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Johan Swart, Lead Consulting Geologist: Coal, from Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd has presented at the Botswana Coal and Energy Conference. If you would like more information about the conference, please visit the website: http://bit.ly/13MkVsy
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Opportunities for economic developments and exports
Unlocking the Southern African
coal potential
Contents
•Coal deposits & Resources
• Global perspective
•Africa in relation to the world
•Export potential
Coal Deposits in Africa
Source: USGS
Karoo Basins South of the Equator
Catuneanu et al: Karoo Basins of South and Central Africa: JAES 2005
Coal Occurrences South of the Equator
An overview of the Permian (Karoo) coal deposits of southern Africa: B Cairncross JAES 2001
Coal deposits of Botswana Total resource estimate = 212 billion tonnes
• Morupule & Moijabana: faults &
dolerite dykes, Morupule – best qualities
• Mamabula: Moderate to good medium
ash coal, faulting
• Letlhakeng: Medium ash, faulting
• Dutlwe: low grade high ash, 7 seams
• Serule: High ash, medium vols,
faulting, rapid facies changes
• Foley/Dukwe: Variable quality, some
shallow coal.
• Pandamatenga: Very deep coal
• Bobonong: Poor quality, thin seams
• Ncojane: Low quality, high ash, low CV
Coal deposits of the Democratic
Republic of Congo Resources = unknown
• Very little information available
Coal deposits of Kenya Resources = 400 million tonnes
• Mui basin: Reports on discovery of minable coal (270 MT) sub
bituminous to biuminous.
• Seams: 1-6, thicknesses <1 to 13 m; CV 18MJ/kg
Coal deposits of Madagascar Resources = 200 million tonnes
• Big potential, mined in the
past.
• Good quality export thermal
coal reported.
Coal deposits of Malawi Resources = 800 million tonnes
• Sumbu: Highly variable in
thickness, continuity and quality.
• Chiromo: Deep, very thin.
• Ngana: Thin coal seams, low to
intermediate quality, some very
good quality coal
• Livingstonia: Seams highly
variable, some good quality coal.
Coal deposits of Mozambique Resource = 6.7 billion tonnes
• Tete Province: Interlayered
coal & mudstone, huge
resources, faulting, dolerite
intrusions and some
opencastable coal. Coking &
steam coal
• Metangula graben:
Interlayered coal & mudstone,
smaller resource than Tete,
faulting, dolerite intrusions,
opencastable coal?
Coal deposits of Namibia Resource = unknown
• Aranos: Deep coal,
relatively thin seams, low
quality with some potential if
washed, ±350 million tonnes
• Waterberg: Varying depth,
some potential in north,
generally low quality.
• Ovambo: Thin seams, low
quality.
• Western Damaraland: Very
thin seams, low quality.
Coal deposits of South Africa Resources = 34 billion tonnes
• Witbank, Ermelo & Highveld:
Good quality, export coal
• Natal (Klip River, Utrecht,
Vryheid, Nongoma, Somkele)
Anthracite
• Eastern Cape (Molteno-Indwe):
Low quality
• Free State: Relative high ash,
low vitrinite
• Springbok Flats: Uranium
• Waterberg: SSCC, open
castable and deep coal
• Vereeniging-Sasolburg: steam
coal
• Tuli, Mopanie, Tshipise: some
coke
Coal deposits of Swaziland Resources = unknown
• Small deposits, some good coal, some anthracite.
Coal deposits of Tanzania Resource = 1.5 billion tonnes
• Ruhuhu : Interbedded coal, 250
million tonnes
• Mhukuru: Interbedded coal, slightly
dipping, high ash, 8 million tonnes
resource.
• Songwe-Kiwira: Interbedded coal,
dipping, 20 million tonnes resource
• Galula: Interbedded coal
Coal deposits of Zambia Resources = unknown
• Zambezi Valley: Low quality
coal
• Gwembe-Kandabwe:
Interbedded coal, thick
successions
• Luano Valley: Complex
structure, high ash content
• Luangwa: Coal very thin and
high ash content
• Barotse: Uneven coal
development with variable coal
quality.
Coal deposits of Zimbabwe Resource = 10 billion tonnes
• Hwange: Very good
coal, coking properties
• Lubimbi: Low grade,
good in parts
• Other Zambezi basins:
Some good, non coking
coal
• Save-Limpopo:
Interlayered, low grade,
some good areas
• Tuli: Interlayered, low
grade, some coking
• Sengwa: No swell, high
ash
Global perspective
World Coal Deposits
Source: Maps of the World
World Fossil Fuel Reserves
Coal Uses
Source: Visual.ly
World Consumption
Source: BP 2012 Energy Outlook
Population Growth
Prediction of Coal Production
World Energy Sources
Global Coal Production (2010)
World Coal Consumption (1990 - 2030)
Summary
• Huge coal resources world wide
• Coal will remain an important source of energy
• Relatively cheap source of energy and readily available
• China: big producer and consumer
• Lack of infrastructure a hindrance
• Negative sentiment towards coal growing
• Clean coal technologies a big plus
• Global warming
The Southern African potential
Earth Lights
Source: NASA
Electricity consumption per country
Source: CIA World Factbook
Coal production and consumption by
region
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
Summary
• About 6 % of world coal resources (information dated)
• Relatively big exporter of coal
• Small producer of coal
• Small consumer of coal
• Small consumer of electricity
Unlocking the potential
Positives
• With beneficiation some export coal available
• Africa's geographical position
• In world terms a small player, won’t have major impact on markets
• Will benefit development of some countries
Negatives
• Infrastructure
• Location of deposits
• Permian coal quality
• Mineable reserves
• Political stability
• Taxation/Nationalization/Strategic resource
Thank You