Grammar book part 2

Joya Burns

Libro de Gramatica(Spanish Grammar Book)

Concept Page #

Preterite 3

-car, -gar, -zar 4

SPOCK 5

Cucaracha 6

Snake/snakey 7

Modal Verbs 8

Los Adverbios 9

Progressive Tense 10

Superlatives 11

Formals commands 12

Prepositions 13

conditionals 14

Demonstratives 15

Table of Contents

Imperfect

• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.

• The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.

-ar verbs abaabasabaábamosabaisaban

-er verbs, -ir verbsíaíasíaíamosíaisían

Preterite

-ar-é-aste-ó-amos-aron

-er/ir-í-iste-ió-imos-ieron

PreteriteIrregulares

-Car, –Gar, -Zar

Tocar Jugar comenzar

Toque Jugue Comence

Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste

Toco Jugo Comenzo

tocamos jugamos comenzamos

tocaron jugaron comenzaron

**spelling change in 1st person only

SPOCK

hacer ir/ser dar/ver

hice fui i

hiciste fuiste iste

hizo fue io

hicimos fuimos imon

hicieron fueron ieron

Cucaracha andar anduv-

estar estuv-

poder pud-

poner pus-

querer quis-

saber sub-

tener tuv-

venir vin-

decir dij-

traer traj-

conduar conduj-

producir produj-

traduar traduj-

-é-iste-o-imos-isties-ieron

Drop the i

snake/snakey

SNAKE

SNAKEY

STEM CHANGERSDormirDormíDormimosDormisteDurmióDumieron

Y CHANGERS

LeerLeíLeimosLeisteLeyóLeyeron

Modal verbs

Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning.

Vocab Meaning

Deber Should, ought to, must

Desear To desire

Necesitar To need

Poder Can, could, might, be able to

querer Want, would like to

Saber Usually, used to

soler Know, know how to

ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)

poder+infinitive (are able to do something)

querer+infinitive (want to do something)

deber+infinitive (should do something)

tener que+infinitive (to have to do something)

soler+infinitive (to be accustomed to)

necesitar+infinitive (to need something)

Los Adverbios Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to -ly in English.

Adj. Fem. form Adv.

claro clara claramente

constante constanteconstantemente

difícil difícil difícilmente

‣When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one uses the -mente ending. Note that the first adverb is the same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.

Progressive Tense....present

the present progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the process of taking place. It is not used for future actions

To form the present progressive in Spanish, combine a form of "estar" with the present participle.

comer: comiendo(comer - er + iendo)hacer: haciendo

(hacer - er + iendo)vivir: viviendo(vivir - ir + iendo)escribir: escribiendo

(escribir - ir + iendo)

hablar: hablando(hablar - ar + ando)trabajar:

trabajando(trabajar - ar + ando)estudiar:

estudiando(estudiar - ar + ando)

Participles....past

To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).

They were studying. Ellos estaban estudiando ahora.We were selling a novel Estábamos vendiendo una novela.He was eating a lot. Él estaba comiendo mucho.She was leaving in two days. Estaba partiendo en dos días.

Futuro

• The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

• But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something.

• Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.

infinitive + ending

Future Irregulars

• caber• poner• decir• haber• salir• hacer• poder

• tenerquerervalersabervenir

Superlatives • Use when you want

to say something os the most or least of a certain quality.

• When using a superlative in the noun form, place it after the article.

• Use the neutral ‘lo’ when referring to an idea or concept.

1)Best 2)worst 3)oldest 4)youngest

1) El/La mejor2) El/La peor3) El/La mayor4) El/La menor

Formal Commands• Change to ‘yo’

• Change opposite vowel

• ar -> e

• er/ir -> a

Affirmative AND Negative

T V D I S H E S

Prepositions • al lado de - beside

• alrededor de - around, about

• antes de - before

• cerca de - near, close to

• debajo de - under, underneath

• delante de - in front of

• dentro de - in, inside, into, within

• después de - afterdetrás de - behindencima de - on top of, aboveenfrente de - oppositefrente a - opposite, towardsfuera de - except for, apart fromjunto a - next to, right by, nearlejos de - far away from

Conditionals

• Frequently, the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

• To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infintive:

íaíasíaíamosíaisían

DemonstrativesDemonstrative adjectives are placed before the noun and agree in number and gender with the noun.

This That That over there

m este ese aquel

f esta esa aquella

These Those Those over there

m estos esos aquellos

f estas esas aquellas

Aquí Allí Allá