies , and th i swas con

ta ined in the bles sed word Sarep ta . One finds i t immediatelythe study of E uropean butterfl ies i s commenced en sh rined inth e c la ss i c pages ofKane , and described a s the h aunt of a lmosteveryth ing eastern ; and Staud inger and every other au thorityconfirm th i s v iew, and quote i t on innumerable oc cas ion s .

Th e grea t bless ing of Sarepta from my point of Viewwas thefact , known to me, that i t s populat ion cons i sted ch iefly of

Germans and sure ly one could obta inwith th em C lean accommodation andwholesome food , and , further , the r i sk of s icknes sto be apprehended el sewherewou ld b e avoided , or very mu chles sened , in th e i r town .

About one h undred and fifty years ago tha t extraordinarywoman the Empres s Cath arine the Second ,who then ruled th efortunes ofRuss ia ,was des irous of colon i s ing th e country aroundth e Volga , and h er own people not be ing then suffic ientlyc iv i l i sed to form su i table coloni s ts , she induced grea t numbersof Germans .to set tle th ere , grant ing them grea t tra ct s of freeland and freedom from m i l i tary serv ice, and conferring oth erimportant pr iv i leges upon them. At the present day th ere aredozens of these colon ies , th e inh abitants Ofwh i ch are s t i l l largelyofGerman extract ion , and Sarepta i s th e most southern of them.

It i s s i tua ted on the righ t bank of th e Volga some th ree h undredmi les from i t s mouth .

I do not knowwho di scovered Sarepta entomologica l ly , butE dward Eversmann in h is Fauna LepidOpterologica Vo lgoU ra lens i s ,

’ publish ed in 1 844 , and st i l l the s tandardwork on theLepidoptera of Eastern Russia ,waswel l a cqua intedwith i t . In

h is preface h e Speaks of two broth ers of th e name ofKindermann

spending th e summer s of 1 838 and 1 839 collect ing Lepidopterath ere . He a l so men t ions that an entomo logi s t named Zwi ck hadst i l l earl ier col lected Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in the same

place. S ince th e days of E versmann the best known invest igatorh as been a German res ident , H. Ch ri stoph ,who col lected insect sfor Staudinger , and fromwhom most of th e numerous spec imen sin our Nat iona l Col lect ion at Sou th Kens ington , wh i ch are

label led Sarepta , came . Ch r i stoph undertook severa l expedition sinto the Caucasus and other parts of As iat ic Russ ia , and res ided atSarepta unt i l about twenty-five years ago ; h is son st i l l l ives there ;most of h is spec imen s in the Nat iona l Collect ion date back aboutfifty years from the present t ime . Anoth er German residen t ofSarepta , a botan i st of the name of Becker , seems to have studiedLepidoptera a swel l as botany , and I am informed h e made an

exten s ive collection of th e former,wh i ch i s st i l l in the d istr i ct .The town seems from t ime to t ime to have been vi s i ted by

entomologi st s from Germany , but I have been unable to find

any result s of th ei r invest igat ions in print , though there may besome in th e magaz ines of that country.

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 239

Th e left bank of th e Volga a lmost a long it swhole length i sflat , but th e righ t bank onwh ich Sarepta , as before ment ioned ,i s s ituated , i s an a lmost cont inuous range Of h i l l s , in some p lacesatta in ing a he igh t of over 1 000 ft . at Sarepta they are from200 ft. to 300 ft . in a lt i tude. Th ese b i l l s h ave apparent lybeen formed in the long d istan t past by the preva i l ingwindfrom the ea st blowing the sand formed in the river bed intodunes ; these dunes being in th e process of t ime convertedinto sol id earth by th e growth of plants , the roots ofwh ich havebound the soi l together . The tops and s ides are genera l lycovered with a growth of lowplan ts ; in th e folds and cros sravines , h owever, there arewoods and bushy slopes fu ll of l i feof a ll kinds , insect and otherwi se .

The Volga , wh ich above Sarepta flows for severa l hundredmi les in a sou th -west direct ion , skirt ing for thewh ole di stancethe ba se of the h i l l s , haswith in compara t ively recent t imescarved out for i tsel f a newcou rsewh i ch commences immediatelynorth of th e town ; th i s course leaves th e h i ll s and strikes out

a cros s th e s teppe in a sou th -easterly direct ion . At Sarepta th edistance from th e river to the h i l l s i s about two mi les , and thetown l ies on th e level pla in m idway between th e two .

Having dec ided to make a stay of severa lweeks at Sarepta ,we left Novoros s isk on the even ing of May 1 8th , bound th i ther .Th e distance is about 500 mi les , acros s the steppe th e wholed istance , in travers ingwh i chwe did not see a h i l l or even an

undu lat ion i twa s aweary journey ,wh i ch th e tra in i s t imed todo in twenty-four hours , andwh i ch i t actua l ly accompl i sh ed intwen ty-seven hours . Th i s j ourneywe did on bread , ch eese , andbeer, forwewerewarned a t th e la st moment at Novoros s i sk , toolate to take a supply of foodwi th us , that themore sol id eatablesto b e h ad on route were bad , and that it was dangerous topartake of them.

At Sarepta I had Obta ined th rough a German correspondentthe address of a person who kept an inn , the only one th ere ,and on arriva l , to our great rel ief,we found a i ry rooms , cleanbeds , andwh olesome, i f rough , food , and in Herr Georg Enke a

most ob l iging, intell igent , and h elpful host .I must confess that i twaswith a feel ing of keen di sappoint

ment that I surveyed my surroundings on th e morn ing after ourarriva l . I had expected to find Sarepta ,wh i ch conta ins somes ix th ou sand people , a model town . I h ad p ictured th e s teppe,by some wel l-th ough t out scheme of irr iga t ion , made to

blossom l ike the rose, and the wh ole d istr ict converted intoVineyards , fruit orch ards , and gardens . Th ere i s some spasmod ic i rrigat ion , but not by any means suffi c ient to transformth e arid pla in into ferti l i ty , only j ust enough to water a fewgardens . Th ere i s no evidence ofwant of prosperi ty of a kind ,wi th plenty of good houses , for Russ ia , even some fruitfu l and

shady ga rden s ; but thewh ole i s hardlywhat one expected froma German populat ion ; i twas Germany of th e e igh teenth century ,mod ified and not improved by the sojourn of i ts inh abitant s forone hundred and fifty years in Ru ss ia . The street s are unpaved ,except for one or two Sh ort length s of cobbles , so rough th atwh en we drove over th em we wi sh ed th ey too h ad not beenpaved ; undra ined , and un scavenged , ful l of h ollows , in wh i chthewa ter stands in great pool s after every storm ; and th e sandysu rface everywh ere churns up into sea s of mud a lmost kneedeep duringwetweath er .One of th e first th ings I not iced at Sarepta was that thewindowopen ings , out s ide th e gla s s , hadwi re gauze shutters toexclude insect pests I inqui red i f th erewas any ma laria in th etown th e reply I gotwas somewhat eva s ive, and later on Iwastold tha t itwas not so b ad as in the surrounding country . We

were both provided with mosquito curta ins , wh i ch we S leptunder , and avoided as much as pos s ible going near swamps ;probably in consequence of these precautions we d id not sufferany inconven ience ; but mosquitoeswere not infrequent in our

rooms , and one captured on my curta in has been ident ified a t

the Bri t i sh Museum as the ma laria-conveying spec ies , Anop helesmaculip ennis . It appears , therefore , that future vi s itors sh ouldtake precautions aga inst th i s pest . I suspect th at ma laria i spretty un iversa l th rough out E a stern Ru ss ia .

Th e flora of the steppe d id not come up to th e expecta t ionsI h ad formed of it . I had looked to find a sward of br i ll iantflowers , but the growth i s a lmost entirely Artemesia , grey andfragrant , of severa l spec ies , and lowgrowing , some s ix inchesh igh ; oxen and h orses seem fond of i t , camel s devour it greedily ,and the ent ire steppe sme l l s of i t .

In places on the l pes of the h i l l s th ere i s a good dea l o fa fine drywi ry gra s s , th e food of M elanargia var . su ivarovius ,and here and there one comes across a certa in number of

flowering plants ; a bri l l iant purple sage is one of th em, a brigh tpink Helichrysum anoth er , there i s a blue Linum, and severa lspec ies ofPhlomis, but thewh ole are not in sufficient number sto produce any broad effect .

The ra i lway pa s ses a long the ba se of th e h i l l s , and upon it sbanks we found excellent col lect ing ground ; th erewas h ere a

luxuriant growth of many spec ies of leguminous and oth erplants , and amongst them could be found such des irable butterfl ies as Colias cra te, Glaucopsyche ca lcatina , S colitan tides pylaon ,

Z agris eup heme, and many others .The glory of Sarepta i s , h owever, th e Tschapurnik Wa ld ,

a largewood , th e property of th e commun ity , and u sed by i t forp icn ic s and oth er kinds of recreation ; i t occupies a h ol lowinthe h i l l s some four mi les to th e south-west of the town . Th i swood and the adjacent bushy slopes have glades wh ich are

butterfl ies th at have been reported from Sarepta , andwh ichweexpected to come acros s . Th e most notable of thesewas Pontiachlorid ice, wh ich we were much disappointed not to find anywh ere , a lthough a sharp look -out was kept for i t , and everyswi ft-wingedwh i te tha t therewas th e s l igh test su spi c ion ofwasdi l igent ly netted , when th i s was pos s ib le. Oth er spec ies tha twe expected to see , but did not , inc luded Sa tyra s antona ,

S . hippolyte, Cencis ta rp eia , Trip hysa p hryne, and S colitantides

bav ius ; probablywe left too early for th e first two spec ies , andarrived too late for th e th i rd and fourth ; wi th respect to th ela st-named butterfly , it i s , I bel ieve , a lways rare in Russ ia , andposs ib ly i t occurred further afield th anwewere able towork .

Wewere at Sarepta from May 1 9 th unt i l June 23rd , betweenwh i ch da tes th eweath er was a lmost perfect ; brigh t sun frommorning unt i l even ing on a lmost every daywas our . fortunatelot ; and therewas a lways a cool and most invigorat ing breezeto temper its rays .

On June 23rdwe started on th e return j ourney , travel l ingup th e Volga as far as N ijni Novgorod , a d i stance Of about 1 200m i les , wh ich took th e steamer s ix days to accompl i sh . Th e

Volga boats are excel lent , wel l fitted up , and th e cui s inearrangemen ts exceedingly good ; th e voyage , apart from being al i ttle monotonous , i s interesting , and a fter our hardworkwa svery restful and enj oyable .

I was struck wi th N ijni Novgorod and i ts di strict as an

entomo logica l centre ; it i s in the neighbourhood ofwhat looksl ike a great dea l ofpromis ing country ,wh i ch Sh ould repay invest i

gation . From N ijn i to Moscowi s only ten h ours by ra i l afterstaying a fewdays at th e latter c ity I came stra igh t to England ,part ing from Mr . Jones at Warsaw, en route for the Tyrol .

AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES .

Pa ra sphecodes a tronitens, sp . n .

9 Length abou t 9 7; mm entirely black , the flagellum obscure

brown beneath ; c lypeus Sh in ing , strongly but not densely punctured ,andwi th a short med ian sulcus ; front appearing granu lar, more or

less gli sten ing , espec ially at S ides ; h a ir of face and fron t very scan ty,fu scou s , bu t at sides of face appearing pale and glisten ing in some

ligh ts ; cheeks with sh in ingwh ite ha ir ; mesothorax du ll , extremelydensely punctured , the punctures Clearly visible under a lens ;scu tellum dulli sh , densely very m inu tely punc tate ,with a depressedmed ian line or su lcus ; area of metathorax minutely and Obscurelysubplicate ba sally, andwith a ra ised med ian line , but otherwi sewithou t sculpture ; tuberc leswi th a dense fringe of greyish wh ite ha ir ;

AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES . 243

mesothorax and scu tellumwith scanty fuscou s ha ir tegula p iceou s ,Sh in ing dark reddish posteriorly ; wings du sky hyaline , stigma and

nervures sep ia , ou ter nervures weakened ; first r . n . jo in ing seconds . m . at extreme apex ; m iddle and h ind tibia and tarsiwith fuscou sh a ir on ou ter

side ; first two abdom ina l segments Sh in ing, finelypunctured , the others dull, and withou t d istinc t punc tures , exceptthe p iliferous ones ; venter with silvery wh ite h a ir , on th e ap ica lsegmentswith fu scou s .

Hab . Ca lsundra , Queensland , O ctober 3oth , 1 9 1 2 (H.HackerQueensland Mu seum, Closely rela ted to P . p lora tor , Ckll . ,but th e wings are not so dark , and th e punctured first twoabdomina l segments are h igh ly di st inct ive . P . fumidicauda ,Okll. , i s larger , and h as a very d ifferent metath orax .

Ha lictus melanop terus, sp . n .

9 . Length nearly 1 0 mm . ; black , inc lud ing the legs and

antenna ; h ead broad , withwh ite h a ir , wh i ch i s th in on face , con

spicuous on Ch eeks long pale golden ha irs from a fringe belowlowermargin of clypeu s ; clypeu s and supraclypeal area sh in ing , d istinc tlybut not densely punc tured ; front entirely dull except a t sides ,wh erei t i s somewhat glisten ing ; thorax with th in wh ite ha ir, quiteabundant on pleura , mesothorax and scutellum with inconspicuousfu scou s h a ir ; tubercles (as seen from in front) end ing in a po int ;mesothorax and scutellum Sh in ing , very finely and qu ite Closelypunctured ; Scutellum su lcate in m iddle ; area of metathorax large ,bulging at S ides , very finely roughened ,withou t d istinct scu lpture ;posterior truncation Sh ining ; tegu la rufop iceou s wings stronglysta inedwith blackish , stigma ru fop iceou s , nervures sepia ; outer r . n .

and t . c .weakened ; second s . m . broad , rece iving first r . n . a shortd istance before end ; h ind legswith dark fuscous ha ir over knees ;abdomen sh ining , very finely punc tured ; long-triangular patches of

du llwh ite tomentum at basal s ides of segments 2 to 4 ; apex withdark fu scou s h a ir ; no ventral scopa .

Hab . Ya l l ingup , near Cape Natura l i ste, S .-W. Austra l ia ,

September 1 4th—October Sl st, 1 9 1 3 (R . E . Turner) . Briti shMuseum. H . melanop terus i s very near H . insta bilis, Ckll. , b ut

larger ,wi th darkerwings and darker stigma , and the abdomina lbands not ent ire . The abdomen i s much l ike th a t ofH . circumda ta s, Ckll . , but th e metath orax i s qui te different . It i s muchlarger th an H . chapmani, Ckll. , and i s readily known fromH . convexa s, Sm. , by its darkwings .

Ha lictus d isclusus , sp . n .

3 . Length about 6 mm . ; black ,with the first three abdomina lsegments brigh t chestnu t-red , but the first dark basally and with a

large dusky med ian Cloud , second and th ird segmentswith a darkspot at each laterob asal corner ; knees , tibia and tarsi ferruginous ,th e tibia (the first Sligh tly, th e last most) stained with blackish ;h ead broad , eyes strongly converging below; clypeus prom inen t ,wi tha broad pale yellowapical band ; labrum black ; mandibles wh iti sh

in m iddle , red apically ; face and frontwith dullwh ite h a ir ; antennalong (reach ing to end of thorax) , entirely black ; flagellum crenula tebeneath ; meso thorax and scu tellum dull , the surface m icroscop icallytessellate , th e very m inu te punc tures not clearly visible under a lens ;

area ofmetath orax finely andweakly plicatulate , the sculpture fad ingtoward the apex ; h a ir of thorax th in , dull wh ite , with a fa intlyyellowi sh tint on scu tellum ; tegula black ; wings dusky hyaline ,stigma and nervures reddi sh sep ia second s . in . very narrow; abdomen Sh in ing .

Ha b . Eagleh awk Neck , S .-E . Ta sman ia , February 1 2th

March 3rd , 1 9 1 3 (R . E . Turner) . Brit i sh Museum. ResemblesH . tasmania but ea s i ly known by the du l l mesoth orax .

Th e black antenna and absence of meta l l i c colour separa te i tfrom H. hedleyi, Ckll .

A SUCCESSFUL HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL

CRAMBI .

BY THE REV . JOHN W . METCALFE , F .E .S .

THE fo l lowing notes are put togeth er ma in ly wi th a v iewto the poss ible u sefu lnes s to oth ers of our experience ga ined incol lec t ing certa in Crambi ,wh i ch ,

i f plent i fu l in thei r restr ictedhaunt s , are not on ly very loca l but may ea s i ly b e mi s sed owingto th ei r ret ir ing habit s . Inc identa l ly a fewoth er loca l .spec ieswi l l b e ment ioned , wh ich are not common ly taken in suchnumbers as we were fortunate enough to meet with . Mycompan ion s on th i s expedi t ion , wh ich la sted from July 1 3thto 3 1 8t,were the Revs . W . G . Wh i tt ingham and J . E . Tarba t ,and i t i s wel l to ment ion at once th at the weath er wa s as

advers e th roughout th e wh ole t ime as i t wel l could b e—wet ,cold , andwindy , a factwh i ch made our subsequent success th emore noteworthy .

Our first h a lt ing placewas a very h appi ly si tuated boardingh ou se in the middle of thewel l -known Dea l sandh i l l s . If th eaccommodation i t affordedwas not pa la t ia l , th e pos it i onwas allth at th e collector cou ld des ire . During th e ten dayswe Spen t th erewewere plea sed to see L ithosia lu tarella var. pygma ola in pro

fu s ion ; indeed ,whatever theweatherwas l ike it appeared on thewing or s itt ing on th e marram in grea t numbers . By day M .

linea ta , H . cesp ita lis, C . angusta lis , and S . ictericanawere common ,

but A . ochra tawas pract ica l ly over . However , our spec ia l objectOf des irewas 0 . contaminellus , and th e st irr ing of an occa s iona lspec imen by day from the ma rram gave u s the ch eer inga s surance tha t i twas about . Yet not t i l lwe discovered that atn igh t it loves to s it an inch or two above th e ground , on th epatch es bare of marram, d id we secure i t in any numbers .From th i s d i scovery onwards we took it in plenty , together

were on thewing, but A . gilvaria and E . ochroleuca were on lyju st appearing .

Mr. Tarba t having to leave us , Mr. Wh itt ingh am and I nextj ourneyed to the Norfolk coas t . Our first object of ambit ionwasCrambusfascelinellus,wh i ch I had found fa irly plentifu l two yearsago . In the distres s ingly cold atmosph ere not a spec imen cou ldb e induced to fly in th e daytime , and not more than two or th reewere found at rest in the sandpi ts . Our h opes were accordingly fixed on what could b e done at n igh t , and at first th eyseemed doomed to be disappointed . Careful search ing , however,revealed th e 'fact that C . fascelinelli is was about . Itwas founds it ting, l ike C . contaminellus, an inch or two above th e ground , buton ly on the spots , at the back of the sandh i l l s , where a fewscattered blades of gra s s s truggled up th rough the sand . Itseldom sat on the marram or on other gra s ses wh ere th eselat ter grewth i ckly , th e surfa ce of the sand had to b e wel l inevidence , and in such spotswe took a fine ser ies . Th erewas avery sh ort and part ia l fl igh t at du sk ,wh ichwould probably h avebeen larger and more genera l in warmer weather , and th e

insect aga in flewa fter ten o’c lock .

The best par t of a day, spent inwater up to our knees andwith frequent storm s beat ing down upon our h eads , producedtwo dozen larva or pupae ofN . canna , and theywerewel l earned .

F ind ing that C . fa scelinelluswas beginn ing to get wasted wenext directed our attent ion to C . a lp inellus ,wh ich Mr . Wh i tt ingh am had turned up two year s previously . Our experi encewasmost interesting . St i l l dogged by h osti le elemen t s our expec tat ion s were not great , and when , at our first es say , ten 0

’c lockstruckwithout a S ign of the C rambid we began to despa ir . Itwas bitterly cold , but we knewthat i t must be h id ing some

wh ere . Then the h appy though t struck uS of plac ing our

lamps on th e ground , sh in ing stra igh t into the tangled root sof the marram. Almost instantly a l i ttle moth began j ump ingout towards the l igh t , and then another, and our plea su re wa sgreat when we found tha t a lp inellus had been moved at la st .Later on the weath er improved , and wi th i t the ta le of our

captures of th i s spec ies . On a fine afternoon th ere i s a verygenera l fligh t between s ix and seven O ’c lock , the Cramb id be ingth en not only on th e wing on i t s own account , but a l so easi lyinduced to fly by tapping the fir treeswhere i t evident ly shel tersas frequent ly a s in th e marram . On one such afternoon wemu st h ave captured fully seventy spec imens in an hour and a

h a lf. The del icate fringes of th e h indwings soon getworn , butmany of the captureswere fresh ly emerged and in splendid order .One other insect seemsworthy of note . Th i s i s th e recen tly

d i scovered Retinia purdeyi ,wh i ch flewround th e branch e s of th eAu strian p ines (at lea st such we took th e trees to b e) in th e

late afternoon . Difficu lt to capture in a wind , i t occurred in

KAxOTHRIPS , N . GEN . 247

grea t plenty i f the sun shone , and on a ca lm day i twa s qu itepos sib le to get five or s ix in th e net at once . C . p inetellus and

C . inquina tellus a lso sh eltered in th e fir trees , wh i l st a few8 . coniferana and E . a tricap itana were to b e h ad , the latterh aving evident ly flown up from th e ragwort beneath . Altogeth erwe brough t back some six or seven hundred good insect s ap iece ,wh i ch was excel lent work for th ree weeks of thorough ly b adweath er .

KAK OTHRIPS , N . GEN . , A DIVISION OF THE GENUSFRANKLIN IELLA (THYSANOPTERA) .

BY C . B . WILLIAMS , B .A. , F .E .S .

DURING the past two years I h ave been invest igat ing th el ife-h i story of a spec ies of Thysanopterawh ich does con s iderabledamage to peas and beans in th i s country ,with a Viewto finding

FIG. 1 .

some meth od of control ; and a ful l a ccount wi l l b e publ i shedsh ortly (Anna l s OfAppl ied Biology ) . Th e spec ies h as been knownup to the present by many different names z— Thrip s p isivora ,

Physop us robusta , Eu thrip s robusta , and F rankliniella robusta,

the latter be ing at present th e most correct terminology . Th e

spec ies h as never been properly described , Uz el’

s origina ldescr ipt ion (

“Physopus robusta ,

” Monograph ie der OrdnungThysanoptera , 1 89 5 , p . 1 04) be ing insuffic ient for moderndemands . In making a carefu l examinat ion of a number ofSpec imens for a proper technica l descript ion (wh ichwi l l appearin th e above-ment ioned paper ) I found that th i s spec ies d iffersin severa l respects from all other known spec ies of th e genu sF rankliniella . Uzel ( l. c . ) h ad a lready noted that th e ma le of

th i s spec ies h as'

a pair of processes on the abdomen , one on

each s ide of th e e igh th segmen t (fig . 1 , a ) . I find th at there are

a l so d i stinct vest iges of these proces ses presen t in the female(fig . 1 , b) . They are, in both sexes , immediately in front of thespiracle of th e e igh th segment . NO such organs occur , so far a s

I know, in any oth er Spec ies of th e suborder Terebrant ia b ut

someth ing S imi lar i s found in some genera of th e Tubuli fera .

Thu s in M ega thrip s nobilis (Bagna l l , Ent . Mon . Mag. xx . 1 9 09 ,p . 1 3 1 ) th ere are la tera l processes on the s ixth and e igh thabdomina l segmen ts . Th i s feature would a lone a lmost ju st i fyth e separat ion of robusta from th e genus , but I find further th atin th i s spec ies the two long ocel lar sp ines are between th e twoposterior ocel l i (fig. 1 , c) , wh erea s in all the other Spec ies of

F rankliniellawh i ch I h ave been able to see, or in th e descript ion s ofwh i ch these Sp ines are ment ioned or figured , they are

between th e posterior and anterior ocel l i (fig . 1 ,Further , the larva of robusta h a s th e last two abdomina l

segment s dark -coloured , a -feature more characteri s t ic of th e

larva of the Tubu l i fera , andwh i ch does not Occur in th e larvaof any of th e spec ies of F rankliniella that I have Observed .

On th e above grounds I am removing robusta from the genusF rankliniella , and propose th e name K akothrip s for a newgenusto conta in i t , ch aracteri sed as fol lows

KAKOTHRIPS , newgenus .Physopus , Uzel ( l. in part .Frankliniella , Karny (Mi tt . Nat . Ver . Un i v . Wien , vi i i .1 9 1 0 , p . in par t .

Antenna eigh t segmented . One long spine at each fron t angle“and two at each h ind angle of the proth orax . Ocellar spines betweenthe two p osterior ocelli . Maxillary palps th ree jointed , labial palpstwo jo inted . Fore vein of the upperwing set regularly th roughou titswhole lengthwith short sp ines . La tera l p rocesses on each si de Ofthe eigh th a bdomina l segment in the ma le curving backwards and

upwards , in the fema le rudimentary bu t d istinguisha ble. Larvawithn inth and tenth abdom inal segments dark .

Type (and at present on ly spec ies ) , K . robustus .

Th e ch aracters in i ta l i c s d i st ingui sh i t from F rankliniella .

Fuller part icu lars of th e spec ies i tself wi l l be given as

ment ioned above .

They are certa inly in this position in the following species - in tonsa

(Tryb om ) ( z vu lga tissimu s , Uz el) ; tenu icornis (Uz el) ; melanomma ta ,

W illiams ; fu sca (Hinds) ; stylosa (Hood) ; tri tici (Pergande) ; in su laris

(Franklin ) ; h elian th i (Mou lton ) ; occid en ta lis (Pergande , tes ts Hinds) ;c ep h a lica (Crawford) ; n erv osu s (Uz el. teste Hinds) ; fl or idensis (Morgan ) ;runn eri (Morgan ) ; gossyp ii (Morgan ) . Bu t su lp hurea , Schmu t z , wou ldappear from th e descript ion to b e possibly like robu sta , and in minu ta

(Moulton) they are small or absent .Th e John Innes Hort icu ltura l In stitu tion ,

Merton , Surrey Ju ly , 1 9 1 4 .

broad - leaved sa l lows (Sa lix cap rea ,cinerea , on th e upper

s ide ofwh i ch th ey lay th e ir young , but I could get ne i th er theadu lt s nor th e larva to feed on the wi l lows wi th long and

smooth leaves (S . a lba , Th e young all appear to matureat th e same t ime

, and are la id , i f th e fema le i s not disturbed , inone batch . Th e number in one fam i ly var ies from twen ty-eigh tto forty . With one doubtfu l exception , non e of the th irtyfema les fromwh ich I obta ined young la id a second batch ,

occurs , for example , in the Coccinellida .

The young larva when firs t la i d are orange yellow, but theyrapidly darken and become quite bla ck . The larva , at lea stwh en Older , has a pa ir of dorsa l , protrus ible ves icles closetogeth er between th e seventh and e igh t abdomina l Segments .Th ey are pink in colour and can b e extended about one -twelfthof an inchwhen th e larva i s di sturbed . The larva i s full-fedin abou t fifteen days , when i t descends to the ground and

becomes qu iescent ; i t i s not t i l l four to s ix days later th at thebrigh t orange pupa l stage i s a ssumed . Th e sexes of the pupacan b e ea s i ly d i st ingui sh ed both by the s i ze and by th e form of

the ventra l surface of the la st two abdom ina l segment s . Shortlybefore emergence the legs and h ead , th e centre ofth e prothorax andth e scutel lum become quite dark , and th ewings darken s ligh tly .

Th e adu lt s emerge a fter abou t twelve days , the tota l t imefrom th e laying of th e young larva being abou t th irty-th reedays . Actua l dates are a s follows —Larva la id , May 1 5th

fu l l -fed , June 2nd ; pupated , June 8 th : emerged , June 2oth .

Th e adu lt s then rema in for th ewhole of the rest of the year on

th e sa l lows wi th ou t produc ing a second brood ; h ibernate ,probably among the dead leaves , &c . , on the surface of th eground , and emerge aga in in the fol lowing spring , wh en th eypa i r and lay th e young of th e next genera t ion .

Th e or igina l parent s , h aving la id thei r young in May,cont inue feeding and survive for the rest of the yea r , SO thatfrom the end of June onwards th ere are adult s of twogenerat ion s together on th e plant s . Severa l fema leswh i ch la i dyoung in May, 1 9 1 3 , and wh i ch th erefore emerged from th e

pupa in June , 1 9 1 2 ,were st i l l a l ive in November , 1 9 1 3 , givingan adult l i fe of at least e igh teen month s . All

,h owever ,

peri shed during t hewinter .

I h ope next year to study th e l i fe -h i story in more deta i l , andal so recommend to anyone the observat ion of th e method ofreproduct ion of a l l ied spec ies . I shou ld b e much indebted toany readerwho cou ld let me h ave l iv ing adults of P . rufip es inth e spring .

Corneliu s ( l . makes th e in terest ing remark that larva which h efound on S a lia; au r ita refused to eat S . cap rea , although other larva la id on

th e latter took it qu ite readily .

The John Innes Horticultural Inst itution , Merton , Surrey .

LYMANTRIA MONACHA , ah .— I h ave been crossing and breeding a

stra in of Lymantria monacha for th e past two or three years ,withthe object of obta in ing dark and handed forms , in wh ich I am

meetingwith some su ccess . Th i s year one brood produced severalSpec imenswith the crimson bands on the body replacedwith yellow,a Ch angewh ich i s of course most striking in

th e female making itlook almost a d ifferent moth . None of my entomological friendsh ereabou ts h ave ever seen such a variety before , and I c annot findany mention of yellowbodied L . monacha in any of th e books Ipossess . I may mention that the stra in I am dealingwith shows noS ign of deterioration as yet , the imagines I have bred th is year be ingfor the most part mu ch larger than those capturedwild ,wh ile th efertility of th e ova and the proportion of larva to feed upwere veryh igh .

—C . RIPPON , F .E .S . Springfield House , Abingdon -on -Thames ,August 1 0th , 1 9 1 4 .

VARIET IES OF LYCZENA CORYDON , L . ICARUS , &c .—I had the

pleasure of taking in Bucks a very remarkable spec imen of Lyca na

corydon var . stria ta , the spots on the under side being replaced

by beau tiful streaks . A very similar form of L . i carus likewisefell to my net in Oxon . In May I captured two fine spec imens of th e un icolorou s form of Ema tu rga (F idonia ) a tomaria (var .

unicolora ta ) . Th ey were taken with in a fewyards of th e placewhere I Obta ined two S im ilar forms in 1 89 0, and recorded in the

En tomologist ’ for January , 1 89 1 .— A . J . SPILLER ; Ch innor , Oxon .

EARLY EMERGENCE OF SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS AMORPHAPOPUL I (HYB RIDUS , —I th ink it may b e of interest torecord th e emergence yesterday (Augu st 1 8th ) of a fine spec imen

of the above-men tioned hybrid . Th e larvawent down on Ju ly 1 7thonly a month and a day before th e appearance of th e imago . Ish ould mu ch like to knowif th i s i s a record for th i s hybr id . NO

forc ing was attempted . I m igh t add that from a pa iring th at Iobta ined (by a ssembling for wild ocella tus males , in preference tou sing bred ma les , and then cagingwith p opu li female) on May 30th

of th i s year , e igh ty-one ova resu lted , forty-seven h atch ed , and of

these th irty-seven successfu lly pupated between Ju ly 1 5th and

Augu st l 0th .—SYDNEY WHICHER ; Westmead , L iss , Han ts .

EUCHLOE CARDAM INES IN EAST CUMBERLAND—Th e orange tip i snot a common insec t in th i s part of th e country . It may thereforeb e of interest to note that on June 1 5 th , 1 9 1 4 , I sawtwo ma les uponth ewing together on the banks of the Tyne c lose to Alston . Th e

food -

plan t (Cardamine p ra tensis) is common all over the d istri ct ,and , inc identally, it may he remarked that th e double -flowered formof it is fa irly numerou s in th e d istric t —GEORGE BOLAM ; Alston ,

Cumberland .

AMMOPHILA SABULOSA , L inn AND DASYPODA HIRTIPES , Latr . , IN

WORCESTERSHIRE .— I th ink it may b eworth wh ile plac ing on per

manent record that I h ave taken th is summer these two Spec ies of

Aculeate Hymenoptera in Worcestersh ire ; the former on August

252 THE ENTOMOL OG I ST .

8th , on Hartlebury Common , and the latter—a male— on Ju ly 27th ,

wh en sweep ing a field adjo ining the same sandywaste . Saunders

(‘ Hymenoptera Aculeata of th e British Island s ,

1 89 6 , pp . 88 and

273) of the first states that , saving Lancash ire , h e h as “no other

northern or m idland localities for it , and concern ing the second th at“ it is recorded from very fewinland loc alities . —J . W . WILL IAM S ;

Stourport , Worcestersh ire .

S ince forward ing th e above note I h ave been fortunate enough tofind a large colony ofD . hirtip es on Hartlebury Common . The bankonwh ich th i s colony is S ituated faces 23° E . of S . , and slopes at an

angle of It i s interesting to notice th a t Nomada solidaginis , P z . ,

i s v is iting these burrows . I also sawone N . seafascia ta , Pz . , entera burrowon Augu st 1 4th (a somewh at late date for th i s cu ckoo ”

)and extracted the intruder . Th e common fossor , Cerceris arenaria ,

Linn . , inhabits the same s ite .—J . W . WILLIAM S .

CHRYSOPHANUS PHLE AS IN PICCADILLY .—On Ju ly 3oth last I saw

a perfec tly fresh spec imen of Chrysop hanus ph la as on th e windowS ill of th e front room of my flat looking out on Pic cad illy , near

Burlington Hou se . Th e bu tterfly h ad apparently only ju st emerged .

May i t h ave been bred in the Park near by —HAROLD HODGE ;54 , Piccad illy , W . , Augu st 1 6th , 1 9 1 4 .

EGGS OF PRIONUS CORIARIUS (COLEOPTERA) . —Rec ently in th e

NewForest I found a fine female of th i s Longicorn beetle on a p ieceof fallen beech ,wh ere apparen tly it was ovipositing . After killingthe beetle I eviscerated it and removed from the abdomen a largenumber of eggs (some two hundred perh aps) . Each eggwas abou t

mm . in length , and abou t mm . in greatest width ; i t wasgranu lated in appearance , b ut with no defin ite markings ; in sh apeitwas a very sligh tly curved cylinderwith rounded ends , one beingmuch more po inted than the o th er . Th ey were creamy wh ite incolour , and some put in Spirit rema ined so ; bu t o thers exposed toth e air became yellowish . A very large centipede (L ithobius) takenfrom th e same tree h ad a number of the eggs given i t , and it fed on

th em readily . Th e objec t of th i s note i s to record th e fac t , for no

doubt i twould eat them in a state Of Na ture , presum ing it cou ld findth em and the centipede h as its home in the decayingwood inwh ichapparently the eggs are la id .

— VV . J . LUCAS Kingston -on -Thames .

WICKEN FEN .— So fewpeople h ave any real knowledge of the Fen

Lep idoptera and the ir life-h i stories th at aword ofwarn ing is necessary.

As to Acronycta strigosa , Wicken Fenwas never th e locali tywh ereth esewere beaten , and I sh ould say therewere fewh awthorn bush esin th e Fen . I h ave beaten th e larva with th e late Mr . AlbertHaugh ton ( father of the present collec tor) , bu t it is mu ch scarcernow. Th e Fen itself wants very carefu l h andling , and it is possibleto do a good deal ofm isch ief in a Short time . For instance ,weweretold last June th at a p iece of th e Fen owned by th e National Trust ,wh ich conta ins particular species of its own ,was to be cut . I believeMr . Edelston took steps to prevent th is , but i f it h ad been carried out

much h armwou ld h ave been done . In parts of the Fen the sallowbush es wan t a great deal of th inn ing ou t , but d i scrim ina tion i snecessary, and th e Fen growth cannot b e treated as jungle to b e

tha lassina .— 1 1 th (three) ; 1 2th (one) ; l 6th —Pa chys

betu laria . 1 1 th (two) ; 1 3th —Mesoleuca ocella ta . l 1 th

(one) ; 1 3th (one) ; l 6th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ; 1 8th —EustromaS i lacea ta . 1 1 th (one) .— Trip ha na p ronu ba . 1 1 th (one) .—Agrotis

p u tris . l 1 th (one) ; 1 5 th —Leucania pa llens. 1 2th (one) ;1 3th (two) ; 1 7th (one) ; 1 8th —Cucu llia umbra tica . 1 2th

(one) ; 1 5th — Trig0n0p hora (Ph logop hora ) meti cu losa . 1 3th

(one) .—Mamestra olera cea . 1 3th (one) . -Smerinthus popu li . 1 3th

(one) . -P lusia chrysitis . 1 5th (one) ; 1 7th —Agrotis pu ta .

1 5 th (one) .— Phiba lap terysc v ita lba ta . 1 6th (one) .—P lu8 i a pu lchrina .

1 7th (one ) . -Noc tua pr imu la . 1 7th (one) .—Acontia lu ctuosa . 1 8th

(one) . -Agrotis corticea . 1 8th (th ree) . —Timandra ama taria . 1 8th

one )JULY . Geometra vernaria . 7th (one) .— Caradrina morp heus .

7th (two) ; 8th (one) ; 1 6th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ; 1 9 th (three) ; 20th(eigh t) ; 21 st (ten) ; 22nd (th ree) ; 26th (one) ; 27th (th ree) ; 28th(th ree) ; 29 th (one) ; 30th (one) ; 31 st —Leucania conigera

8th (one) ; 1 6th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ; 1 9 th (two) ; 22nd (one) ; 3l st—L . p a llens . 8th (one) ; 1 6th —Agrotis exc lama

tionis . 8th (two) ; 1 6th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ; 1 9 th (three) ; 27th—Dianthcecia cap sincola . 8th (one) .— Caradrina taraxa ci .

8th (one) .—Agrotis strigu la . 8th (one) .—P lusia chrysi tis . l 6th

(one) .—Ema turga a tomaria . 1 6th (one) . —Apamea seca lis . 1 6th

(two) ; 1 7th (one) ; 1 8th (one) ; 20th (four) ; 2 1 st ( two) ; 22nd

(three) ; 27th (th ree) ; 28th (four) ; 30th — Trip ha na

p ronuba . 1 6th (one) ; 22md (one) ; 28th —Xylophasia li thoxylea . 1 6th (one) . -P lusi a gamma . 1 6th (one) ; 1 9 th (one) ; 20th

(six) ; 24th (one) ; 26th (one) ; 27th (two ) ; 3oth —Agrotissegetum. 1 6th (one) .—Ma lacosoma neustria . 1 7th (one) .— Boarmiagemmari a . 1 7th (one) . —Xy lopha sia monoglypha . 1 8th (one) ; 20th

(one) ; 2 1 st (one) ; 27th (one) ; 28th (one) ; 30th -X . sub

lustris . 1 8th (one) . —Cidarid pyra lia ta . 1 9 th (one) . —Heca tera

serena . 1 9 th (one) ; 20th — Lithosi a lurideola . 1 9 th (one) ;2 l st (one) ; 25th —Leucania impura . 1 9 th (one) ; 20th

(one) 28th (two ) 30th HydrceCi a nicti tans . 1 9 th (one) ;2 l st (three) 27th (two ) 28th (one ) 29 th (one) ; 3othPa chys betu la ria . 1 9 th (one) .— M esoleuca ocella ta . 1 9 th (one) .

-Ortholitha limita ta . 1 9 th (one) . —Op isthograp tis lu teola ta . 20th

(one) ; 28th —Dianthcecia cucuba li . 2oth (two) ; 27th

(one) ; 28th - Ci lix glauca ta . 20th (two) .— Leucania

li thargyri'

a . 20th (one) . —Ligdia margina ta . 20th (one) ; 27th— Selenid bilunaria . 20th (one) ; 27th (one)

Z eu z era pyrina . 20th (one) .—Periz oma a lchemi lla ta . 20th (one) ;27th — Cerigo ma tura . 20th (two) ; 27th (one) ; 29 th

(one) ; 3oth (one) ; 31 st —Camp togramma bilinea ta . 20th

(one) . —Mamestra oleracea . 2l st (one) . —Ca bera pa saria . 2 l st (one) .—Noctua brunnea . 2l st (one) .—Acida lia dimid ia ta . 2 1 st (one) .Bombycia v imina lis . 27th (one) . —Coremia ferruga ta . 28th (one) ;29 th (one) : 2 .

— Croca llis elingua ria . 28th (one) .—Trip hosa dubita ta .

28th (one) . —Amp hipyra tragopogonis . 29 th (one) ; 3l st (oneCaradrina quadripuncta ta . 30th (one ) . —Hydriomena furca ta . 31 st

(one) .—R . M . PRIDEAUX ; Brasted Ch art , Kent , June 1 6th , 1 9 1 4 .

RECENT L ITERATURE . 255

RECENT LITERATURE .

A Monograp h of the Jump ing Plan t- lice or Psyllida of the N ew

World . By DAVID L . CRAWFORD . Pp . 1 82 ; plates 30. Sm ithsonian Institu tion , Un ited States National Museum . Bu lletin85 . Wa sh ington . 1 9 1 4 .

THE au th or find ing that c lassification of the Psyllida on wingvenation alonewas unsatisfac tory, plac ing as it does Closely relatedSpec ies in d ifferent genera and even subfam ilies , presents a newsystem based largely on a study of struc tural ch aracters oth er thanvena t ion .

The one hundred and seventy-five spec ies in twenty-n ine generah ere enumerated and described are arranged under Six subfam ilyh ead ings , in th e following sequence :Subfam ily Liviina .

Tribe Livnni 1 genu s (Liv ia ) , 5 species .Aph alarini 2 genera , 22 spec ies .

Subfamily Pauropsyllina 3 genera , 1 5 spec ies .Carsidarina 4 genera ,

1 3 spec ies .

Ceriacremina 1 genu s , 2 Spec ies .

Trioz ina 8 genera ,44 spec ies .

Psyllina .

Tribe Pachypsyllin i 3 genera , 9 spec ies .Euphyllurin i 2 genera ,

6 spec ies .Arytainini 3 genera , 1 8 spec ies .

Psyllini 2 genera ,4 1 spec ies .

Among other matters of interest treated in the introduc torypages ( 1 morph o logy i s d iscu ssed in considerable deta il .

An extens ive bibliography is given .

Pond Prob lems . By E . E . UNW IN , M .Sc . Pp . xv i 1 1 9 . (CambridgeNature Study Series .) Cambridge : Un iversity Press . 1 9 1 4 .

THIS book supplies a series oflesson s on Pond L ife , intended for th elower forms of Secondary Schools and upper standards ofElemen tarySchools . It is above the average of su ch books , and we ventureto th ink th at mu ch of th ework would b e su itable for h igh er forms

in th e Secondary Sch ools ( i f time could b e found for it) , and th at anyentomologist , espec ially one who i s given overmuch to collectingS imply , m igh t study it with advantage . The aim of the series of

practical lesson s and demonstration s i s really to give some ideasfrom ac tual contac twith Nature abou t environment , natural selection , and evolution . After Showing h owmaterial shou ld b e obta ined ,

and making qu ite c lear wh at an insec t is , our au th or states that“ insec ts are really land an imals , even th ough nowin a comparatively fewcases th ey may pass part of th eir li fe in thewater . Th e

ma in objec t of the rema in ing lesson s is , by prac tical observation and

experiment , to Showh owth e adapta tion to their newsurround ingsis managed . Thework conc ludeswith u sefu l append ices on material ,apparatus , th e microscope and th e making of m i croscope-slides , anda short bibliography . Th e book ,wh ich i swell got up , is illu stratedby forty seven good figures , all , except two , from the au thor’S draw

ings or photograph s . We migh t say that to us it appears better touse th e term nymph , instead of larva , or larva and nymph , for th e

whole of the early stages of insec tswith incomplete metamorphosi s

(hemimetabolic) . W J L

We h ave also received the following Reprints from Proceedings

of the United S ta tes Na tiona l Museum. Vol . 47

No . 2045 . Names applied to th e North American Bees of th e

Genera Lithurgus , An th id ium , and Allies . By T . D . A . Cockere ll.Pp . 87- 9 4 . (May 7th .)

No . 2048 . Hymenoptera , Superfamilies Apoidea and Ch alc ido idea ,

of th e Ya le-Domin ican Exped it ion of 1 9 1 3. By J . C . Crawford .

Pp . 1 31 —1 34 . (Apri l 30th .)No . 2046 . The Noctu id Moth s ofthe Genera Palindia and Dyomyx.

By Harrison Dyar. Pp . 9 5—1 1 6 . (May 7th .)NO . 2050. Report on the Lep idoptera of the Sm ith son ian Bio

logica l Survey of the Panama Canal Zone . By Harrison C .

Dyar . Pp . 1 39—350. (May 20th .)NO . 2043. NewGenera and Species of M icro -Lepidoptera fromPanama . By August Bu sok . Pp . 1—67 . (April 30th .)

OBITUARY.

H . T . DOB SON .

ALLwho knewh imwill regret to h ear th at a gen ial member ofthe entomological fratern ity h as passed away in the person of Mr.

H . T . Dobson , of N ewMalden . A somewh at exacting bus iness inLondon ,

mun ic ipalwork in Malden and Sou thwark , aswell as affa irsconnec tedwith h is loca l Congregational Church , ofwh ich h ewas adeacon , made large c alls on h is time ; but Mr . Dobsonwas a keenlover of Nature , and th is fourth form of activity rece ived its dueSh are of attention . In h is younger days h ewas a keen fish erman ,

and h ewas a lso much interested in garden ing , b ut birds and insec tswere h is ch ief deligh t . For more th an forty years h e h ad been an

entomologist . S ince 1 884 h e h ad been a member of the Sou thLondon Entomologica l and Natura l History Society . In 1 89 5 h e

was elec ted a Fellowof the Entomologica l Soc iety of London .

Though notes from his pen h ave appeared occasionally in entomological period icals , h e did not add mu ch to th e literature of h is

subject . For some years h e h ad been in poor h ealth , and as time

went on h ewas able to do an ever decreasing amount of fieldwork ,bu t h e never lost interest andwent on collecting in th e limited spaceafforded by h is garden at N ewMa lden . As h e reta ined full u se of

h is arms wh en wa lking became impossible , he was able to go on

add ing to h is collec tion s , and preparing the spec imens so kindly senth im for h is valuable andwell-kep t cases of birds . He finally retiredfrom bu siness in January last , and d ied on June 27th a t th e age of

sixty-one , leav ing awidowand th ree sons to mourn h is loss . We

understand that he left d irection s for h is collec tion to b e sold .

W . J . LUCAS .

H Ma crocentrus margina tor , female , x 3 .

Z ele d i scolor , fema le, x

Metathorax of Z ele infuma torSec tion of th e same .

Ph o to s G T Ly le2 . Z ele injuma tor , fema le , x

4 . Upperwing Z ele testacea tor , x 2 .

6 . Ba ll Of cocoons ofMa crocentrus equa lis , x 2 .

Cocoon ofMa crocentrus ma rgina tor in burrowof S esia cu licUormis , na t . siz e .

Cocoon of Z ele i nfuma tor , x 3 . 1 0. Cocoon of Z ele d iscolor, x 3 .

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL . XLV II .] O C T O BER , 1 9 1 4 . [No . 6 1 7

CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE

BRITISH BRACONIDZE . No . 2 .

—MACROCENTRIDZE ,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES .

BY G . T . LYLE , F .E .S .

(PLATE VI .)

THE insec ts of th i s sma l l fami ly were first separa ted fromRhoga s by Curt i s in 1 832 and when h e brough t forwardthe genera M acrocentrus and Zele. Forster proposed two add itional genera , the one , Amicrop lus, a d ivi s ion of M a crocentrus ,

and the other , Homolobus , a di smembermen t OfZele. i Ashmeadh as ra i sed th e genera of Curti s to the dign i ty of tribes , 1 wh i chi s qui te necessary i f FOrster’s genera b e accepted , for a glancewi l l Sh owthat Amicrop lus and Homolobus cannot rank equa llywi th M a crocentrus and Zele ; indeed , Marshal l cons idered thatFOrster

s genera were founded on ch aracters purely Specific .§Our fewBri t i sh spec ies may, for conven ience, b e treated underth e two origina l generaAbdomen elongate , sessi le ; fore wings wi th three

cubital areolets , radial areolet elongate .

( 1 ) Spurs of h ind t ibia very considerably shorter th anh a lf the metatarsi ; first abdominal segmentnot or scarcely longer than th e second ; terebraat least as long as the abdomen MACROCENTRUS .

(2) Spurs of h ind tibia as long as half th e metatarsi ,first abdom inal segment much longer thanth e second ; terebra short ZELE .

I must aga in expres s my th anks to various entomologi stswh o h ave presented me wi th spec imens , to Dr. D. Sharp and

Mr . H. F . Ba i ley for th e loan Of books , to Mr . Claude Morley ,who,wi th h is u sua l k indnes s , h a s sent me for in spection severa lin sects from his collect ion , to 001 . Nurse for a s imi lar courtesy ,

Ent . Mag , v ol . 1 .

Synop . der Fam . und Gatt . der Braconen . 1 862.

I Classification of Ichneumon Flies ,” Proc . U.S . Nat . Mus. , vol . xxiii .p . 1 1 8 .

Species d es B ym . d’

Europe et d’Algerie ,

’vol. 5 , p . 228 .

ENTOM .-OCTOBER , 1 9 1 4 .

to Mr . R . South for confirming th e names of host s , and to Mr .

B . S . Harwood , of Colch ester ,who h as sen t me for examinat iona cons iderable number of spec imens , most ofwh i ch have come

to h im from th e co l lect ion of th e late E . A. F itch . Althoughth e ma in part of th e F i tch col lec t ion i s nowin th e E ssexMuseum at Stratford , i twould seem that the in sectswh i ch are

at present in th e posses s ion of Mr . Harwoodwere put on one

s ide in store-boxes , some a s dupli cates and oth ers as being un

named , or to awa i t naming , and have so rema ined for th e pa sttwen ty years or more .

In th e following notes , un les s otherwi se s tated , th e recordsare my own , and th e in sect s ment ioned h ave been captured orbred in the NewForest .

MACROCENTRUS , Curtisfi‘6

Gregar ious or sol i tary para s i tes of larva of Lepidoptera .

Ratzeburg records one Spec ies as h aving been bred from th e

coleopteron Anobium p er tinax ,but th i s h as never been confirmed .

The genera l colour of th ese in sect s i s black wi th ru fou s or

testaceou s markings . In the fewcaseswh ere I have not i ced th elarva , they h ave been elonga te and wh i t i sh wi thout any verynot iceable markings . It i s poss ible th a t in all the spec ies th elarva may b e part ia l ly externa l para s ites , forwi th M . a bdomi

na lis and M . squa lis I h ave found th at , a lthough interna l feederswh en sma l l , th e larva feed for three or fou r days as externa lpara s ites after emerging from th e ir h ost , during wh i ch t imethey rap idly increase in S i ze .

(8) 1 . Antenna with forty-five or more joints .

(3) 2 . Th ird abdom inal segmen t (like th e two preced ing) entirely striolate 1 . a bdomina lis

(2) 3 . Th ird abdominal segment smooth , or striolate at base only .

(7) 4 . Body entirely black .

(6) 5 . Stou t spec ies ,wings c louded 2 . margina tor (Nees) .(5 ) 6 . Slender spec ies,wings hyaline 3 . n i tidus

(4) 7 . Thorax ru fou s 4 . thoracicus (Nees) .( 1 ) 8 . An tenna with forty or less joints .

( 1 2) 9 . Second abscissa of rad iu s as long as the firstintercub ital nervure .

( 1 1 ) 1 0. Body en tirely black , terebra longer thanbody 5 . i nfirmus (Nees) .

( 1 0) 1 1 . Thorax partly rufo testaceou s , terebra not

longer th an th e abdomen 6 . equa lis (sp .

( 9 ) 1 2 . Second absc i ssa of rad iu s much Shorter thanfirst intercub ital nervure 7 . collaris (Sp in ) .

M . a bdomina lis , Fab .i~ —Without doubt the commonest spec iesin th e genu s , h aving nowbeen recorded a s bred from nearly

Ent . Mag. , vol. i. , p . 1 87 .

r Ent . Systematics , 2 , 1 83 .

spec ies of th e genus to b e found in Brita in , measuring somet imes as much a s 1 6 mm. acros s the expanded wings ; th es i ze, however , varies , spec imens often expanding no more th an1 2 mm.

Itwould seem tha t th e fema le i s much more frequently metwith than th e ma le ; for in stance, in February , 1 9 1 4 , L . W .

Newman sent me twenty -two l iving spec imen s wh ich h e h adbred (forced , of course) from larva ofvariou s Sesida , and allwerefema les , and Col . Nurse ,who h as bred th e spec ies common ly ,h as obta ined fema les only . My own experience i s that th efema les ou tnumber the ma les by ten to one.

Th e cocoon i s brown,th in , and sh in ing , larger , b ut not So

elongate, nor so dark in colour as tha t of M . thora cicus . It i sa lways constructedwi th in the burrowof th e h ost (fig . I havespecimens bred by Newman from larvae of S esia vespiformis and

S . culiciformis , taken at Bexley ; oth ers bred by Tonge fromS . cu liciformis , July 1 7th to 24th , 1 9 1 1 from S . chrysidiformis ,May 22nd , 1 9 1 1 ; and from S . formiciformis , May 1 1 th ,

1 9 1 2 ;

all th e h os ts taken near Reigate . Harwood h as found i tCommon ly at Colchester, and Nu rse in West Suffolk . I h avefrequently bred it from NewForest larva of S . vespiformis inMay , and h ave found the cocoon s in burrows of S . tipuliformisat Burges s Hi l l , Sussex , and Sherborne , Dorset .

M . thora cicus,Nees . -Awel l-marked spec ies , eas i ly di st in

guish ed by the rufous th orax ; a lways a sol itary para s i te . In

the NewForest i t appears to be fa irly plent ifu l , and I h avesevera l t imes bred i t in July and Augu st from larva ofPhiba locera

quercana , a l so once from larva of Chimaba cche fagclla , August ,1 9 1 3 . I h ave captured it in May .

Among F itch ’s insect s are th ree ma les , bred from Physis

betu lella by H. Bartlett , June 2 9 th , 1 880, and June 30th , 1 882 ;a l so a spec imen label led Daren th Wood .

Th e cocoon i s dark brown , narrow, elongate, and con structedbetween the leaves ,wh i ch are spun togeth er by the h ost . Wh enbred from P . quercana , th e cocoon i s found under th e flatwebwh ich th e larva of th e lepidopteron con struct s beneath a lea f.Marsha l l s ta tes i t that Bignel l bred i t from N octua triangulum

and Xylina ornithopus ; th ese seem ra ther unl ikely hosts , and

it i s strange tha t Bignel l makes no ment ion of‘

them in his Sou thDevon l i st , but merely states that h e bred the spec ies fromlarva feeding on sal lows .”Th i s insect i s somet imes confused in col lect ionswi th Euba

diz on extensor, L . , towh ich i t bears a superfic ial resemblance .

M . nitidus —On May 5th , 1 9 1 0, I captured a fema le,and on May 1 5 th , 1 9 1 4 , a ma lewh i ch I h ave no h es itat ion inreferring to th i s spec ies , not before recorded as Brit i sh . My

Trans. Entom . Soc . ,1 888 , p . 1 9 6 .

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID/E . 261

spec imens agreewi th Wesmael’

s descript ion , except th at th eh ead , thorax , and stigma are dark fuscous instead of black .

Very s imi lar in sh ape and s i ze to M . thora cicus , but differ ing inth at the th orax and stigma are black or blacki sh , th e antenna46 -jointed , and th e second absc i s sa of th e radiu s not longer thanthe first intercub ital nervure. From M . infirmus i t d iffers ins ize, in th e length and number of j o ints of th e antenna , and in

many oth er ways ; from M . ma rgina tor in s i ze , in th ewingsbeing hya l ine and not clouded , and a l so in th e first absc i ssa ofthe radiu s being con s iderably shorter th an th e first intercub italnervure .

M . infirmus (Nees) .—Somewh at s imi lar to M . collaris , butdiffering in h aving stouter legs , a much longer terebra , and in

the second absc i s sa of the radiu s being as long as the first intercubi ta l nervure .

In Fitch ’s boxes are four , one ma le and th ree fema les ; th esewere probably once in Marsh a l l’s collect ion , one card beingmarked St. A .

(St . Alban s ) in h iswrit ing .

M . squa lis (sp .

Fuscous , d isc ofmesothorax rufo-testaceou s , th ird segment of th eabdomen fusco -testaceou s ; palpi pale testaceous in both sexes ,mandibles testaceou s with fuscous tips ; h ead fuscou s except thec lypeuswh ich i s testaceou s ; antenna fuscou s , basally testaceou s ,elongate , 39—4 0-jointed in both sexes , longer th an the body ; metathorax Shagreened : wings hya line , stigma and nervures testaceou s ,the formerwith a darker spot of varying si z e . Second a bscissa of theradius a s long a s thefirst i ntercubita l nervure ; legs testaceou s , c lawsdark : abdom ina l segments one and two d istinctly striolated , firstsegment scarcely narrowed from the apex to the tubercles ; terebraalmost as long as the abdomen .

Described from four ma les and two fema les .A gregarious para s ite , the cocoons being enclosed in a felt

l ike oblong ba l l wh ich a ssumes th e proport ions of the pupa lch amber of th e h os t . Both males and fema les in th e samebrood . Th i s spec ies somewhat resembles M . colla ris, but i smost certa in ly not th e M . colla ris described by Marsha l l inT rans . Entom. Soc . 1 888 , p . 1 9 7 , and Spec ies des Hym. vol. 5 ,p . 238 it agrees more closelywi th Wesmael

s descript ion ," butas Marsha l lwas acqua intedwi th Wesmael

s insects , no doubt h ewas r igh t in th e synonymy of h is M . collariswith B ra con collaris

of Wesmae l ; unfortunately , th e latter’s descr ipt ion lacks any

ment ion Ofthe length of th e firs t absc i ssa of th e rad ius or numberof jo ints of th e antenna .

Among F itch ’s insect s i s a card bearing six and a ba l l ofcocoon s to wh ich i s a ttached a label marked G . C . Bignel l ,

Mr. Harwood also considers this to be Marshall’swriting.

1 Nouv . Mém . Ac . Brux . 1 835 , p . 1 79 .

benea th th e card i s th e number 1 55 . (Figs . 6 AS

Bignell’

s col lect ions and MSS . are nowin the Mun ic ipal Mu seum,

Plymouth , Iwrote to th e Curator ,who very k indly suppl ied me

wi th a copy of th e fol lowing note wh i ch Bignel l had placedaga in st th e number 1 55 in h is d iary : “M . collar is , bred fromN octua triangu lum, Ju ly 1 9 th , 1 88 1 from G . F . Math ew.

NO doubt th ese are th e insect s recorded by Bignel l a s M . colla ris

in h is l i st of th e Braconida of S . Devon , and by F itch (Entom .

xv i. p .

It seems probable th at B ignel l , suspect ing h is specimens to b edi stinct from M . colla ris

,sen t them to F itch for advice , and th at

for some rea son or other theywere never returned .

In June , 1 9 08 , the larva of an Agrotidwas brough t to me ,wh ich immediately burrowed on being placed in a tin boxwi than inch or two of earth ; th i s depth of soi l wa s evident ly insufficient , for a day or two afterwards I found tha t th e caterp i llar h ad come to the surface aga in ,wh ere i twas lying in an

apparen tly comatose state, and a large number of para s itela rva were feeding upon it . Th ese para s iteswere arranged intwo i rregu lar rows , one on e i th er s ide of th e unfortunate caterp i l lar . Th e h ost had a lready Sh runk in s i ze , and th ree dayslater had en t irely disappeared ,wi th the excep tion of th e Skin and

th e ch i t inou s parts of th e head . By th i s t ime the para s ite larva ,

to th e number of seventy or e igh ty,h ad more than doubled in

s ize and commenced spinn ing an och reou s web round themse lves , bu t be ing in an unnatura l pos it ionwere not succes s fu l informing th e u sual ba ll . Probably owing to th i s many d ied ,b ut a fewsucceeded in making th e i r cocoons , and du ly emerged .

Un fortuna tely I h ave not th ese fewSpec imens before me now,but I have l i ttle h es i ta t ion in referr ing them to th i s spec ies .I may ment ion that during the pa s t fewyears I h ave reared

a Very con s iderable number Of the larva of N octua triangu lum,

bu t h ave not Obta ined th i s paras i te .

The types are nowin the col lect ion of Mr . B . S . Harwood ,of Colchester .

NOTE S ON PODAGRION PA CHYMERUM , A CHALCID

PARASITE OF MANTIS EGGS .

BY C . B . WILLIAMS , B .A .,F .E . S .

ON May 1 7th , 1 9 1 3 , an ooth eca of M antis religiosa waskindly sent to me by Mr . Hugh Ma in from Lugano , Ita ly .

Towards the end of May and th e beginn ing of June a number

Trans. Dev . Ass. for Adv . Science , 1 9 01 , xxxii i . pp . 657—69 2 .

was la id ; th e ovipos itor was then pa rtly wi thdrawn by ra is ingth e abdomen , th en inserted ful ly aga in and another eggwa sla id . Severa l eggs were la id before the ovipos itor was wi thdrawn completely . During th i s proces s the sheath was usual lyrelea sed , springing Stra igh t out beh ind , before the stylet swerefree .

It i s h oped that the abovewi l l serve to correct a preva i l ingimpres sion that Podagrion i s unable to p iercewi th i t s ovipositorthe h ard ma ture ooth eca of th e Mant i s . Kamben (Bu l l . Soc .

Ent . France , ser . 5 , vol . Vi i . 1 877 , p . lx ix .) records finding twospec imens of th i s para s ite under the h indwings of a Mant i s

Fig. 1 .

and a s sumed tha t they took up th i s posi t ion in order to layth e ir eggs in th ose Of the Man ti s during th e con stru ction of th e

ooth eca . G iard ina (Giorn . del la Soc . di Sc . Nat . ed E con .

Pa lermo , xxi i . 1 89 9 , p . 3 1 6 ) suggests th at the fema le para s itesc l ing to th e edge of thewings of th e Mant i s by means of th ei rtooth ed h ind femora during th e forma t ion of the ootheca , andare thereby brough t in to a conven ient pos i t ion for attacking theMant i s Leigh (Trans . Manch ester Ent . Soc . 1 9 1 2 ,p . 30) a l so a s sumes th at Podagrion i s unable to p ierce th e

I hope a t a later date to pu blish some Observa tions on th e construo

tion of th e ootheca ,which do not support this au thor’s views as to the use

of th e W ings dur ing th e process .

NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM . 265

mature ootheca . I am not in a pos it ion to confirm or contradictXamb eu

s observat ion s on th e finding of th e para s itesunder th eMant i swings (though th ere i s some doubt as to th e identi ty Of

h is species ; see Bull . Ent . Soc . France , ser . 5 , vol. VIII . 1 878 ,p . but the explanat ions given are , at lea st , unnecessaryand improb ab lefi

G iardina ( i. s . p . 3 1 7 ) a l so states that th i s para s i te usual lyinfest s on ly one S ide of the ooth eca ,

and th at frequently theeggs on one s ide are a ll paras i tized ,wh i le those on the oth ers idewere not attacked . In th e Spec imenswh ich I h ave examinedth erewere ind iv idual para s ites on both s ides ; somet imes onlyone or two in a compartment , but more u sua l ly all th e eggs in

one compartment were a ttacked . I can , however , confirm th i sauthor’s interest ing observat ion th at th e pupa of the Podagri on

Fig. 2 .—Podagrion p achymerum laying eggs in Mantis ootheca , x 1 8 .

in the Mant i s eggs have their h ead directed to the ta i l end ofthe egg. It i s poss ibly for th i s rea son that th ey do not makeu se of th e exit pa ssages a lready prepared for the use of th eyoung Mant id s , but instead bore th e i rway th rough thewa l l s Ofthe ootheca to the exterior .

On June 1 3th th e Mant id larva began to hatch in numbers ,all emerging in two or th ree days . Between July 1 3th and 2oth

about a doz en more Podagrion emerged , all of wh ich werefema les . Thesewou ld appear to b e from eggs la id by the firstbrood six weeks before . Th e fact tha t th eywere all one sex

may have been due to pa iring not h aving taken place in captivity , and th e eggs h aving developed parth enogenet i ca l ly intofema les , a s i s th e ca sewi th many other insect s .

Spec imen s of Podagrion p achymerumwere al so bred by P. A.

Buxton from ooth eca Of M antis religiosa found in Algeria and

Since writing the above , I find tha t A . Girault h as (Ent. News ,Philadelphia , 1 9 07 , xviii . , p . 1 07) described shortly th e egg-lay ing of

Podagrion ma n tis , a parasite of th e American S tagoman tis ca rolina . He

also found that th e parasite h ad no difficulty in piercing th e oothecawith itsovip ositor.

Tun i s . From a much larger Mant i s ootheca , name and local ityat present unknown , I have bred four spec ies of ch a l c ids , th reeofwh i ch ,

poss ib ly hyper-para s i tes , are very sma l l and h ave no

long ovipos itor . The way inwh i ch th ese are able to get to th eeggs in the m iddle of th e ooth eca i s a prob lemwel lworth th e

a ttent ion of anyonewhomay h ave the Opportun i ty ofObserv ing it .

Th e John Innes Hor ticultural Institution ,

Merton , Surrey : Augu st , 1 9 1 4.

SOME NEW SPECIE S OF LEPIDOPTERA FROMFORMOSA.

NOCTUIDZE .

R ivu la p a llida , sp . n .

Head and pa lp iwh ite -brown , the latter och reous below thoraxwh ite-brown m ixed with darker brown . Fore wings wh ite-brownpowderedwith darker brown ch iefly on dorsa l portion of basal twoth irds ; antemed ial line represen ted by three black dots—one on

costa , one belowcell , and one on the dorsum postmed ia l line dusky,double , black dotted ; reniform stigma fa intly purplish , brown ishou tlined , enc losing two black dots ; termen and fringes brown i sh ;terminal dots black , th e upper ones wh ite-cent red . Hind wingswh it ish , browni sh -tinged towards margins . Under S ide of forewings brown i shwith blackish spot at end of the cell representingthe ren iform stigma ofupper S ide ; h indwingswh ite-brown , d i sco idallunu le dusky .

Col lection number , 1 367 .

One ma le from Ariz an (7350 August 6th , 1 9 08 .

Closely a ll ied to R . sericea lis, Sch ifl .

NOTODONTIDZE .

Pydna virga ta , sp . n .

3 . Antenna ciliated ; h ead and thorax pale brown mixedwi thdarker ; abdomen pale brown marked with darker on the back of

each segment . Forewings pale brown longitudinally streakedwithrufous brown , rather broadly belowthe cell and narrowly above thecell ; the dorsum i s c louded with darker brown ; postmed ia l linerepresented by black po ints on the ve ins , almost para llelwith the

termen wh ich i s unu sua lly oblique ; terminal dots black . Hindwings dark brown , fringes pale brown . Under s ide pa le brown , a ll

wings suffusedwith fuscous on the d isc .Expanse , 50 millim .

A ma le Spec imen from Kanshirei.

The type of th i s spec ies i s in the Brit i sh Museum Col lect ion .

Th ere i s a male of th i s species , from Formosa , in the Brit i shMu seum Col lect ion . It i s label led “ Kaegi Di st . , 7 ft . ,July .

Al l ied to P . straminea , Moore .

CYMATOPHORIDJE .

Thya tira p enna ta , sp . n .

3‘ Head grey-brown , thorax blackish variegated with wh ite ;

abdomen greyish wh ite , tufts blackish . Fore wings grey-brown ,

c louded with wh ite abou t m iddle of costa l area and belowapex ; a

black-edged wh itish wing-shaped mark at ba se , a wh ite Sharplyangled line from outer tip of the mark a small uprigh t black spot ,inwardly edgedwithwh ite , on dorsum belowth e mark ; antemedialline black , sinuous ; postmed ial black , wavy , ou twardly edged withwh ite , almost parallelwith termen , commencing in a blackish markon the costa , indented at Ve in 2 ,wh ence a wh ite streak runs totornus ; subterminal linewh ite ,wavy , commencing inwh iti sh apicalc loud , term inating at vein 2 ; orbicular and ren iform stigmatawh i tish , outlined in blackish , ren iform enclosing a grey-brown line ;termina l lunu les black ou tward ly edged with wh ite ; fringes greybrown ,

pale at th e base . Hindwingswh i tish , fu scou s-tinged . UnderS idewh it ish tingedwith fu scou s ; forewings cloudedwith blackishand markedwith Wh ite a t the base and on the costa , postmedial l inewh ite only d istinc t on costa l area .

Expan se , 37 millim.

A ma le specimen from Ariz an (7500 September 26th ,1 9 06 .

Comes near T . op a lescens, Alph .

DREPANIDZE .

A lbara griseotincta , sp . 11 .

Head , thorax , and abdomen grey . Forewings dark grey th icklypowdered with pa le violet grey , costa and fringes purpli sh brownmixedwi th ochreou s ; two du sky dots , set obliquely, at end of cell ;postmed ial line brown , oblique , un i ted with the interrupted sub

termina l brown line belowthe apex . Hind wings agree with the

fore wings in colour, med ial line brown ; fringes purplish brownmixedwith ochreous . Under S ide grey ,withou t markings .

Expanse , 32 millim.

A ma le specimen from Kansh irei, May 20th , 1 9 08 .

Comes near A . opa lescens, Warr . , but the t ip s of the fore'

wings are less produced , and th ere are no och reous marks onthe disc .

AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIANBUTTERFLIE S.

BY W. G . SHELDON , F .E .S .

(Continued from p .

THE sea son at Sarepta was abou t a fortn igh t later than the

average , and th i s fact must b e cons idered in connectionwi th thedates g iven below.

I have to thank Mr. A . L . Rayward , wh o h as most k indlymade preparat ions of the geni ta l ia of a ll spec ies , the ident ity ofwh ich Iwas in doubt .Th e number of spec ies of Rhopalocerawe sawin th e Crimeawas twenty-seven , at Novoross isk twen ty-th ree , and at Sareptaseventy-Six ; and the tota l number in all th ree district s combinedwas eigh ty-s ix spec ies , as follows

Pap i lio p oda lirius .—A rather small ,weakly-marked racewas not

uncommon at Ialta and Novorossisk ; and one or two examples ,exceedinglyworn ,were seen at Sarepta during the first fewdayswewere there .

P . machaon .—A fewspecimen s were seen at all th ree localities ,

but i twas only common at th e tops of th e mounta in s at Novoros

sisk ; I saw, but did not capture , an example of ab . auran tiaca there .

ParnasSius mnemosyne— Th is spec ies swarmed at Sarepta , in the

Tschapurnik Wald on May 22nd , and later we found it a lmostequally abundant in the valleys towards Tsaritsyn . Th e form i s a

large one , with the black markings not so suffu sed , and bolder thani s the c ase in spec imen s from the Alps . They are very like some

I h ave from Herculesbad , except that the black spots are larger .

Bo th these localities are at lowlevels , Sarepta being actually belowsea-level , and Herculesbad only abou t 1 50 ft . above it .

Aporia cra taegi .—Generally d istributed in woods , but not abun

dant : the spec imens are large and th e veins very pronounced . Th e

females ,when newly emerged , h ave the yellowsh ad ing on th e under

side much stronger th an in Central European examples . Th i s Spec ieswas first noticed on May 22nd .

Pieris bra ssicas .—Only seen at Sarepta ; a fewexamples amongst

gardens .P . rap ae.

— Common at Ialta and Novorossisk .

P . manni .—Spec imens of a Pieridwh ich I feel sure i s th i s specieswere taken at Sarepta .

P . napi—I sawa fewexamples only of th is spec ies at Ialta and

Sarepta . The only one I brough t home i s a very ordinary female

from th e first -named locality. In all probability our visit occurredbetween the period of the first and second broods .Pon tia dap lid i ce.

—Frequent at Novorissisk , and there was theta il end of a brood flying at Sarepta at the time of our arrival .Thesewere v ar . bellidice of a very extreme form ,with darker under

sides to the h indwings than is the case in Sou thern French specimen s , accounted for no doubt by the amoun t of cold the pupa had

been subjected to . A second broodwas abundant during the last fewdays of May I should call these intermed iate between the type and

v ar. bellid i ce.

Anthocharis belia — A very pretty formwith ligh t grey tips to th esuperiors was not in frequen t a t Ialta the second brood becameplentiful at Sarepta by June 7th ; the upper sides of these are

s imilar to South European var . ausoni a , but the under S ides are

much darker , and c losely resemble var . simp lonia . I suppose th eyshou ld be called var . ura lensis , Bartel , but thev do not seem qu ite toagreewith h is description of th i s variety .

Buch loe ca rdamines — A remarkable race was abundant in th e

Tsch apurnik Wa ld at the end ofMay ; they are much larger th anany I have seen from elsewh ere , expand ing up to 56 mm . The averageexpanse of Briti sh and European Specimen s I make to b e about42 mm . , and Mr. Wheeler , in h is Butterflies of Switzerland ,

’ givesth e same expanse . Itwill thus be seen howlarge th is steppe formis . The d isco ida l spot on the superiors i s smaller th an in the type ,and the under sides of th e inferiors h ave very much less green . Ipropose for th i s local race the name of var . volgensis , n . var .

-TypicalSpecimens were not infrequent at Ialta , and in the woods betweenth ere and Sebastopol ; i twas also seen at Novorossisk .

Z egris eup heme— Not uncommon on th e ra ilway banks at Sarepta

during the first day or twowewere there ; bu t , as h appens in the

c ase of th e Span ish race , it d isappeared all at once , and not a Specimenwas seen afterwards .

Lep tosia sinap is .—Frequent at Ialta , a lso at Novorissisk , and

one or twowere seen in the Tschapurnik Wald , at Sarepta . The

examples I brough t home are very typical first-brood forms .Colias kga le. Fa irly numerou s at Sebastopol ; abundan t a t

Novorissisk , and common at Sarepta at the date of our arrival, anda second broodwas flying there in th e m iddle of June .

C . cra te — Th is beau tifu l eastern spec ieswas abundant at Sarepta atthe date of our arrival , and from its cond ition then it had evidentlybeen flying some time . Therewas a series of emergences during thewhole time ofour sojourn , and i twas particu larly abundant during ourlast fewdays . Th e male i s a particularly vigorou s creature , flying at atremendous pace , and very diflicult to capture , un less one can intercepti t in i ts course . The female i s much less ac tive , and frequently settlesto suck at flowers . Thewh ite form of th e female , var . p a llida ,wasalmost as abundant as the type . At Sarepta C . cra te frequentedch iefly the ra ilway banks and cu ttings , no doubt being influencedlargely in its cho ice of locality by the luxuriant growth of leguminousplan ts onwh ich the larva feed s , wh ich are to b e found there ; themalewas , however , to b e seen at intervals , wildly scurrying along ,all over the surround ing country. I was successfu l in breed ing an

imago from an ova obta ined from a captive female .

C . edusa — Common in th e Crimea and at Novorossisk . At

Sarepta I sawone or twoworn examples on May 2l st , and therewasa second broodwh ich I sawfirst on June 9 th ; thesewere not byany means abundant .

Colias hybrids .—It has long been noted that ,when two or more

of certa in species of th is group are found on common ground , inter

see in th e Russian specimen s from tho se I h ave from Hungary is ,tha t on the under sides of the former the ground colour i s grey, andof the latter grey-brown .

Ca llophrys rubi— The most remarkable race of th i s species that

I have seenwas common at Novorossi sk . I t i s a small formwithan averagewing expanse of 30 mm . ; the under side is typical , butthe upper sides of thewings in both sexes are black ,withou t th esligh test tinge of brown , and the whole surface h as a grey-bluesheen , S imi lar to th atwh i ch i s found in male examples of Z ep hyrusquercus , but of course th e sh een i s not the same colour as in thatspecies . I propose for th i s remarkable race ,wh ich so far as I amaware i s confined to the Caucasus , the name of var . schamyl 1 1 . v ar.

I saw, bu t did not capture , a fewexamples of C . rubi at Ialta ; these ,as far as I could see ,were very typ ical . A fewexampleswere seenat Sarepta on th e ou tskirts of the “ Tsch apurnik Wald they are

ra ther darker brown in colour than the type , and have an expanseof abou t 34 mm .

Chrysop hanus phlaeas .—A fewvery typ ical cold-form examples

were seen at Ialta and Novorossisk .

C . dorilis .—A very typical malewas taken by me at Sarepta on

May 22nd .

C . thersamon—Abundant at Sarepta , but somewhat local , ch ieflyfrequenting the rai lway banks and the adjacent slopes ; a brigh tform , especially on the under side , onwh ich the grey ground colour

of the h indwings is much l igh ter, and th e copper ground of the fore

wings mu ch brigh ter than in Hungarian examples . I suppose th eywould all come under Klug’s var. ompha le, bu t i t is difl‘icult to know

wh ere the type ends and th i s variety commences . The ch ief d istinc tionthat Klug makes is that h is var . ompha le h as ta ils on the interiors ;

and h e figures the ma les and femaleswith ta ils approximately 2 mm .

and 4 mm . long , respectively ; b ut a ll C . thersamon that I h ave seenh ave ta ils in both sexes , i f only rud imentary ones . My SareptaSpec imens h ave ta ils , in the males about three quarters of a

m illimetre in length , and in the fema les 2 mm . in length ,wh ereasHungarian first brood examples ,wh ich I understand to be the type ,h ave only very rud imentary ta ils , of not more than a quarter of a

millimetre in length . Ind ividualswere continually emerging at Sareptaduring th ewhole period of our stay.

C . disp ar v ar . ru tilus .—Iwas much deligh ted to see th i s grand

Species once more . Years ago I formed the opin ion th at itwas themost beau tifu l European bu tterflywhen seen on th ewing and nowthat I h ave observed all th e European Species ,with the exception of

about S ixty , I can fully confirm th i s opin ion . One can imaginewha tour British type , the finest form ofall , mu st h ave looked like . I firstsawv ar . ru ti lus at Sarepta in a small swamp in the ra ilway cu tting ,a mile or so to the south -east of the town , on May 26th . Afterwardswe found th at i twas generally d i stribu ted in the small swamps th atare to b e found in certa in valleyswh ich lie towards Tsaritsyn ; itwas not very common th ere , bu t I expect i twas abundan t in th e

large marshes between the arms of th e Volga , h ad one c ared toworkthem , wh ich I did not . Th e form i s a very sim ilar one to th atfound near Budapest , and qu ite as large .

IN SEARCH OF RUSS IAN BUTTERFLIES . 273

Everes a lcetas .—A large form of th i s species , expand ing about

33 mm . ,was not uncommon on th e outskirts of the “ Tschapurnik

Wald ,

and also on the ra ilway banks , from May 20th .

S colitantides ba ton—Common at Ialta , less so at Novorossisk ,andwidely d istributed at Sarepta ; in all cases the examples are thetype form ,without any approach to var . panop tes .

S . pylaon— Th i s Eastern spec ieswas fa irly common on the banks

and in the cuttings of the ra ilway , but at first I experienced con

siderab le d iffi cu lty in d istinguish ing it , espec ially on thewing , fromthe much more abundan t Plebeius argyrognomon ,with wh ich it flew.

It h ad probably been out aweek or ten days beforewe arrived at

Sarepta ; after the first two days it got rare , and the examplesseenwere all more or less defective , although odd oneswere p ickedup wh enever we collected in its localities until May 27th . In

the series I obta ined there i s not any noticeable variation in th e

females , but there i s a good dea l in the males . S . pylaonwas firstdescribed byFischer deWa ldheim (the female only) . Herrich -Schafl

who next dealtwith i t in Schmetterlinge von Europa ,

’ figures bothsexes ; of the male ,

fig . 333 illustrates a formwithou t black spots onthe h ind margins of the inferiors , upper s ide , bu t with two red

lunu les at the anal angle of each th is form , th ere fore ,wh ichwas notuncommon at Sarepta , itwould appear , in accordancewi th th e lawof priority, i s the type . The other forms obta ined include one

figured by Herrich -Schaffer (fig . wh ich shows a rowof blackspots on the upper s ide of the inferiors on the ou ter margin ; th i sform I propose to call ab . nigra

puncta , n . ab . The oth er form Iobta ined i s entirelywithou t black spots or red lunu les on the uppers ide of the inferiors , for th i s I propose th e name of ab . immacula ta , n . ab .

Plebei a s argyrognomon—Abundant a t Sarepta and in goodcond ition at the date of our arrival . An interesting form ; the malesof a deeper blue than th e Western spec imen swh ich I possess ; bothsexes h ave the orange bands on the under S ide very prominent , inth i s respec t resembling the Hungarian form ; the Species continuedin good condition for several days .

P . a rgus (a gon) —Th e most abundant Lyca nid Seen at Sareptaswarming everywh ere . The first exampleswh ichwere flying at the

date of our arriva l were small and dull-coloured , b u t th ose thatemerged in Junewere much larger ,withwh iter under sides .

Polyomma tus a strarche—Only seen at Novorossisk wh ere Icaptured a fewvery typ ical spec imen s of the sou th ern lowlevel race .

P . icarus .— Common everywh ere we collected , especially at

Sarepta . A large form ; the females entirely wi th ou t blue on the

upper S ide . I kept a very carefu l look-ou t for P . thersites ,with ou tsuccess , and I am convinced th at th is recently recogni sed spec ies doesnot occur in any locality inwh i chwe collected , although its foodplant , sainfo in , grows freely at Sarepta .

P . eroides .—One example , a very fresh male of th is beautiful

Spec ies , or form of P . eros ,was taken by me on June 1 2th at th e topof a cross valley in the h illswh ich are opposite to Sarepta . Itwasa verywindy day , and I feel sure that th e bu tterfly had been blownENTOM .

—OCTOBER , 1 9 1 4 . Z

from its true loca l ity , b ut a long and wide search for furtherspec imenswas fru itless .

P . bellargus— Only seen at Ialta ; th e males wh ich were just

com ing ou twere large examples of ab . puncta .

P . amandus v ar . lyd ia— Th is form of P . amandus was not

uncommon on bushy slopes , both at the “ Tsch apurnik Wald and

in the valleys in th e d irec tion of Tsaritsyn . Th e first spec imenswereseen on May 23rd , and the spec ies con tinued in good condition forabout a month , afterwh ich it becameworn .

Cup ido sebrus — A short serieswas taken at an alt itude of about1 000 ft . at Ialta ,

wh ere the spec ies frequented flowery c learings inth e p ine-covered Slopes of the mounta in s . The males are of a

deeper and purer blue th an th e type the females are remarkable inthat nearly th ewh ole of th e superiors and the bases of the in feriorsare su ffusedwith grey-blue scales . I propose for th i s form th e name

of ab . caeru lea -

gri sea n . ab .

GlauCOpsyche ca lestina .

—Th i s Eastern spec ies h ad evidently beencommon a Sh ort time prev iou s to our arrival at Sarepta ; bu t theexampleswe took were almost allworn to shreds , and it took mybest efforts to obta in h alf-a -do z en fa ir spec imens ,wh ich were p ickedup singlywh erever th ere was a cons iderable growth of legum inou splants .

(To be continued .)

A FORTNIGHT IN SHETLAND.

BY PERCY C . RE ID .

AT 9 a m . on Ju ly 1 4th,my friend s Messrs . J . Peed and

G . D.Hancock and myself left Aberdeen on th e S S . St . Sunniva ,’

bound for Ba lta sound in th e Island of Unst . After a ca lmpa s sage we found our selves wh en we awoke next morn ing at

Lerwi ck ,wherewe ch anged on to th e S S .

‘Zetland ,’

and rea chedBa l ta sound th at n igh t at 1 0 p .m . , some three h ou rs beh ind t ime ,

owing to fog. We h ad engaged room s a t th e Queen’s Hotel ,wh i ch l ies abou t a m i le from th e land ing stage , so th a t i twa snot far from m idn i gh t before we h ad h ad some supper andweresettled in . The next day was spen t in su rveying th e coun tryand dec iding on our plans .The Island ofUnst l ies pract i ca l ly due north and sou th , and

i s some twelve m i les long by abou t five m i les wide ,wi th Ba ltasound a t th e h ead of a deep inlet j ust abou t h a l fway up the ea stcoa st . Th e i s lan d i s composed of round -topped h i ll s , coveredwi th gra ss and short h eather , with th e h igh est h i l l s , Saxafordand Hermaness , at th e north ern end , and i s traversed longitudinally by a deep depres s ion ,wh i ch from the la t itude ofBa ltasound i s occupied northwa rds , first by Loch of Cliffs , a freshwater loch , and th en , separated from i t on ly by a sand b ar, by aSea loch cal led Burrafirth .

b e h ard put to i t to find food wh en they became larger . Th e

E . venosa ta larva h ad nearly all pupated by Augu st l st , and th eD . consp ersa larva pupated after my arriva l h ome , abou tAugust 25th .

I on ly sawone spec imen of H . velleda , a lthough i t i s sa i dsomet imes to b e very common . AS th ere i s pract i cal ly no brakefern , so far as I cou ld see, i t i s eviden t th a t in Unst th e larvamu s t use some oth er food—probably dock ,wh ich i s very commonround th ewa l led-in fields .

Coremia munita tawe found in fa i r numbers on ly . AS a lwayswi th th i s insect the fema leswere h ard to find , and all I securedwere taken at res t on rushes wh i ch grewin th e sand betweenLoch of Cliffe and Burrafirth . Ma les , h owever , I took not uncommonly at Haroldswi ck and in th e marshy meadows that l inethe burn wh ich flows into th e top end of Loch of Cliffe .

E . a lbula ta occurred a lmost everywhere with i ts food -plant .Both i t and C . munita tawere , of course , ofth e Shetland form, and

very d ifferent from th ose found furth er south .

We h ad intended to s tay in Shetland for a month , butun fortunately th e ou tbreak of th ewar robbed us of h a l f our stay .

Wh enwe left , Charwa s graminiswas ju s t beginn ing to come out ,but i twas st i ll too early for N octua glareosa or Cela na haworthii,both ofwh ich insect swewanted .

The worst of Shetland i s th e long journey th ere . Oncearr ived , th e Queen

’s Hotel affords very good a ccommodat ion , th e

in sect s are mos t interest ing—wi th h ard work a good b ag i spract ica l ly a certa inty—wh i le to anyone fond of orn ithology , th ewea l th of b ird l i fe i s someth ing entranc ing . Even nowI canh ear in fancy th ewi ld cry of th e R ich ardson’s Skua s , and of th eGrea t Skuaswhowere our nigh tly compan ion s on our sugaringrounds .

Feeringbury , Kelvedon : September 1 3th , 1 9 1 4 .

ABUNDANCE OF CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS IN SOUTH-EAST SUSSEX .

Iwas staying in Winchelsea during the latter part of Augu st and

the first part of September , and during mywalks in th e neighbourh ood I noticed th at larva Of Cyani ri s argiolus were espec iallyabundant . There is much ivy in th e hedges a long most of th e roadsth ere , and the blossoms are particularly luxuriant th is year ; and

scarcely a patch of any si z e could b e foundwh ich did not conta inmany larva . Pyramei s a ta lanta was also present in considerablenumbers , and in places P . carda iwas to b e found ; but I did not see

a single Spec imen Of Vanessa to , and very fewV. i irticce . It i s alsoworth record ing that , during th ewhole fiveweeks of my stay , therewas only onewet day—F . A . OLDAKER ; The Red House , Haslemere ,September 1 5th , 1 9 1 4.

NOTE S AND OBSERVAT ION S . 277

VARIETY OF CHRYSOPHANUS PHLZEAS NEAR ASHBY-DE -LA-ZOUCH .

A friend h as just brough t to me a recently caugh t specimen of C .

p hla as schmid tii . It i s the first I h ave seen taken in th i s d istric t ,wh ere C . p hla as is somewhat common . Both h indwings are Sligh tlydamaged , otherwise it is in good cond ition—pearlywh ite , as d istinctfrom the cream-tinted variety—FRANK BROWN ; Bath Street , Ashbyde-la -Zouch , September 1 7th , 1 9 1 4 .

GYNANDROUS P . ICARUS .—Wh ilst on the look-out for female vars .

of P . icarus h ere on th e 4th inst . , I took a fine example of the

gynandrou s form , in wh ich th e left pa ir ofwings are male and th e

o ther pa ir female . The latter h ave only a fewblue scales , althoughat th is Spot most females are of th e lovely ab . coeru lea form . Excepting the upper ma le wing , the under S ides h ave the usual female

coloration —MART IN J .HARDING ; Oakdene , Church Stretton , September 2 1 st , 1 9 1 4 .

LEUCAN IA FAVICOLOR IN HANTS .— I shou ld like to record the

capture at sugar on our loc al marram-grass , of th ree Spec imens

of L . favicolor— two on June 29 th (one fa ir and one good) , and one

on July 4th (poor) . -A . L . BURRAs ; 3 , Connaugh t Road , North End ,

Portsmouth .

CERURA B IFIDA IN AUGUST .— A larva of C . bifida pupated July

1 7th , 1 9 1 4 , and the mo th emerged to -day , August 1 3th .—H. C .

JEDDERE -FISHER ; Apsleytown , East Grin stead .

NOTE ON HECATERA DYSODEA .— I Shall b e glad if any of your

readers will say i f they ever come across H . dysodea now. A fewyears ago the larva were to b e found regu larly every year abouth ere ,

in greater or lesser numbers . But s ince , I th ink , the year 1 9 05I h ave never been able to find a larva , and I believe th e same th ingh as been noticed at Wicken ,wh ere a lso they u sed to b e common .

Has th i s insect unaccountably become extinct — PERCY C . RE ID ;Feeringbury, Kelvedon , September l 0th , 1 9 1 4 .

EUVANESSA ANT IOPA IN NORFOLK — I th ink itwill interest you toknowthat on Tuesday morning last my little girl of six yearscaptured a spec imen of E . antiopa in Gaywood . She has a net , but

on that occasion She did not h ave it , so she got a big-necked bottlefrom a friend ’s hou se and put it over the butterflywh ich was S ittingupon some wood . I am afra id it got a bit mauled , becau se sh e

transferred it to other receptacles once or twice bu t Mr . Atmore , towh om I showed i t , says it i s a fine big specimen — C . G . BARRETT ;Pleasant House , Gaywood , near King

’s Lynn , September 1 7th , 1 9 1 4 .

LARVZE OF ACHERONT IA ATROPOS NEAR NORW ICH .—During the

last two weeks of Augu st larva of Acherontia a trop os have beenfound , not infrequently , in th i s d istric t ; and I h ave h eard of at leastth ree other spec imens from th e ne ighbourhood of Wymondham ,

wh ich brings the number I h ave come across up to ten examples .

Theywere apparently all found on rather large fields ofpotatoes , andI h ave h eard of none from small patches of the food-

plant . Th e

Norfolk yokel i s u sua lly terrified of anyth ing out of the ordinary,

and immediately destroys it , and one larvawas cut in h alf by th e

spade of the manwho found it . Those I sawwere all fu ll fed or

nearly so . Onewas found walking across a large tenn is lawn . Ih ave seen no Colia s edusa h ere th i s year, bu t during the h ot days a

fortnigh t ago Pyramei s ca rdu iwas ra ther in evidence in the cloverfields and a lso in gardens ,where itwas a ttracted by standard h eliotropes ; a ll those I sawappeared to b e ra th erworn . P . a ta lanta h as

been unu sually abundant , and is still (September 23rd) in beauti fulcond ition ; it i s always a common spec ies in gardens here during th efirstweeks of September , and is also often plentiful nearer the c oast .

Lastweekwe h ad th ree or four extremely cold days , and I foundmany torp id Ata lanta s itting on the dahlia flowers , a lways choosingthe red , or red and orange b lossoms . Perfectly fresh Polyomma tusica rus were seen when ou t partridge driving on the 1 9 th .

GERARD H .GURNEY ; Keswick Hall , Norwich .

DRAGONFLIES BRED IN 1 9 1 4 .— Th i s year I h ave bred B ra chytron

p ra tense (one female) from a nymph found early in June , 1 9 1 3, inth e Ouse , near St . Ives , Huntingdon . Th e dragonfly emerged on (orabou t) May 1 2th . E schna grand is , from nymph s taken in the

canal a t Byfleet last year , and from one taken in the c anal , near

Purton , W iltsh ire , early th i s summer ; L ibellu la quadrimacu la ta ,

from nymph taken at Byfleet th i s summer ; Symp etrum striola tum,

from nymph s taken in canal near Purton ; Ca lop teryx v irgo (Oberwater stream , NewForest) ; Lestes sponsa , male (Byfleet Canal) ;Ena llagma cya thigerum ; Agrion p aella ; Pyrrhosoma nymp hu la . Ifound imagines of P . nymp hula in one of my aquaria ( they are

fittedwith a kind of gau z e c ase) on my return to town after aweekend away in th e lastweek of April . Theywere not from nymph scollected th i s year , for a t th at t ime I h ad not yet been ou t for

nymph s th is sea son , and I was not aware th at I h ad put anyP . nymp hu la in th at aquarium la st year . But I h ad pu t in a goodmany Zygopterid nymph s (ma inly Erythromma na ia s and Ischnura

elegans) in early summer , 1 9 1 3. Some of th em mu st h ave beenonly partly grown P . nymp hu la ; I h ave found the same th ingh appen beforewith th is Spec ies , bu twith no oth er Zygopterid ; thenymph s of every oth er Zygopterid dragonfly I h ave ever taken h avea lways emerged in the year inwh ich th ey were taken (in May or

June) . Only P . nymphu la h ave rema ined in the nymph stage overthe followingwinter . None of the nymph s cou ld h ave been h atchedin the year th at I took them (mostly in May) ; for tha t year

’snymph swou ld e ith er not h ave been h a tch ed a t a ll by then orwouldb e very small . They must presumably all h ave b een already nearlya year in the nymph stage ; wh en taken , so that the P . nymp hulathat came out in th e summer after must h ave been about two yearsin th at stage . There seems to be great uncerta inty as to th e averageduration of that phase o f a dragonfly

s life . With Cordu lega ster

annu la tus i t is a long stage ; I doubt i f i t is ever less than two years .

I h ave a nymph of that spec ies now, taken in May last . The eggcan h ardly h ave been laid later than August , 1 9 1 3 ; and th e imagowillnot emerge until June , 1 9 1 5 . Th i swou ld b e a little under two years .But from the siz e of the nymphwhen taken , it maywell h ave beenh atch ed early in July, 1 9 1 3, and even not in 1 9 1 3 at all, but in 1 9 1 2 .

I Shou ld like to ask if others have found Ca lop terya"

v i rgo as d ifficult

and Folkestone , including rad iated under,side , dwarf, bri lliant blue

fema le , bleach ed male , &c . , specimens—Dr . Chapman ,imagines and

parasites of Oreop syche pyrena lla ,with examples of the larva l skinsmoulted a t pupation —Mr. Ma in , insects found in baskets of c ane

sugar from Java , inc lud ing Coleoptera , Blattida , a cricket , &c .

Mr. Neave , blue fema le ab erration s of Polyomma tus icarus fromOtford first brood , and Ch ipstead second brood .

~ —Mr . Edwards ,examples of the genera of Rhopalocera , Delias, Metaporia , andDismorp hia

—A d i scu ssion took place as to the h abit of someSpec ies of Lepidoptera to return aga in and aga in to the same spot ,Mania maura , Gonep terycc rhamni , Amp hipyra pyramided , &c . ,

be inginstanced .

—HY . J . TURNER , Hon . Report. Sec .

RECENT LITERATURE .

Memorias do Instituto Oswa ldo Cruz . Vol. V . and vol. vi . , pt . i .Rio de Janeiro -Mangu inhos . 1 9 1 3, 1 9 1 4 .

The following are titles of some of the papers in volume v .

Sobre o ciclo evolutivo de Schiz ocysti s sp inigeri , n . sp . Gregarinado intestino de uma espec ie de Spiniger , por Astrogildo M achado .

(Pp . 1—1 5 ; plates 1Notas sobre um caso de M ilase humana ocasionada por larvas de

S arcop haga pyop hi la , n . sp . , pelo Drs . Arthur Neiva e Gomes deFaria . (Pp . 1 6

Informacoes sobre a b iolopa da V inchuca , Tria toma infestans ,Klug , pelo Dr . Arthur Neira . (Pp . 24

Citolop a ciclo evolutivo da Chagasella alydi. Novo Coccidiopasa z ito dum h emiptero do genero “ Alydus ,

pelo Dr . AstrogildoMachado . (Pp . 32—44 ; plates 4 ,

Con tribu iqao para 0 estudo das Ceratopogoninas h ematofagas doBra sil , pelo Dr . Adolpho Lu tz , Parte Si stematica . Segunda Memoria .

(Pp . 45—73 plates 6Notas hemipterolojicas , pelo Dr. A. Ne iva . (Pp . 74

Contribuicao para a b iolojia das megarinias com descricoes de

duas especies novas , pelo Drs . Adolpho Lu tz e Arthur Neiva .

(Pp . 1 29

Tab anidas do Bra z il e de alguns Estados V isinh os , pelo Dr .

Adolph o Lu tz . (Pp . 1 42—1 9 1 ; plates 1 2 ,T itles of papers in vol . vi . , part i . ( 1 9 1 4)Contribuicao para o estudo da b iolojia dos Cu licideos . Ob servagoes

sobre a

respiragao nas larva s , pelo Dr . A . da Costa Lima . (Pp . 1 8—34late 4 .pContribu icao para o estudo dos reduv idas hematofagos , pelo Dr .

Arthur Ne iva . 1 . Notas sobre OS red i'

iv idas hematofagos da Bah iacom a descrigao da nova espec ie . (Pp . 35

Notas dipterOIOjicas , pelo Dr . Adolph o Lu tz . Contribuicao para

o conh ec imento dos prime iros estados de tabanideos braz ileiros.

(Pp . 43

1 . Contribu igao para o estudo das Megarhinina . 1 1 . Do Mega

rhina s hamorrhoida li'

s , Fabric ius , 1 79 4 (Pp . 50—57 ; plates 5 ,

W AT K I N S u o

Na tugitlist'

s a nd Manufacturer of En tomo logic a l

Pla in l tph é‘

l‘l e t s . W i re Or cane , i n c lud ing S tick . 1 s . 8d

415 . Um bre lla Ndps iise lf ac t ing) , 7 5 . Po cke t

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

VOL . XLVII .] N OVEM BER , 1 9 1 4 .

THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHI’

BY H. ROWLAND-BROWN , M .A. , F .E.S.

(i. ) La Grave.

WHEN I left London on a b laz ing July day, the promi se of

a suc ces sful en tomological tour in the mounta in s south of

Grenoble seemed a ssured . Letters from French correspondentsbeginn ing in th e spring had prepared me for a great bu tterflyyear : an absence of late frost s , preva lence of sunny sk ies , andonly just th e requis ite ra infa l l to encourage th e crops fromnorth to south . The factors of su cces s were e stabl i sh ed—at

lea st , I though t so ; andwhen I stepped into th e P. L . M . motorouts ide Grenoble stat ion on th e morn ing of the 1 1 th , th ere wa snot a cloud even the s i ze of a man

’s h and in th e sky of th eM id i or on the vi s ible pol it i ca l horizon . In Apri l ,wh en I h ad h adth e privilege of addres s ing th e Entomologica l Soc iety ofFranceat thei r annua l banquet , and at a momen t when Pari s wa scelebrat ing the vi s i t of our King and Queen , I ven tured to suggest ,“ h eureu sement pour nous autres , les ch eva l iers de la Nature ,la pol it ique n

existe pas .

” I l itt le though t howsoon and in

howsudden fash ion thewel ter ofEuropean pol it ic swas to engu l fthe com ity of nat ions , and h owthe waves Of a greatwarwereto sweep over the qu iet h aunts wh ere in former years I h adwandered in search of butterfl ies . To -day, a fter th ree month sof s torm and stres s , the ca lm Alp ine va l leys , th i ck wi th cornth e mounta in pa stures , awonder offlowers th e restful v i llagesall are as a dream to th e rea l ity ofwh ich the l i ttle h arvest ofmy cabinet s a lone may test i fy .

Th i s part of th e Dauph iny Alp s h as beenworked for manyyears by Engl i sh lepidopteri st s ; less systematica l ly by th e

French , th ough , needless to say , the indefatigable M . CharlesOberthur h as taken tol l of th e distr i ct ; wh i le i twa s one of Dr .

Reverd in’s observat ions (in litt . ) on th e occurrence of E rebia

scip io at Monetier-les-Ba ins , on the south ern s ide of th e Colde Lauteret,wh i ch tempted me to inc lude aweek there in myprogramme. In the ‘ Entomologi st’s Record

(vol . vi i i . 1 89 6 ;ix . 1 89 7 ) the late Mr. Tutt gives an exhaust ive account of a vi s i tto Le Lauteret and La Grave during the firs tweeks of Augus t .ENTOM .

—NOVEMBER , 1 9 1 4 . 2 A

To later volumes th e Rev . F . E . Lowe (loc . cit. xx1 1 . Mr .

A . S . Tetley , and Mr. Dougla s Pearson contribu te th e i r experiences of th at ch arming country . For th i s paper , th erefore , myonly excu se i s that h i therto noth ing h as been wri tten on the

subject in th e Entomologi st ,’and that I v i s ited one loca l i ty at

lea st towh i ch most of these authorities pa id but sl igh t attent ion .

To Dr. Ch apman’s suggest ive note on th e loca l gra s s ” Ereb ias

(Proc . Ent . Soc . 1 9 1 3 , cvi i .—cx . ) I sha l l refer later on .

Th ere are two h otel s at La Grave equa l ly comfortable andwel l kept—th e Hotel des Alpes and the Hotel de la Meij e . Istayed at th e former for ten days . And here I shou ld l ike topoint out h owh elpfu l i t i swh en lepidopteri st s ,who h ave vi s itedforeign loca l i t ies and write about th em, give oth ers fol lowingth e ir foots teps th e benefit of the ir h otel experience . Persona l ly ,I find th e Touring Club of France gu ide invaluable for th e

purpose of select ion . May the next i s sue reintroduce us to th eh ospi ta l i ty ofAl sace and Lorra ine

Arriving in t ime for a late deyeuner after a drive of surpa s singlovel ines s , I spent the afternoon prospecting in th e deep meadowsth a t lead up to th e Meije glac ier . Fa c ing the Meije, La Gravestands boldly up from the torrent of th e Romanch e . Acros s th emule-path lead ing on th i s S ide to th e r iver a muddy trickleattra ct s the “Wh ites and “ Blues in ch eerfu l abundance ;Ap or ia cra ta gi, fresh ma les , bu t sma l l ; Pa rna ssia s ap ollo ; on

th e yel lowcruc i fers Anthocharis simp lonia , at th i s level (5000 ft . )a lready rath er worn ; and among smal ler fry , Plebeia s argus

(agon) , Polyomma tus hylas , and N omiades semia rgus . I d id not

observe Pap ilio poda lirius , but i twas not uncommon lower downtowa rds Bourg d’Oisans . P . ma chaon occurred singly in the

v i l lage i tsel f. But undoubtedly th e bes t col lecting ground h ereabou ts i s on the left bank of the r iver , and up to the Meij eglac ier . The first four days of unclouded sun sh ine, from th e

1 2th to the 1 5 th ,were fu l ly occup ied . In the lower pasturesE rebia pharte ma leswere flying in profusion ,

the fema les as yeth ardly emerged ; E . epiphron var . ca ssiop e, dec idedly rare ;E . ceto, a dwarf race compared wi th th at of the Swi s s Alps , les sso ; and , of course , E . stygne th ough by far th e commonest ofth e genus was E . eurya le, constant and typica l in form, and

often assembl ing by th e score at th e runnel s , or starting up fromevery branch and flower in the firwoods .

Pu sh ing on to th e mora ine of th e Meije glac ier , I had notbeen long on the look -out when the first glos sy E . a lecto flewacros s the path , and later Iwas fortunate to b ag one or twoperfectly fresh fema les . One such rose from my feet as Iwasstruggl ingwi th the loose sh ift ing scree. She had evidently beendi sturbed in th e act of ovipos it ion and, as th e only plant at

th i s part icular spotwa s a sort of tuft gras s , I have not muchdoubt th at th i s plant—afterwards ident ified in th e Alp ine garden

And here I sh ould l ike to drawa ttention to some furth erremarks by M. Oberth iir on the variat ion of a form of E . stygne

from Swi tzerland . Describ ing an aberrant ma le taken by th ela te M . Wu llsch legel , near Mart igny , h e speaks of it as

“ largerand much darker than the norm ; the wings sugges t th e deepblack with the beautifu l reflect ions of E . lefebvrei on the

upper s ide of the fore wings are five black ocellated spots ,pupi lledwh ite , and in the sameway on th e h indwings . Rustyband reduced to severa l feeble blotch es on the interna l s ide ofthe ocel lations and on th e forewings only . Under Side deep blackbut matt ; the rusty band , h owever , a lways l imited to the

inner s ide of the ocel lat ions , is better developed th an on th e uppers ide. Th i s fine butterflywas taken in 1 9 07 perfectly fresh and

inta ct ; i t i swi thout doubt th e var. va lesiaca , E lwes .Turning aga in to Mr. Wheeler’s a ccount ( loc . we find

under E . stygne—“Di rec tions of Var. (a ) tendency to ob so

lescence ofmahogany patch es conta in ing th e eye-spots , f.w. and

h .w. , culminat ing inVar. va lesia ca , E lwes , inwh i ch they ( th e patch es ) are very

sl igh t , the eye-spots a lso, but not th e pupils , being sma l ler .I have severa l examples of th i s form in my col lec t ion taken

byme on the Thusi s-Andeer road j ust by the beaut ifu l bridge in

th e narrowgorge above th e first-ment ioned Vil lage . They are

certa inly darker than typica l stygne, but M. Ob erthur does notment ion any reduction of th e siz e of th e ocel lated spots ,wh i chI take i t i s a distinguish ing feature of th i s part i cular variety ,and I suspect , therefore , that the Mart igny example i s rather anaberrat ion of va lesiaca than th e form it self.In the case of E . tyndarus , excess ively common later on , i twas hardly out at La Grave ; all examinedwere of th e form

ca ssioides , von Hoh enw. ( z dromus, E ) . On th e detri tu s of th eMeije mora ine a fewE . gorge ma les a ccompan ied the largerE . a lecto var. , but I do not remember to h ave met withE . mnestra at th i s point ,where , h owever , i twas strange to findnewly emerged Pyrameis a ta lanta—a butterfly seldom , I Sh ouldimagine, as soc iated in th e same loca l itywi th E . a lecto , thoughi t s congener P . carda i, a l so Observed , atta ins a lmost as greata l t itudes in the Alp s as Agla is a rtica .

Unt i l the ha i l storm in the evening of th e 1 5 thwrecked th e i rbeauty , th e pastures above and to th e left Of the h erd hutsuggested the E lysian F ields and the borrowed s imile of th eChurch hymnal

Th e daylight iss ereneThe pastures of th e Blessed

Are decked in glorious Sheen

and the comparisonwas inevitable of th ese th ousandwh i te perfumed Mary l i l ies wi th the asphodelos leimOn of th e Greeks .Here and there th ey would be broken up by l i ttle bush es of

THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 285

rose-flushed rhododendron , and in del icate cont ra st the hol lowswou ld b e a l igh twi th th e del icate late l i lac of the cranesb i ll , orwi th golden arn ica da i s ies , deep pu rple a sters , and blue cam

panu las . Th e cranesb i ll s were espec ial ly attract ive to ma lesand fema les a l ike of C . hipp othoe var. eurybia , and of course toPolyomma tus eumedon . Hesperi idswere fewand far betweenH esp eria a lveus , H . serra tula , and Pyrgus sao . Th e Gol iadswere represented by C . phicomone, wh ich was more commonth roughout La Grave than E . sigyns .

My oth er excurs ion s were a ll on th i s s ide of th e r iver .The most interest ing and productivewas unquestionably th at toth e E vari ste-Cliancel b ut (7875 and thewoods and pa stureson theway to th e Open treeles s gra ss slopeswh i ch const itu te theapproaches to th e neighbourhood of Lao No i r . Thewalk-up on

Ju ly 1 5 thwas made under a tropica l sun ,wh ich unfortunatelywi thdrewa ltogether towards noonwh en Iwas on the rocks th atenc ircle the grim lakelet ,wh ere, even thus late in the season ,

the icewas only nowbreaking up . Added to a c loudy Sky, a

furiouswind began to blow, precursor of the even ing’s terrificthunderstorm. In the meadows on the ou tskirts of the lowerwoods B renthis ino occurred in some numbers , and i twas at as treamlet h ere tha t I surpri sed a dozen fresh ly emerged ma leA rgynnis agla ia crowded on a patch of sand not larger than myh and . E verywhere from La Grave to the l imi t o f the forestregion Paraseinia p lantaginiswas a l so in great force , but a t firstI fa i led to spot th e variety hosp ita , common from about 6500 ft . ,and even more so at Le Lau teret . From the gra s s I nettedsevera lworn H . ma lvoides—th e first record of th i s Spec ies h ereabouts and , as soon as I h ad qu i tted the larch belt , H . caca lia

put in an appearance. Th e bare mounta in-s ide yielded on lyocca s ional ragged fema les of Pontia ca llidice, E . gorge, and moreabundant E . lapp ona . B . p a les was extremely rare, but th elater part of the day was aga in st co l lect ing . I was morefortunate on the 1 8thwhen I returned to the same ground belowthe rocks , and though thewind ,wh ich marred all collect ing forthe nextweek , never dropped , butterflieswere not unplen t iful insh eltered places .

The presence of H . caca lice, ofwh i ch th i s day I sawmanyexamples , but could capture fewgood spec imens , had insp iredmewith h opes of th e rare H . andromeda . I had evident ly overlooked i t on th e 1 5th , for directly I pa ssed th e tree l ine towh erea spring of excel len t water cros ses th e path , I encounteredsevera l . The ma leswere notworth boxing , being in poor pligh t ;of the females I took th ree perfect examples , and mi s sed a s

many more , l iberat ing a t lea st ha lf-a-dozen of both sexes .Some doubt apparently h aving exi sted as to the specific ident ityof these two skippers , I may state that in Dauphiny, at anyrate, thei r h abit s are quite unl ike. Andromeda: prefers to

settle On a sun -warmed rock , ca ca lia on flowers and gras ses ;Andromeda i s a much stronger and more act ive butterfly,wh i leca ca lia appeared to b e genera lly on thewanewh en the latterwa s fresh of both sexes . I am not surewh eth er th e food-plantof Andromeda i s known , but I d i slodged one female evidentlyovipos it ing on Dryas octop etala ,wh i ch i s common at these a l t itudes . Andromeda begin s to sh owat about the lowes t fl igh tof E reb ia lappona (6500—7000 a s I found i t about EauxBonnes in the western Pyrenees (Entom. xl iv . p . ofwh i ch loca l i ty, wi th i t s sparse flora , ranunculus , myosoti s ,and a cc identa l rhododendron , the Dauph iny hab i tat i s dec idedlyremin i s cent (Lep id . Comparée, fasc . v . pte . 2 , pp . 1 08

The morn ing of the l gthwas devoted to the lower part of th i swa lk , ch iefly under th e torrent of th e Meij e , where th ere i splenty of good collect ing ground . The sunny path withocca s iona l dripping water attracts swarms of insects of all

Orders . Hesp eria carlina ma leswere in perfect cond it ion , and

among th e Lyca nids I spotted , on the wing , l ike a s i lveryP . eros

,wh i ch spec ieswas swarming at the t ime, a sol i tary and

perfect ma le P . donz elii . Itwas awelcome v i s i tor ; I had not

seen th i s lovel ies t ofAlp ine Blues ” a l ive s ince Iwas at Tra fo iand Cort ina fourteen years ago ; norwas I dest ined to see i taga in th i s year . Two or th ree fine fema le E . p harte wereselected from the many on the wing ; E . eurya le was nowcommoner than ever , both h ere and a long th e river-b edwhereI sough t refuge from th e preva i l ing hurricane on th e l 6th ,

and on the finer 1 4th . The flora cons i st s a lmost wh ol ly ofleguminou s plant s . As migh t be expected , th erefore, therewa sabundance of Lyca n ids , ch iefly P . hylas and P . escheri. O f theformer I managed to box a fema lewi th the basa l and medianarea of a ll thewings on the upper s ide suffusedwi th blue (=ab .

coerulescens , It i s the on ly blue fema le in mycollection , for there i s apparent ly in western Europe a far les spronounced tendency in the sex of th i s spec ies to a s sume th e

ma le colorat ion than in th e maj ori ty of the group possessing andromorphic fema les . Other Lycaen ids of the river-b edwere P . damon , hardly out ; and P . thersites , one or twomales .

The Anthrocerids (Zyga nidae) ob served at La Grave are notmany—A . transa lpina , A . purpura lis , A . lonicera and A . exulans .

Un for tunately I h ad omitted to provide myselfwi th a résumé ofMr. Lowe’s captures , and thus overlooked th e loca l i ty , a mi lebelowth e v i l lage ,where , in conj unctionwi th Mr. A. H. Jones , h edi scovered M elita a deione. On the 2 1 st I left for Le Lauteret .

examples I posses s being two anc ien t spec imens wh ich weregi ven to me some years ago. Fortunately I h ave been able toin spect a fine series of n ine in Morley’s collect ion , and th ree inth a t of Col . Nurse . With one pos s ible except ion a ll th e spec imen s I h ave exam ined h ave the costa l cel l ra th er sh orter th an th emedian , and th e recurren t nervure rejected by a di stancewh ichi s equa l to or rather les s th an th e length of th e first absc i ssaof th e radius (fig . Wings yel lowi sh hya l ine . The uppersurface of the abdomen i s genera l ly , th ough not a lways , fuscou s .

The cocoon I h ave not seen , and th e on ly descript ion I knowof i s th at of F itch (Entom. xiv . who tell s us th at it i s thin,smooth , andwh i te.

Among Morley’s insects are two fema les bred by Cockaynefrom larvae of Ta niocamp a p opnleti taken in Berksh ire .

Z . infuma tor , sp. nov . (Fig .

Thorax , abdomen , and legs , includ ing the‘

h ind tarsi , rufotestaceous ; claws black , and also a black dot above th e radices .Palpi pale testaceou s ; mand ibles fuscou s at the tips ; antennaetestaceou s , annulated , darker towards the apices , longer than the

body in both sexes . Metathorax marked with a rather elaboratera ised pattern ,wh ich , though often not so symmetrical as in the

case figured (fig . 5 ) (taken from a specimen in my collection , No .

i s always presen t in a more or less perfect cond ition . Wings dullhyaline , ap ica l ha lf somewha t infuma ted , costal cell as long as or

sligh tly longer than the med ian . Costa , nervures , and stigmafuscou s , recurrent nervure rejected by a d istancewhich is grea ter thanthe length of the first a bscissa of the radius . Radial areolet of theh indwings not gem inated by a tran sverse nervure . Abdomen smooth ,

terebra not surpassing the anus . Length , 9—1 1 mm . , expands1 7—22 mm .

Described from th irteen ma les and eleven fema les .Approach es Z . testa cea tor in si ze, but differ s th erefrom in

h aving th e terebra concea led , infuma ted wings , and a shorterfirst absc i s sa of the radius , &c . from Z. chlorop tha lma i t d iffersin si ze and a l so in th e infuma tedwings , &c .

Larva d irty cream colour , sh owing under magn ificat ion i rregularwh ite speckles on th e last s ix or seven segments , a ttenuatetowards the h ead , part s of the mouth not or scarcely ou tl ined .

The cocoon i s thick,wh i te, somewha t rough but notwoolly ,a ttenuated s imi larly at both extremi t ies , and 1 032 to 1 3 mm . in

length when exposed to damp it turns a brown i sh colour (fig .

Very many t imes bred from larvae of B oarmia repanda ta

between May 4 th and June l st , fromwh ich h ost Major Robertson has a l so bred i t at Chandler’s Ford . Th e para s i te larvaleaves it s h ostwh en th e latter i s fu l l-fed and h as ret ired belowth e ground for pupa t ion , and there spin s i ts cocoon .

Z . chlorop tha lma (Nees) . Rhogas chlorop tha lmus , Nees , Mon .

i . 202 Phylaa'

chlorop tha lmns , Wesm. , Nouv . Mem. Ac . Brux . ,

KNOWLEDGE or THE BRITISH BRACONID/E . 289

1 835 , p . 1 62 . Owing , no doubt , to an oversigh t th i s spec ies hasbeen confu sed by Marsha l lwi th another ( see Z . gemina tor) , and

h as apparent ly been overlooked in th i s country .

Wesmael says tha t , bes ides being much smal ler , i t differsfrom Z . testa cea tor 1 . En ce que les tarses ne son t pa s pluspales que le reste des p ieds ; 2 . Is dos de l

abdomen da male est

entierement fauve testacé ; 3 . Tariere de la femel le dans l ’etatde repos n’

est pas sa i l lante, parce qu’

el le est trop courte pourdépa sser l’éxtremité dorsa le de l’abdomen .

Nees cons idered h is B hagas chlorop tha lmus to b e the B ra conchlorop tha lma of Spinola , but , as Marsha l l remarks , th i s cannotbe provedfi|

Among F itch ’s insects I found a fema lewh i ch agrees perfectlywith the descriptions of Nees and Wesmael . Itwas bredby G . E l i sha , July 1 7th , 1 884 , from a larva of Dep ressaria

a lstroemeriana . The spec imen i s 7 mm. long and 1 2 mm . inexpanse, wings hya l ine, terebra concea led , recurren t nervurerejected by a distance equal to the length of the firs t absc i ssa ofthe radiu s , and the radia l areolet of the h indwing not geminatedby a transverse nervure.

Z . gemina tor (nom. nov .) Z . chlorop tha lmns, Hal. Ent . Mag.

i i i . 1 42 ; Marsh , Trans . Entom . Soc . 1 888 , p . 1 9 9 ; Bignel l ,Trans . Dev . Ass . for Advan . Sc ience, &c . , 1 9 01 , p . 657 ; Morley ,Entom. xl . p . 254 .

—In the Ent .Mag. for 1 836 Haliday describeda spec ies under th e name of Z . chlorop tha lmns ,wh i ch h e con

sidered synonymouswi th B haga s chlorop tha lmus of Nees.

’r He

was at tha t t ime, as we know, unacqua inted wi th thework ofWesmael ,who, the year before, 1 835 , had described h is Phylaxchlorop tha lmus i a lso a s synonymou s wi th th e Neesian spec ies .In Wesmael

s description the radia l a reolet of the h ind wing i sgiven a s not geminated , wh i le Haliday i s most emph at i c insaying th at i t i s divided by a tran sverse nervure . Th erefore, i ti s very evident tha t th e synonymy of e i ther Wesmael or Halidaymust bewrong . In the description of Nees , unfortunately , nomention i s made of the neurat ion of th e h ind wing , but i t i sextremely unl ikely that so careful an observer would haveomitted to note such an important character as the geminat ionof th e radia l areolet , had it occurred in th e insect he described .

We may, I th ink , take i t that B haga s chlorop tha lmus, NeesPhylax chlorop tha lmus , Wesm. ,wh ich neces sitates the bestowa lof a newname on Haliday

s insect . For th i s wel l-markedspec ies I th erefore suggest the name ofZele gemina tor, and subjoin a copy of Haliday

s descr iptionFem. praecedenti s imi l i s (Z. testacea tor) s tatura tota

gracilior ; abdomen brevius, clavatum , minus compressum ;

aculeo a scenden te, vix apicem abdomin i s superante pedes

Trans . Entom . Soc ., 1 888 , part 3 , p . 300.

f Nees , Mon . , i . 202. I Nouv . Mem . Ac . Brux., p . 1 62.

graciliores tars i omnes concolores ; a la ampliores ; anticarumstigma et areola radia l i s latiores ; posticarum area radia l i s a

branch ia l i remota , et in 2 a reola s p artita .

It seems strange thatMarsha l l ,when preparing h isMonograph ,shou ld not have not iced the di screpancy between the descriptionsofWesmael and Ha liday. The spec ies appears to b e scarce, theon ly spec imen I h ave seen being in Morley

’s col lection , a fema lewh i chwas captured by th e late Rev . E . M. Blomfield at Guest l ingin 1 889 . Th i s insect expands 1 6 mm. , and agrees in every particularwi th Ha liday’s description , the radia l areolet of the h indwing being very di st inctly gemina ted by a tran sverse nervure .

Z . discolor (Wesmael) . (Fig .—Strange to say the male

of th i s spec ies i s unknown . Wesmael , the origina l describer ,sawonly th ree females ; Bignel l bred th e same sex only ; Morley’ss ingle spec imen is a female, as are a l so all the many spec imen sI h ave bred .

A large and graceful insect , 6% to 8 mm . in length , and

expand ing 1 5—20 mm . I pos ses s a spec imenwh i ch i s but 5 mm.

in length and expands on ly 1 2 mm. th i s case, h owever , i squite except iona l , and may probably b e attributed to malnutrit ion of the h ost . Th e wings are somewh at infumated , theapica l ha lves more di st inctly so , and not iceably iridescent .Marsha l l very correctly descr ibes th e cocoon as elongate , ova l ,wh i te , and th in ,with a media l z one of a denser texture formingawh i te band .

” Th i s med ia l band is scarcely v i s ib lewhen the

cocoon i s empty .

The cocoon i s much th inner and more sh in ingthan that of Z. infuma tor , 7—2

1 to 1 1—21 mm. in length (fig . It

is cons tructed underground .

Bred by me many t imes from larva of Ca bera p asaria fromJuly 27th to August 8 th , and aga in from September 27th toOc tober l 0th a l so frequently from larva of B oarmia repanda ta

between May 5 th and May 28th ; and once from a larva of

Gonodontis bidenta ta , Augu st 1 8th , 1 9 1 2 .

In October , 1 9 1 1 , I took a sma l l larva of Boarmia repanda ta ,wh ich , be ing kept in awarm cupboa rd , fed up , andwhen fu l lgrown produced a larva of th i s para site on January 3 1 st, 1 9 1 2 .

From th i s I sh ould j udge that in th e ordinaryway th e speciespa s ses th ewinterwi th in th e body of its h ost , e i ther as an ovumor sma l l larva .

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDE FROM FORMOSA.

Semiothisa kanshireiensis , n . sp .

9 Pa le brown th ickly sprinkledwi th dark brown and blackish ;subbasal and medial lines blackish , each originating in a black spot onthe costa ,

sligh tly curved , interrupted and edgedwith orange ; postmedial line blackish , indented belowcosta , wavy towards dorsum,

to apex where it un ites with a large yellowblotch . Hindwingsrather paler than the fore wings , a yellowtransverse l ine , onlywelldefined on the dorsum . Under side carmine , a large yellowspot at

apex of the forewings .Expanse, 40 millim .

Collect ion number , 1 8 90.

One male spec imen from Rantaiz an , February 1 7th , 1 9 09 .

Closely a ll ied to P . rosearia , Leech .

Gonanticlea subfa lca te , sp. n .

8 Forewings ,wh ich are deeply exc i sed belowapex , pale brownwith many blackish (black on costa) almost parallel transverse lines ;subbasa l line black , double , commencing in a black spot on the

costa ; postmedial line pale och reous , obtu sely serrate , ind istinc t ,edged and partly obscured towards the costa by a black tran sversestreak ; area beyond the postmed ia l line darkened . Hind wingsfuscou s . Under side fuscous grey ; forewings ochreou s on the costa ,

d isco ida l dot black , transverse lines fa intly in evidence ; h ind wingsh ave a black d i sco idal dot and dusky media l and po stmedial lines ,outer edge of postmed ia l pa le ochreous towards dorsum.

Col lection number , 1 88 1 .

A ma le spec imen from Ariz an , March 23rd, 1 9 08 .

Seems to b e a l l ied to G . aversa , Swinhoe.

Acasis venip icta , sp . n .

3 Forewings pale greyish brown , venation black markedwithwh ite ; med ial band darker brown , the inner edge irregu lar , theou ter edge elbowed beyond th e cell, thence incurved to dorsum,

marked with black towards costa ; d isco ida l mark black , linear ;fringes pa le grey markedwith blackish at ends of the veins . Hindwings and under side fuscous .Expanse , 36 millim .

A ma le spec imen from Rantaiz an , May 4th , 1 9 09 .

Al l ied to A . obscuraria , Leech .

D ind ica taiwana , sp . n .

3‘ Head and thorax yellowish green m ixedwith black , and on

mesothorax with brown , antenna bipectinated ; abdomen paler incolour , segmented d ivision s wh i tish ,

tu fts mixed with black , an

interrupted black line on each side of tufts . Fore wings yellowish ‘

green subbasal line black , oblique , not extending to dorsum ; antemed ial line black ,wavy , ind istinct , clouded with blackish and pre

ceded by a blackish patch on the costa ; d isco idal mark blackish ;postmed ial line blackish , ou twardly oblique from the costa to ve in 4 ,thence curved and recurved to the dorsum , dotted with black on

the vein s ; subap ical patch blackish tinged with brown on loweredge ; terminal dots black . H ind wings wh itish , fa intly brown ishtinged on the dorsal area ; subtermina l band blackish , interrupted ,

IN SEARCH or RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES . 29 3

area beyond yellowish green c louded with blacki sh ; terminal lineblack , interrupted . Under sidewh itish ; all thewings have a blackishd iscoidal mark and band beyond , the d i scoidal mark of forewingslarge and d istinct .

9 S imilar, but markings of the forewing less d istinct and th eouter th ird of the h indwings almost entirely black ish .

Expanse , 50 millim ; 2 54 millim .

Col lect ion number , 1 85 9 .

One example of each sex from Ariz an ; the male obta inedMarch 1 9 th , 1 9 09 , and the female July , 1 9 08 .

Th i s Spec ies comes very near to D . p olypha naria , Guen . ,

but thiforewings are somewhat broader and the h indwings are

wh i t i s

AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIANBUTTERFLIE S .

(Continued from p .

Glaucozasyche cyllarus.—Not uncommon at Ialta and Novorossisk ,

and abundant at Sarepta ,where i twas seen on our first day, and freshexamples kept emerging during th ewhole t ime of our Visit ; evidentlyth esewere delayed emergen ces of the first brood and not a secondbrood . The specimens taken were of average s iz e , the femalesentirely brown ; both sexes h ad a maximum of blue scales on the

bases of thewings underneath , and less th an the average number ofocelli ; the inferiorswere in some cases entirely devo id of ocelli .

Lycaena arion .— Th i s species was common at Sarepta on and

after May 28th itwas loca l butwidely d i stributed , andwas a lwaysfound in the vicin ity ofwi ld thyme . The race is a h andsome one ,

u sually th e blue lowland form , bu t a fewvar . obscurawere taken ;th e black spots on the upper sides arewell-developed, and in manycases elongated and lanceolate in shape .

Celastrina argioli is .—Not uncommon a t Ialta . First seen as a

second brood at Sarepta on June 1 7th ; the black spots on the under

sides are larger than those ofWestern Europe examples .

L ibythea celtis .-Th is species was not uncommon a longside the

lower road from Ialta to Gourz off. The spec imens , of cou rse , hadpassed thewinter in h ibernation .

Nep ti s lucilla— Itwas one of the most fascinating experiences of

our stay at Sarepta to see the abundance of th is gracefu l spec ies ,u sually so rare in mid -Europe . I am aware that one or two localitiesthere , includ ing Botz en , produce it in some numbers , but not , I th ink ,in anyth ing like the abundance that it i s found on th e Volga .

Everywhere in and aroundwoods it swarmed to such an extent thattherewere often ten to a doz en Specimenswi th in a yard or two of

one . The only locality inwh ich I h ad previou sly metwith N . lucilla

was Herculesbad ,where itwas so rare that my two doz en specimens

involved someth ing like an ft . climb . At Sarepta any day at

the end of May or in the beginning of June I could have nettedwith ease a hundred Spec imens in a morn ing . Itwas most abundantin the smallwoods in the valleys of the h ills some m iles on the road

to Tsaritsyn ; but itwas also exceedingly common in the Tsch apurnik

Wald ,”and specimenswere to b e found in every smallwood thatwe

worked . I took the first specimen on May 22nd .

Polygonia c-a lbnm.—I only sawtwo examples of th is species ;

thesewere taken on June 1 2th in awooded va lley opposite Sarepta ;they h ave very pale under sides and are extreme forms of

var. hutchinsoni .

Engonia polych loros .—A single examplewas taken on June 2oth ,

sunn ing itself on awooden barn . One or two h ibernated specimen swere seen at Ialta .

Pyrameis cardui . —Common wherever we collected in Russia ,

and especially so at Sarepta ; a succession of emergences occurredthere during thewhole period of our stay .

P . a ta lanta - A fewat Ialta . At Sarepta only seen in the“Tschapurnik Wa ld , wh ere there was an abundant growth of

nettle ; a plant u sually rare in the d istrict .Melitaea aurinia var . sarep tana . Th i s handsome form of

M . aurinia was seen not uncommonly, wh en its localities wered iscovered , but i t was very local, h aunting bu shy slopes . It wasfirst seen on May 22nd , onwh ich day all th e specimenswereworn ;eventually, about a week afterwards , I found a locality in wh ichtherewas a small and late brood flying , and there managed to getabou t a do z en good specimens . It probably emerges at Sareptaabou t the firstweek in May.

M . cinccia .— One of th e most abundant and widely d i stri bu ted

butterflieswe metwith . The form found a t Ialta and Novorossisk i svery normal , but at Sarepta all forms from th e type to var . obscurior

occurred . Therewas a succession of emergences during thewholetime of our stay , and perfect exampleswere to b e obta ined qu ite at

the end of i t .M . p hoebe var . aetheria .

—Common and in good condition a t

Sarepta during th e first fewdays of our stay , afterwh ich i t rapidlybecameworn .

M . aurelia var. seminigra .—A very remarkable form of a melitaea ,

the gen i talia ofwh ich are pract ically identical with HungarianM . anreli a , was found rarely in the “ Tschapurnik Wald .

” Th i sform ,wh ich has superficially many aurelia ch aracteri stics , i s much

darker than the type , both on the upper and under sides , and th efemale especially is darker on the upper side than M . dictynna . It

agreeswith M . aurelia var . seminigra , figured and described by Seitzfrom spec imens taken near Lake Ba ikal. On ly three spec imenswerecaptured , a male by myself on May 29 th , and on June 6th a femaleby each of us . Th i s eastern form of M . anrelia i s considerablylarger than Swi ss or Hungarian examples of that species my male

and female expand respectively 44 mm . and 47 mm . as aga inst 38 mm.

and 42 mm . , the average siz e ofmy Hungarian and Swiss spec imens ,and these aga in appear somewhat larger than the average , judgingfrom th e fact that Mr. Wheeler in h is ‘ Butterflies of th e Alps ,

gives 32 mm . as thewing expanse of th i s species .

amount of silver spots that obta in in the type , and some h ave onlythe ou ter rowof spots on the h indwings S ilver.

Melanargia ga la tea .— A rather large form of v ar. procida became

common in c learings in the Tschapurnik Wa ld ”during the last

fewdays of our stay at Sarepta . Itwas first seen on June l 6th ; byJune 20th males were common , and two days later, my last day,

I took two fema les .M . iapygia var. snwarovius .

—Th i s fine Melanargia was to be

found wherever grass grewabundantly amongst th e u sua l plantsof the steppe on the h ills at Sarepta ; but th i swas not by any meanseverywhere , for the butterflywas very local . Wewere on the lookout for i t during the first days of June , but did not actually see it

until the 9 th of that month . On the morn ing of tha t day I wassearch ing the grassy h ills some three or four miles to the north -westof Sarepta ; abou t 9 a m . I sawa largewh ite butterfly flying somed i stance away,wh ich at first I though t was Ap oria cra taegi ; as it

approached nearer, the variegated pattern and th e grey tint of thewings became apparent , stamping it as undoubtedlyM . var. snioarooins .

I made a series of frantic efforts to effect a capture , but withou tsuccess , for th is specieswhen a larmed goes very fast , and as its fl igh ti s very dodgy, th ere i s not much ch ance of succeed ing under thesecond itions . I only secured one specimen on that day, a lthough Ispent most of th e morn ing in quest of the species later I found out

i ts h eadquarters and habits , and on June 1 3th and 1 5th obta ined all

I requ ired .

M . var . snwaroeins at Sarepta i s to b e found freely amongst th eflowers wh ich growin its h aunts , flying qu ietly amongst and

settling upon th em . In th e locali ty I h ave described , on the slopefacing the Volga , there are at intervals small hollowswi th a certa inamoun t of lowscrubby bush es growing in th em ; in the spacesbetween th ese bushes there i s a luxuriant growth of flowers , and

th ese are the spotswhere th is fine butterfly is at home . A small

ho llowwould be the h aunt of from h alf-a-dozen to a doz en spec imen s .The flowers frequented included a species ofAchillea , various Cardnns,and a brilliant purple Sa lvia .

Erebia afer .— Th i s specieswas not uncommon at Novorossisk , but

th e specimenswere mostly in bad cond ition at the date we wereth ere ; probably it h ad then been out qu ite a month . The bu tterfl ieswere flying over flowery slopes on th e mountains south of th e

h arbour, and with in h alf a mile of the sea . They extended as lowas 1 000 ft . , and above th is levelwere found all theway up to the

summits ,wh ich m igh t atta in an a ltitude of 1 800 ft . E . afer h as theu sual slowfl igh t of th e genu s , but i s not easy to capture in

consequence of the d ifficulty in traversing the steep slopes itfrequents .

S a tyra s circa— So far aswe saw, th i s specieswas confined to the

Tsch apurnik Wald , wh ere itwas first seen on June 1 l th ; i twaslocally abundant in clearings in th i swood , males only,wh ichwererather small ; my largest example i s 76 mm . in expanse .

S . hermione.—An exceedingly striking and aberrant form occurred

in th e same localities as the last species on June 2oth and 22md ,

males only. In th is form the light band on the upper side of all the

THE EMERGENCE or CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA (ALTERNANA) . 29 7

wings h as dark shad ing to such an extent that thewhole appears to bea lmost black . Th i s form i s described in Seitz as var . tetrica , Friih s .

S . anthe.—Th i s fine Russian species was not by any means

common ; it frequented the tops and sides of dry h i lls a little to thesouth -east of Sarepta , andwas very shy and d ifficult to approach ;under these cond itions Iwas only able to secure a very short series .First seen on June 1 4th .

(To be continued .)

THE EMERGENCE OF CONC’HYLIS GIGAN TANA

(ALTERNANA ) .

BY THE REV . W . G . WHITTINGHAM, F .E .S .

Conchylia gigantana feed s and pupates in th e flower-h eadsof Centaurea scabiosa . The headswh ich con ta in th e pupa are

general ly sma l l and somewha t mi s shapen ; rather Swol len on

one s ide, for example. Th ey have , as a rule , no trace of florets ,only th e chaffy sca les being percept ible. The heads are sometimes so smal l that it seems l ikely that the larva has done partof its feeding in another flower-head , and h aving exhausted th esupply of food , h as crawled out to a fresh one before pupat ing .

Th i s i s borne out by the fact that occas ional ly larger heads ,wh i ch look l ike flowering , conta in th em.

A number ofh eadswere obta ined in th e lat ter part of July,the imagines emerg ing from Ju ly 22nd to Augus t 26th . Th e

emergence took place, as a rule, in the morn ing , between 8 a .m .

and 1 0 a .m. , though occas ional ly they appeared later in th e day ,espec iallywhen theweatherwas cool . Two or th ree appearedin the a fternoon . The fol lowing are the da tes recorded and thenumber of insect s emerging on them —July 1 8th (one taken inthe open) ; Ju ly 22nd (one) ; 23rd (two) ; 24th (one) ; 25 th

( th ree) ; 26th (one ) ; 27th ( two) ; 28 th (one) ; 29 th (th ree)3oth ( four) ; 3 l st (two) ; August 2nd (five) ; 3rd (two) ; 4th( th ree) ; 5 th (one) ; 6 th (one) ; 7th (one) 9 th (one) ; l oth (one) ;1 2th (one) ; 1 3th (one) ; 1 4th ( two) ; 1 5 th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ;22nd (one) 26th (one) .

The proces s of th e emergence was observed in severa l instances . The first

indicat ionwas th e appearance of th e head ofthe pupa among the sca les at the open ing of th e flower-head .

When i t h ad been noted th at the insects usua l ly appeared aboutbreakfast t ime , a carefu l inspect ion at about th e righ t t imewasaga in and aga in rewarded by th e sudden appearance of a gl intof sh in ing brown pupa l skin at the mouth of one or anotherseed-h ead . In a success ion of s lowrotary movements , aecompanied by a fa int sound as th e part s of th e plant gave beforethem, the pupaworked itsway forward t il l more than h a lf of i tENTOM .

—NOVEMBER, 1 9 1 4 . 2 B

29 8 THE ENT OMOLOG I ST .

stood ou t, thewing-ca ses be ing clear . Th erewas th en a pau seof ten or fi fteen minu tes ; after wh i ch th e movement s re

commenced , th e pupa perh aps pausing a fter a fewminu tes foranoth er five or ten m inutes’ rest . In the course of these movements a sl igh t crack presently appeared down the centre of the

thorax . After a brief pau se th e crackwidened sl igh tly , and a

s imi lar very sl igh t crack became vi s ib le transversely beh ind th ecol lar , th roughwh i ch crack s th e l igh ter colour of th e imagowasseen . Th i swas followed by an open ing down the front of thewing-ca ses beh ind the antenna , the open ings previously occurring, wi den ing at the same t ime . The h eadwas next push edforward carrying th e face, ma skedwith th e portion of the pupacase lying over i t , and th e an tenna were partly wi thdrawn .

Th e palp i fol lowed , th en the fore legs were extra cted and th e

antenna completelywi th drawn . Th e face-mask then fel l off,larger port ions of thewings appeared , and the h inder legswerewi thdrawn , th e abdomen s til l rema in ing in the pupa . The latermovements fol lowed one anoth er very quickly ; and on a suddenth e imago ran out ( th at i s the on ly term th at describes it ) andaway from the pupa and set t led on the s ide of th e seed-h ead .

All th e open ing movemen tswere accompan ied by a s l igh t rotarymot ion , and some contract ion and expan s ion of th e r ings of

th e abdomen , th e fina l extrica t ion be ing h elped by pressu re ofth e legs . The expans ion of thewingswas rap id , taking in some

instances no more th an from fifteen to twenty minutes . In all

the cases observed th ewings had been ra i sed over th e back anddropped to th e s ides fu l ly expanded in from th ree-quarters ofan hour to an hour and a ha lf from the first appearance of th epupa at the open ing of the seed-head .

Kn igh t’

s V icarage , Leic ester .

ACRONYCTA STRIGOSA IN WICKEN FEN .— Th e notes by Dr .

Chapman and Mr . Robinson in recent numbers of The Entomologistconcerning A . strigosa are interesting . L ike Mr . Robin son , I neverh eard of strigosa being taken actually in the Fen , although I h avebeen told that it u sed to b e taken not far off, togeth erwith a trip licis

and ocu laris . I h ave beaten the larva once from hawth orn along ac erta in dyke wh ich term inates a t a small village not far fromWicken , and the late Rev . Ba iley u sed to beat it from h awthornth e Soh am side of Wicken village . In the old “ dyke localitya number of the h awthorns are very old , and most of th em h avedecaying stumps attach ed , wh ere ,

no doubt , strigosa would find

su i tab le material in wh ich to pupate ; bu t does— or perh aps one

shou ld nowsay d id— the larva of strigosa invariably enter rotten

wood to pupate I h ad several larva of Jocha ra a lni th i s year, andIwas always under th e impression that th ey fa iled to pupate i f th ey

August . Th ese larva occurred on blackthorn in a very Old h edge inHuntingdonsh ire , abou t two miles from th e locality Of the 1 9 04

spec imen . Th e country round i s typical Of the greater portion Of

th e county , and h as little in commonwi th fenland . Species foundth ere are Z yga na filipendnla , Procris sta tices , Cgma top hora octo

gesima , Xylop hasia sublustris , Ta niocamp a op irna , T. pOpu leti , and

once a single spec imen OfDicyc la 00 .

Th e following year , 1 9 06, early in July , I also metwith strigosa ,

but in a fresh locality, some four miles to the north -east Of Chatteri s ,and th ereforewell in the county Of Cambridge . Th is spec imenwason a sugared bramble flower , and the c ircumstances Of th e captureare firmly fixed in my memory as the insec t fell from th e flower intoth e middle of the bramble clump ,wh ich h ad to be cut away p iecemeal before the mothwas found under a dead leaf at th e bottom .

In 1 9 07 the same locality produced a further specimen , a fema lefromwh ich I tried in va in to Obta in eggs . The loc ality O i - these lasttwo c aptures d iffers from those previously mentioned in being Of ad i stinc tly “ fenny ”

nature , for in it occur Lencania obsoleta ,L .

straminea , S enta nlva , and Ca nobia rufa . Th ere are , h owever,numerou s O ld h awth orn bu shes wh ich doubtless form the foodplant Of the Acronycta . S ince 1 9 07 , owing to absence abroad and

for oth er rea sons , I h ave had no opportun ities of Observing s trigosa ,

b ut I h ave little doubt that a systematic search for either the imagoor larvawou ld b e successful . From the comparatively large area overwh ich my c aptures were made , and from the fact that I neverspec ially sough t the insec t , I am inclined to th ink that it i swidelyd istribu ted and not very scarce in th is section Of the county . It

appears , h owever, to b e a survivor of an anc ient fauna inh abiting thei slands in fen land and i ts borders , rather th an a native Of the truemarshes . Among the la tterWicken Fen must b e inc luded , and th erei s , therefore , no reason to fear th at the position Of the species in th iscountrywill b e prejud iced in anyway by th e c learing of Small patchesOf scrub with in the boundaries Of the fen itself—J . C . F . FRYER ,M .A. , F .E .S .

FORFIOULA GIGANTEA .—Wh ile staying at Southbourne , near

Bournemouth , recently, I was fortunate enough to find a female

F orficnla gigan tea under stones at the foot Of the c liffs . AlthoughI spent the afternoon search ing , th i swas the only specimen seen .

R . D . GOOD ; 48 , High West Street , Dorchester, Dorset , October 8th ,

1 9 1 4 .

NEMEOBIUS LUC INA EMERGING IN OCTOBER—A female Of th i sSpec ies emerged to -day bred from ova collec ted at Oxford at the end

Of May . Th ere h as been no artific ial h eat in the roomwh ere thepupa were kept . I see it is stated in ‘ Butterfl ies Of the Briti shIsles th at th is butterfly occ asionally emerges in August and I h avelooked at my breed ing-cage and cannot find any others . It waslu cky that Iwas at home on leave from my camp — F . W . J . JACKSON ; Woodcote End Hou se , Epson , Oc tober 1 8th , 1 9 1 4 .

COLIAS EDUSA IN DORSETSHIRE .—During September I twice

noticed C . ednsa flying in the neighbourhood of th i s town—R . D .

GOOD ; 48 , High West Street , Dorchester.

NOTE S AND OBSERVAT IONS . 301

OCCURRENCE OF VANESSA ANT IOPA IN 1 9 1 4 .—The capture Of th ree

specimens Of Vanessa antiopa has been recorded in the ‘ Field ’

duringthe past autumn , from Norfolk , Surrey and Sussex , as follows — Oneat Worth ing on Augu st 1 7th reported by Mr. H . Wells ; one capturedand anoth er seen at Addlestone , Surrey , on Augu st 1 8th , by Mr .

J . H . M ilne ; one captured on September 24th at Scole , Norfolk , bythe Rev . Wilson W . Wh ite ; th e spec imen h ad been seen for severa ldays previously feeding on apples partly eaten by wasps—F . W .

FROHAWK .

PAPILIO MACHAON IN KENT .—It may be Of interest to note that I

sawa spec imen Of Pap ilio machaon in a cottage garden a t HookGreen , abou t three miles from Frant Sta tion , on August 29 th .

4 h) . MORGAN ; 24, Queen

’s Road , Tunbridge Wells , Kent , Septembert 1 9 1 4 .

ENTOMOLOGICAL JOTTINGS FROM CHICHESTER .—One prominent

feature of the season h ere h as been the abundance during SeptemberOf Pyrameis cardu i . Theywere to b e seen flying in d ivers places ,gardens amongst others . The first brood Of Cyaniris argi olus

appeared in the lastweek of April, the second in August . A fewCo lia s eda sawere noticed in the middle of August , all the insectsObserved be ing ma les . Severa l larva Of Manduca a tropos werefound in potatoes , the first on Ju ly 30. A fine female emerged on

September 25 . For one or two days before do ing so the pupafrequently squeaked , as also did the imago .

-JOSEPH ANDERSON .

OCCURRENCE OF PHASGONURA V IRIDISSIMA NEAR FEL IXSTOWE .

On September 22nd a large green grasshopperwas brough t to mealive , having been c aptured in a meadownear Felixstowe , inSuffo lk , two days previou sly . Mr . W . J . Lucas h as very kindlyidentified it as a fema le Of Phasgonnra v iridissima , and writes me

th at it is fa irly common in places .” —GERARD H . GURNEY ; KeswickHall , Norfolk .

ABUNDANCE OF M IDDLESEx LEPIDOPTERA IN 1 9 1 4.— TO the

extraord inary scarceness of a lmost all our commoner species Of

butterflies last year the season nowpassed h as a fforded a welcomecontrast . Here in M iddlesex the three “Wh ites and Enchlo

ca rdamines were plentiful in May ; and from April 20th onwardsCela strina argiolus occurred in qu ite unusua l numbers in our garden ,

the second brood being already on thewanewhen I returned fromFrance the first week in August . Th i s little Blue h as nowcom

pletely establi shed i tself, and I find it scattered broadca st th roughout the many suburban Villa gardens wh ich have Sprung up of lateyears in the pari sh of Pinner . Other bu tterfl ies appearing in some

profu sion h ave been Pyrameis a ta lanta and P . carda i . The latter i sa very rare Visitorwi th us , and it i s many years since I Observedeven a stray m igrant in the spring . There mu st h ave been a

numerou s emergence in North M iddlesex th i s year Of th e OffspringOf these most desirable aliens . Th roughou t September th ey h auntedthe z inn ias and mich aelmas da is ies in companywith their congenerand Chry sop hanus p hla as , Of wh ich I noticed several Of the

ca rnleopnncta ta form. At abou t the same time Heterocera were

302 THE E NTOMOLOG I ST

plentiful at ligh t , the most common spec ies being Anchocelis lanosa ,

wh ich some even ings positively swarmed , and rarer Polia flae icinctaand Enmichti s p rotea . The la tter insec t I do not remember toh ave Observed before in th is part Of the county . There i s an

exqu is itely fa ith ful figure of it in M . J . Culot’

s Noc tuelles d ’

EurOpe ,

in my Op in ion by far th e most accurate work Of the kind everattempted , and in everywayworthy Of the artist wh o h as des ignedfor so many years th e plates Of M . Charles Ob erth iir’s beau ti fu l‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée .

H. ROWLAND-BROWN ; HarrowWea ld , M iddlesex .

MOTHS CAPTURED BY LIGHT -TRAP (continued from p .

AUGUST .-Lencania conigera . l st (one) .—L . lithargyria . l st

(one) .—Apani ea seca lis . l st (one) ; 1 1 th (one) ; 1 2th (one) ; 1 3th—Hydroecia n ictitans . l st (th ree) ; 1 2th (two ) ; 1 3th (one) ;

1 6th ( two) ; 1 7th (two) ; 1 8th (two) ; 1 9 th (three) ; 20th (two) ; 2l st(one) ; 23rd — Seleni d bi lunari a . 1 st (one) . —Noc tua

p lecta . 1 st (one) ; 1 2th —Mesolenca ocella ta . 1 st (two) ;1 3th (two) ; 1 9 th (one) ; 20th (one) ; 24th — Ooreni ia ferrn

ga ta . l st (three) ; 2md (one) ; 1 1 th (one) ; 1 2th (two) ; 1 9 th (one) ;20th —P lnsia gamma . 1 st (one) ; 1 1 th (one) ; 20th (one) ;25 th (one) ; 29 th (one) ; 30th — Cerigo ma tura . 1 st (one ) ;1 8th —Ana i ti s p lagia ta . l st (one) ; 1 2th (one ) ; 1 3th (one) ;1 5 th (one) ; l 6th (one) ; 1 9 th ( four) ; 20th (th ree) ; 24th (th ree) ; 31 st

—Agrotis p it ta . 1 0th (one) ; 1 8th (two) ; 1 9 th (one) ; 2l st—Trip ha na p ronuba . l 0th (one) ; l 1 th (one) ; 1 2th (one) ;

1 3th (one) ; 1 4th (one) ; 1 5 th (one) ; 20th (two) ; 2l st (one) ; 23rd(two) ; 24th (one) ; 27th (one) ; 29 th -Enp ithecia obton

ga ta . 1 1 th (one) ; 1 2th (one) ; 1 3th (one) ; 1 4th (one) ; 1 9 th (one) ;2oth (four) ; 24th —X an thorhoe flnctna ta . 1 2th (one) ;1 7th (one) ; 1 9 th (one) ; 24th (one) ; 27th —Ph logop horameticu losa . 1 3th (one) ; 27th two = 3.

—a erina testa cea . 1 3th

(one) ; 1 5 th (four) ; 1 6th (four) ; 1 7th (five) ; 1 8th (ten) ; 1 9 th (ten) ;2oth (fi fteen) ; 2 1 st (n ine) ; 22nd (seven) ; 23rd (two) ; 24th (seven ) ;25th (one) ; 26th ( four) ; 27th (seven) ; 28th (six) ; 29 th (five) ; 30th

(n ine) ; 31 st — Hydra cid micacea . 1 3th (two ) ; 1 4th

(one) ; 20th (one) ; 24th (four) ; 29 th (one) ; 31 st —Croca li selingnaria . 1 3th (one) ; 1 4th (one) ; 1 7th (one) ; 24thN octua xanthograp ha . 1 3th (one) ; 1 9 th (one) ; 20th (th ree) ; 23rd

(one) ; 28th (one) ; 29 th (four) ; 30th —Ortholitha bipunctaria . 1 4th (one) ; 1 5th —Xylop hasia monoglypha . 1 5th

(one) ; 24th (one) ; 27th —Noctua rubi . 1 5th (two) ; 1 6th(three) ; 20th (two) ; 23rd (two) ; 24th (one) ; 28th (one) ; 3l st (one)= 1 2 .

-M iana bicoloria . 1 7th (one) .— Tiniandra amata . 1 8th (one) .—Ph i ba lap terya vita lba ta . 1 8th (two) ; 2l st —Lomasp i li smargina ta . 20th (one) . —Lencania pa llens . 20th (one) ; 3l st (one)2 .—P terostoma p a lpina . 2oth —Ligd ia adnsta ta . 2oth

(one) . -Noctna c -nigrnm. 2 l st (one) .—Op isthograptis lu teola ta .

22md (one) ; 24th (one) ; 28th (one) ; 30th —Abrostola trip ar~

ti ta . 23rd (one) . -C’oreni ia designa ta . 24th (one) . —Acida lia orna ta .

24th (one) .— Bryophila perla . 24th (one ) .—Anip h ipyra tragopogoni s .

24th (two) .— Tholera cesp i ti s . 24th (one) ; 25 th (two) ; 27th (on e) ;

RECENT LITERATURE .

Etudes de Lep idop terologie Comp arée. Fasc . ix . 1 re et 28 Parties .Rennes . 1 9 1 4 .

THE last two publish ed parts OfM . Charles Oberth iir’

s magn ificentseries Of lepidopterological stud ies were publi shed before the warbroke out . Turning over the pages , and looking upon the plates bywh ich they are illu strated , we may venture to hope that theImprimerie Oberth iir may find i t possible to continue theworkwh ichfor the past seven years h as added so much to our knowledge Of th e

lepidoptera Of theworld in genera l , and OfFrance and Algeria in particular . For the author has Opened h is pages to variou s nationalities ,h aving once intimated to thewriter Of th i s notice that hewi sh ed h isown stud ies to be supplemented and enlarged by the observat ions Oflepidopterists Of all nations in the Old World and the Newalike .

These two parts , indeed , are ch iefly concerned wi th the nearcticfauna , and in response to the request OfAmerican entomologists foran accurate account and determination Of Boisduval

s types ,we are

the richer by some fifty exqu is itely coloured plates OfNorth Americanbu tterfl ies designed from the originals , and hand-pa inted by M . J .

Cu lot , OfGeneva ,whosework is familiar to students Of thewesternpala arctic butterflies and moth s . M . Oberth iir, therefore , may a lsobe congratulated upon having secured the a ssistance Of that raraavis , an entomologistwho i s a first-rate arti st , and an artistwho i sa first-rate entomologist . Part 2 furth er conta ins a resume by Dr.

Standfuss , Of Zurich , of h is breed ing experimentswith Agla ia tan , L

and , by the same au thor, a deeply interesting notice Ofmorphologicaland physiologica l research in connectionwith two races Of Sph ingidhybrids . British entomologists , towhom the ir names are h ouseh oldwords , will a lso survey with pleasure the portra its Of the severalFrench , German , Swiss , and Brit ish au thorities included in the firstseries Ofa gallery end ing happilywith a photograph OfM . Oberthiir

h imself— apparently the only one in existence . At the ir head i s therenowned Dr. Boisduval , whose gen ial features smile out . upon us

from the past with convincing sincerity ; then comes Dr. GottliebHerrich -Schaeffer and the eccentric Dr . Rambur, the d iscoverer Of

th e process by wh ich to-day we d ifferentiate by the micro scop icexamination of the male appendages otherwi se ind i stingu ish ablespecies ; as , for example , many Of the Hesperuda . British science Ofthe Old school i s represented by the late Frederick Moore , D .Sc th e

newschool Of Swiss lep idopteri sts , ifwe may b e perm itted th e term ,

by a ch aracteri stic picture OfDr. Jacques Lou i s Reverd in , successfulfollower in th e specia l field a lready ind icated by Rambur. Thesevolumes are not ,we bel ieve , ava ilable for purch ase , but M . Oberth iir

h as presented cop ies to the Natural History Mu seum and to the

Entomological Soc iety Of London , aswell as to one or two privilegedEnglish friends . In the l ibraries Of the institutions mentioned theyare Open to the use and inspection Of investigators and collec tors ,wh owill gladly acknowledge th eir deep debt Of gratitude to the generousdonon

H. R.-B .

Pla in B ing N e tsgjwme or c ane . inc lud ing S tick . l s . 3 d” 28 . 2 S . 6d .

3S . 6d . , 4 5 . Umbrella Ne ts (se lf acting) . 76 . Pocke t B oxes , 6d . ,

Zinc Re laxing Boxes , 9 d . , l s . 1 S . 6d . , 2 8 . Nested Ch ip Boxe s , 7d .

En tomolgigica l P in s , asso rted or mixed , 1 s . l s . 6d . p e r o z . Pocke t Lan t erns ,to 8 5 iiSuga rimz Tindwith brush , l s . 6d 28 . S iIgaring Mixture , readyl s . 9 d. pe r t in . S to-I’e Box

es , with camp hor cells , 2s . 6d 4S . , 5 s . OS .

Bodrds , fla t or o va l , 1 in ; l § in . , 8d . ; 2 2 § In . , 1 s . , 3 )

Q" In . l s . 6d . 5 in . , .l s 1 0d . ; Comp lete S et of fourteen Boards , 1 0S . 6d .

House s , 9 s . 1 51141 ; 1 1 s . 6d . corked ba ck , 1 4s . Zinc Larva Boxes , 9 d l s .

Breed ing Cage ,2s . 6d . , 4S . 5s . 7 S . 6d . Coleop terist’s 0 0

IS . 6d . , i s Botanica l CaseS , iapanned , dO Ii b le tin , l s .

Bo tanica l“Paper, l s . l d . , l s . 4d . , l s . 9 d . , 2 S . 2d . , per qui

2S . 6d .ml l s . C emen t for

Is. 2S . , 2 S . 6d . p er pa ir .

Shee ts B rass OlI lorOform B‘GjasS b o ttomed Boxes fromDI§§et , in leather Sheath , 1nec e ssary imp lemen ts for ski

bu t pleura entirely black ; tegula brigh t apricot colour ; anteriorfemora and tibia brigh t red , but their tars i dark ; abdomen black ,

wh ollywithou t blue tints ; wings very dark area ofmetathoraxwithcoarse ridges .

Prosop is p erhumilis , Ckll. , var . a .

240 C Bridport , Oct . 26th—30th , 1 9 1 3 . Two .

8 Length abou t 4; mm . ; supraclypeal mark very small ; atleast ha lf Of h ind basitarsi ligh t .

Parasphecodes rhodop terus , n . Sp .

243 c Launceston,Jan . 1 8 th , 1 9 1 4 .

9 Length abou t 8 mm . ; rather robu st h ead ,th orax , legs and

antenna black , the last jo int of flagellum very fa intly redd ish ;tegula rufotestaceou s , dark at base ; wings very strongly reddened ,

stigma and nervures dull red ; abdomen chestnut -red , not very brigh t ,first segment with a large black spot on basal m iddle , and a transverse very broad -triangular d iscal mark , segmen ts beyond the th irdsu ffu sedwith blackish . Clypeuswith strong punctures ; mesothoraxand scutellum extremely densely and finely punctured ; area Of

metathorax semilunar ,with rather fine regular longitudinal ridges ;posterior truncation withou t prominent upper corners ; first r . n .

join ing the rath er narrowsecond S . m . at apex ; outer r . n . and t . 0 .

th in but dark ; h a ir on inner side Of m iddle tars i brigh t orangeferruginous , but on inner side of h ind tarsi paler ou te r S ide of h indtibia and b asitarsiwith fuscou s h a ir ; first two abdom inal segmentsdull, with extremely fine punctures all over ; th ird Sh in ing , withsc attered irregu lar very fine punc tures ; th ird segmen t and beyondwith fuscou s ha ir, only clearly seen in S ide View.

Al l ied to P . ta luchia, Sm. , b ut flagel lum and legs black .

Parasp hecodes rufotegnlar is , n . sp .

235 c Launceston , Jan . 25th , 1 9 1 4 .

3 .\ Length 8 5 mm . ; black , with the broad apical margin of

first abdominal segment (extend ing basad at sides) , and th e secondand th ird segments en tirely , very brigh t ferruginou s ; labrum , man

dib les and abou t ap ical half of clypeu s (wi th an angu lar median

projec tion into the b lack) ligh t yellow; antenna very long , black ;tegula brigh t ferruginou s ; wings sligh tly dusky, nervures and stigma

fuscous knees , an terior tibia (except a blackish mark on ou ter side ) ,m iddle tibia at apex , and all th e tarsi , ferruginou s . Head and th oraxwith greyish wh i te h a ir ; front du ll ; mesothorax and scutellumVery finely punctured , th e scutellum and posterior part Ofmesoth oraxsh in ing area ofmetathorax rather large , sem ilunar, glistening ,withqu ite irregular ruga produc ing a sub reticu late effect ; first r . n .

meeting second t . c . ; abdomen with very fine punctures . Th i s i stoo d ifferent from th e last to b e its male , th e metathorax espec iallybeing qu ite d ifferent . Th ere is some resemblance to P . stnchi la , Sm . ,

b ut that has the area of metathorax rugose -granular, and the tibiaferruginous .

SOME TASMAN IAN BEES . 307

Ha lictus cogna tus, Smith . 237 c Male. Launceston,

Jan. 25 th , 1 9 1 4 .

H . lanarius, Smith . 239 0 Female. Devonport ,

NOV. 2nd—5 th , 1 9 1 3 .

Ha lictus ha ma topns, n . sp . 238 C Launceston .

3“ Length abou t 6 mm black ,wi th the tibia , tarsi and apical

part Of femora brigh t ferruginous , the m iddle tibia W Ith a fa int duskystripe on outer side labrum and mandibles dark , bu t clypeu swith a

broad pa le yellowband ,with an angular pro jection into the blackabove ; antenna black , the flagellum very long and crenulate ; abdomen broad , finely punctured ,without h a ir-bands or patches . Looksat first sigh t exactly like H . sanguinipes , Ckll from V ictoria , bu td iffers as follows : abdomen comparatively broad at base , not clav iform ; tegula ligh t orange-ferruginous ; ap ical field Ofwings dusky.

It i s even closer to H . bi cingu la tus , Sm . , d iffering by th ewh olly blackflagellum , the large amount Of black on femora , the longer stigma

and the sh in ing , more d ist inctly punc tured abdomen . It could b eregarded as an in sular subspecies Of H . bicingu la tus . My male

bi cingu la tus i s from Bri sbane ; i t is possible th at spec imens from th e

coast opposite Tasmania wou ld more nearly approximate to the

Tasmanian bee .

Ha lictus littleri, n . sp . 23 1 0 . Launceston .

52 Length abou t 8 5 mm black , includ ing antenna and tarsi ;bands Of greyish -wh ite tomentum at bases of abdom ina l segments ,reduced to a patch on each S ide Of second ; meso thorax very coarselypunctured ; area Ofmetathorax large , concave , finely striate ; tegu lap iceou s ; wings du sky , second 8 . In . very large and broad . Close toH . circumda tus , Ckll . , from V ic toria , but d iffering thu s clypeu srough , more closely punc tured , less sh ining ; vertex and mesothoraxwith conspicuous black h a ir middle Of mesothorax more denselypunctured ; tegula much darker ; wings greyer , not at a ll yellowish ,

wi th darker nervures area Ofmetathorax much duller, th e stria lessregular ; outer side of h ind t ibia with much black h a ir. The secondabdominal segment is finely punctured , except the broad apical part ,wh ich i sm inu tely lineolate ,with only scattered rud imentarypuncturesa u seful character to separa te the spec ies from H . gi lesi , Ckll . , and

H . a sp erithorax , Ckll . Th e front i s microscop ically grooved , th e

grooves crossed at intervals by ridges .

Nomia subma rens , n . sp .

246 c Bridport , Oct . 26th—30th ,1 9 1 3 .

S? Like N .ma rens , Sm . , but metathorax d ifferent , th e transversecross-striated channel much narrower in m iddle , its lower marginstra igh t except at sides ,where i t rather abruptly bends upwards ;wings Sh orter, nervures darker ; tegula anteriorly wi th a palemarginal Spot . Th is could b e regarded as an insular subspecies of

N . ma rens .

Exoneura hamula ta , Ckll. , var . a .

234 c . Launceston, Jan . 25th , 1 9 1 4 .

9 . With the broad face OfE . hamu la ta ; clypeal mark evanescent ,all but th e upper part dark redd i sh ; wings strongly reddened , stigma

clear amber ; h a ir on ou ter side Of h ind tibia ferruginou s . I f th echaracters are constan t , th i s will deserve a sub specific name . A

Specimen from V ictoria h as equally redwings .I gave a l i st Of Tasman ian bees in Proc . Linn . Soc .

N . S . Wa les , xxxvi i . , p . 5 9 9 . S ince that t ime th e l i st has beencon s iderably increased , so th atwith th e present contr ibu t ion i tinc ludes P rosop is , seven spec ies B inghamiella , one Euryglossa ,th ree ; Para colletes , ten ; Ca llomelitta , two ; Ha lictus , s ixteen ;P ara sphecodes , th irteen ; N omia , one ; M ega chile, th ree ; Exoneura , three . Th i s i s in s triking contra st to th e very poor b eefauna Of NewZea land ; b ut wh i le i t seems certa in th at NewZea land cannot produce nearly as many bees a s Ta sman ia , i trema ins probable th at careful collecting wou ld cons iderablyaugment the present sh ort l i st . Th e large proport ion of newforms col lected by Mr. L i tt ler shows that th e Ta sman ian b eefauna i s st i l l quite in suffic iently known .

THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY .

BY H. ROWLAND-BROWN , M .A .,F .E .S .

(PLATE VII .)

(Concluded from p .

( II .) Le Lauteret.

FOR th reewhole days , from July 2 l st to th e 23rd, i t cont inuedto ra in or snowupon the Col de Lauteret (69 50 with scarcelyan h our ’s intermi s s ion , bywh i ch t ime th e lower va l ley OfO i san swas underwater , and h a l f th e country round Grenoble aswel l .Th ewea th er changed suddenly on the 24th ,wi th a rude northwind , and th ough the sk ies abovewere clear , and the sun sh onebrigh tly , i t was bitterly cold . Not unti l th en was I able tocol lect , choos ing the road up to th e Col de Galib ier as less exposedto th eweath er . Th e flowers ,wh i ch at all events had sufferedl ittle from the severe drench ing , were even more magn ificentth an at La Grave ; and , atwh at seems a surpr i s ingly late datefor them , th ewh ite narc i ssu s , N . p oeticus var . radiflorns ,was st i l lin i t s first pride, togeth erwi th th e largewh ite Anemone , Anemonea lpina , and the handsome lofty Orobus lu tens ,wh ichwhen goingout Of flower becomes deep orange . A . simp loniawas nowalmostcommon . In the grass and h erbage E rebia p harte aga in turned upin swarms ,with t iny E . ceto, rare E . ep iphron var . cassiop e, and

fema les , th e majori ty Ofwh ich latter unfortunately fel l v ict ims tothe mobilisa tion ge

néra le. P . orbituluswas h ardly out . H . a lveus

and H . serra tula were fa irly common ; H . carlina were repre

sented by individua l ma les .On the 26th in th e afternoon , a fter two sunny days , I d id not

see a s ingle butterfly . At about 8000 ft . i t was s leet ingm i serably . Th e day before, encouraged by a clear blue sky , andthe apparent distance of th e mounta in s dazz l ing wi th newfa llen snow, I trudged Off to the C lub Alp ine (69 55 ft .) on theLauteret s ide Of th e Col d’Arsine . Th e path leads up paral lelfor some di stancewi th the road to La Grave th rough pasturesof peerles s beauty , knee-deep in columbines , campanulas , andWh i te anemones , rem in i scent OfMacWhirter’s ma sterpiece in theTate Ga llery ,

“ June in the Austrian Tyro l .” A fine bu tterflyground in ca lmer weather ; b ut , a las "tod ay th ewind sh ri l ledh igh er th an ever , effectua l ly keeping everyth ing levelwi th theh erbage . Out Ofthewind in a deep gul ly tu rn ing up th e last ofth eva l ley Ofthe Romanch e Iwatch ed Pa rna ssia s delius flying over th esaxi frage, and every nowand aga in the favoured yellowcruc iferwould b e vi s ited by A . simp lonia . Once over th e brim of theh i l l th ey disappeared before th ewind l ike magic . A secludedmeadownear at h and afforded covert to a rath er faded race of

M elita a aur inia var . merop e and here P . argus , C . hippotho'

var. eurybia , and P . hylaswere fl i tt ing With Ca nonympha ip his ,

P . medon , and th e u sua l h ost of sma l l Ereb ia s . But oncebeyond th i s sh elter and on to th e Refuge Hut th ere wasnoth ing except an occas iona l Argynnis niobe, and swarms OfAnthrocera exulans . Carefu l search for H . andromeda wasunrewarded , but I have l ittle doubt than in less boi s terousweath er I Shou ld h ave repea ted the succes ses of La Grave .

Near the Hu t th ere i s an abundance of D ryas octop eta la . On th e

28th , despa iring Of an improvement , I left relu ctant ly for

Monet ier-leS-Ba ins , where I found comfortable quarters and

h omely comforts with many agreeable French vi s i tors at th e

Hotel de l’Europe, kept by M . Iz oard , a famous Dauph inygu ide of h is day, and a veteran of So ixante-dix .

( i i i . ) M onetier -les-B ains .

As I wa lked down , back to th e Wind , from Le Lauteret on

another day, blu stering and cold as March , vi s ions Of E rebia

scip io at warmer Monet ier rose before my eyes . A s inglespec imen on th e Col de Larch e last year—the sum tota l Offivesepara te year s’ hunt—had scarcely sat i sfied my appet ite forth e ch a se. Dr . Reverdin h ad in formed me Of i t s existence inquant i t ies at Monet ier ; Mrs . N i ch oll , that indefat igable pioneerof Brit i sh collectors in Spa in ,

in Bosn ia , in the Ba lkans , and

in Dauph iny, h ad advi sed me Of i t s presence at Va l lou i se , nogreat d i stance away as the crowfl ies . When just a quarter Ofan

THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 3 1 1

h our outside the Vil lage I sawa greyi sh -looking erebia tumbled overand over in the dust by th e sweep ingwind , my h opeswere ra i sedprOportiona tely . Th e wind caugh t my hat and carried itwel lon toward s Monet ier , but I h ad the butterfly in my net and i twas, a s I expected , a fema le E . scip io, yet so much theworse forthe escapade that I let h er go at once . Th en I made a va l ian ta ttempt to swarm to the l itt le plateauwhence poss ibly she haddescended , and where I spotted two or th ree male Ereb ias

di sporting themselves . I cou ld not get near them, sowi ldwereth ey ; and I never sawth e spec ies aga in ,

though th ree t imes Ireturned under less adverse c ircumstances . S cip io, therefore ,rema ins on my l i s t of desidera ta , and ,wi th a ll th eworld a twar,I wonder Wheth er I sh a l l ever supplement in my cabinet th eDigne examples k indly given me by M . Oberthiirwi th those Ofmy own cap ture .

Th e vi l lage ofMonet ier l ies at the south end of a bleak Openva l ley extend ing a lmost thewh ole way from Pont de l’Alpelooked at from above , a grey -brownwi ldernes s Of dusty fields ,the detri tus Of the Gu isane,wh ich r iver , i twould seem , h abitual ly inundates the su rrounding countrywhen th e snows of LeLauteret mel t . But i f th e ma in va l ley i s unpromi s ing from an

entomologica l point of View, th e latera l va l leys Open ing upconsecutively on e ith er s ide , but princ ipally on th e righ t bank ,suggest fat bags for thosewh o do not mind a certa in amount ofrough -and-tumble wa lking en route, made more laborious th i ssea son by th e frequent ra in rupture Of th e pathways . Th e

tempestuousweather h ad a l so left i t s mark on th e bu tterfl iesh ereabouts . At a ll event s , spec ies reported as common by Mr.

Tetleywere h ardly to b e seen at a ll ; and even Wh ere th e mounta in pastures were smi l ingwi th flowers and lush -green gra s s ,I did not find that abundance of common th ings wh i ch i s a

feature Of most Alp ine pleasaunces . Th e fou r days Of my col

lectingwere divided between th e h i ll s and mounta in s on e ithers ide Of Monet ier . Th ose to the ea stwere most produ ct ive at

th e lower level s ; b ut very l i ttle was to b e seen above th e t reel ine, and i twa s in the open ings of th e firwoods here th a t I firstfound Anthrocerids rea lly p lent i ful , A . a chillea sh aring cla imwith A . transa lp ina and A . lonicera to b e commonest of th e irgenus . The A . carniolica from th i s local i ty are characteri st icsmal l in s i ze, the spots without margina l decorat ion , and th e

colour rath er pa le crimson . I boxed no more than a S inglespec imen of A . fausta th i s year , on th e Lauteret road .

Wh ere the Burnet s were most plent iful th ey sh ared th eflower heads Of scabiou s and yel lowh awkweedswi th clouds of

A dop a a lineola , P . corydon ,P . hylas , and occas iona l P . thersites.

B renthis ino wa s a l so in great force , wi th a sma ll race Of

M . phoebe. Pap ilio ma chaon and some Ap or ia cra tagi , P . apollo ,and C . phicomone were fa i rlywel l represented . The Ereb ias

seen h ere were E . stygne and E . eurya le, both p asses ; the

Hesperiids P . sa o,H . a lveus, and , among th e very few

th ings flying on th e close -grazed , wind-swept clayey tops ,H . ca rlina . I can reca l l no Satyrids of th e larger k ind on the

wing except S . cordu lea ; and th i s wa s infrequent except onthe hot h i l l s ide , where I h ad sough t E rebia scip io in va in .

Chrysop hanus virgaurea , too ,was not as common as u sua l ; th efema les taken are intermedia te in colour between th e type and

var . z erma ttenis . Th i s pathway winds up to one Of th e wel lsources from wh i ch Moné tier draws i t s th erma l waters . Th e

forester’s hut marks a conven ient centre for th e ch a se , and h adnot th e Fates ru led otherwi se, I sh ou ld have extended myexplorat ions con s iderably in th i s d irect ion .

It i s a curious fact that un ti l I wended myway towards th eCol d

Arsine on Ju ly 29 th I had not Observed a s ingle Theclidin France th i s year . The fewT . ilicis left on the M illefoliumh ad seen th e ir last days , and i t was the samewith most otherspecies on the wing—very d iffi cu l t to secure good spec imens .In the lower forest B . ama thusia , B . ino , and Limenitis camilla

occurred , the first-ment ioned commonly ; but itwa s d isappointing to plod m i les under the burn ing sun and find so fewspec iesbe s ides on th ewing . Even A rgynnis niobewas rare , A . agla iamore SO and a t th e h igher level s towards th e summit Of th eCol (7874 on the steep slopes above th e l i tt le Lac d

’Arsine ,

th erewere surpr i s ingly fewbutterfl ies , though th e daywas perfec t. Mr . Tetley had bid me look for E . scip io h ere ; I sawnone—on ly E . stygne

—and compared wi th th e loca l ity at

Monetier i t seemed a les s l ikely spot and elevat ion for th especies . B . p a les , genera lly swarm ing , was represented bys ingle ind ividua l s ; A . simp lonia ra th er common ,

butwi ld and

wary . By the brooks P . delius floated tempt ingly , and I tookone beau t i ful fema le . E . tyndarus and E . lapp onawere batteredand broken ; no S ign OfH . a ndromeda ,

but aga in severa l ex

quisitely fresh H . carlina and imperfect H . serra tula , all Of

wh i ch repeated th emselves , only even more rarely , on th e h ighva lley belowthe Monet ier G lac ier ,where I spent th e la st day of

my hol iday on the flowery l pes .

Sunday , August 2nd , 1 9 1 4 , i s not l ikely to be forgotten byFrance for many year s to come ; i t wi l l rema in indel ibly fixedon my memory as long as I l ive . Th e long summer daywaning to i t s c lose , a perfect peace brooding over th e h i l l s , mademu s ica l by the th ou sand bel l s of upland-pa stured sheep . I h adreach ed the hotel abou t 5 O’clock , and was making tea in myl ittle bedroomwh en suddenly I heard the tocs in begin to r ing.

Th inking a t once that th erewas a fire, I sl ipped onmy boot s aga in ,

and ran out into the l i tt le square just in t ime to h ear th e Mayorread out th e fateful order for the genera l mobil i sat ion Of th e

French armies . A confl agration indeed"War "And bymidn igh t

na tura l ly appea l to me , so pos sibly my own rath er sma l lexperienc e wi th A cronyc ta s tr igosa nearly forty years ago maybe interesting to present-day col lectors . In th e years 1 873,1 874 , 1 875 I was l i v ing in th e vi llage Of Wh i tt lesford , abou ts ixteen m i les sou th OfWicken , and l ike most young en tomologica lenthu sia sts th e Noctua were my espec ia l favourites . In th osedi stant days I u sed to sugar th e trees in th e garden and adjo in ingorchard a lmost a ll th e year round and met wi th many Speciescons idered “ rea l good th ings at th at period . Th e first Spec imen

I ever took (Of strigosa ) was a s far b ack a s 1 870, flying in th egarden in the du sk ; in 1 873 two more at sugar in the same

place . In th e fol lowing year I took four : one at l igh t , two at

sugar in th e orchard , and one at res t on the l i chen-covered trunkof a sma l l hawthorn tree growing in a h edge ski rt ing a field inthe ne igh bouring pa ri sh OfDuxford , in the extreme south of th e

coun ty . In 1 875 I a l so took four : two at sugar and two at reston th e same smal l h awthorn tree above-ment ioned . I left th edistri c t in tha t year and h ad very fewchances Ofworking for th i smoth a fterwards , b ut on Augu st 4th , 1 879 (an unusua l ly la tedate surely l) , I took a fema le in beaut iful condit ion in th e gardenat sugar , and the fol lowing month I beat a s ingle full-fed larvafrom a h edge near the house : I never sawstrigosa a l ive in anys tage afterwa rds . With regard to i ts occurrence in Wicken Feni tse lf, I bel ieve it h as been taken ,

but very rarely . My Old

friend , Frederi ck Bond , told me he on ly found one (at sugar) inth e Fen , but h e took it in some numbers in some field s at th eba ck OfFulbourn Asylum, and amongst them one or two blackon es . Wh eth er th i s melan i c form h as been taken in recentt imes I am unable to say . Mr. Bond’s captureswere made , Ith ink , in the la te fift ies of th e la st cen tury . From th e fact th ati t h as been taken in th e Ch a tter i s , Wicken and Wh i ttlesfordd i stri ct s i twould seem that i t i s (orwas) found through ou t th ecounty . A lthough a lways a ssoc iatedwith Cambr idgesh i re , some

of your readers wi l l perhaps b e su rpr ised to learn tha t i t h a sbeen taken a s far away as Worcestersh i re . Mr. Dob ree Fox, a

good entomo logi st , in the eleventh volume Ofthe“En tomologist

(p . records th e capture Of two at sugar in h is own gardenin 1 878 . Anoth er insect u sua l ly a s soc ia ted wi th th e fen s ,Cidaria sagitta ta , h as al so been taken away in the West Of

England , in Bewdley Forest , Worcestersh ire . Seven fine

spec imen s flying over a swampy place at dusk (W . Edwards ,Entom. xvi . Aga in

, another spec ies , the beaut iful l i tt leCommophila schreibersia na turned up quite recent ly in G loucestersh ire . With regard to Hadena a trip licis I u sed to take i t notuncommonly , togetherwith P a limp sestes ocu laris , a t sugar on th etrunks of some large poplars on th e Wa terbea ch s ide Of Upware .

Th e latter I bred severa l t imes from pupa found at th e foot Ofsome Lombardy poplars at Sawston , in the sou th of th e coun ty .

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES . 3 1 5

As a supplement to the above note, I may mention th e fa ctth at H . a trip licis was formerly quite a common moth roundWIcken : one good spot was a plantat ion close to th e vil lageIt self. Mr . Bond told me tha t on one occa s ion h e had beenon

Fen all the even ing , return ing to the wel l-known‘

F i ve Mi les’

Inn about m idn igh t , very t ired ; i t being a verywarm n igh t h e opened th e windows , placed a l igh t near th emandwent Off to s leep ; awak ing wh en i t was broad dayl igh t h efound Noctua s t icking a ll about th ewa l l s and ce i l ing , most Ofth em a trip licis .

” From a fema le taken at sugar June 1 1 th ,1 877 ,

I Obta ined th ree eggs and succeeded in rearing one imagowh i chemerged on June 1 5th , th e fol lowing yea r ; I fed the la rva on

knotgra s s . It was in th i s latter year tha t I la st sawth e longext inc t La lia ca nosa . On Augu st 6th I took a ma le and AlbertHough ton anoth er , flying , or ra ther “ flutter ing , with thei rcharac teri st ica l ly soft fl igh t up and down th e gla s s s ides Of th elamp. Mes srs . Porri tt and Da l try took the very la st ( recorded )specImens , I be l ieve , in th e fol lowing year (Entom . xi.

Wanstead : November l oth , 1 9 1 4.

AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIANBUTTERFLIE S .

(Concluded from p .

Hipparchia semele—First seen on June 6th , and shortly afterwards became abundant everywh ere .

Pararge c lima te— Th i s spec ies , wh ich i s not known to extendfurth erwest than the Carpath ians , andwh ich is rare in th e one or

two localities inwh ich it i s found in those mounta ins , occurs in the

u tmost pro fusion at Sarepta ; I saw, but did not capture , a S ingleexample on May 3l st in a cross valley in the h ills some four m ilesnorth -west Of the town . At the same spot ,wh en next I Visited it onJune 5th , P . c limenewas flying in profu sion ; on th i s day only maleswere seen . The next day th eywere almost equally abundant in th eTsch apurnik Wald , and we a fterwards found them in every Spotin wh ich th erewas any quantity ofwood . The first femaleswereseen on June 1 1 th . Th i s butterfly frequents th e outskirts ofwoodsth e male h as a very ep inep hele

-like fl igh t , and on thewing closelyresembles E . jurtina . It is continuously hovering over and search ingamongst bu shes for the females . Th ese latter are not easy to find or

secure ; th ey seem , one presumes , after pa iring to h ide away from the

males , and are to b e k icked up out of small c lumps Of bushes some

d istance away from the largerwoods that the males frequent . I did

not see a single female flying naturally ; probably th eywould fly latein the day,when Iwas never on the ground . When disturbed theywou ld ,

if not netted , qu ickly settle aga in in the th ickest part Of a

bush . All my females , about a doz en in number,were secured inthese spots ,wi th the exception of a couple th atwere found in cop . one

morn ing abou t 1 0 a .m . Both sexes getworn very qu ickly, and are

only fit for cabinet spec imens for a very fewdays after emergence .

P . maera .— I sawbut did not capture th i s spec ies at Novorossisk .

P . mega era .— Common at Ialta and Novorossi sk , bu t not seen at

Sarepta . The Ialta spec imens are very brigh t and richly coloured ;

those from Novorossi sk are not so brigh t as typ ic al examples .P . egeria v ar . egerides .

— Only seen at Ialta ; one or two specimens .Ep inep hele lycaon

—First seen at Sarepta on May 25 th ; a fterwards it became common generally th e form i s the fine one knownas var. intermedia ,wh ich is described and figured by Se itz .

Coenonymp ha leander .— Th i s eastern Specieswe found abundan t

In the Tsch apurnik Wald on May 22nd ; many Of th e maleswereon that day past th e ir best , and the females were well ou t .

In its appearance and habits it i s very similar to its Span ishrepresentative 0 . ip hozdes , except that it seems to frequent bushySlopes ,wh ereas 0 . ip hoides i s u sually, bu t not always , a marsh -lovingspec ies . Although C . leander was common in the Tsch apurnik

Wald , we did not see it elsewhere .

C . aroania —Very typica l examples of th i s spec ieswere common ,

In the same locality as th e last only, from May 22nd onwards .0 . p amp hilus .

—Seen in all d i strictsworked , but not commonly ;the examples are in a ll cases very typ ica l .

Carcarodus a lceae.—Not uncommon at Novorossisk and Sarepta .

Pyrgus p roto— A larva found freely on Ph lomis herba -venti, both

a t Novorossisk and Sarepta , produced th i s Species after my return to

England . The spec imens are less ochreou s than those I have frompain .

P . orbifer.—Not uncommon at Ialta , and one examplewas taken

by me at Novorossisk .

Hesp eria carthami var . moeschleri .— Common on dry h ills at

Sarepta at th e date of our arrival .H . a rmoricanus .

—A fewspec imens of a Hesperidwere taken at

all three localities ,wh ich an examination Of th e gen ita lia proves tob e th i s spec ies . Th ere are certa in d ivergences fromwestern H . armoricanus apparent in these organs , bu t Dr . Ch apman ,who h as exam inedthe preparations , does not consider th em suffi cient to ind icate a

d i stinc t species .H . cri brellum— Ou May 29 th I captured two examples Of th i s

spec ies in a valley in the ma in range Of h ills , abou t two miles sou theast Of Sarepta ; theywere takenwith in a fewyards Of each other .

On th e following day I net ted on the same Spot a th ird example ; butthough I afterwards frequently searched both th is and many others im ilar localities , these three spec imenswere the only oneswe sawthey are small examples , not exceed ing 36 mm . in expanse .

H . tessellum—Th is fine eastern specieswas first seen on May 27th ;

a fterwards it became somewh at common , b ut itwas local and d ifficultto capture . Many ofthe spec imens are large . I h ave i t up to 46 mm .

expanse . Its h eadquarters was undoubtedly in the valleys in the

h ills some m iles north -west Of Sarepta ; i twas h ere to b e seen insome numbers , flyingwildly , and being d ifficult to fo llowwith the

Th e eastern species Euclidia triquetra flewin th e sun not

in frequently on th e banks Of the ra ilway. S ingle Specimen s ofAgrotis ravida , Xylina scrip turosa , Cucu llia xeranthemi , and S coto

gramma s tigmosa came to ligh t in our rooms .Amongst the Geometra Euehloris volgaria , the eastern repre

sentative OfE . smaragdariawas common ; i ts food-plant i s undoubtedlyArtemesia , on one Species ofwh ich I sawfemales depositing ova inthe daytime . Perhaps the most striking geometerwe sawwas thevery handsome Asp i la tes munda taria , wh ich was abundant everywhere ; equally common , but very local , and only seen on the h illstowards Tsaritsyn ,was the delicate S iona nubi laria v ar . exa lba ta ;andwith it , and superficially c losely resembling it ,were large numbersOf S coria dea lba ta . One Of the most abundant specieswas Lgthriapurpuraria ,wh ich occurred in the type form , and a lso as v ar . lu tearia ;amongst the .Acidalias , A . simila ta , A . sericea ta , A . subtila ta , and

A . marginepuncta ta were taken . Other Species Observed includedBhodostrop hia v ibicaria , R . iacu laria , Boarmia consortaria , Ematurga a tomaria , a remarkably ligh t form , Phasiane glariaria , Eubolia

arenacearia , F idonia murinaria and S cotosia rhamna ta .

The Pyralida were in enormous number as examples , butapparen tly they con sisted Of bUt very fewspec ies . Qu ite th e mostabundant Of th e groupwas Phlyctaenodes s tictica lis ,wh ich swarmedeverywhere ; o ther species were P . su lp hura lis , P . vertica lis ,P . Cla thra li s and Cledeobia connecta lis .

In the above li st Of Heterocera it i s notable th at almost h alf ofthem h ave been reported as having been found in Brita in ,wh ich i s asurpris ing proportion , considering the d i stance apart th at the localitiesare , and the d ifference in c limate th a t Obta ins . Still more notable ,h owever , i s th e fact th at out Of the spec ies th at are on th e Britishl ist about a doz en are our most loca l natives , or casual Vi sitors ; andpoint to the fac t th at the reason they are rare or localwith u s is th atour country is on the extreme verge of their areas Of d istribution .

Amongst the M icros very little cou ld b e turned up at Sarepta . The

whole terra in swarmedwith them butwith the exception Of two or

three spec ies Of Tinea on ly Odd spec imens cou ld b e found . Singleexamples Of one Specieswere a ll I could get amongst the Cramb idaand Pterophori and Ofthe great Tortrix group less than ha lf-a -doz en

ind iv idua lswere seen .

Th e following is a li st of some spec imen s brough t h ome ,wh ichMr . J . H . Durant has kindly named —Euxanthis hamana , Cyd i a

Sp lendana ,P lu tella macu lip ennis , Pleurota pyrop ella , Coleop hora

vibicigella , Brachodes appendicu la ta and Tinea misella .

NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA.

BY A . E . WILEMAN , F .E .S .

SYNTOMIDzE .

Ama ta nigrifrons , sp . n .

9 . Head and thorax black , the latter spotted with orangebeneath ; abdomen black wi th five orange bands , the first (basal)

NEW SPEC IES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA . 3 1 9

broad , the second and th ird narrowand near together , the fourthnarrowand c lose to the fifth ,wh ich i s broad and completely girdlesthe abdomen . Fore W ings black with blu ish Sh een ; hyaline Spotsn ine in number , placed as follows : one subbasal , almost round ; threemed ian , the central one small ; five postmed ial , the central one

minute . Hind wings blackwith b lu ish Sheen ; two hyaline Spotseach traversed by a black vein , that nearest base tingedwith orangeon the dorsa l area . Under side agreeswith the upper side , but thedorsum i s more orange .

One fema le spec imen from Karapin (3000 June , 1 9 08 .

Comes nearest to A . dichotoma , Leech .

NOCTUIDzE .

M etamene hamp soni , sp . n .

Head ,thorax , and abdomen pale brown . Forewings pale

brown ; antemed ial and postmedial lines ind icated by series Of blackdots , th e first inwardly Oblique and th e second strongly excurved ;d isco idal dot black ; costa beyond postmedial linewh itish dottedwithblack ; fringeswh itish dottedwith black a t apex , m iddle , and tornus ,and preceded by a series Of smaller black dots . H indwings fuscou s ,dorsa l area paler , a black dot at tornus ; term inal dots black , fringespale brown . Under S ide fu scou s fore wings withou t tran sverseseries Of black dots h indwingswith black d isco idal dot and curvedline b eyond .

Expanse , 20 millim . ; 9 28 millim .

Collect ion number , 679 .

A male Spec imen from Kansh irei ( 1 000 Apr i l 1 6th ,1 9 06 ;

and a female from Ariz an (7300 Augu st 1 8th ,1 9 08 .

P ara llelia takaoensis , sp . n .

9 . Head brown ish , thorax brown ish Sligh tly m ixed with grey ,abdomen brown ish grey. Forewings pale grey , Violet tinged , clouded

with brown ish grey ; subbasal line blackish , ou twardly pale edged ,

not extend ing belowmedian nervule ; antemedia l line black ish ,

sligh tly Oblique ; postmed ial line blackish , ou twardly Oblique fromcosta to vein 7wh ere it i s sharply angled , thence Sligh tly incurvedto dorsum , broadly shaded on each sidewith brown ; subterminalline pale , blun tly serrate , on apical area somewh at obscured by a

short b lack indented line from apex . Hind wings fu scou s grey,traces of pale med ial and postmed ial lines . Under side grey su ffu sedwith fu scous , except on termen Of all thewings ; a dusky, almoststra igh t , medial line and a pale subterminal line on forewings ; adu sky d iscoida l dot and two curved andwavy lines beyond , a lso a

palewavy subterm inal line on h indwings .Expanse , 42 millim .

Col lect ion number,1 67 A .

A fema le spec imen from Takao , August 22nd, 1 9 04 .

In marking , th i s spec ies c losely approaches P . rena lis ,Hampson .

Thermesia a riz anensis, sp . n .

Head and collar dark brown , thorax pale brown ; abdomenpale brown mixed with dark brown except at basa l and anal ends .Fore wings pale brown finely sprinkled with black atoms , costablacki sh towards base ; two black dots in cell and a fa in ter one at

base Of thewing in l inewith them ; antemedia l line represented by adark Oblique streak from dorsum to first cell dot ; postmed ia l lineblack , outwardly edgedwithwh ite and inwardly dark Shaded , Oblique ,

sharply angled and incurved before costa , the dark shad ing continuedto apex ; terminal area cloudedwith darker brown subterm inal linepa le ,wavy , ind i stinct ; term inal dots black , between vein s . Hindwings pale brown ; d i sco ida l spot and med ial line black , the latter,wh ich appears to b e a broad continuation Of the postmed ial on forewings , i s ou twardly edged with wh ite and inwardly dark sh aded ;terminal area traversed by two parallel dark bands ; term ina l dotsblack , between ve ins . Under side pale och reou s brown , finelypowderedwith blackish ; forewings h ave two black dots on th e celland two blackish Oblique lines beyond ; h ind wings have a blackd i sco idal spot and an interrupted sinuous band beyond .

Collect ion number , 1 O26A .

TWO ma le spec imens from Ariz an (7300 Augu st , 1 9 08 .

There are two male spec imens in th e Brit i sh Mu seum fromAriz an (Wileman ) . These agree in a lmost every par ti cu larwi thth e type , b ut in th e o ther ma le reta in ed in my col lect ion th e

postmedia l l ine of forewings and th e medial l ine Ofh indwings arebroadly bordered outwardlywi th black i sh .

Thermesia hanshireiensis, sp. n .

S imilar to T . ariz anensis , bu t smaller ; the antemedial line offorewings is rathermore oblique , the po stmed ial line i s notwh ite edged ,

and th e subterminal line i s brown ish do tted wi th black on dorsalh alf. On the under side the transverse lines Of forewings are c losertogeth er ; on the h indwings th e med ial band i s less sinuous and i spreceded and followed by other du sky bands .

9 . Larger, somewh at paler in colour, and the markings lessd i stin ct .Expan se , 36 millim . ; 9 40 millim .

One example Of each sex from Kansh irei, June 1 3th , 1 9 06

(ma le ) , Apr i l 1 5 th , 1 9 06 ( fema le) . Th ere i s a l so a fema lespec imen from Kan sh irei (Wileman) in the Brit i sh Museum.

Thermesia bifascia ta , sp . n .

cf . Head and thorax pa le brown ; abdomen pale grey , almostwh itish . Forewings pale brown ligh tly fleckedwith black ; a blackdot belowmedian nervure and one above i t in the cell ; medial line

s tricted belowmiddle ; subterm inal line purplish , interrupted aboveand belowm iddle . Hind wingswh ite . Under side wh ite ; forewings tingedwith yellow, purpli sh band Of upper side Showing on

costal area only.

Col lection numbers , 1 25 1 and 1 252 .

Two ma le spec imens ; one from Ariz an (7300 August 2l st ,1 9 08 , and th e oth er from Ranta iz an , May 1 2th ,

1 9 09 .

Eup roctis dip laga ,

9 . Fore wingswh itish powdered with dull grey , tingedwithochreou s on outer area ; the black ap ical marks are larger th an in themale , and the postmed ial lines more in evidence and d i stinc tly serratebelowthe cell . Hindwings fuscou s .

Expan se , 26 millim .

Col lect ion number , 1 4 1 1 .

A fema le spec imen from Kansh irei, June 1 9 th , 1 9 08 .

On ly th e ma le ofE . d ip laga h as been previous ly described .

CYMATOPHORIDJE .

Polgp loca a lbibasis, sp . n .

d Head and collar bla ckish grey, thorax pale grey, m ixedwithdarker ; abdomen grey . Forewings pale smoky grey ; three patch esofwh i te on costal area—one at base , one between antemed ial and

postmedial lines , and one at apex ; subbasal line bla ck , indentedbelowcosta ; an temed ia l band brown tinged , ou tlined and tra

versed by black lines ; postmed ial band brown tinged , inwardlyedged by a black s inuou s line and ou twardly by a blun t ly serratel in e ; orbicular stigma wh ite , ou tlined in black ; subterm inal andterminal l ines black ,wavy , approx imate near apex , the subterm inalwith three black dots on dorsal h alf ; fringes pale grey , basal h alfdarker , markedwith black at ends Of the ve ins . Hindwings fu scou s ,paler on the dorsa l and basa l areas . Under s ide fu scou s , terminalarea Of thewings darker beyond a pale transverse l ine ; costa of

forewingswh ite , markedwi th black on ou ter h alf.Expanse , 38 millim .

Type in th e Brit i sh Mu seum . Ariz an ,March 23rd (Wileman ) .

All ied to P . orb icular is , Moore .

NOTODONTIDIE .

Pydna kanshireiensis , sp . n .

Head brown , an tenna fasciculate thorax pale brown m ixedwith darker in front , darker brown beh ind ; abdomen dark b rown ,

paler belowand towards anal segment above . Fore wings palebrown , clouded and streakedwith darker ; subbasal line ind icated bytwo bla ck do ts , one ju st be lowcosta and one under median nervure ;antemedial line black ,wavy , ind i stinct , followed by a black d iffuse

Journ . Bomb . Nat. Hist . Soc . xx. p . 1 1 3

mark in the cell ; an Oblique dark streak from cell mark to thedorsum near base ; a dark central shade , elbowed belowcosta postmedial line brown dotted wi th black on the ve ins , preceded by a.

serie s of brown do ts between the Veins ; term inal dots black , inwardlyedged with wh i te , placed between th e vein s , spa ce between Ve in s3 and 4 tingedwi th redd ish , and a sh ortwh ite streak projec ts inwardfrom th e black dot in th is Space . H indwings dark fu scou s , fringeswh i tish partly chequered with dark fuscou s . Under s ide wh i tishbrown ; fore wings c louded with fuscous on the d isc ; h ind wingsc loudedwith fuscous , two curved , and somewh atwavy, du sky transverse lines .Expanse , 48 millim .

Sixma le spec imen s from Kansh irei. One, September , 1 9 07th ree , May , 1 9 08 , and two, Ju ly, 1 9 08 .

One spec imen , a l so from Kansh irei (Wileman) , in the

Brit i sh Museum,i s sl igh tly darker in colour th an e i ther of th e

examples reta ined in my series . Very close to P . a lbistriga ,hIoore .

Lip a rop sisformosa na , sp . n .

Head and thorax brown ish grey, collarwh i tish . Forewingswh itish grey , finely powderedwith dark grey ; basal area brown ishgrey mixed wi th black at base Of th e wing , lim ited by an Obliquedarker line postmed ial l ine ind ic ated by black edgedwh ite dots onthe ve ins ; terminal a rea browni sh grey except towards the costa ;term inal line black . H indwingswh itish powderedwith dark greyon costal area , some brown ish h a irs on the costal h alf , a black dot oncosta before apex . Under s idewh itish , d isc of forewings suffu sedwith fuscous .

Col lection number, 744A ma le spec imen from Kansh irei, September , 1 9 08 .

EUROIS OCCULTA IN EssEx .— I am glad to be able to record the

occurrence of th is fine moth in Essex . Four spec imenswere takena t sugar on Ju ly 30th ,

1 9 1 4 , in a wood not far from h ere by myfriends Messrs . J . F . Johnstone and C . Cork . Th ey are a ll of the

dark form v ar . p a ssett i . I am not aware Of any prev iou s record of

th is mo th h aving been taken in Essex , and it does not seem to h avebeen recorded at all recen tly from the sou th ern h alf Of England .

(Rev ) T . ALFRED ST IFF ; Gran th am , V ictor Drive , Leigh -ou -Sea .

XANTHORHOE GALIATA var . UN ILOBATA IN DEVON —On Ju ly 2 1 stof th is year I took a fine female X . ga li a ta Of the dark-banded

uni loba ta form in a lane near Tavistock . Sou th (‘ Moth s Of the

British Isles ,’

series 1 1 . p . 1 9 5 ) mentions th is form as“occurring in

Yorksh ire , Sussex , and probably elsewhere , so th at a record Of its

occurrence in Devonsh ire may prove of interest — (Rev ) ALFREDT . ST IFF , M .A.

EARLY PUPAT ION OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS .—During late June Of

th is year a very large female of Las i ocampa quercus , approach ingvar . ca lluna ,was brough t to me in a box . Itwas in a very raggedcond it ion , and h ad deposited a large number of ova . Larva fromthese h atch ed in th e u sua l time and commenced feed ing on wh itethorn . As th ey con tinued to feed beyond the h ibernating stage , Ikept up th e supply of wh itethorn leaves so long as these wereava ilable . I h ave s ince kept th em go ing on bullace and blackth ornshoots (from the root su ckers) , a lso berries and twigs of thewh iteth orn . They are nowall abou t full-grown , and several h ave pupated ,th e first one on November 1 3th . Although I h ave frequently reared

th ese larva , and also those of Gastrop a cha quercifolia ,I h ave not

previou sly seen them feed righ t through before . Poss ibly th e longspell Of summerweath er accounts for th is . In th i s fen and marshyd istric t a ll Lasiocampida are much finer th an tho se I h ave taken inKent —HERBERT WM . BAKER ; 73, L imetree Place , S towmarket ,Suffolk , November 22nd , 1 9 1 4 .

[Normally , larva Of L . quercus and of G. quercifolia do not

pupate un til a fter h iberna tion . Sometimes in confinement , h owever ,it h appens that full growth is atta ined , and pupation effec ted in theyear th at the larva h atch from th e egg

—EH ]

SPHINx CONVOLVUL I IN NORFOLK — Not h aving seen any reportOf th e c apture Of Sp hinx convolvu li in your Journal th is season ,

I th ough t it m igh t interest some of your readers to knowth at I h ada very fine fresh ly emerged spec imen brough t me during the firstweek in September . Th e person who found the insec twas a fra idOf it , so put a large jar over it .

—ROBT . S . SM ITH, Junr . ; The Laurels ,Downham Market , Norfolk .

BUTTERFL IES IN DERBYSHIRE — Th i s season h as been exceptionalfor butterfl ies in Derbysh ire . Vanessa iowas noted h ere on Septemb er 30th ; rath er a rare spec ies h ere . V. ur tica , wh ich h as beenscarce of la te years , was plent iful . Pyrameis cardu i , u sually veryrare , was reasonably common . P . a ta lan ta , u sually common in

September ,was markedly so th is year . Th eywere a lso about latein October in con sequence of the ab sence of frosts—W . ST . A . ST .

JOHN ; Derwent Hou se ,Derby .

LATE APPEARANCES OF AC IDAL IA EMUTARIA AND TOXOCAMPA

PAST INUM IN LINCOLN SHIRE .

—On a p iece of marshy ground bordering the sandh ills on th e L incolnsh ire c oa st , between Skegness and

Sutton -ou -Sea , I netted a spec imen of Acida lia emu taria at dusk on

September 4th , and another on September 5 th . Both h ad recentlyemerged . On September 7th in a drier portion of the same groundwh ere Vi cia cra cca was growing in some profu sion , a spec imen of

is fa irly air-tigh t , conta in ing also a piece Of cotton-wool soakedwith40 per cent . Of formaldehyde . (I use my travelling-case , and plug upth e perforations at e ither endwith the cotton -wool .) Leave th e boxc losed for a week , and the imagines are ready to b e transferred .

Last year I h ad a lot of imagines th at drooped , bu t th is year , S in ceu sing formaldehyde vapour , not one h as played me false . To b e

qu ite certa in , last week I took two imagines at h aph az ard , one a

butterfly and th e oth er a moth , and placed th em in my corked z increlax ing -b ox immed iately a fter I h ad saturated the corkwith bo ilingwater , c losed th e b ox , and left it for five days . On examination bothimagineswere found to be soaked with mo isture , but neither hadbudged in the sligh test , and I am certa in th at I should not h ave beenable to reset them in a newposition . For thosewh o like to changeth eir settingwi th every newfash ion th i s migh t prove a d isadvantage ,

b u t for th osewho knowthe ir own minds itwou ld not b e a deterrent .A friend Of mine suggested that th e formaldehyde m igh t alter th ecolours , but so far I h ave not found th is to b e the case ; i t is truethat I h ave not h ad a ch ance to try the process on any of th e“emeralds ,

”bu t I m igh t point out that formaldehyde i s u sed largely

in making pathological spec imen s for mu seums , where it is veryimportant to preserve colours . I c la im anoth er advantage for myprocess . Inasmu ch as formaldehyde is a powerful germ ic ide , one canb e sure that every insec t th at goes in to th e cabinet goes in sterili z ed .

Th ere i s ano th er po int that I am watch ing with interest , namely ,wh eth er itwill check “ grea se . Th is i s , I believe , a post-mortemch ange akin to the formation Of ad ipocere in th e human subj ec t , sotha t i f the insec t is thorough ly sterili z ed i t i s only reasonable to h opeth a t the “ grease may b e checked —WINSTON ST . A . ST . JOHN ,

Derwent Hou se , Derby, November 1 1 th , 1 9 1 4 .

SOCIETIES .

—Oc tober 22nd .—Mr . B . H . Sm i th , B .A . , Presiden t ,

in the ch a in— The even ingwas set apart for an exh ibition and dis

cussion of the genus An throcera ,introduced by Mr . B . S . Curwen .

Mr . Curwen exh ibited a collection Of Pala arc tic Anth rocerida , con

s isting Of some twenty-six spec ies and forms—Dr . E . A . Cockayne ,the series ofA . h ippocrepidis from the late Mr . J . W . Tu tt ’s collec

tion ,with variou s series O f A . filip endu la , A . trifoli a, A . p a lustris ,

and A . lonicera —Mr . F . H . S tallman , early and l ate races Of A .

trifolai , A . filip endu la , &c .—Mr. Buckstone , s im ilar series with sug

gested hybrid series trifoli axfilipendu la .—Dr . Ch apman , a drawer

Of European Anthrocerida captured during the last fewyears , inc luding A . anthyllidis , A . contaminei , A . sarpedon , &c .

—Mr . Hy . J .

Turner , series from many localit ies ,ma inly Of th e five and six-spottedSpec ies Of the Transalpiniformes group—Mr . L . W . Newman , seriesO f bred Anthrocerida Spec ies — Papers and notes were read and

communicated by Messrs . Curwen , Cockayne , P . A . Buxton , Turner ,

SOCIETIES . 327

R . Adk in , &c .

—Mr . Newman exh ib ited long varied series Of Dian

tha oi a ba rrettii , bred from Co . Cork and from S . Devon ; bred seriesof Boarmia repanda ta from th e Wye Valley and from N . Cornwall ;and a series Of the more hybrid p opu li x ocella tus .

—Mr . Longe , t he

same hybrid and a Rumicia p hla as from Deal ,wi th th e red sub

marginal band on the h ind wing qu ite wanting—HY . J . TURNER ,Hon . Rep . S e

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOC IETY —Ap ri l 2 l st , 1 9 1 4 .

—Mr .

Bernard Cooper , a fine asymmetrical spec imen OfNumeri a pu lveraria ,

bred in March , 1 9 1 4 , from NewForest ov a , in wh ich the bandwasObsolete on th e righ t forewing .

May 1 9 th ,

—Mr. A . W . Mera , on behalf of Mr . B . S . Williams , amelan ic spec imen of Lycia hirtaria , bred at Finch ley from wildpupa

—Mr . A . J . Willsden , th e rec iprocal hybrids of Lycia h i r tariaand Nyssia z onaria .

June 2nd .—Mr . J . Rich es , Colia s edusa , ab . helice, bred from

Eastbourne ova .

S ep tember l st . —Mr. H . B . Williams , a Short series of Buch loecardamines , bred in May , 1 9 1 4 , inc lud ing a male wi th extra spotbelowthe d iscoida l Spot , under side . A long series ofPolyomma tusica rus , taken in June at Boxh ill and Banstead Downs , showing strongtendency to Obsolescence in the spotting of the under S ide . Also twogynandromorphous spec imens OfAmorp ha popu li , bred on Augu st 2ndfrom June ov a —Mr . W . E . King , spec imens Of Z iz era minima , and

ab s . obsoleta and extrema , from Horsley—Mr. Williams read a shortpaper on th e season

’s collecting .

Oc tober 6th —Mr . G . H . Heath , a fine series ofBoarmia repanda ta

from Lynton , inc lud ing ab . conversa ri a —Mr . C . H . Williams ,

Polyomma tus ica rus , from Ireland , a lso an obsolete male and ab .

anti co-stri a ta , Tutt . —Mr . W . E . King, a series Of P . icarus taken at

Horsley th i s year , inc lud ing ab s . stria ta , obsoleta , antico-obsoleta ,

subobsoleta , p ostico-ap i ca li s , costajuncta , melanotocca , &c .

—Mr . L . W .

Newman , a gynandromorphous P . icarus , h av ing righ t fore wingfemale , rema inder male , except one red female lunu le on each h indwing , another ch iefly female bu t having small male patches . Also a

gynandromorphou s Agri adas thetis , ch iefly female b utwith a splash

Of male colour a long the cos ta of the righ t fore wing ; Agri adoscoridon ab . minu tzsszmus , and a series of Gastrop a cha i li cifo li a , bredfrom a female taken at Cannock Cha se in 1 9 1 3 by Mr . G . B . Oliver .

—Mr . H . B . Williams , a long series of Agriados coridon taken in

August , 1 9 1 4 , in North Herts , includ ing long series Of ab s . semisyngrapha , Tu tt , ina qua lis , Tutt , parisiensis , Gerb . , and fine series Ofobsoleta and stri a ta under sides , male and female , also a female Of the

colour Of C . p amp hilus, a female with blu i sh suffu s ion over the

greater part of the under S ide of th e righ t h indwing . Also a seriesOfP . ica rus from the same place , inc luding fine blue females , and ab s .

melanotoxa ,Marrott , biarcua ta , Tutt , basijunota , Tutt , costajuncta ,

Tutt , and forms combin ing melanotoxa , costajuncta and ba sijuncta ;also ab . anti co-stria ta , Tutt , four extreme ab . subobsoleta , Tu tt , two

328 THE ENTOMOLOG I S T .

ab . obsoleta , Clark , and o ther interesting forms —Mr . V . E . Shaw,

living pupa Of Cyani ris a rgio lus .—Mr . A . J . W illsden , larva , pupa

and imagines Of a spec ies Of M icro-lep idoptera found feed ing in a

cargo of peanu ts captured from th e Germans . Th e spec ies h as notbeen identified —HAROLD B . WILL IAM S , Hon . Rep . S ec .

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY—November ,1 9 1 4 .

—Meeting h eld at th e Roya l Institu tion , Colqu itt Street ,Liverpool ; Mr . R . Wild ing , President , in the cha in—Th i s be ing theOpen ing meeting of the Soc iety itwas , as u sual , devoted to exh ibitsOf the season

’s work —Mr . F . N . Pierce showed Carterocepha lus

paniscus from North ants , and a large number of M icro -lep idoptera ,

inc lud ing L asp eyresi a gemmiferana , Pen thina gen tiana , and Leiop ti lus

microda ctylus from Devon , a lso D icroramp ha sa turnana .— Mr . A . W .

Hughes brough t a long series of Vanessa c-a lbum, including v ar .

hu tchinsoni , also V. la vana from Herefordsh ire ; h e reported th at thelatter insect seemed to b e establi sh ing itself there . By th e same

member , a long series of Lyca na a strarche and i ts var . semi -a llous

from S ilverdale .—Mr . Buckley h ad a fine series of Odontop era

bidenta ta v ar . nigra from Birm ingham , also the loc al form of the

same spec ies from Urmston varied series Of Agrotis a shworthii andBoarmi a repanda ta from North Wa les , D iantha cia nana fromAnglesey , and D . cap sop hila , pale forms , from Eastbourne —Mr . R .

Ta it , junr . , brough t three large cases con ta in ing the results Of h ish oliday in Sou th Devon ; these included L eucop hasia sinap is ,

Syricthus ma lea var . tara s , Oidaria russa ta , and v ar . centumnota ta ,

a s well as varieties of Lyca na icaru s . From Penmaenmawr , thefollowing taken at h eath er bloom : Agrotis a shworth i i , A . lunigera ,

A . lucernea , and Mamestra furva ; h e a lso found Acida lia contiguaria ,

and for th e first time captured wild the local melan ic form Of

Boarmi a repanda ta . From Huddersfield a very fine lot of varietiesof Abraxas grossu laria ta , wh ich included a grand series of var .

n igrosparsa ta , and one remarkable spec imen h av ing th e left sidewings blackwith a fewmarginal streaks on the h indwing ,wh ile th ewings on th e righ t s ide were typical . —Dr . J . Cotton brough t a fine

spec imen of Acheron ti a a trop os , captured at ligh t at Knowsley earlyin Oc tober .

—Mr. R . Wilding showed fine series Of Rhopalocera fromth e NewForest , S ilverdale , and Ireland ; noteworthy among th esewas a fine rowOf Iri sh females Of Lyca na icarus .

—Mr . W . Mans

br idge brough t a long bred series Of Ap leota nebu losa , the progeny of

Delamere parents ; these included the local type form , var . robsoni

and a scarce leaden -grey variation ; a lso a short series of Abraaca s

grossu laria ta from Huyton , ofwh ich a numberwere var . lacticolor ;

dark Polia Chi from Hebden Bridge , and Odontop era bidenta ta v ar .

nigra from wi ld larva beaten on S imonswood Moss , in wh ichlocality, although of rare occurrence , th is form seems to b e

increasing—WM . MAN SBRIDGE , Hon . S ecretary .

INDEx .— AS the Spec ial Index is not complete for publ ication in

th i s issue , th e General Indexwill be pub lishedwith it in January .

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