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Wireless Communication: Frontiers for the Last Mile
Prof. Theodore S. RappaportWilliam and Bettye Nowlin Chair of Engineering
Wireless Networking and Communications GroupThe University of Texas at Austin
♦
The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TX
February 27, 2004
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Wireless Revolution
Growth of Cellular Telephone Subscribers Throughout the World
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1985 1990 1995 2000
Num
ber
of W
orld
wid
e S
ubsc
riber
s(M
illio
ns)
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Today’s Subscriber Base
Subscriber Base as a Function of Cellular Technology in Late 2001
0
100
200
300
400
FirstGeneration
Analog
GSM IS-136 &PDC
IS-95CDMAN
umbe
r of
Sub
scrib
ers
Usi
ng T
echn
olog
y(M
illio
ns)
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
2.5G
2G
3G
GPRS
IS-95B
IS-95 GSMIS-136 & PDC
EDGEHSCSD
3GPP
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMAEDGE
3GPP2
CDMA2000-3XRTT
CDMA2000-1XEV, DV, DO
CDMA2000-1XRTT
From 2G to 3G
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Cellular, 50 MHz, 1983
PCS, 150 MHz, 1995
UNII, 300 MHz, 1997
LMDS, 1300 MHz, 1998
60 GHz Unlicensed, 5000 MHz, 1998
• A voice channel occupies ~ 10 kHz of spectrum.• A TV channel occupies ~ 5 MHz of spectrum.
Recent U.S. Spectrum Allocations
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Investor´s PerspectiveVodafone
14%
Hutchison12%
NTT DoCoMo
11%
Deutsche Telekom
9%
MobilCom9%Telefonica
7%
British Telecom
6%
Others32%
License price per pop. in $US (Oct. 01)
Oct 2001
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Problems
• Broadband fiber offers enormous capacity to feed “last” mile
• Telco’s must compete with Cable triple play• Phone Service• Internet• On-Demand Video
• Carriers need an immediate infrastructure for broadband video delivery / cable-like world
• Wireless offers rapid deployment with extreme bandwidths and little plant
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Solution
• Broadband wireless supported by:• Integrated Antennas• MIMO Technology
• Novel and flexible architecture• WiMax (802.16), Mesh (802.20)
• Carriers can deploy in neighborhoods with just one truck-roll per large neighborhood
• Delivers last-mile huge bandwidths that will be “pulled’ by new consumer electronics, UWB home networks
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Why Hasn’t Last Mile Broadband Wireless Happened?
• Telco’s and Cableco’s invested in wiring• MMDS Wireless• Too narrowband
• No clear spectrum policy or owner (however, Nextel bought Worldcom footprint)
• Nationwide broadband wireless last-mile emerging as a strategy (Nextel, Sprint, ??)
• LMDS Wireless• 28 / 38 GHz too expensive to date but technology is
maturing• 5.8 to 12 GHz is the next frequency revolution (WiFi,
Northpoint Wireless Cable)
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Today’s Local Loop
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Attenuation due to hail: 25.7 dB.Hail size: 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter.
Weather Effects at Millimeter Wave
From: H. Xu, T. S. Rappaport, R. J. Boyle, and J. H. Schaffner, “Measurements and Models for 38-GHz Point-to-Multipoint Radiowave Propagation”, IEEE Journal on Sel. Areas in Communications, March 2000, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 310-321
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Last-Mile Wireless Will Happen!
• Reduce truck rolls – high data rate last-mile ports sold in Walmart (or Dell) for home installation
• Communications / Computing / Entertainment will pull bandwidth into every home and office on “portable” flexible devices.
• “On-the-pole” provisioning supports neighborhood growth
• Already cable companies eyeing “Wireless Roadrunner”, Hot spots are harbingers
• Why do I need to put my TV and stereo near a cable jack?
• Why does the cable guy have to come into my house?
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Current Status / Future Directions
Cost per Subscriber
Date Rate per User Streaming Video
POTS $40 / month 56 kbps Poor
Cellular / PCS $50 / month 10 – 64 kbps Poor
DSL $50 / month 1 Mbps Fair
Cable $80 / month 1.2 – 5 Mbps Good / Excellent
Fiber to the Home
Expensive – Dig up street
>10 Mbps Excellent
MIMO Last Mile Inexpensive – Climb a pole
>10 Mbps Excellent
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Wireless Modem Fundamentals
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Transistor Count
Transistors = 7.4M
Transistors = 75M
Intel Pentium II - 199532bit up
Xilinx/UMC Group - 1999Virtex - 1000
100M
10M
1M
100K
10K
1K
100
10
0
RCA - 1962First MOSFET
Transistor = 1
Intel - 1972First 8bit up
8080
Transistors = 4,500
Transistors = 450,000
HP-198132bit up
Moore’s Law
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Future of DSP and RF Hardware
• Trends• Increasing levels of System integration• Pervasive DSP enabling anywhere anytime connectivity• Increasingly complex systems• Decreasing market windows• RF system on a chip becoming viable
• Designs• Device technology supporting highly parallel DSP engines• Design methodologies
• Abstraction that permits working in the language of the problem• Enables effective integration of re-usable components (cores)
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN’s
•11 Mbps incumbent
•54 Mbps now
•Roaming 802.11g
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
IEEE 802.11 Evolution
FHSS
IEEE 802.11
2.4 GHz
DSSS
2 Mbps4GFSK
1 Mbps2GFSK
2 MbpsDQPSK
1 MbpsDBPSK
IEEE 802.11bExtension
11 MbpsDQPSK-CCKQPSK-PBCC
5.5 MbpsDQPSK-CCKBPSK-PBCC
IEEE 802.11aExtension
5 GHz
OFDM
IEEE 802.11gExtension
2.4 GHz
12 MbpsQPSK
24 Mbps16-QAM
36 Mbps16-QAM
48 Mbps16-QAM
54 Mbps64-QAM
6 MbpsBPSK
IEEE WLAN Standards
From: B. Li, N. Kanat, H. Lee, D. Menchaca, and T. S. Rappaport, “Overview of Wireless Networks and Security Issues for WiFi Networks”, Radio Club of America, Submitted for publication in August 2003
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
2.4 GHz Channelization for WLAN’s
Country Regulatory Agency
Frequency Range Available
DSSS Channels Available
FHSS Channels Available
United States FCC 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 11 2 through 80
Canada IC 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 11 2 through 80
Japan MKK 2.4 to 2.497 GHz 1 through 14 2 through 95
France 2.4465 to 2.4835 GHz 10 through 13 48 through 82
Spain 2.445 to 2.475 GHz 10 and 11 47 through 73
Remainder of Europe ETSI 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 13 2 through 80
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
LANAccess point
Headset
Mobile phone
Mouse
Printer
Laptop
Laptop
Personal Area Networks – Bluetooth / UWB
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
UWB – Broadband in the Home
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
UWB Regulations - FCC
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Personal Area Networks IEEE 802.15
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
IEEE 802.15.3 UWB
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
UWB will Revolutionize Consumer Electronics
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
One UWB Standard Proposal
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Another UWB Standard Proposal
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
How the 2 UWB Standards Operate
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
GHzGHz
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Internet Protocol Zoo
modem300 bps-28 Kbps
PPP, SLIP
ISDN64-
128 Kbps
PPP
X.259.6 Kbps-
2Mbps
RFC 1356 Token Ring Ethernet10 -
100Mbps
FDDI100 Mbps
ATM25 Mbps-Gbps
SNAPAAL 4,5
HIPPI800Mbps-1.6Gbps
IPv4, IPv6
UDP TCP
videotool
MUA/MTA
newsreader
browser
H.261 MIME HTML
RTP DNS SMTP NNTP ftp http
manager
ASN.1
SNMP
userspace
library
kernel
driver
board
application
transport
subnet datalink
IPv4, IPv6network
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
How to Place and Measure Access Points?
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Making Wireless Work
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Houses
Moderately Wooded Yards
Trees
Base StationStreet
Trees
Trees
Trees
Trees
Tree
s
The Last 100 Meters of Wireless Access
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
40.2 45.0
31.3
51.4
33.4
52.6
32.4
51.3
33.7
54.4
31.8
53.6
32.0
29.6 33.0 48.5
31.3
50.7
25.9
51.0
27.3
57.9
32.1
56.5
32.0
Outdoor 1.5m Rx Ant. Path Loss (Shoulder high)
Indoor Path LossOutdoor 5.5m Rx Ant. Path Loss (Top of house)
Key
all values in dB w.r.t.1m FS
Tx
41.639.6
40.1
42.5 51.251.9
57.7
45.8
43.7
46.7
44.4 40.6
46.651.7
51.2Kitchen
Deck
First Floor
Second Floor
Garage
Tree
Tree
FrontBedroom
Rear Bed. 1
MasterBedroom
Rear Bed. 2Family Room
LivingRoom
DiningRoom
Office
Path loss into a home from the street
5.8 GHzC. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Knowledge leads to deployment tools
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
SitePlanner® Environment with Channel Measurements and Throughput Prediction
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Shopping mallstore walls
Leaky FeederAntenna System
Required < 2 minutes on a Pentium II 300 MHz PC
Data Appliances and Applications
Cellular, PCS, WAPWireless Office ServiceWireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)Wireless PDAs (Compaq
IPAQ, Handspring)Wireless VoIPWireless VideoBluetooth
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Observations – where we are today
• 3G Wireless will compete with WLAN• Tetherless networks are coming to homes and
offices• Fixed wireless access may replace fiber• The web is here to stay• Cellular started “outside in”• WLAN is moving “inside out”• Fixed wireless access is the ultimate last mile
solution• The web, computing, and wireless are merging!!!
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Space – The Final Frontier
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Diversity gives Capacity – MIMO!
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
HUGE Capacity Increases are coming!
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Global Market Opportunity for Texas
• Today, less than 30% of US has broadband internet access to their homes
• Today, less than 500 million of the 6 billion people in the world have internet access
• Telecom Corridor (Dallas), The Semiconductor and Software Industries (Austin), the Computing Industry (Houston, Austin), and Security Industry (San Antonio) have greatest growth opportunities to “network the world.”
• This will be done “wirelessly” across the globe, as wireless eclipses wired deployments, especially in developing nations and rural locations.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Our Mission for theTexas Wireless Networking and
Communications Center
To be a premier creator of research and innovation for the communications, software, and semiconductor industries in the state of Texas, while fostering economic development, and excellence in education and research that will make Texas the preeminent wireless industrial leader in the US.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG) formed at UT in September
2002• $1 MM investment provided by Texas companies
(Motorola, SBC, & Texas Instruments) and UT to launch WNCG in Sept. 2002
• 12 Electrical and Computer Engineering faculty formed new center (WNCG)
• 7000 sq. ft. premier laboratories and start-up facility built for center ops on UT Austin campus. Will be complete in March 2004.
• Over $2.3 million in external funds received for wireless R&D in just first year of operation! This can be scaled for state benefit.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Industrial Affiliate Sponsors of WNCGEach company or organization has invested $150K for a 3-year commitment. $1,050,000
committed in the first year alone. Several more companies will soon join.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Basic R&D and Corporate Sponsors of WNCG
$2,350,000.00 in R&D committed in just the first year of operation.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
WNCG’s Early Success Can Scale for Enormous Texas Benefit
• Create a state-wide research center focused on building Texas leadership in wireless for technology transfer and job creation involving key researchers, business leaders, and investors
• Develop wireless educational programs and technology for use by community colleges and high schools in Texas
• Enormous intellectual resource for Texas high-tech entrepreneurs to promote company relocations and capital investment in Texas.
• WNCG faculty will interact and bond with other key communication engineering faculty throughout Texas
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Beneficiaries of Texas Wireless Networking and
Communications Center• Texas Telecommunication System Manufacturers
(Dallas / Richardson)
• Texas Semiconductor Industry (Austin)
• Texas Embedded Software and Security Industry (Austin, San Antonio, Dallas)
• Texas Computer and Network Equipment Manufacturers (Houston, Austin, Dallas)
• Texas High-Tech Investment Community and Economic Development Agencies (Statewide)
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Key R&D Thrust Areas of Texas Wireless Networking and
Communications Center• Radio Frequency (RF) Integrated Circuit Design
• Wireless on a chip• Networking Deployment, Simulation, and Security
• RF ID tags, sensors, border control• Large Scale Wireless Internet Control• Wireless Access for International, Rural, disadvantaged areas
• Advanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP)• Broadband ubiquitous access• Home entertainment
• Economic Development and Human Capital Development• Concept to prototype• Spin-out technologies to Texas Companies• Technology roadmaps for private and corporate investors• High School / Community College education leadership and
curriculum development
The Big Prize – A National CenterNational Science Foundation Engineering Research Center
• With existing sponsorship and sustained state funding, The Texas Wireless Networking and Communications Center will be ideally positioned to win a NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC). ERC’s are competitive national centers of excellence that may last up to 15 years, funded at $5M / year. This is a $75 million dollar opportunity.
• Texas currently does not have an ERC, yet the Texas semiconductor, communications, computer, and software industries would benefit tremendously.
• With state funding, combined with WNCG current and future funding, and other key Texas engineering centers, an NSF ERC will amplify state funding by a minimum of 20:1 and more likely 100:1 in value.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
How will the Texas state funding be spent?
• Top notch research scientists and staff recruited to Texas to work with faculty and sponsors for creating new knowledge, inventions, and producing student leaders.
• Development of curriculum materials and outreach programs to build the state’s leadership in wireless networking.
• Creation of industry and investor roundtable to better connect university research with corporate technology transfer and the investor community.
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
What we need from the State
• The state should show Texans that Wall Street does not value R&D in Telecommunications since the dot-com implosion, and there is a lot at stake for the future of the Texas communications industry.
• Asia and Europe are investing heavily in wireless communications and networking while the US R&D spending has faltered.
• The state has major corporations and leading researchers in wireless, and Texas universities working with industry and government will make Texas a national leader in the wireless revolution and the prosperity it will bring.
• The state’s support of a Texas research center in wireless networking and communications can spearhead new technologies, new human capital, and economic development for Texas
• The state’s business support will be needed to win an NSF ERC on ubiquitous wireless communications in 2005 - 2006
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Final Remarks• The Web, the PC, and Wireless will merge
• Today 1 Billion, but 2 Billion users by 2008
• We only use high data rates when we sit or stand, hence a commercial battle will occur inside buildings
• Space-Time Channels will yield huge capacity increases
• DSP, Networking, RF ID, and Communications are fundamental to future systems
• Texas has an opportunity to be a world leader in wireless
C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved