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Wireless Sensor Networks in Industry
TopicsIntroductionSensorNet TechnologyCase Studies
Alan Broad, CTO,Crossbow Technology
www.xbow.com 2
San Jose Headquarters
Corporate Overview
Global Leader in Sensory SystemsFounded 1995MEMS-Based Inertial Systems Wireless Sensor Networking
110 Employees World Wide
$25M in Venture CapitalCisco Systems, Intel CorporationMorgenthaler Ventures, Paladin Capital
www.xbow.com 3
Wireless Sensor Network – Architecture
Processor/Radio Board
Sensor Node Sensor Board Intra/Internet
Gateway
www.xbow.com 4
020406080
100120140160
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
units
(mill
ions
)
ConservativeAggressive
Source: ON World, In-Stat, WTRS, Harbor Research
Wireless Sensor Network Market Forecast
www.xbow.com 5
Market Stages
Pilots 2001-2005Proof-of-ROI$100-$1000/node
Ramp-up 2006-2008Reliability, Integration, Security$10-$100/node
Mass Market 2009-2011Standards, Cost, Size<$10/node
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Why Do Customers Deploy Wireless Sensors?
1) Lower cost of wiring
2) Networking of standalone sensors
3) New deployment paradigms where wiring is not possible
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Reasons/Motivation
Lower cost of wiring$20 to $2000 per foot20% to 80% of the installation time
Assumptions Traditional Sensor NetworksSensor Cost $2,000 $350Data Acquisition Cost $65 $0Wiring Cost $75 $15Cost Per Sensor $2,140 $365
Num Channels 65 65
Total Cost $139,100 $23,725
Illustrates benefit of MEMS + Wireless
www.xbow.com 8
Reasons/Motivation
Networking of stand alone sensors
HVACPhysical Security systemsFire and Safety systemsLighting control
www.xbow.com 9
Reasons/Motivation
New paradigms for sensors where wiring is difficult
Mining operationsConstruction sitesHazardous environmentsLandscape irrigation
Wireless Sensor Networks – An Introduction
www.xbow.com 11
Convergence of Technologies
Embedded Computing Ubiquitous Wireless
Sensors: Miniaturization, micromachining, and low cost manufacturing leads to smaller sizes, low power, lower costs. Allows us to monitor with higher granularity. Many types or sensors and more on the way.
Smarter, Smaller Sensors
Wireless (RF): Spans a host of technologies including ZigBee and WiFi networks, cellular and satellite communications. Enables a wireless and mobile Internet.
Computing/Internet: Computing power is becoming small and inexpensive enough to add to almost any object. Networks of computers facilitate collaboration through information and resource sharing.
www.xbow.com 12
Wireless Technologies
WAN
LAN
PAN
Low Data Rate High Data Rate
Text Graphics InternetHi-Fi
audioStreaming
videoDigitalvideo
Multi-channel video
From Wireless Sensor Networks by Feng Zhao and Leo Gubias, 2004.
MAN
<1 m
10 m
100 m
Bluetooth2Up to 3 Mbps
Up to 50 km
802.11aUp to 54 Mbps
802.11gUp to 54 Mbps
802.11bUp to 11 Mbps
RFID
WiMax/802.16Up to 75 Mbps
2GGSM/CDMAUp to 64 kbps
3/3.5GUMTS/CDMA2000/TD-SCMA
(384 kbps to over 3 Mbps)
LMDSUp to 38 Mbps
4GUp to 4 MB/sec
Sub-GHzISM
<100 kbps
802.15.4Zigbee250 kbps
Bluetooth1Up to 723 kbps
Ubiquitous Sensor Networks
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Example Application: Physical Security
Hi-Bandwidth Node: Audio,
video
Mobile node: asset and personnel tracking
Multi Node: Light level, magnetic events, tilt, discrete events
Gateway Node: Aggregation, hi speed communication, web server
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A Framework for Sensor Network Platforms
Wireless PlatformsWireless Platforms
Specific PurposeSpecific Purpose Multi PurposeMulti Purpose High BandwidthHigh Bandwidth GatewayGateway
Example name and size “Mote”; 1 cm3 to 10 cm3
Applications Multipurpose sensing and/or data communications relay.
Radio data rate < 100 kbps
MIPS < 10
Flash < 0.5 MB
Energy usage (typ.) 3 V × (10 to 15) mA
Sleep energy (typ.) 1.8 V × 10 μA
RAM < 10 kB
Duty cycle (typ.) 0.5 % to 2 %
“MICA2” by Crossbow
“MICA2DOT” by Crossbow
Battery powered Line powered
www.xbow.com 15
A Framework for Sensor Network Platforms
Wireless PlatformsWireless Platforms
Specific PurposeSpecific Purpose Multi PurposeMulti Purpose High BandwidthHigh Bandwidth GatewayGateway
Example name and size “MICAz”; 1 cm3 to 10 cm3
ApplicationsHigh bandwidth sensing such as image transfer, audio, and vibration.
Radio data rate < 500 kbps
MIPS < 50
Flash < 10 MB
Energy usage (typ.) 3 V × 60 mA
Sleep energy (typ.) 3 V × 100 μA
RAM < 128 kB
Duty cycle (typ.) 5 % to 10 %
“MICAz” and “ iMOTE2” by Crossbow and Intel/Crossbow
Battery powered Line powered
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High Performance iMOTEz hardware platform
PXA 271 or 273 CPUPXA 271 or 273 CPU•• 13/104 MHz13/104 MHz•• 256k SRAM256k SRAM•• 0/32MB SDRAM0/32MB SDRAM•• 32MB FLASH32MB FLASH
802.15.4 radio802.15.4 radio•• Up to100m rangeUp to100m range
Power subsystemPower subsystem•• Regulated supplyRegulated supply•• LiLi--Ion battery chargerIon battery charger
Value componentsValue components•• Security coprocessorSecurity coprocessor
•• Root certificateRoot certificate•• EncryptionEncryption
•• RF locationRF location•• Scalable 32b CPU&DSPScalable 32b CPU&DSP
Basic connectorBasic connector•• UART, IUART, I22C, SPIC, SPI•• GPIOGPIO•• PowerPower•• SDIOSDIO
•• FLASHFLASH•• BT radioBT radio•• 802.11 radio802.11 radio
Advanced connectorAdvanced connector•• Camera interfaceCamera interface•• High speed I/OHigh speed I/O•• Audio interfaceAudio interface•• USB host/clientUSB host/client•• PowerPower
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MICA OEM Stamp
Full wireless node platforms (MICA) at Low-Cost 916/868 Mhz (1mW, 100mW, 1W transmit power)Mesh networking firmwareSmall OEM Form Factor
(Left) Standard US postage stamp. (Right) MICAz Postage Stamp
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Why Mesh ?
Radio contour plots shows that received radio strength varies significantly from idealized pattern
Ref: D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, S. Wicker, “UCLA Computer Science Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013,”
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Why Mesh ?
Static links show variability in receive strength over timeLocal null effects, people, etc., influence the quality of link
Ref: UC Berkeley
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WSN RequirementsRadios
(315, 433, 868, 902-928)Mhz, 2.4Ghz Multiple transmit powers (1mW,100mW,1W)
Network Topologies Star (hub and spoke)Hybrid Mesh (high powered and low powered nodes)All nodes are routers (long battery life)
Multiple Data Flow SupportAny-to-base (upstream)Base-to-any (downstream)
Multiple Levels of Quality of ServiceBest effortLink-to-link ack/nackEnd-to-end ack/nack
Wireless Sensor Networks
TopicsThe Physical InternetTechnology BackgroundExamples/Case Studies
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Case Studies
1. Environmental Monitoring for Seedling Nurseries2. Water Irrigation3. Predictive Maintenance of Large Machinery/Equipment4. Temperature Monitoring for Electric Heat Tracing5. Power Transmission Line Monitoring6. Health Club Equipment Monitoring and Membership
Services
www.xbow.com 23
20 Million Seed Management
Task:Manage 20 million fast growing seeds annually
Issue:Seed dormancy depends on a complex combination of water, light, temperature, gasses, mechanical restrictions, seed coats, and hormone structures
Southeastern US growing regions
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Tree Growth Rate Variability
Old MethodTrust natureMonitor local atmospheric conditions
Sensor Network Way:Monitor soil temperature and moisture at various locationsAdjust irrigation schedule accordingly
www.xbow.com 25
Network Characteristics
Sensor Network Characteristics2-3 sensors per acre Average distance between nodes about 400’50-100 acres totalLow data rate
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Case Studies
1. Environmental Monitoring for Seedling Nurseries2. Water Irrigation3. Predictive Maintenance of Large Machinery/Equipment4. Temperature Monitoring for Electric Heat Tracing5. Power Transmission Line Monitoring6. Health Club Equipment Monitoring and Membership
Services
www.xbow.com 27
Golf Course Water Irrigation
Task:Improve quality of golf course greensReduce water usage
Issue:Greens quality depends on complex factors including soil type, soil moisture and other parameters.
Southeastern US growing regions
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Green Quality Variability
Old MethodGreen keepers monitor each green for quality.Monitor local atmospheric conditions
Sensor Network Way:Monitor soil moisture and soil temperature of each green.Adjust irrigation schedule accordingly
www.xbow.com 29
Network Characteristics
Sensor Network TopologyOne underground sensor at each green communicating with above ground nodes.High power backbone mesh to relay data10-30 above ground mesh nodes9-18 underground nodes1Watt radios
www.xbow.com 30
Case Studies
1. Environmental Monitoring for Seedling Nurseries2. Water Irrigation3. Predictive Maintenance of Large Machinery/Equipment4. Temperature Monitoring for Electric Heat Tracing5. Power Transmission Line Monitoring6. Health Club Equipment Monitoring and Membership
Services
www.xbow.com 31
Customer Case Study – BP
WhatVibration monitoring on oil tankers Manual sensor reading replaced with wireless sensor network
ResultsLower maintenance costProof of reliability of wireless sensor network in harshest environmentRecognized with BP Helios Award
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Benefits
Much more effective condition monitoring regimeContinuous visibility to the engine equipment and conditionReduced costs and errors compared to manually data collection
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Network Characteristics
NodesHigh performance node (ImoteZ) for 100Khz data sampling and large data storage.Mesh wakes-up and forms 1-2 times per day.Bulk transfer of large data sets to base station.Wifi mesh to relay data from WSN to server.
www.xbow.com 34
Case Studies
1. Environmental Monitoring for Seedling Nurseries2. Water Irrigation3. Predictive Maintenance of Large Machinery/Equipment4. Temperature Monitoring for Electric Heat Tracing5. Power Transmission Line Monitoring6. Health Club Equipment Monitoring and Membership
Services
www.xbow.com 35
Electric Heat Tracing
System ComponentsHeater CablesComponentsPower distributionControls AccessoriesInsulationDesign ServiceConstructionMaintenance
www.xbow.com 36
RTD
RTDLead Wire “Cold Lead”
Heat Tracing
Controller
3 Phase Power
Insulated Pipe
Elements of a Electric Heat Tracing Circuit
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20 cktMesh
RTD/VRC
20 cktMesh
RTD/VRC
20 cktMesh
RTD/VRC
20 cktMesh
RTD/VRC
#1 Target: Eliminate RTD Lead Wiring
Replacement Cost:is 20 x Mote Costplus 1 Gateway
www.xbow.com 38
WSN Characteristics
50-100 units per site with 3 RTDs per unitTypically 100’-200’ between units.1 mW radios, 916MhzMinimum 5 years battery.Upstream communication onlyData transmitted every 5 minutes
www.xbow.com 39
Case Studies
1. Environmental Monitoring for Seedling Nurseries2. Water Irrigation3. Predictive Maintenance of Large Machinery/Equipment4. Temperature Monitoring for Electric Heat Tracing5. Power Transmission Line Monitoring6. Health Club Equipment Monitoring and Membership
Services
www.xbow.com 40
High Voltage Transmission Line Monitoring
ObjectiveLocate failures of high voltage power lines.Monitor the electric and magnetic fields at each high voltage pole..Detect failure and relay information to control station
www.xbow.com 41
WSN Characteristics
Linear array: relay data 20-40 hops to a base station.500-1000’ between hop100mW to 1W radiosMinimum 5-10 years battery life with solar.
www.xbow.com 42
Case Studies
1. Environmental Monitoring for Seedling Nurseries2. Water Irrigation3. Predictive Maintenance of Large Machinery/Equipment4. Temperature Monitoring for Electric Heat Tracing5. Power Transmission Line Monitoring6. Health Club Equipment Monitoring and Membership Services
www.xbow.com 43
Customer Case Study – Life Fitness
TaskImprove health club profitability by increasing membership retention.Use wireless network for fitness equipment to download and monitor personalized workoutsUse wireless network to monitoring equipment usage
www.xbow.com 44
Customer Case Study – Life Fitness
Old MethodMember’s fill out work out cards after exercising on each machine.User’s responsible to determine amount of exercise, each workout.No feedbackClub owner’s don’t know which pieces of equipment are more heavily used
Sensor Network Way:
Work out information for each user is wirelessly transmitted to a machine before workout.Actual workout information transmitted back to server after the workoutUser’s get immediate feedback on their workoutClub owners know usage of each machine
www.xbow.com 45
Customer Case Study – Life Fitness
WSN Characteristics :Limited power for radio communication on all machines.Some machines are always powered – form high speed communication backboneSome machines are battery powered – act as leaf nodes.More downstream communication than upstream.
