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Iran Chogha Zanbil, the greatest ziggurat in the world

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Page 1: Iran Chogha Zanbil, the greatest ziggurat in the world

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/michaelasanda-1446878-chogha-zanbil/

Page 2: Iran Chogha Zanbil, the greatest ziggurat in the world
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Ziggurats are, architecturally, the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Egyptian pyramids: large artificial square mountains of stone. They are equally ancient, only a ziggurat was not a tomb but a temple. The most famous ziggurat is, of course, the "tower of Babel" mentioned in the Biblical book Genesis: a description of the Etemenanki of Babylon

The ziggurat of Choga Zanbil is one of the most impressive monuments of modern Khuzestan, and must have been one of the most impressive monuments of ancient Elam. Built by king Untaš-Napiriša (1275-1240) and named after him (Dur Untaš, "city of Untaš-Napiriša"), it measures 105x105 meters and was probably 52 meters high.

În Mesopotamia zigguratele au fost, din punct de vedere arhitectonic, echivalentul piramidelor egiptene, piramide în trepte, mari munţi patraţi artificiali. La fel de vechi ca şi piramidele, zigguratele n-au fost însă morminte ci temple. Fără îndoială cel mai faimos dintre ele a fost „Turnul Babel”, menţionat şi în Biblie. Zigguratul de la Choga Zanbil, cel mai remarcabil exemplu de arhitectura elamita din lume, a fost construit de regele Elamului Untaš-Napiriša (1275-1240) şi măsura 105x105 metri, având o înălţime de 52 de metri.

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In the center of Dur-Untaš (name of an Elamite town, modern Choga Zanbil) was the ziggurat, a type of monument that was always built by kings. In ancient Mesopotamia, in the earliest times, there was a conflict between the two great organizations, the temple and the palace. By building a ziggurat, the king showed that he could perform more impressive religious deeds than the clergy.

În centrul oraşului elamit Dur-Untaš (azi Choga Zanbil) a fost construit zigguratul, un tip de monument care a fost întotdeauna construit de regi. În Mesopotamia antică, în cele mai vechi timpuri, a existat un conflict între cele două mari puteri, clerul şi palatul, iar prin construirea unui zigurat, regele a demonstrat că putea realiza construcţii religioase mai măreţe decât cele construite de marele preot

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Untaš-Napiriša's temple mountain, which was at some stage rededicated to Inšušinak, once had five levels and is the best preserved of all ancient ziggurats. It is easy to imagine that it once looked as if it reached to heaven, and in Antiquity, it was even easier, because the building, now 25 meters high, used to measure 52 meters.

Model of the ziggurat (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden)Elamites were one of the earliest civilizations in the world at the golden age of Mesopotamian civilizations which lived along with the rivers of Khuzestan.The ziggurat was built about 3300 years ago by king Untash-Napirisha, the emperor of Elamite to honor of their great god, Inshushinak, the protector of Susa.The ziggurat is considered to be the best preserved example in the world. In 1979, Chogha Zanbil became the first Iranian site to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Elamiţii, al căror prim regat a luat fiinţă în mileniul al III-lea, au constituit veriga de legătura dintre Iran şi Sumer. Este posibil ca zigguratul de la Choga Zanbil să fi fost cel mai mare ziggurat construit vreodată. El este cel mai vechi monument de mari dimensiuni cunoscut în Iran, ridicat de Untash-gal, regele Elamului, în jurul anului 1250 î.Hr. în cinstea lui Inshushinak, zeul protector al Susei. Excepţional de bine conservat, este cel mai remarcabil exemplu de arhitectură elamită iar în anul 1979 a fost înscris pe Lista Patrimoniului Mondial UNESCO

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In order to prevent further damage to the ancient site, a partnership was established in the year 1998 among the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, UNESCO and the International Center for Earth Constructions-Grenoble-France (CREATerre) along with Japanese-funds-in-trust (JFIT).

În scopul de a preveni deteriorarea site-ului antic, în anul 1998 a fost înfiinţat un parteneriat între Organizaţia iraniană a Patrimoniului Cultural, Centrul Internaţional de Construcţii-Grenoble-Franta (CREATerre), UNESCO şi societatea japoneză JFIT.

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Numele regelui Untash era înscris pe fiecare cărămida de la Dur Untash, deoarece acesta era considerat un centru religios tot atât de important ca şi Susa, care desigur la acea vreme îşi avea propriul ei zigurat. Pe aceste cărămizi regele Untash invoca peste 20 de divinităţi cărora le-a înălţat sanctuare, ceea ce ne arată până unde ajunsese gândirea religioasă persană înainte de revelatţa monoteistă a zoroastrismului şi apoi a islamului.

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Pe fiecare latură sunt scări care conduc spre etajele superioare.

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On the rectangular outer court, between the inner and the outer temenos walls, one could also find several temples, especially in the eastern corner. They were dedicated to Napratep, Shimut and Nin Ali, Shalu, and Pinikir.

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The foot of one of the people who made the tiles.

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Inside the gate was a second gate, which could be closed. This is part of the giant lock.

Once, the glazed bricks of the ziggurat were painted in fresh colors. On several places, you can still see traces of paint.

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Doorknob(s) from Choga Zanbil (Louvre, Paris)

Doorknob from Choga Zanbil (Koninklijke musea voor kunst en geschiedenis, Brussel)

Doorknob from Choga Zanbil. Musei Vaticani (Rome)

Doorknob from Choga Zanbil (British Museum, London) Doorknob from Choga Zanbil (Archaeological Museum, Tehran)

Doorknob from Choga Zanbil (Archaeological museum of Susa)

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Text : InternetPictures: Sanda Foişoreanu Nicoleta Leu Internet slides 4, 5, 31Copyright: All the images belong to their authors

Arangement: Sanda Foişoreanuwww.slideshare.net/michaelasanda

Sound: Ghazal - Eternity