Planning of RWH & Management Interventions

Alex R Oduor & Kipruto Cherogony

Purpose of RWH Planning

1. Assist practitioners develop a RWH plan based on watershed approach. The plan would be used as a guide for implementation.

2. Assist the community acknowledge current status of water & how it is being managed.

3. Assist the community understand their vision and what is required to realize it

4. Assist in M&E of the implementation.

What entails RWH Planning to boost & sustain food security

1. Societal needs2. Local Natural Resources Potential3. Appropriate/best-bet technologies4. Institutional & human resources capacities5. Policy & by-laws6. Sustainability factors

1. Societal needs

• Use tools/approaches/methodologies such as the Virtual Water Concept, PRAs etc to determine the following:o Communities food preferences, water & nutritional analysis,o How the food is acquiredo Food & water sufficiency or insufficiency including quality.o Management of food surplus or inadequacieso Non-food items/activities that contribute to food security

Understanding water scarcity

• > 1500 m3/cap/yr = Water Sufficient• 1000 – 1500 m3/cap/yr = Water Stressed• < 1000m3/cap/yr = Water Scarce

• Humans need 1500m3/capita/yr for domestic, diet and industrial consumption partitioned as follows:

Human water needs based on global ideal

Human water needs based on ASAL areas

The virtual water concept Food calories

The virtual water concept Food calories

Virtual water

Commodity Embedded Water

1 cup of coffee 1.5 drums H2O

Loaf of 400gm Bread 2.5 drums H2O

1 Litre of milk 5 drums H2O

1 Kg rice 15 drums H2O

1 Kg maize 4.5 drums H2O

1 Kg wheat 7 drums H2O

Dairy cow 55,302 Kg H2O

Beef grazing cow 11.905 Kg H2O

Example of virtual water in daily meals

Is this amount of food taken per day healthy?YES.

Building local partnerships

• These are important because of:o Strength in numbers of people with common visiono Increased resources thru’ pooling of people with local

knowledge to tackle problems more effectivelyo Diverse expertise from a wide range of people o Increased acceptability when more people are involvedo Joint coordination, decision and solution making

3. Appropriate/Best bet technologies

• After computing the RWH potential, determine a set of multi-criteria to facilitate identification of appropriate technologies

• Place this in GIS environment• Map the development domains/technologies• Have consultative meetings with stakeholders• Adjust the domain map

Encouraging participation• Assess the willingness & capacities of people to contribute• Establish a clear sense of direction• Give people specific things to do, how much it entails & how long

it will take. Support their efforts• Show how the problems in their watershed affect residents

economically, socially and environmentally• Recognize the group & its members publicly so the community

knows who is representing them• Hold site visits and out side tours for the community.• Prevent burn-out thru celebration of progress.

4. Institutional & human resources capacities

Baseline inventorization• This is done thru’ desktop studies, direct observations,

fieldwork and GIS to:o Provide data that’ll enable the community make informed

decisions on resource management.o Establish benchmark conditions to be used later in determining

changes thro’ M&E.o Compile enough data for analysis of interactions between people

& the natural resources in the watershed.o Characterize the bio-physical resources

5. Local Natural Resources Potential

RWH MASTER PLAN FLOW CHART

Slope and ReliefAnalyze slope, gradients & landforms data

Soil TypeAnalyze pedological data: Soil type, depth, infiltration/runoff characteristics, fertility levels etc

Produce a water balance at District level

Ground Water PotentialsSurface Water Potentials

Runoff Potential at District & Watershed levels

Rainfall potentials at District & Watershed levels

Rainfall PartitioningDetermine rainfall partitions

Produce Maps (1a) showing suitable slope/relief, Map (1b) depicting slope suitability by ranks & (1c) depicting watersheds.

Produce Map (2a) showing suitable soils & Map (2b) depicting soil capability ranking for irrigation

Produce individual Maps 5

Land use/VegetationAnalyze land use and land cover data

Produce Maps 3 showing land use/Landcover

Climatic dataAnalyze climatological data including daily, monthly and annual rainfall over at least a 30 year period

Produce Maps 4 depicting climatic aspects: Temperatures, Rainfall

Produce Map 6 showing potential supplementary irrigable areas based on bio-physical parameters

Use rankingto run MCA

Level 1 in GIS environment

Location of Study area

Bio-physical status - DEM

Bio-physical status - Rainfall

Bio-physical status – Drainage Network

Bio-physical status - Slope

Farmland command site(s)Identify site/size from DEM & Landform analysis

Runoff waterEstimate runoff potential at individual site level

Surface WaterEstimate potential of rivers/lakes etc.

Dam/intake siteIdentify and assess dam/intake site

Ground WaterEstimate GW potential

General feasibility and planning• Is the site economically feasible?• Consider water quantity needed Vs. available• Consider Water quality / health• Undertake preliminary EIA• Community Management Structure• Training Needs Assessment• Land Tenure

Preliminary costing

Carryout Geological and Geotechnical survey

Ignore site

Is the project still feasible?

AdequateInadequate

YES

NO

AdequateInadequate

InadequateAdequate

Are cracks IdentifiedNO

NO

Does site APPEAR technically feasible?

YES

Gazetted/protected AreasAre the areas protected or gazetted by Government e.g. forest reserves, National parks?

Produce Map 7 showing irrigable areas with gazetted/ protect areas annexed

NOYES

Is it prudent to degazette?

NO

YES

YES

Runoff potentialID SUBLOCATION AREA in Mm2 VOLUME IN Mm3

1 MATOPE 124 222 KINAGONI 244 453 VINYUNDUNI 148 264 MAKAMINI 155 305 KALALANI 62 156 MWABILA 103 227 MATUMBI 71 168 MWATATE 43 119 TARU 123 2110 CHENGONI 90 1611 MAJI YA CHUMVI 90 17

12 MAZERAS 16 513 MWAMDUDU 15 414 MNYENZENI 32 915 CHIGATO 17 516 KIBANDAONGO 82 2117 GANDINI 91 2518 MTAA 44 1019 MABESHENI 32 720 BOFU 52 13

GRAND TOTAL 1,632 341

Runoff volume by sub-location ‘000 m3

Runoff volume by sub-location ‘000 m3

Analysis of runoff waterID SUB-LOCATION Gross Runoff (m3 )

Net Runoff HH (m3 )

Drinking water (m3 )

Agriculture water (m3 )

Domestic & others (m3 )

1 MATOPE 14,378 5,176 474 11,502 2,4012 KINAGONI 34,219 12,319 1,129 27,375 5,7153 VINYUNDUNI 29,360 10,569 969 23,488 4,9034 MAKAMINI 30,465 10,967 1,005 24,372 5,0885 KALALANI 8,057 2,901 266 6,446 1,3466 MWABILA 26,548 9,557 876 21,239 4,4347 MATUMBI 22,950 8,262 757 18,360 3,8338 MWATATE 7,290 2,624 241 5,832 1,2179 TARU 40,902 14,725 1,350 32,721 6,831

10 CHENGONI 22,239 8,006 734 17,791 3,71411 MAJI YA CHUMVI 48,973 17,630 1,616 39,179 8,179

12 MAZERAS 2,989 1,076 99 2,391 49913 MWAMDUDU 12,813 4,613 423 10,251 2,14014 MNYENZENI 6,259 2,253 207 5,007 1,04515 CHIGATO 6,504 2,342 215 5,203 1,08616 KIBANDAONGO 15,601 5,616 515 12,480 2,60517 GANDINI 12,575 4,527 415 10,060 2,10018 MTAA 16,626 5,986 549 13,301 2,77719 MABESHENI 32,486 11,695 1,072 25,989 5,42520 BOFU 12,685 4,567 419 10,148 2,118

Sample soils in detail and interpret results

Identify the most suitable crop(s) and livestock for irrigation/watering

Determine ETc for this crop and water requirements for livestock and humans

Planning: Labour; Mechanization; Community cost sharing

Legal issues/permits

Final technical design• Detailed topographic survey• Position of the reservoir and spillway• Capacity & shape of the water

reservoir, Design the foundation• Design of reservoir infrastructure• Design water extraction• Determine irrigable area

Financial & Economic AnalysisPrepare financial report

Socio-economic/cultural surveyMarkets, infrastructure access and potential demography/poverty levels

Review costs, prepare detailed plan, including:• Construction plan• Bill of quantities• Design report and drawings• Irrigation layouts

PRODUCE TENDER DOCUMENTS & SUBMIT FINANCIER

Undertake detailed EIA

Is the project still feasible?

YESNO

Discard Site

Crop Water Use with FAO’s CROPWAT 8.0

DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRICT PLAN MAPS

• Develop criteria for each bio-physical parameters to facilitate the demarcation of areas according to use (i.e. development domains for crops; domestic & livestock use). use).

Rainfall Regime Category

<200mm Desert

200 - 400mm Arid lands

400 - 800mm Semi-arid lands

800 – 1200mm Sub-humid

>1200mm humid

Example of Plan for Gisagara District, Rwanda

Sustainability Aspects

• Physical• Technical• Social• Economic• Financial• Environmental

THE END