1

The Tourism IndustryDHM

By Ummu Fatihah

2

Class Rules• NO Phones OR music!• Respect yourself and me• DON’T talk when I’m talking– You will lose attendance

• Do NOT be late!- you will not be allowed into the class

• You MUST sign the register in EVERY class!• Make notes

- you will be quizzed on topics• ASK if you don’t understand

- put your hand up to ask a question

3

Learning Outcomes• Knowledge of travel and tourism

industry• Structure of tourism industry• Examine role of governments, political

issues and ethics on tourism• Tourist needs and motivations to travel• The development of tourism

destinations• Range of transport and accommodation

available• Positive and negative impacts of tourism

(economic, environmental, socio-cultural)

4

Organisation Website

Key Note (market information) www.keynote.co.uk

Mintel (media, product, consumer information)

www.mintel.com

World Travel & Tourism Council www.wttc.org

National Statistics Online (official UK statistics)

www.statistics.gov.uk

Tourism Concern www.tourismconcern.co.uk

Visit Britain www.visitbritain.com

5

Assessment • External by CTH• 2½ hour exam• Section A (40 marks)– 10 x 2 mark questions– 5 x 4 mark questions

• Section B (60 marks)– 5x 20 mark questions – CHOOSE 3 ONLY!

8

Introduction to the Travel and Tourism Industry

Chapter Objectives:

•Define tourism and tourist•Historical growth of tourism•Types of tourism•Organizations involved in tourism

What is tourism

• "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes.“

Tourism Society of England, 1976

Types of Tourism• Residents travelling only within their

country of residenceDomestic tourism

• Involving non-residents travelling of the given countryInbound tourism

• Involving residents travelling to another countryOutbound tourism

• Domestic tourism and inbound tourismInternal tourism

• Domestic tourism and outbound tourismNational tourism

• Inbound tourism and outbound tourismInternational tourism

United N

ation ‘94W

orld Tourism O

rganization (U

NW

TO)

12

Exercise 1. Examples of types of tourism

• Using the previous definitions of the different types of tourism, give examples of:– Domestic tourism– Inbound tourism– Outbound tourism

What is tourist?

Travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated within the place visited.

International Travel to a country other than

his usual residence at least one night but not more than one year – main purpose to visit

Resident in the country and who travels to a place in the same county not more than one year - main purpose to

visit

Domestic

Tourist

15

Exercise 2. The Tourist

• Give examples of when you have been:A) an international touristB) a domestic tourist

History or Tourism DevelopmentPeriod Region Travel motivation

3 000 BC Egypt/ Babylonia Business

1 500 BC Egypt Religion/ leisure and pleasure -Pyramids

6 BC Egypt Heritage/culture –Museum of Historic Antiquities

5 BC Greece Athens –religion –Panthenon/Acropolis

4 BC Athens, Sparta, Troy Guide tours -guidebooks

2 BC Roman Empire Roman infantryment VFR - improved communications

Middle Ages Europe ‘Haligdeg’ – ‘Holy day’ (holiday) – ‘day of rest’ –Sunday

16 AD Europe ‘Pilgrimages’ – religion: Centurbury, Santiago De Compostela, Rome (via Venice)

C17 – 18th AD Europe Culture/education – ‘The Grand Tour’

The Grand TourTerm used by Richard Lessels in his book ‘Voyage in Italy’(1670) was ‘a rite of passage’

The purpose of the trip, which was normally between six months and three years was to teach the ‘young men’ about art such as ‘Renaissance’ artists, antiquities and architecture

The most popular cities for these young ‘eligible bachelors’ were: Florence, Naples, Paris, Rome and Venice

The trip increased their knowledge of culture and the arts, and made them more eligible for marriage on their return

18

Exercise 3. The History of your country

• Discuss the history of tourism within your home country in small groups.– How long ago did tourism begin?– How important is tourism to your home country?

Health tourism‘Any kind of travel to make one’s self or a member of one’s family healthier’

Mueller and Kaufmann(2001)

•Become more popular form of tourism since the Roman Empire, when Romans used to gather together in communal pools to relax•Bath, England; Baden Baden, Germany; Budapest, Hungary; Buxton, England; Siena, Italy•Spa resorts worldwide

20

Exercise 4. Health Tourism

• Give an example of a health tourism destination in your home country

Sun, Sea and Sand (3S’s)

Enabling Factor

Motivating Factor

Make travel possible

Persuade people to travel

22

Enabling Factors• Factors which make travel possible– Better transport – new transport technology (19th

Century – railway)– Better communications– Faster and cheaper travel– Improvement in accommodation, facilities and

services

23

Motivating Factors

• Factors which persuade people to travel– Building of cities and industry people feeling the

need to escape from reality to fulfil their ‘intrinsic needs’

24

Exercise 5. Reasons for travel

• Why do you go on holiday/travel?• Write down your reasons for travelling• Now identify if these reasons are ‘enabling

factors’ or ‘motivating factors’

Mass Tourism

The transportation of large number of people to places of leisure interest

Enjoy the benefits of leisure time

Increasing popular in the

1960s and 1970s

Increase in demand for sun, sea and sand and

the arrival of cheap package

holidays

Other form of Tourism

Culinary tourism

Dark tourism

Disaster tourism

Space tourism

Medical (health) tourism

Heritage (cultural) tourism

27

Other Types of Tourism

Description Example

Culinary tourism Food and drink experiences

Wine tasting in Australia

Dark tourism Travel to sites associated with death and suffering

•Anne Frank’s house, Amsterdam•The London Dungeons, London

Disaster Tourism Travel to sites that have experienced natural disasters

New Orleans (Hurricane Katrina)

Ecotourism Tourism which benefits the community, economy & the environment of a local area

Safari, Kenya

28

Other Types of Tourism

Description Example

Heritage (Cultural) tourism

Places, activities that represent the stories of people, past and present

•National Maritime Museum•University of Greenwich

Medical (Health) tourism

Medical services at a particular location

India

Space tourism Trips taking tourists into space

Virgin Galactic

29

Exercise 6. Tourism in your country

• Which of these types of tourism exist in your home country?– Culinary, dark, disaster, ecotourism, heritage,

medical, space tourism• Give examples

Tour

ism

Org

aniza

tions

Private sector

Artificial tourism

attraction

Travel Agency

Transport provider

Tour operation

Private company – any company controlled and operated by private individuals(and not by civil servant or government- employees), are very varied in type and size

31

Exercise 7. List…

Give an example of:- An artificial (man-made) tourism attraction- A tour operator- A transport provider- A travel agencyThey can be from your home country or another

destination

Public (government) organizations

Co-ordination

Planning

Legislation and regulation Stimulation

Marketing and promotion

Entrepreneurship Providing social tourism

Protector of the public interest

33

Public (government) organisations• Most countries have a governmental

department for tourism – national, regional, local level

• Hall (2000) govt has 8 roles:– Co-ordination – sharing info, communicating with

agencies (public and private)– Planning – controlling the development of tourism– Legislation and regulation – employment,

immigration, visa regulations– Stimulation - ↑tourism supply with incentives (tax

relief, sponsorship, marketing, promotion

34

– Marketing and promotion - ↑interest in a destination – ‘branding’

– Entrepreneurship – the govt own or operate tourism ventures, or own and manage land

– Providing social tourism – opportunities for under-privileged communities

– Protector of the Public Interest – act as ‘intermediary’ in case of conflict or competing interest

35

Regulatory bodies• For maintaining standards within the tourism

industry1. Public regulatory bodies2. Supranational regulating bodies3. National regulatory bodies

Regulatory tourism organizations

International Civil aviation Organization(ICAO)

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

United Federation of Travel Agents’ Association (UFTAA)

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

37

PUBLIC Regulatory BodiesName Abb. Description Website

International Civil Aviation Organisation

ICAO Safety, security, environmental protection, efficiency, continuity, rule of law

www.icao.int

International Air Transport Association

IATA Large network of industry suppliers, allows airlines to operate safely, intermediary between airlines and passengers, simplifies air travel

www.iata.co.uk

38

PUBLIC Regulatory BodiesName Abb. Description Website

United Federation of Travel Agents’ Associations

UFTAA International forum, protecting tour operators, agencies

www.uftaa.org

World Tourism Organisation

UNWTO Responsible, sustainable, accessible tourism – developing countries

www.unwto.org

39

Supranational Regulatory Bodies• Cover a number of countries (geographical

area)• “Bodies associated with regional trading

blocs” (Hall, 2008)– ASEAN – Association of South-East Asian Nations– NAFTA – North American Free Trade Area– EU – European Union• Learn about the EU Package Travel Regulations (1992)

40

Exercise 8. Supranational

• Which supranational regulatory body does your home country come under?

41

National Regulatory Bodies

• Regulates and monitors travel and tourism within a nation – Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA)– Air Transport Operators Licence (ATOL)– Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)

42

Exercise 9. National Regulatory Body

• What is the name of your home country’s tourism governmental organisation?

• What national regulatory bodies exist in your country?

43

What we have covered

• Defining tourism• Types of tourism– Mass, 3S’s, Grand Tour, Special Interest Tourism

• Types of tourists– International, domestic

• History of tourism development• Tourism organisations– Private, public, regulatory