08 phonemes

PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted

PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – how they function in language

Articulatory Phonetics

Auditory Phonetics

Acoustic Phonetics

Articulatory Phonetics

Auditory Phonetics

Acoustic Phonetics

phonesphonemesallophones

phonesphonemesallophones

phonessounds of language

Segments• How thin can you slice language?

• sentence

• phrase

• word

• syllable

• letter ... ?

Letters ?

cat rat

cat cot

cat cap

minimal pair

Letters ?cat coat caught

k V tcodekeyed

k V dright write rite

r V t

Segments• How thin can you slice language?

• sentence

• phrase

• word

• syllable

• letter ....... phone

phonessounds of language

phonesphonemesallophones

cat ratcat cotcat cap

top stoplip milkcode cold

minimal pairs

cat ratcat cotcat cap

top stoplip milkcode cold

significant

non-significant

predictable

non-predictable

meaning

structure

cat ratcat cotcat cap

top stoplip milkcode cold

PHONEMES

ALLOPHONES

phonessounds of language

• phonemessignificant sound differences

• allophonesnon-significant sound differences

phoneme

allophone

/ /

[ ] [ ]

phoneme

allophone

Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of the same PHONEME are all similar to each other - they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is large. There is actually no real difference between these differences! We can see this by the fact that the same difference can be allophonic in one language, and phonemic in another.

from http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes.html

seat sheet

massivemachine

basic nation

She is fine as morn in May,mild, divine and clever.Like a shining summer’s dayshe is mine for ever.

Sr. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík

Mitsubishi

Subaru

phoneme

allophone

MitsubishiSubaru

this theatre

think this thought

þ ð þ

þessi þýðing

þessi þýðing