FROM CONQUEST TO LOYALIST MIGRATION

INVADE QUEBECAS LIKELY THREAT

SEEK QUEBEC & NOVA SCOTIA AS ALLIES IN REVOLUTION

13 COLONIES REBEL

AGAINST BRITISH

COLONIAL SYSTEM

BRITAIN’S

PROBLEM

-

DEALING

WITH THE

FRENCH

CANADIEN

PEOPLE

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

QUEBEC ACT OF 1774

ACCOMODATION

ASSIMILATION

QUEBEC & NOVA SCOTIA BECOME

REFUGE FOR LOYALISTS

SEGREGATION CONSTITUTION ACT OF 1791

FROM LOYALISTS TO REBELLION

NEW COLONIES FORMED TO ACCOMMODATE LOYALISTS

LOYALISTS ARRIVESWELLING POPULATIONS OF

OLD COLONIES

A ‘BALANCE OF MONARCHY, ARISTOCRACY AND

DEMOCRACY’

CONSTITUTION ACT OF 1791 ESTABLISHES COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS –

IGNORES LESSONS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

BRITAIN FAILS TO REALIZE THAT EVEN LOYALISTS FAULTED BRITISH RULE IN THE 13 COLONIES – THEIR LOYALTY WAS

NOT A VINDICATION OF THE COLONIAL SYSTEM

COLONIES BOTH OLD AND NEW REBEL

• LOYALISTS ARE BOTH LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES, RICH AND POOR, AS WELL AS NON-ENGLISH MINORITIES

• GOVERNMENT PROVIDES– FOOD – MONEY– LAND

• BLACK & FIRST NATIONS LOYALISTS ARE NOT GIVEN THE SAME TREATMENT AS THE ENGLISH

• LOYALISTS SHARE A DISTRUST OF THE POWER OF THE MASSES – THEY FELT THEY HAD MET THEIR FATE THROUGH UNBALANCED DEMOCRACY

LOYALISTS COME TO CANADA

• BRITAIN DOES NOT TRY TO NEGOTIATE INDIAN TERRITORY FOR THE IROQUOIS UNDER JOSEPH BRANT

• IROQUOIS DECIDE TO SETTLE IN QUEBEC NEAR BAY OF QUINTE AND GRAND RIVER

• LOYALISTS FLOODING INTO NOVA SCOTIA• BRITAIN DECIDES TO CREATE NEW COLONY, ‘NEW

BRUNSWICK’ OUT OF WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA– SMALLER COLONIES FELT EASIER TO CONTROL– MORE GOVERNMENT JOBS TO HAND OUT TO PROMINENT

LOYALISTS– PREVENT POLITICAL CLASHES BETWEEN LOYALISTS & OLD

NOVA SCOTIANS

• CAPE BRETON BECOMES INDEPENDENT COLONY UNTIL 1820 FOR SAME REASONS

LOYALISTS COME TO CANADA

CONSTITUTIONAL ACT OF 1791

• MOST LOYALISTS IN QUEBEC ARE SENT TO LAKE ONTARIO, KEPT SEPARATE FROM LES CANADIENS

• QUEBEC ACT AMENDED BY CONSTITUTION ACT OF 1791– ESTABLISHES 2 COLONIES OUT OF OLD PROVINCE OF

QUEBEC – UPPER CANADA (ONTARIO) & LOWER CANADA (QUEBEC)

– UPPER CANADA TO HAVE BALANCE OF MONARCHY, ARISTOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY THOUGHT TO BE SUCCESSFUL BACK IN BRITAIN

– ASSEMBLIES WOULD HAVE LIMITED POWERS– GOVERNORS WOULD HAVE USE OF CROWN RESERVES (1/7

OF VACANT LAND)

• SEGREGATION JOINS ACCOMMODATION AS BRITAIN’S APPROACH TO THE FRENCH CANADIAN POPULATION

GOVERNMENT AS ESTABLISHED BY THE CONSTITUTION OF 1791

BRITISH GOVERNMENT

GOVERNOR

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

PEOPLE

VOTERS

LEGISLATION:

MUST BE APPROVED BY LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

IS SUBJECT TO VETO BY THE GOVERNOR

CAN BE RESCINDED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT UP TO 2 YEARS LATER

THE LOYALIST IMPACT

LOYALISTS THREATEN TO OVERWHELM EXISTING

COMMUNITIES

NEW CONSTITUTION REINFORCES BRITISH

SYSTEM AS MODEL FOR COLONIES

NOVA SCOTIA SPLIT TO MAKE NEWBRUNSWICK

QUEBEC SPLIT TO SEGREGATE CANADIENS

& LOYALISTS

BRITAIN FAILS TO CONSIDER THE LARGE NUMBER OF VOTERS WHO WILL QUALIFY FOR THESE WEAK

ASSEMBLIES

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA FOLLOWING CONSTITUTION ACT OF 1791