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Lagos is the fastest growing Megacity in Sub-Saharan Africa, with its population estimated to double in the first quarter of this century; it is expected to be the third largest urban agglomerations in the world. This growth is not without challenges, as the city is grappling with myriads of urban management problems. City planners lack the most important ingredient of land use management, which is Information. In spite of huge investment on spatial data infrastructures at the national and state levels of government, most land use planners at both state and local government level agencies are ignorant of existing geospatial technology portals and unlock the full potentials of information and communication technologies. A statewide survey of the spatial data infrastructures of the city’s urban and land use management ministry and agencies proves its pathetic state, thereby creating information gap void between urban development and intelligent management. The result is has led to a sporadic growth of slums and unplanned settlements which now accounts for over 60% of the city. To avoid an impasse, it is necessary to review the level of geospatial technologies used at the local level and recommend formidable means of integration in the decision making process. This paper examines the level of geospatial technologies and Spatial Data Infrastructure use in spatial planning agencies and barriers to implementation in the 20 local governments of Lagos State and suggests the way forward.
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Building Spatial Data Infrastructure for Spatial Planning in African Cities: The
Lagos Experience
Samuel DekoloProf. Leke Oduwaye
Department of Urban and Regional PlanningUniversity of Lagos, Nigeria
Being a Presentation at the 3rd International Conference of Urban and Regional Planning (ICURP2014)“The Urban Agenda for Africa” Held at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. 13 th -15th October, 2014
Presentation Overview
The Planning Agency and Spatial Information
SDI and Spatial Planning
SDI Initiatives (Africa, National and Lagos)
Lessons from Lagos SDI Case Study Assessment
THE PLANNING AGENCY AND SPATIAL INFORMATION
The Planning Agency and Need for Spatial Information
Spatial information has become indispensable for
planning and management of cities.
The management and planning of urban space
requires spatially accurate and timely information
on land use and changing pattern.
Adequate monitoring provides the planners and
decision-makers with required information about
the current state of development and the nature of
changes that have occurred over time.
The Need for Spatial Information
Spatial Information is the most valuable and indispensable ingredient in the spatial planning decision making process
Faludi’s Cybernetic Model of the Local Planning Agency
The Planning Agency is just like the Human Mind; Information Input will Determine Output Response
Modified from Faludi, 1973
Information-driven Planning Theories and Frameworks
1960s= Systems Theory played a dominant role in the emergence of MIS in the 1960s and GIS in the 1990s
1980s= Functional and Communicative Rationality . The former puts information gathering and scientific analysis at the core of planning, while the latter emphasises an inclusive approach of information sharing by all stakeholders
2000s= e-planning is an extension of ICT applications in planning with a focus on the product (the plan) and the process (planning).
• If information gathering and sharing is crucial to decision making in spatial
planning, how can the planning agency achieve its aim?
SDI AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SDI Concept
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an initiative intended to create an environment that enables a wide variety of users to access and retrieve complete consistent data sets in easy and secure way.
It is defined as the technology, policies, standards, and institutional arrangements necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and improve the utilization of geospatial data from different sources and for a wide range of potential users.
SDI Components
PeoplePeople
Access Network
Policy
Standards
DataData
Dynamic
From Feeney et al, 2001
SDI Components
SDIFundamental Geospatial Datasets
Metadata
Clearinghouse
Access Infrastructur
e Human Resources
and Partnership
Policies
Standards
SDI in Spatial Planning ContextSpatial planning coordinates policies and investment across agencies to achieve a common objective for activity places, which may span from communities to supra-national spaces. SDI provides information linkage across organizations from local to global scales.
From Rajabifard 1999
Building SDI Blocks
Corporate SDI is the foundation and lowest level of SDI, which other blocks rest but most often neglected. This research examines the planning agency as a Corporate SDI Block (organization)
From Rajabifard 2000
SDI INITIATIVE IN AFRICA, NIGERIA AND LAGOS
African SDI Initiatives
EIS- AFRICA NetworkUN Eceonomic Commission for Africa Committee
on Information (CODI)Africover- East AfricaAfricaGIS Conferences/Workshops on SDISouth Africa National Spatial Information
Framework (NSIF).Ghana: National Framework for Geo-Spatial
Information Management (NAFGIM
Nigerian SDI Initiatives
National Geospatial Information Policy(2003)NGDI Committee/Sub-committees:
2 Members from NASRDA (Lead Agency)2 Members from University2 Members from Polytechnic/Monotechnic6 Members from 6 Geopolitical Zones (Nodal Agencies)4 Private Sector, Inter-governmental Agencies& NGO11 Members from Federal Ministries/Agencies
User Requirement Surveys, Provision of Fundamental DatasetsNational Workshops
NGDI Organizational Framework
Presidency
NGDICommittee
Servers/Intranet
Feedback
NGDI Council
NASRDA
StakeholdersGovernments (All Levels)Private SectorNGOs, CBOsAcademiaService ProvidersVendors/UsersPublic SectorsDefence/SecurityOthers
Mapping Organisations & Other NGDI Node Agencies
NGDISub-Committees
PolicyRules
StandardsLegislation
From Agbaje & Akinyede2005
SDI Initiatives in Lagos
Complete Digital Mapping/Geographic Information System (GIS) for the whole StateAerial photos at a scale of 1:4000 while digital maps at a scale of 1/500 for Lagos metropolis
and 1/1000 for rural areas Orthophotos for the whole state is at 1/2000 and
DTM. Electronic Data Management Systems (EDMS)LAGIS Project (Lagos Enterprise GIS)Lagos Navigation Systems (upcoming)Draft GI Policy for Lagos State
Lagos Enterprise GIS
Orthophoto Overlay Cadastral Map Layer
Lagos Enterprise GIS
Land Use and Acquisition Layers
Lagos Enterprise GIS
Administrative/Boundaries Layers
Lagos Enterprise GIS
Land Use Zones/Streets Layers
Lagos Enterprise GIS
Parcel/Cadastral Layers
CASE STUDY OF LAGOS SDI PLANNING AGENCIES
Research Methodology
The research adopted a survey approach, in which sets of questionnaire were administered in agencies and departments of the Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development across the Local Government Areas of Lagos State.
The following are the agencies: Regional and Master Planning Department, Physical Planning Department, Development Matters, Urban Development, Lagos State Urban Renewal Agency, Lagos State Planning Information Centre, Urban Furniture Regulatory Unit, Lagos State Physical Planning Permit Authority and Lagos State Building Control Agency.
The New Towns Development Authority (NTDA) was also included in the survey.
The Organizational Structure of Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development
Agencies of the Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development
SDI Thematic Areas and Response
The investigation covered the following: Awareness, use and usefulness of LAGIS website availability of ICT infrastructure,
availability of core SDI data data sharing and coordination, perceived barriers and benefits of ICT in urban planning.
The survey recorded 100% response from state level agencies, while response only 30% response was recorded at the local level agencies, however, respondent agencies were spread across 12 of the 20 Local Government Areas, which also represent 58% of the total land mass of the state. 54.5% of the respondents are in the professional cadres, while respondents in the technical and administrative cadres were 36.4% and 9.1% respectively.
Awareness, Use and Usefulness of the LAGIS Project
Access to Communication Networks
Communication Networks
Response %Mean
Access
Rank
Yes No
GSM100 0 1.00 1
Internet 63.6 36.4 0.64 2
Local Area Networks36.4 63.6 0.36 3
PABX22.7 77.3 0.23 4
Wide Area Networks22.7 77.3 0.23 4
Radio Communication13.6 86.4 0.14 6
VPN/CUG9.0 91.0 0.09 7
Available ICT Infrastructures
Access to Computer Hardware
Hardware in Use
Response %Mean
Use
Rank
Yes No
Laptops
95.0 5.0 0.95 1Printers
91.0 9.0 0.91 2Desktop PCs
82.0 18.0 0.82 3Scanners
77.0 23.0 0.77 4Palmtops/Tablets
23.0 77.0 0.23 4Plotters
14.0 86.0 0.14 6Digitizers
14.0 86.0 0.14 7
Available ICT Infrastructures
Access to Geospatial Software
Software in Use
Response %Mean
usage
Rank
Yes No
General Applications (Microsoft Office)
91.0 9.0 0.9 1AutoCAD
50.0 50.0 0.5 2Mapwindows
22.7 77.3 0.23 3ArcGIS
18.2 81.8 0.18 4WebGIS Applications
9.1 90.9 0.09 4Intergraph
9.1 90.9 0.09 6QGIS
4.5 95.5 0.05 7ILWIS
0 100 0 8
Available ICT Infrastructures
Fundamental Datasets
Fundamental Geospatial Datasets
Response %
Mean RankValid
Missing
Valid %
None0
Paper1
Digital2
Paper/Digital
4
Approved Private Layouts 20 2 35.0 45.0 15.0 5.0 0.90 1Aerial Photographs 21 1 57.1 14.3 14.3 14.3 0.86 2Digital Satellite Imageries 21 1 61.9 4.8 19.0 14.0 0.86 2Development Permit Register 21 1 42.9 42.9 4.8 9.5 0.81 4Government Residential Schemes 20 2
45.0 35.0 15.0 5.00.80
5Land Use Zoning 21 1 52.5 28.6 9.5 9.5 0.76 6Topographic Data 21 1 52.4 33.3 9.5 4.8 0.67 7Transportation 21 1 57.1 23.8 14.3 4.8 0.67 7Model City Plans 21 1 61.9 19.0 9.5 9.5 0.67 7Industrial Schemes 20 2 70.0 15.0 15.0 0.0 0.45 10Administrative Maps 21 1 76.2 14.2 4.8 4.8 0.38 11Land Cover/Vegetation 21 1 76.2 9.5 14.3 0.0 0.38 11Renewal/Regeneration Maps
20 275.0 20.0 5.0 0.0
0.3013
Hydrological Data 21 1 85.7 4.8 9.5 0.0 0.24 14Climate 21 1 85.7 4.8 9.5 0.0 0.24 14Cadastral/Land Tenure 21 1 85.7 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.19 16Health Data 21 1 85.7 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.19 16Demographic/Population 21 1 85.7 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.19 16 Wetland Maps 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Soil Maps 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Forestry 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Economic Data 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Geodetic Data 22 0 95.5 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.09 23Bathymetry Data 21 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 24
Common Challenges to SDI Development in Africa
Policy and Coordination Problems
Awareness and Ignorance
Socio-economic, Cultural and Political Diversity
Partnership and Collaboration Problems
Financial Issues
Lack of Political Will
Accountable and Transparency
Insufficiency Human and Technical Capacities
Way Forward for SDI Development in African Cities
There is an urgent need for of creating awareness on the SDI initiative.
SDI needs assessment for cities should be coordinated at City level.
Inter-institutional committee or organization should be formed at city levels in each country to develop a work plan, identify working groups and tasks, hold awareness workshops and build support, develop policy and laws.
Developing countries should develop and endorse policies promoting greater public access to geoinformation. Such policies should remove barriers to as well as promote access and sharing.
Metadata should be developed, maintained, standardized and published at local, national and regional levels as frequent as possible.
Formal City SDI programme must be launched in a systematic way, collaborating donor organization, international and local stakeholders.
Way Forward for SDI Development in African Cities
SDI initiatives should focus on customers’ interests and needs, i.e., State SDI should focus on city and corporate interest, while National SDI should focus on sub-national concerns.
GSDI should provide technical assistance to regional and national SDI. Since SDI is a relatively new concept, most developing countries will need assistance to capacity building.
Financial strategy should be developed. Sustainable finance is central to any successful SDI implementation; therefore, countries should make business cases that will attract investment from private, public sector and donor organizations.
Investment in the collection of core geospatial data should be expanded and made a priority like any other physical infrastructure national and regional budgets
Investment in technical and human capacity should be given priority.
Vertically and horizontal partnerships must be developed. Such must promote credibility, fairness, openness and consensus building.
Government leadership is essential to SDI development.
Thank You
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