Tourism History

Diploma in Applied Travel and Tourism

Key

• Social, cultural, economic, technological changes

• Facilitators (enabling factors)

• Time

• Money

• Health

• Transport (comfortable, convenient, affordable)

• Removal of constraints (political, health & safety)

Key

• Motivators

– Reasons for travel

– Intrinsic fulfilling a need or want

– General (to travel)

– Specific (to destination x)

Early Tourism

• Nomads

– Food gathering, climate, trade and barter

– 3000BC ships on open water

– 1500Bc Egyptians visit pyramids

• Religion and curiosity

Early Tourism

• Greek and Roman Empires

– Business travel

• Merchants (coin currency)

• Government administration (collect taxes)

• Military (build and maintain empires)

• Olympic Games 776BC

– Spas, festivals, sightseeing (health and pleasure)

Early Tourism

• Guide books and travel writing

• Holidays

– Wealthy travelled for leisure and to visit friends and relations (VFR)

• Romans built roads throughout Europe

– (50,000 miles) infrastructure

Early Tourism

• Japanese and Chinese

– Leisure travel

– Resorts

– Second homes

Middle Ages

• Travel dangerous

– Hard work

– Uncomfortable

• Silk road from Venice to Beijing: Marco Polo

• Holidays

– Holy days for leisure, festivals

• Religious pilgrimages

– Monasteries provided hospitality

The Renaissance & 18th Century

• Spas (health)

– Seaside resort

• The Grand Tour

– Education – major cultural centres of Europe with tutor

• Immigration

• Stage coaches

• Hospitality

19th Century

• Industrial revolution

– Urbanisation

– Countryside attractive

– Interest in wilderness

– Increased wealth

– Reduced cost of travel

19th Century

• Technological developments

– Modern transport systems

• Railway, steamships

– Railways 1820’s in England and USA

• Excursions for workers to seaside

• Family holidays

• Thomas Cook prepaid package holidays

19th Century

• Steamships

– Regular ferry service across english channel

– P&O to USA and Far East

– Cunard to US

– Thomas Cook around the world tour

• 12 people, 220 days, cost was equivalent to average annual salary

– 1869 opening of Suez Canal

Mid 19th Century

• Photography

– Organised travel

– Travellers’ cheques

– American Express

– Political stability

– Bicycle

– Guide books

20th Century

• Mass tourism

– Technology

• Increased leisure time

• Discretionary income

• Telecommunications

• Efficient modes of transport

– Motor cars (decline of railway)

• Private ownership

20th Century

• Airlines (decline of steamship companies)

• Health and Safety for travellers improving

• Mass communication

– Cinema, radio, photography, television

• Post World War 1

– Increase in immigration

– Passports, coaches, cruising

20th Century

• Post World War I

– 1930’s depression

– Collapse of international tourism

– Government limits imposed on foreign exchange

– Introduction of all inclusive holiday entertainment

• Butlins camps

20th Century

• Post World War 2

– New technology

• 1945 first commercial trans-Atlantic flight

• 1950’s long haul, jet age

– (Boeing 707, 1958) London to New York from 18 hours to 7 hours

– Disneyland opens (1955)

1960s – 70s

• Business Travel

• New tourism generating countries eg. Japan

• Special interest holidays

• Package tours

• Charter flights – sun seekers

– UK to Spain

– New York to Miami or Mexico

60s to 70s

• New aeroplanes

– 747 Jumbo Jet

– Concorde ( 3.5hrs London to New York)

• Never commercially successful

– 1969 Neil Armstrong walks on the moon

1980s

• International tourism doubles in this decade

• (what else happens)

1990s

• Tourism 13% of world’s consumer spending

• More freedom to travel

• International trade promotes travel

• Globalisation and foreign exchange

• EU – Economic market

• Break up of Soviet Union

• Tunnel between London and France (chunnel)

2000 - 2010

• September 11 – Terrorist attack

• SARS

• Oil price skyrockets

• Climate change

• Cheap travel

• Iraq war

• Recession

• Natural disaster

2009-2010

• Recession

• Terrorism

• Political instability

What now?

• Political instability

• Recession

• Sustainability – Carbon footprints

• New technology – larger aeroplanes

• Natural disasters - volcanoes