Wireless Sensor Networking in Railways

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKING IN RAILWAYS

BATCH MEMBERS:HARI BALAKRISHNANR.PRAVEEN CHANDARR.SATHISH KUMAR

Thursday 1 September 2011

What Is a Wireless Sensor Network?

• A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions.

• These autonomous devices, or nodes, combine with routers and a gateway to create a typical WSN system.

• The distributed measurement nodes communicate wirelessly to a central gateway, which provides a connection to the wired world where you can collect, process, analyze, and present your measurement data.

• To extend distance and reliability in a wireless sensor network, we can use routers to gain an additional communication link between end nodes and the gateway.

• National Instruments Wireless Sensor Networks offer reliable, low-power measurement nodes that operate for up to three years on 4 AA batteries and can be deployed for long-term, remote operation.


• It consists of spatially distributed nodes to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions.

• The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance.

• Nowadays, it is used in many industrial and civilian application areas.

• USED BY LEADING TECHNOLOGIES like Sun Microsystem, Crossbow Technology, MEMS & Agro-Sens.

DEVELOPMENT OF WSN


GENERAL FEATURES & APPLICATIONS OF SENSOR NODES

• CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF POWER CAN BE STORED.

• ABILITY TO WITHSTAND HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

• DYNAMIC NETWORK TOPOLOGY.

• ABILITY TO COPE WITH NODE FAILURES

• THEY USUALLY CONSIST OF A PROCESSING UNIT WITH MEMORY,SENSORS,COMMUNICATION DEVICE,POWER SOURCE AND THE SECONDARY COMMUNICATION DEVICE(RS-232).

• APPLICATIONS ARE:- AREA MONITORING,ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING,GREENHOUSE MONITORING,LANDSLIDE DETECTION,INDUSTRIAL MONITORING,WATER/WASTEWATER MONITORING, AGRICULTURE AND TRANSPORTATION MONITORING FOR FLAW DETECTION.




IMPLEMENTATION IN RAILWAYS


NEED FOR WSN IN RAILWAYS

• THE TRAINS MOVE AT A HIGH SPEED AND PROPER BREAKING DISTANCE NEEDED TO STOP FROM THE FULL SPEED

• TO SAFETY RECEIVE AND DISPATCH TRAINS AT A STATION

• RAILWAY SIGNALING DECIDES THE NUMBER OF TRAIN THAT CAN RUN ON A SINGLE DAY

• BY PROPER SIGNALING THE NUMBER OF TRAINS CAN BE INCREASED FOR COMMUTERS

• TO CONTROL THE MOVEMENTS OF TRAINS FROM ONE STATION TO ANOTHER AFTER ENSURING THAT THE TRACK ON THIS TRAIN WILL BE FAR FROM MOVEMENT OF ANOTHER TRAIN EITHER IN THE SAME OR OPPOSITE DIRECTION


EXISTING TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

• The statistics in the developing countries showing that 80% of worst collisions occurred so far is due to either human error

• Large scope for miscommunication

• Oral communication through telephonic and telegraphic conversation


CAUSES FOR RAILWAY ACCIDENTS

• 76 per cent of the accidents take place because of derailments

• human error

• track problems or adverse weather conditions

• Collisions lead to about eight per cent of the mishaps


OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

• TO IMPLEMENT GATE CONTROL

• TO OVERCOME MISMANAGEMENT DURING SIGNALING

• TO AVOID COLLISION BETWEEN TRAINS

• TO IDENTIFY THE FAULTY TRACKS

• REGULARIZATION OF RAIL TRAFFIC

• TRIPPING OF HT DURING ABNORMAL CONDITIONS

• SPEED INDICATION ON TO THE STATIONS


GATE CONTROL• IT IS AIMED TO AVOID THE

CARELESSNESS IN MANUAL OPERATIONS OR LACK OF WORKERS

• IF A TRAIN APPROACHES FROM EITHER SIDE, THE SENSORS PLACED AT A CERTAIN DISTANCE FROM THE GATE SENSES THE TRAIN

• IT IS OPERATED WITH THE HELP OF STEPPER MOTOR

• IT IS INTERFACED AND CONTROLLED AUTOMATICALLY WITH THE HELP OF PC

• TRACK SWITCHING CAN ALSO MAKE THE USE OF STEPPER MOTOR


SPEED INDICATION

• Speed can be determined by each station’s sensor module

• These stations calculate the travel time and distance

• Therefore determines the speed effectively


AVOIDING COLLISION

• It can be avoided by the use of the sensors

• These are separated at a distance

• One of the sensors forming IR and the other metal detection

• Therefore power can be tripped off


SIGNALING• RELAY BASED SIGNALING IS PROVED TO BE

SAFE IN PERFORMANCE.

• BY THE USE OF SENSORS AND RELAYS, SAFETY AND ACCURACY IS INCREASED.

• RAILWAY SIGNALING GOVERNED BY THE CONCEPT ‘INTERLOCKING’

• MOST OF THEM FOLLOW EIS

• IT REDUCES THE RELAY, WIRINGS,TRACK EQUIPMENTS.

• IT INVOLVES RADIO COMMUNICATION

• RAILWAY SIGNALING COMBINES THE GROUND BASE SIGNALING AND ON-BOARD COMPUTER SIGNALING.


TRIPPING HT

• At extremely vulnerable position of the train

• It is best to trip off the power

• It is done by the circuit breaker


TRACK FAILURE

• Hall effect sensors were used in a conventional track recording vehicle (TRV) for use in routinely monitoring the surface fatigue severities in track along a railway.

• Nowadays we can make use of improving relays separately for this purpose by wireless communication

• As you know it forms similar to a switching device


RELAY


GENERAL SCHEMATIC OF A TRACK


Wirelesstransmitter

WirelessReceiver

PIC16f877a

Rs232Con

SignallingOutput’s

Wireless Audio Tx

SignallingRelays

Signal Lamps

OptoIsolator

Tr. Power DriversRelay

DriverMechanical

Model

Sensor from track

Sensor from track

Schmitt Trigger

Block Diagram

TRAINAudio Receiver For Train Driver


SECTIONS USED IN THIS PROJECT

• MECHANICAL MODEL

• TRANSMITTER

• RECEIVER

• RS 232

• PC


POWER DRIVER

OPTO ISOLATORPIC MICRO CONTROLLER

RECEIVER SECTION


RED SIGNAL

GREEN SIGNAL

RELAY DRIVERSSCHMITT TRIGGER


INFRA RED SENSORS

MINIATURE SENSORS


FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

• WE HAVE WIDER SCOPES FOR DEVELOPING THIS PROJECT

• THE PRIMARY ENHANCEMENT IS THE TRACT DIVERSION TECHNIQUE, WHICH CAN BE ACHIEVED

• SYNCHRONIZED MIMIC PANEL CAN BE EXPANDED SUCH THAT THE ANNUNCIATION OF THE ONGOING TRAINS CAN BE MONITORED FROM THE CENTRALIZED CONTROL ROOM

• ENHANCED VERSION OF THIS PROJECT IS THAT TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS REPLACE CABLE CONNECTING THE SENSORS


CONCLUSION

• IT USES ADVANCED FEATURES OF MICRO CONTROLLER WITH IR SENSORS AND THE METAL DETECTORS, PROVES TO BE EFFECTIVE IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES

• IT IS APPLICABLE AT EVERY ASPECT OF THE RAILWAYS FOR UNINTERRUPTIBLE SERVICE

• SAVING HUMAN LIFE, PROTECTION AGAINST ACCIDENTS AND THE COMMUNICABLE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ARE THE SALIENT FEATURES AND THE ADDED ADVANTAGE OF THIS PROJECT



THANK YOU
