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In the Spiceworks infographic, "The Evolution of Information Technology Through US Presidential Administrations," we take a trip down memory lane to reflect on milestones in the evolution of IT over 9 decades, analyze the role of tech in US history and popular culture, and cite computing quotes from US Presidents and popular figures.
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The Evolution of Information Technology
Through U.S. Presidential
Administrations
The Evolution of Information Technology
Through U.S. Presidential
Administrations
from 1930s – present
Before bacon, LOLcats and unicorns ruled social media and powerful computers fit in our pockets, computer networks were driven by massive mainframes filled with actual
bugs, all riding on the dreams of brilliant technologists and inventors.
But we wouldn’t be where we are today without the support of the commanders-in-chief along the way, so here are some of the milestones of tech
progress under the last 13 presidents:
brought to you by
The Start of the IT Era
1992
1994
1994
1997
1998
2001
2003
2004
2006
2007
2009
2010
2012
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President Bill ClintonJanuary 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
1993
President George W. BushJanuary 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
2001
President Barack ObamaJanuary 20, 2009 – present
2009
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2010s
“What a computer is to me is it’s the most remarkable tool that we have ever come up with. It’s the equivalent of a
bicycle for our minds.”—Steve Jobs
1992Linux released under the GNU General Public
License - free operating systems for everyone!
1994Netscape Communications Corporation is
founded. Originally called the Mosaic Communications corporation, Netscape
would herald the Internet boom of the 1990s.
Yahoo is founded by Stanford graduate students Jerry Yang and David Filo, which started out as
“Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web.”
The �rst White House website is launched. President Clinton issues an executive order
forcing the heads of every federal agency to employ IT in their operations.
President Clinton and Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt participate in the �rst email exchange
between two heads of state.
1997Palm Pilot released. International community frets
about people spending too much time on portable electronic devices.
“Ideas, information, and money cross the planet at the stroke of a computer key, bringing with them
extraordinary opportunities to create wealth, to prevent and conquer disease, to foster greater
understanding among peoples of di�erent histories and di�erent cultures.” —President Clinton
2001Wikipedia launches; students
everywhere rejoice.
“Like almost everyone who uses e-mail, I receive a ton of spam every day. Much of it o�ers to
help me get out of debt or get rich quick. It would be funny if it weren’t so irritating.”
—Bill Gates
2003
2004Google indexes more than 8 billion web pages. International community worries about people spending too much time online.
Facebook launches, available only to Harvard students. International community wrings hands over social media causing disconnection.
“The Internet has changed us. It’s changed the whole world. It’s an amazing example of what a commitment to research dollars can mean.”—President Bush
2006Spiceworks founded in Austin, Texas. Millions of IT pros use Spiceworks to get the info, advice and tools they need to do their jobs and decide what to buy.
2007First Apple iPhone launches. Fretting about time spent on phones reaches maximum fervor; so do phone sales.
2009President Obama begins his weekly address via YouTube.
President Obama selects Aneesh Chopra to be the White House’s �rst Chief Technology O�cer.
2010Apple releases the iPad, ushering in a new era of
tablet computing and people looking silly taking photos with giant aluminum rectangles.
2012The number of smartphones reaches 1 billion worldwide.
The number of virtualized servers surpasses the number of physical servers in the world.
“Technology and the internet can empower the sorts of conversations that strengthen our democracy over the long run.”—President Barack Obama in an AMA on Reddit
1998
present
1982
1983
1984
1989
1991
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President George H.W. BushJanuary 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
1989
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Beating out all humans in the world for the title of "Man of the Year," the personal computer is named
"Machine of the Year" by TIME magazine
1983Nintendo releases the Nintendo Entertainment System. Enrollment to plumbing school skyrockets.
1984Apple Computer launches the Macintosh, the �rst successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface, for $2,500. The MacWrite program is the �rst to demonstrate WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing.
“Cyberspace...A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation... A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity.”—William Gibson
“I recently learned something quite interesting about video games. Many young people have developed incredible hand, eye, and brain coordination in playing these games.”—President Reagan
1989Tim Berners-Lee develops Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and a new technique for distributing information on the Internet: he calls it the World Wide Web.
“High tech is potent, precise, and in the end, unbeatable...Look, I want to give the high-�ve symbol to high tech.”—George H.W. Bush
1991Senator Al Gore passes the High Performance
Computing Act of 1991. The “Gore Bill,” as it became known, pumped $600M into computing and
networking and would help launch the Internet boom. So he kind of did invent the Internet...not really.
1982
1977
1978
1979
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President Jimmy CarterJanuary 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
1977
President Ronald ReaganJanuary 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
1981
1977 Atari launches the Video Computer System game console; productivity everywhere drops precipitously.
1978 The �rst ever spam email is sent
over ARPANET by Gary Thuerk, an ad for a presentation by the Digital
Equipment Corporation. The second spam email was probably
sent by a “Nigerian prince.”
Texas Instruments Inc. introduces Speak & Spell, marking the �rst
electronic duplication of the human vocal tract on a single chip of silicon.
Luckily it didn’t say, “I’m sorry, Dave. I’m afraid I can’t do that.”
1979 John Shoch and Jon Hupp at the Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center invent a computer worm. Initially designed for testing and to provide more e�cient use of computers, the
worm had the unintended e�ect of invading networked computers and creating a security threat. Whoops.
USENET established, enabling users to post messages and �les that could be accessed and archived. It would go on to become a main source of large-scale interaction for interest
groups through the 1990s.
“We have the world’s highest level of technology. We have the most skilled workforce, with innovative genius.”
—Jimmy Carter
1976 Steve Wozniak and best friend Steve Jobs
design the Apple I, a single-board computer for hobbyists.
1971
1972
1973
1975
1976
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President Richard NixonJanuary 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
1969
President Gerald FordAugust 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
1974
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1971 The �rst �oppy disks become commercially available.
The �rst e-mail is sent through ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson, who cemented the use of the “@” sign in email addresses.
1972 Pong is released and revolutionizes the arcade
industry while launching the modern video game era. Coincidentally, the rate and complexity of
profane words increases among teenage boys.
1973 Robert Metcalfe invents the Ethernet working standard.
1975 “I recognize the need for technology that enriches life while preserving our natural environment. My goal is to stimulate productivity, but use technology to redeem, not to destroy our environment.”—Gerald Ford
1962
1964
1966
1967
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President Lyndon B. JohnsonNovember 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
1963
1962Computer geeks at MIT write the �rst computerized video game, SpaceWar!, for the $120,000 PDP 1 minicomputer.
1961 JFK sets a goal to “landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.” The Apollo program would spur advances in many areas of technology, including telecommunications and computers.
Fairchild Micrologic designs the �rst integrated circuit (IC) available as a monolithic chip; their ICs would be used by the Apollo Guidance Computer.
“Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all.” —President Kennedy
IBM commands an 81.2% share of the computer market.
“Any su�ciently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.”—Arthur C. Clarke
1964 Douglas Engelbart invents the mouse,
named after its tail-shaped cord.
1966 First dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory) chip invented.
The original Star Trek is shown for the �rst time in the United States on NBC September 8, 1966, a show which continues to inspire scientists and geeks today.
“I believe the time has come to enlist the computer and the satellite, as well as television and radio, and to enlist them in the cause of education.”—President Johnson
DARPA launches ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet.
The Apollo Guidance Computer makes its debut orbiting the Earth on Apollo 7.
1961
1954
1956
1958
1961
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President Dwight D. EisenhowerJanuary 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
1953
1954Gordon Teal perfects the silicon-based transistor, laying the foundations for the �rst transistor radio to launch the world into a global village of instant news and Beliebers.
1956MIT researchers build the TX-0, the �rst
general-purpose, programmable computer built with transistors.
President Eisenhower creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik as part of the space race during the Cold War.
Jack Kilby invents the integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments.
“For every old blackboard there are now hundreds of new electronic computers.” —President Eisenhower
1961
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1958
President John F. KennedyJanuary 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
1961
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President Franklin D. RooseveltMarch 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
President Harry S. TrumanApril 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
1933
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1947
1951
1952
1945
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“Rapid changes—the machine age, the advent of universal and rapid communication and many other new factors—have
brought new problems.” —President Roosevelt
President Roosevelt delivers the �rst of 33 “�reside chats” over evening radio addresses, charming the socks o� the entire nation with his silky voice.
1933
1935
ENIAC, one of the world’s �rst general-purpose electronic digital computers, was initially designed for the United States
Army. Its visionary creators saw greater potential for the “Giant Brain” outside the military; their ambition would express the
�rst dream for the role of computers in everyday life.
1940Attendees at an American Mathematical Society conference
are stunned after the �rst demonstration of remote access computing by Bell Labs’ Complex Number Calculator. We’re
pretty sure they said, “Much remote...so wow.”
The Atanaso�-Berry Computer becomes the �rst electronic digital computer and the �rst computer to use binary digits to represent all numbers and data. 011000110110111101101111011011000000110100001010
1942
1943
1945Though a common engineering term, mathematician Grace Hopper records the �rst actual computer bug—a moth stuck between the relays on the Harvard Mark II. RIP, Bug.
“I fear that machines are ahead of morals by some centuries and when morals catch up perhaps there’ll [be] no reason for any of it.” —President Truman
1947President Truman delivers the �rst
televised presidential address.
1951MIT’s Whirlwind, the world’s �rst real-time computer and a government-funded project, debuts to the public.
1952UNIVAC correctly predicts presidential victory for Dwight D. Eisenhower; polls had Adlai Stevenson ahead by a landslide. Humans: 0. Computer overlords: 1.
Grace Hopper completes the �rst compiler, a program that allows a computer user to use English-like words instead of numbers.
Spiceworks is the professional network that more than 5 million IT professionals use to connect with one another and over 3,000 technology brands. The company simpli�es how IT professionals discover, buy and manage more than $525 billion in technology
products and services each year. Headquartered in Austin, Texas, Spiceworks is backed by Adams Street Partners, Austin Ventures, Institutional Venture Partners (IVP), Goldman
Sachs, Shasta Ventures and Tenaya Capital.
For more information, visit www.spiceworks.com.