Ch02 Individual Behavior

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S

W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S

T E N T H E D I T I O N

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AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

1. Define the key biographical characteristics.

2. Identify two types of ability.

3. Shape the behavior of others.

4. Distinguish between the four schedules of reinforcement.

5. Clarify the role of punishment in learning.

6. Practice self-management

7. Exhibit effective discipline skills.

L E

A R

N I

N G

O

B J

E C

T I

V E

S

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Biographical CharacteristicsBiographical Characteristics

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AbilityAbility

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• Number aptitude

• Verbal comprehension

• Perceptual speed

• Inductive reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Spatial visualization

• Memory

• Number aptitude

• Verbal comprehension

• Perceptual speed

• Inductive reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Spatial visualization

• Memory

Dimensions ofIntellectual Ability

Dimensions ofIntellectual Ability

E X H I B I T 2-1

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Physical AbilityPhysical Ability

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Other Factors

• Body coordination

• Balance

• Stamina

Other Factors

• Body coordination

• Balance

• Stamina

Nine Physical AbilitiesNine Physical Abilities

Strength Factors

• Dynamic strength

• Trunk strength

• Static strength

• Explosive strength

Strength Factors

• Dynamic strength

• Trunk strength

• Static strength

• Explosive strength Flexibility Factors

• Extent flexibility

• Dynamic flexibility

Flexibility Factors

• Extent flexibility

• Dynamic flexibility

E X H I B I T 2-2

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Ability-JobFit

The Ability-Job FitThe Ability-Job Fit

Employee’sEmployee’sAbilitiesAbilities

Job’s AbilityJob’s AbilityRequirementsRequirements

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LearningLearning

Learning

• Involves change

• Is relatively permanent

• Is acquired through experience

Learning

• Involves change

• Is relatively permanent

• Is acquired through experience

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Theories of LearningTheories of Learning

Key Concepts

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned response

• Conditioned response

Key Concepts

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned response

• Conditioned response

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Theories of Learning (cont’d)Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts

• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

• Conditioned (learned) behavior

• Reinforcement

Key Concepts

• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

• Conditioned (learned) behavior

• Reinforcement

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Theories of Learning (cont’d)Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts

• Attention processes

• Retention processes

• Motor reproduction processes

• Reinforcement processes

Key Concepts

• Attention processes

• Retention processes

• Motor reproduction processes

• Reinforcement processes

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Theories of Learning (cont’d)Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts

• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

• Some rewards are more effective than others.

• The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.

Key Concepts

• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

• Some rewards are more effective than others.

• The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.

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Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement

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Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)

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E X H I B I T 2-4

Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-ratio

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Intermittent Schedules of ReinforcementIntermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

E X H I B I T 2-5a

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Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)

E X H I B I T 2-5b

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Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Problem-solving Model

• Identify critical behaviors

• Develop baseline data

• Identify behavioral consequences

• Apply intervention

• Evaluate performance improvement

Problem-solving Model

• Identify critical behaviors

• Develop baseline data

• Identify behavioral consequences

• Apply intervention

• Evaluate performance improvement

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OB MOD Organizational ApplicationsOB MOD Organizational Applications

Well Pay versus Sick Pay– Reduce absenteeism by rewarding attendance,

not absence. Employee Discipline

– The use of punishment can be counter-productive.

Developing Training Programs– OB MOD methods improve training

effectiveness. Self-management

– Reduces the need for external management control.