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Ireland 1909 – 1922Ireland 1909 – 1922
Lesson 6Lesson 6
UnionistsUnionists
Lesson 6Lesson 6 22
ContentsContents
1.1. Go over HomeworkGo over Homework2.2. UnionistsUnionists
Ulster ProvinceUlster Province Home Rule ThreatHome Rule Threat Organising Unionist OppositionOrganising Unionist Opposition Ulster Volunteer ForceUlster Volunteer Force Curragh MutinyCurragh Mutiny Partition ConsideredPartition Considered
3.3. Video Video (12 mins)(12 mins)
4.4. HomeworkHomework
Lesson 6Lesson 6 33
HomeworkHomework1.1. What were the three main What were the three main
“statements” of The Solemn “statements” of The Solemn League and Covenant?League and Covenant?1.1. Loyalty to British CrownLoyalty to British Crown
2.2. Refuse to accept Irish parliamentRefuse to accept Irish parliament
3.3. Wanted to stay part of United Wanted to stay part of United KingdomKingdom
2.2. Complete the phrase: “Ulster will Complete the phrase: “Ulster will fight and Ulster…fight and Ulster… ……will be right!”will be right!”
3.3. Document Study (C) – page 20.Document Study (C) – page 20.What three reasons are given for What three reasons are given for Home Rule being bad for Ireland Home Rule being bad for Ireland and especially Ulster?and especially Ulster?1.1. Subversive of our civil & religious Subversive of our civil & religious
freedomfreedom
2.2. Destructive of our citizenshipDestructive of our citizenship
3.3. Perilous to the unity of the Perilous to the unity of the EmpireEmpire
4.4. What was Carson’s aim if he What was Carson’s aim if he could not stop Home Rule for could not stop Home Rule for all of Ireland?all of Ireland?
Partition, excluding the 9 Partition, excluding the 9 counties of Ulster from Home counties of Ulster from Home RuleRule
5.5. What was the name of the What was the name of the Unionists private army set up Unionists private army set up in January 1913?in January 1913?
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
6.6. Where did the Unionists Where did the Unionists receive most of their guns receive most of their guns from in 1914?from in 1914?
GermanyGermany
Lesson 6Lesson 6 44
Homework Homework (continued)(continued)
7.7. Where, in Ireland, did they land Where, in Ireland, did they land these guns?these guns? Larne (and Bangor)Larne (and Bangor)
8.8. What did the British Govt do What did the British Govt do about it?about it? Nothing to stop itNothing to stop it
9.9. What was Asquith’s What was Asquith’s compromise solution to satisfy compromise solution to satisfy the Unionists?the Unionists? Partition of NE Ulster: Six Partition of NE Ulster: Six
counties only would be excluded counties only would be excluded from home Rule for six years.from home Rule for six years.
10.10. What was Redmond’s response What was Redmond’s response to this solution?to this solution? He accepted the ideaHe accepted the idea
11.11. What year did Carson take What year did Carson take over as leader of the Ulster over as leader of the Ulster Unionist Party?Unionist Party?
19101910
12.12. What was James Craig’s What was James Craig’s position in 1911, when he position in 1911, when he organised the first major organised the first major demonstration against Home demonstration against Home Rule?Rule?
Deputy Leader of the Ulster Deputy Leader of the Ulster Unionist PartyUnionist Party
Lesson 6Lesson 6 55
Ulster ProvinceUlster Province Population BreakdownPopulation Breakdown Religious DifferencesReligious Differences
ProtestantProtestant Felt more in common with Scottish Felt more in common with Scottish
Presbyterian neighbours than with Presbyterian neighbours than with Irish CatholicsIrish Catholics
What were the Economic What were the Economic Differences between Ulster and the Differences between Ulster and the rest of Ireland?rest of Ireland?
Ulster was Ireland’s most prosperous Ulster was Ireland’s most prosperous provinceprovince
Industrial Belfast felt more in Industrial Belfast felt more in common with British Industrial cities common with British Industrial cities than rural souththan rural south
Richer and more advanced farming Richer and more advanced farming methodsmethods
Centuries of Mistrust & PrejudiceCenturies of Mistrust & Prejudice Protestant workers feared the influx Protestant workers feared the influx
of Catholics seeking jobs would force of Catholics seeking jobs would force down wagesdown wages
Many Catholics saw Ulster as the Many Catholics saw Ulster as the hated symbol of British interference hated symbol of British interference in Irelandin Ireland
Ulster Province:60% Protestant40% Catholic
Other Provinces:5% Protestant95% CatholicAll of Ireland
10% Protestant90% Catholic
Lesson 6Lesson 6 66
Home Rule ThreatHome Rule Threat Industrialists and farmers feared southern Home Rule Industrialists and farmers feared southern Home Rule
parliament might threaten their economic wealth.parliament might threaten their economic wealth.
This postcard was This postcard was one of many one of many
produced by unionists produced by unionists to promote their to promote their
opposition to Home opposition to Home RuleRule
It shows Belfast City Hall, It shows Belfast City Hall, once a proud symbol of Ulster once a proud symbol of Ulster
unionism’s entrepreneurial unionism’s entrepreneurial spirit, in a state of utter spirit, in a state of utter dereliction as a result of dereliction as a result of
Home RuleHome Rule
Unionists Unionists saw saw
themselves themselves as a thrifty, as a thrifty, sober and sober and industrious industrious
peoplepeople
This card reflects This card reflects the low opinion they the low opinion they
had of southern had of southern Irish Catholics’ Irish Catholics’
ability to manage ability to manage political and political and
economic affairseconomic affairs
Belfast City Hall
Lesson 6Lesson 6 77
Protestants at Mercy of Protestants at Mercy of CatholicsCatholics Protestants feared that an Irish parliament would Protestants feared that an Irish parliament would
put them at the mercy of Catholics.put them at the mercy of Catholics. They feared Catholics would legislate to destroy They feared Catholics would legislate to destroy
the Protestant way of life.the Protestant way of life.““We will fight as men alone can fight who have the Bible We will fight as men alone can fight who have the Bible in one hand and the sword in the other…..and this will in one hand and the sword in the other…..and this will be our dying cry, echoed from one end of Ulster to the be our dying cry, echoed from one end of Ulster to the other: No Papacy, no Surrender “other: No Papacy, no Surrender “ – 1868 Protestant – 1868 Protestant ministerminister
““Home Rule means Rome Rule”Home Rule means Rome Rule” – Orange Order– Orange Order
Lesson 6Lesson 6 88
British Conservative Political British Conservative Political ViewView Conservatives encouraged Ulster to Conservatives encouraged Ulster to
reject Home Rule by any meansreject Home Rule by any means In 1886 Conservative Politician Lord In 1886 Conservative Politician Lord
Randolf Churchill believed the Orange Randolf Churchill believed the Orange Card would be one to playCard would be one to play
In 1886 he said to a Belfast Crowd: In 1886 he said to a Belfast Crowd: ““Ulster will fight and Ulster will be right”Ulster will fight and Ulster will be right”
Ulster Orange Order would need to Ulster Orange Order would need to organise opposition to Home Rule within organise opposition to Home Rule within Ulster on such a scale that parliament Ulster on such a scale that parliament would never pass a Home Rule billwould never pass a Home Rule bill
Many feared that Home Rule was the Many feared that Home Rule was the vital step to a completely independent vital step to a completely independent IrelandIreland Feared other members of British Empire Feared other members of British Empire
might then follow Ireland’s example and might then follow Ireland’s example and the Empire would disintegratethe Empire would disintegrate
Independent Ireland easily over-run by Independent Ireland easily over-run by foreign powers - could expose Britain on foreign powers - could expose Britain on its western flankits western flank
Lord Randolf Churchill
Lesson 6Lesson 6 99
Ulster Unionist PropagandaUlster Unionist Propaganda
Who do you think this is trying to
persuade?
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1010
Organising Unionist OppositionOrganising Unionist Opposition DemonstrationsDemonstrations
Sept 1911, first demonstration at Sept 1911, first demonstration at CraigavonCraigavon
Organised by James Craig, deputy Organised by James Craig, deputy Leader of Ulster Unionist Party, at his Leader of Ulster Unionist Party, at his home (Craigavon)home (Craigavon)
April 1912, 100,000 Unionists April 1912, 100,000 Unionists attended a demonstration, attended a demonstration, addressed by Conservative addressed by Conservative Opposition leader Andrew Bonar-Opposition leader Andrew Bonar-LawLaw
Sept 12Sept 12thth 1912 Bonar-Law stated: 1912 Bonar-Law stated:““They would be justified in resisting by They would be justified in resisting by all means…. including force…..I can all means…. including force…..I can imagine no length of resistance to imagine no length of resistance to which Ulster can go in which I should which Ulster can go in which I should not be prepared to support them” not be prepared to support them”
Andrew Bonar-Law
With this statement, what could
Bonar-Law be accused of?
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1111
Ulster Solemn Ulster Solemn League & CovenantLeague & Covenant
28th Sept 1912, A 28th Sept 1912, A demonstration was led by demonstration was led by Sir Edward CarsonSir Edward Carson leader of the Unionists from leader of the Unionists from
19101910
This led to the This led to the proclamation of the Ulster proclamation of the Ulster Solemn League & Solemn League & CovenantCovenant those who signed promised those who signed promised
to oppose Home Rule by all to oppose Home Rule by all means necessarymeans necessary
470,000 signed the Covenant470,000 signed the Covenant Carson and other leaders Carson and other leaders
signed in their own bloodsigned in their own blood
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1212
3 reasons why Home Rule would be
against Ireland’s interests
Commitment to defend Ireland from
Home Rule
Refusal to recognise a Home Rule Parliament if
it ever becomes established
Declaration of Loyalty to the King
and Empire
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1313
What is the cartoonists message?
…and what symbolism is he
using?
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1414
Ulster Ulster Volunteer Volunteer
ForceForce Early 1913 a private army Early 1913 a private army
was set up to give military was set up to give military muscle to Unionist demandsmuscle to Unionist demands It was 100,000 strongIt was 100,000 strong at first trained with wooden at first trained with wooden
riflesrifles
What was the Larne gun-What was the Larne gun-running incident, 24 April running incident, 24 April 1914?1914? 20,000 German rifles and 20,000 German rifles and
three million rounds of three million rounds of ammunition landedammunition landed
distributed quickly amongst distributed quickly amongst Ulster VolunteersUlster Volunteers
though illegal the British did though illegal the British did nothing to stop itnothing to stop it
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1515
Curragh Curragh MutinyMutiny Asquith’s dilemma: Asquith’s dilemma:
If it came to civil war would the Govt If it came to civil war would the Govt use the British Army to fight loyal use the British Army to fight loyal Ulster Unionists who wanted to Ulster Unionists who wanted to remain British citizens?remain British citizens?
What was the Curragh Mutiny? What was the Curragh Mutiny? March 1914 Sixty British officers March 1914 Sixty British officers
stationed at Curragh military camp stationed at Curragh military camp refused to fight against the Ulster refused to fight against the Ulster VolunteersVolunteers
Officers were British and IrishOfficers were British and Irish They had been ordered to safeguard They had been ordered to safeguard
munitions depots against raids by munitions depots against raids by the UVFthe UVF
Other British officers warned they Other British officers warned they would follow the Curragh example.would follow the Curragh example.
A major crisis with a war looming A major crisis with a war looming had to be avoidedhad to be avoided
The British Govt tells officers they The British Govt tells officers they would not be ordered to fight the would not be ordered to fight the UVFUVF
Why is this a bad time for a major
crisis in the army?
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1616
Who do you think is running from the crowd?
Where do the British soldiers sympathies lie?
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1717
Belfast postcard produced in
1914
Note the use of the British Union Jack in
the UVF flag
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1818
Partition ConsideredPartition Considered Privately Carson knew that Home Rule Privately Carson knew that Home Rule
could not be stopped for all Irelandcould not be stopped for all Ireland His aim was to exclude the 9 counties of Ulster His aim was to exclude the 9 counties of Ulster
from Home Rulefrom Home Rule Protestants had a majority in Ulster (60% to 40%)Protestants had a majority in Ulster (60% to 40%)
Asquith aimed to satisfy the Unionists by Asquith aimed to satisfy the Unionists by partition of Northeast Ulster:partition of Northeast Ulster: 6 counties only would be excluded from Home 6 counties only would be excluded from Home
Rule for six years.Rule for six years. Unionists refused saying they did not want to remain Unionists refused saying they did not want to remain
in the British Empire only on a temporary basisin the British Empire only on a temporary basis Carson said that the proposal was aCarson said that the proposal was a ““sentence of death with a stay of execution for six sentence of death with a stay of execution for six
years”years”
Lesson 6Lesson 6 1919
Video: Video: “The Troubles” – “The Troubles” – Part 2Part 2
6 – 18 mins 6 – 18 mins [12 mins total][12 mins total]
Unionist reaction to Home RuleUnionist reaction to Home Rule Conservatives encourage Conservatives encourage
resistanceresistance Partition compromisePartition compromise MutinyMutiny UVF armingUVF arming