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Dd

D loop Abbreviation for displacement loop.Formed when a short stretch of RNA ispaired with one strand of DNA. Thisdisplaces the original partner DNA; alsothe displacement of a region of one strandof duplex DNA by a single-strandedinvader in the reaction catalyzed by recA.

vßng D viÕt t¾t cña: displacement loop.H×nh thμnh khi mét ®o¹n ng¾n RNA ®-îccÆp ®«i víi mét sîi cña DNA. Nã chiÕmchç DNA gÇn gèc; cßn thuyªn chuyÓn vïngcña sîi DNA xo¾n kÐp do sù to¶ sîi ®¬ntrong ph¶n øng thuû ph©n bëi recA.

dA - dT tailing ®u«i dA - dT xemcomplementary homopolymeric tailing.

dAb (Full term: single domain antibody).Antibodies with only one (instead of two)protein chain derived from only one of thetwo domains of the normal antibodystructure. Exploits the finding that for someantibodies, half of the molecule binds toits target antigen almost as well as thewhole molecule. The major advantage ofdAbs over other antibodies is that they canbe cloned and expressed into bacteria, sothat large numbers of antibodies can begenerated and screened in parallel.

kh¸ng thÓ miÒn ®¬n (thuËt ng÷ viÕt ®Çy®ñ: single domain antibody). Kh¸ng thÓ chØcã mét duy nhÊt (thay v× hai) chuçi proteinb¾t nguån chØ tõ mét trong hai miÒn cÊutróc kh¸ng thÓ b×nh th-êng. Khai th¸c t×mkiÕm mét sè kh¸ng thÓ, nöa ph©n tö liªnkÕt víi kh¸ng nguyªn ®Ých hÇu nh- gièngtoμn bé ph©n tö. Lîi thÕ chÝnh cña dAb sovíi c¸c kh¸ng thÓ kh¸c lμ chóng cã thÓ®-îc t¹o dßng vμ biÓu thÞ trong nhiÒu vikhuÈn, do vËy mét sè l-îng lín kh¸ng thÓcã thÓ ®-îc ph¸t sinh vμ ®-îc hiÓn thÞ ®ångthêi.

DAF Xem: DNA amplificationfingerprinting.

Dalton (Abbreviation: Da). A unit of atomicmass roughly equivalent to the mass of ahydrogen atom. Used as to expressmolecular weight, which for biologicalmacromolecules is usually in the rangekilo- (kDa) to megaDaltons (MDa).

Dalton (viÕt t¾t: Da) §¬n vÞ khèi l-îngnguyªn tö kho¶ng xÊp xØ víi khèi l-îng cñanguyªn tö hy-®r«. Dïng ®Ó biÓu thÞ trängl-îng ph©n tö, cho ®¹i ph©n tö sinh vËtth-êng trong ph¹m vi Kil«- (KDa) ®ÕnmegaDaltons (MDa).

DAMD Xem: directed amplification ofminisatellite DNA.

Darwinian cloning Selection of a clonefrom a large number of essentially randomstarting points, rather than isolating anatural gene or making a carefullydesigned artificial one. Molecules whichare more similar to those needed areselected, mutated to generate newvariants, and re-selected. The cycleproceeds until the required molecule isfound. The advantage of the system is thatthe selection is from a vast number ofpossibilities.

nh©n dßng theo Darwin Chän läc dßngv« tÝnh tõ sè lín ®iÓm ban ®Çu ngÉu nhiªncã thùc, thay v× ph©n lËp gen tù nhiªn hoÆct¹o mét lo¹t gen nh©n t¹o ®-îc thiÕt kÕcÈn thËn. Nh÷ng ph©n tö rÊt gièng víichóng cÇn thiÕt ®-îc lùa chän, ®ét biÕn®Ó t¹o ra nh÷ng lo¹i h×nh míi, vμ chän läcl¹i. Chu tr×nh tiÕp tôc cho ®Õn khi t×m ®-îcph©n tö cÇn thiÕt. Lîi thÕ cña hÖ thèng nμychÝnh lμ chän läc tõ nhiÒu kh¶ n¨ng.

dATP Abbreviation for deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate. dATP is required for DNAsynthesis since it is a direct precursormolecule. See: adenosine, adenylic acid.

dATP viÕt t¾t cña deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate. dATP cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîpDNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùctiÕp. Xem: adenosine, adenylic acid.

dCTP Abbreviation for deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate. dCTP is required for DNA

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synthesis since it is a direct precursormolecule. See: cytidine, cytidylic acid.

dCTP ViÕt t¾t cña: deoxycytidin 5'-triphosphat. dCTP cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîpDNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùctiÕp. xem: cytidine, cytidylic acid.

ddNTP ViÕt t¾t cña: di-deoxynucleotide.

death phase The final growth phase ofcell culture, during which nutrients havebeen depleted and cell numberdecreases.

pha chÕt Pha sinh tr-ëng kÕt thóc nu«icÊy tÕ bμo, qu¸ tr×nh mμ chÊt dinh d-ìng®-îc rót hÕt vμ gi¶m sè l-îng tÕ bμo.

deceleration phase The phase ofdeclining growth rate, following the linearphase and preceding the stationaryphase in most batch-suspension cultures.See: growth phase.

pha chËm Pha tèc ®é t¨ng tr-ëng gi¶mdÇn, tiÕp theo pha tuyÕn tÝnh vμ tr-íc phatÜnh trong hÇu hÕt c¸c nu«i cÊy l« huyÒnphï. Xem: growth phase.

de-differentiation The process, inresponse to wounding and in tissuecultures, by which plant cells can becomeunspecialized and start to proliferate bycell division to form a mass ofundifferentiated cells (or callus) which,in response to appropriate stimuli, maylater differentiate again to form either thesame cell type or a different one.

V« biÖt ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh, trong ph¶n øngvíi sù tæn th-¬ng vμ trong c¸c nu«i cÊym«, do ®ã tÕ bμo thùc vËt cã thÓ kh«ngchuyªn biÖt vμ b¾t ®Çu t¨ng nhanh do ph©nchia tÕ bμo ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét khèi l-îngtÕ bμo ch-a ph©n hãa (hoÆc m« sÑo) ®Ó,trong ph¶n øng cã sù thóc ®Èy thÝch hîp,cã thÓ biÖt ho¸ chËm lÇn n÷a ®Ó h×nh thμnhmét lo¹t tÕ bμo gièng hoÆc kh¸c nhau.

defective virus A virus that, by itself, isunable to reproduce when infecting itshost cell, but that can grow in the presenceof another virus. This other virus providesthe necessary molecular machinery that

the first virus lacks.

virut cã sai sãt Mét virut mμ, do chÝnh

nã, kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng phôc håi khi nhiÔmbÖnh tÕ bμo vËt chñ, nh-ng nã cã thÓ sinhtr-ëng khi cã mÆt virut kh¸c. Virut nμy cungcÊp mét bé m¸y ph©n tö cÇn thiÕt mμ chÝnhvirut ®Çu thiÕu.

deficiency Lack of adequate supply ofnutritional, enzymatic, or environmentalrequirements, so that development, growthor physiological functions are affected.

®o¹n khuyÕt Sù thiÕu hôt cung cÊp kh«ng®ñ chÊt dinh d-ìng, enzim, hoÆc c¸c yªucÇu vÒ m«i tr-êng, v× thÕ sù ph¸t triÓn, sinhtr-ëng hoÆc c¸c chøc n¨ng sinh lý bÞ ¶nhh-ëng.

defined 1. Fixed conditions of medium,environment and protocol for growth. 2.Precisely known and stated elements of atissue culture medium.

x¸c ®Þnh 1. C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn cè ®Þnh dungdÞch, m«i tr-êng vμ c¸ch thøc ®Ó sinhtr-ëng. 2. C¸c phÇn tö cña dung dÞch cÊym« nªu ra vμ ®-îc biÕt chÝnh x¸c.

degeneracy The specification of oneamino acid by more than one codon. Itarises from the inevitable redundancyresulting from the 64 possible codonsencoding only 20 amino acids.

tho¸i hãa §Æc ®iÓm cña mét amino axitdo cã h¬n mét bé ba. Nã xuÊt hiÖn tõ d-thõa kh«ng tr¸nh khái b¾t nguån tõ 64co®on cã kh¶ n¨ng m· hãa chØ 20 aminoaxit.

degeneration 1. Changes in cells, tissuesor organs due to disease. 2. The reductionin size or complete loss of organs duringevolution.

sù tho¸i hãa 1. Nh÷ng thay ®æi trong tÕbμo, m« hoÆc c¬ quan do bÖnh. 2. Sù gi¶mkÝch th-íc hoÆc thiÕu hoμn thiÖn c¸c c¬quan trong qu¸ tr×nh tiÕn hãa.

dehalogenation The removal of halogenatoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)from molecules, for example duringbiodegradation.

khö halogen ViÖc lo¹i bá nguyªn töhalogen (Flo, clo, br«m, Iot) trong ph©n tö,vÝ dô trong qu¸ tr×nh ph©n r· sinh häc.

ddNTP

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dehiscence The spontaneous and oftenviolent opening of a fruit, seed pod oranther to release and disperse the seedsor pollen.

nøt nÎ Lùc më tù ®éng vμ th«ng th-êngcña qu¶, vá h¹t hoÆc nhôy hoa ®Ó gi¶iphãng vμ ph¸t t¸n h¹t hoÆc phÊn hoa.

dehydrogenase An enzyme thatcatalyses the removal of hydrogen atomsin biological reactions.

Enzim xóc t¸c viÖc lo¹i bá nguyªn tö hy-®r« trong ph¶n øng sinh häc.

ehydrogenation A chemical reaction inwhich hydrogen is removed from acompound.

sù khö hy-®r« Ph¶n øng hãa häc trong®ã hy-®r« ®-îc lo¹i khái hîp chÊt.

de-ionized water Water from which mostsalts have been removed - with varyingdegrees of efficiency - by ion exchange.

n-íc khö ion N-íc ®-îc lo¹i khái hÇu hÕtc¸c muèi – lμm thay ®æi møc ¶nh h-ëng-do trao ®æi ion.

deletion A mutation involving the removalof one or more base pairs in a DNAsequence. Large deletions are sometimesmicroscopically visible in karyotypeanalyses.

®øt ®o¹n, thiÕu hôt §ét biÕn kÐo theolo¹i bá mét hoÆc nhiÒu cÆp ba z¬ trongtr×nh tù DNA. Sù thiÕu hôt lín thØnh tho¶ngcã thÓ quan s¸t ®-îc b»ng kÝnh hiÓn khiph©n tÝch kiÓu nh©n.

deliberate release In a biotechnologycontext, the intentional release ofgenetically modified organisms.

phiªn b¶n chñ ®Þnh Trong ph¹m vi c«ngnghÖ sinh häc, phiªn b¶n ®Þnh tr-íc cñasinh vËt biÕn ®æi di truyÒn.

delta endotoxins néi ®éc tè xem:: cryproteins.

deme A group of organisms in the sametaxon.

nhãm Nhãm sinh vËt trong cïng ®¬n vÞph©n lo¹i.demineralize To remove the mineralcontent (salts, ions) from a substance,

especially water. Removal methodsinclude distillation, electrodialysis and ionexchange. See: de-ionized water.khö kho¸ng Lo¹i bá dung l-îng chÊtkho¸ng (muèi, ion) tõ m«i tr-êng, ®Æc biÖtlμ n-íc. C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p lo¹i bá gåm cãch-ng cÊt, ®iÖn ph©n vμ trao ®æi ion. xem:de-ionized water.

denature To disrupt the normal in vivoconformation of a nucleic acid or (moreusually) a protein by physical or chemicalmeans, usually accompanied by the lossof activity. See : denatured DNA,denatured protein.

biÕn tÝnh Ph¸ vì h×nh d¸ng axit nucleichoÆc (phæ biÕn h¬n) mét protein b×nhth-êng trong c¬ thÓ b»ng ph-¬ng ph¸p vËtlý hoÆc hãa häc, th-êng kÌm theo mÊt ho¹t®éng. Xem: denatured DNA, denaturedprotein.

denatured DNA Double-stranded DNAthat has been converted to single strandsby breaking the hydrogen bonds linkingcomplementary nucleotide pairs. Oftenreversible. Usually achieved by heating.

DNA biÕn tÝnh DNA sîi kÐp ®· ®-îcchuyÓn ®æi sang sîi ®¬n do ph©n gi¶i liªnkÕt hydro nèi víi cÆp nuleotit bæ sung. Lu«ncã thÓ ®¶o ng-îc. Th-êng ®¹t ®-îc b»ngthiÕt bÞ lμm nãng.

denatured protein Altering the in vivoconformation of a protein by heat or salttreatment, thereby destroying its biologicalactivity. Unlike denatured DNA, denaturedproteins are seldom able to be renatured.

protein biÕn tÝnh Thay ®æi h×nh d¸ngprotein trong c¬ thÓ b»ng thiÕt bÞ lμm nãnghoÆc -íp muèi, do ®ã ph¸ hñy ho¹t tÝnhsinh häc. Kh«ng gièng nh- DNA ®-îc biÕntÝnh, c¸c protein biÕn tÝnh Ýt khi cã kh¶ n¨nghåi phôc.

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(Abbreviation: DGGE).

An electrophoresis method for separatingsimilar sized DNA fragments on the basisof their sequence, by applying across thegel a gradient of increasingly denaturingconditions (usually by increasing the

dehiscence

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concentration of a denaturing chemical,such as formamide or urea). As the double-stranded molecules denature into apartially and eventually a fully single-stranded state, their electrophoreticmobility changes.

®iÖn di gel møc ®é biÕn tÝnh (viÕt t¾t:DGGE). Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®iÖn di ®Ó ph©n rac¸c ®o¹n DNA kÝch th-íc t-¬ng ®-¬ng dùavμo tr×nh tù cña chóng, b»ng ¸p dôngchuyÓn qua chÊt gel mét møc ®é c¸c ®iÒukiÖn lμm biÕn tÝnh gia t¨ng (th-êng do t¨ngthªm nång ®é chÊt ho¸ häc biÕn tÝnh, nh-lμ formamit hoÆc u-rª). Khi c¸c ph©n tö sîikÐp biÕn tÝnh thμnh tõng phÇn vμ cuèi cïngthμnh mét tr¹ng th¸i sîi ®¬n hoμn toμn,tÝnh dÔ biÕn ®æi ®iÖn di thay ®æi.

dendrimer A polymer that repeatedlybranches until stopped by the physicalconstraint of having formed a complete,hollow sphere. These structures possesssites on their exterior surface to which DNAfragments can be attached, and are thususeful as carriers of DNA for transgenesis.

dendrime Mét p«lime ph©n nh¸nh lÆpnhiÒu lÇn cho ®Õn khi dõng do rμng buécvËt lý ®· h×nh thμnh mét h×nh cÇu trän vÑn,rçng. C¸c cÊu tróc nμy chiÕm vÞ trÝ phÝamÆt ngoμi ®Ó c¸c ®o¹n DNA cã thÓ ®-îcg¾n, vμ h÷u Ých nh- thÓ mang cña DNA ®ÓchuyÓn gen.

denitrification A chemical process inwhich nitrates in the soil are reduced tomolecular nitrogen, which is released tothe atmosphere.

lo¹i nit¬ Qu¸ tr×nh hãa häc trong ®ã c¸cmuèi nitrat trong ®Êt ®-îc ph©n gi¶i chotíi nit¬ ph©n tö, vμ ®-îc gi¶i phãng vμokhÝ quyÓn.

density gradient centrifugation High-speed centrifugation in which moleculesare separated on the basis of their differentdensities using a concentration gradient ofcaesium chloride or sucrose. The densitygradient may either be formed beforecentrifugation by mixing two solutions ofdifferent density (as in sucrose densitygradients) or it can be formed by the

process of centrifugation itself (as in CsCland Cs

2SO

4 density gradients).

ly t©m gradient mËt ®é Ly t©m siªu tèctrong ®ã c¸c ph©n tö ®-îc ph©n t¸ch trªnc¬ së mËt ®é kh¸c nhau cã sö dônggradient nång ®é clo-rua can xi hoÆc chÊt®-êng. Gradient mËt ®é nμy cã thÓ h×nhthμnh tr-íc ly t©m nhê trén hai dung dÞchmËt ®é kh¸c nhau (nh- trong gradient mËt®é chÊt ®-êng) hoÆc còng cã thÓ h×nhthμnh do qu¸ tr×nh cña b¶n th©n hiÖn t-îngly t©m (nh- trong CsCl vμ c¸c gradient mËt®é Cs2SO4).

deoxyadenosine xem: adenosin, dATP.

deoxycytidine xem: cytidine, dCTP.

deoxyguanosine xem: guanosine,dGTP.

deoxyribonuclease xem: DNase.deoxyribonucleic acid xem: DNA.

deoxyribonucleoside xem: nucleoside.

deoxyribonucleotide xem: nucleotide.

deoxyribose (2-deoxyribose) xem:ribose.deoxythymidine Strictly correct but rarelyused synonym for thymidine.

deoxythymidin Tõ ®ång nghÜa ®óng chÝnhx¸c nh-ng Ýt ®-îc dïng cho thymidin.

derepression The process of “turning on”the expression of a gene or set of geneswhose expression has been repressed(turned off), usually by the displacementof a repressor from a promoter, since,when attached to the DNA, the repressorprevents transcription.

gi¶i øc chÕ Qu¸ tr×nh “tiÕp tôc” biÓu thÞmét gen hoÆc bé gen mμ biÓu thÞ cña nã®· bÞ øc chÕ (ngõng), th-êng do thuyªnchuyÓn mét chÊt k×m h·m tõ ®iÓm khëi ®Çu,v×, khi ®-îc g¾n víi DNA, chÊt k×m h·mng¨n ngõa phiªn m·.derivative 1. Resulting from or derivedfrom. 2. Term used to identify a variantduring meristematic cell division.

vËt dÉn xuÊt 1. kÕt qu¶ hoÆc b¾t nguåntõ. 2. ThuËt ng÷ dïng ®Ó x¸c nhËn métlo¹t pha kh¸c nhau trong khi ph©n chia tÕbμo m« ph©n sinh.

dendrimer

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desiccant Any compound used to removemoisture or water.

chÊt hót Èm BÊt kú hîp chÊt nμo sö dông®Ó lo¹i trõ h¬i Èm hoÆc n-íc.

desoxyribonucleic acid Obsoletespelling of deoxyribonucleic acid.

Tªn gäi theo c¸ch cò cña deoxyribonucleicacid.

desulphurization lo¹i trõ l-u huúnhXem: biodesulphurization.

detergent Substance which lowers thesurface tension of a solution, improving itscleaning properties.

thuèc tÈy ChÊt ®Ó h¹ thÊp søc c¨ng bÒmÆt dung dÞch, n©ng cao c¸c thuéc tÝnhlμm s¹ch.

determinate growth Growth determinedand limited in time, with a bud or flowerterminating the growth of the main axis.Once established, it is usually irreversible.Opposite: indeterminate growth.

sinh tr-ëng x¸c ®Þnh Sinh tr-ëng x¸c ®Þnhvμ giíi h¹n thêi gian, víi mÇm hoÆc hoax¸c ®Þnh sinh tr-ëng cña trôc chÝnh. Métkhi ®· thiÕt lËp, nã th-êng kh«ng thÓ ®¶ong-îc. Ng-îc víi: indeterminate growth.

determination Process by whichundifferentiated cells in an embryobecome committed to develop into specificcell types, such as neurons, fibroblasts ormuscle cells.

x¸c ®Þnh Qu¸ tr×nh mμ bëi ®ã nh÷ng tÕbμo ch-a ph©n hãa trong ph«i ®-îc giaophã ®Ó ph¸t triÓn thμnh kiÓu tÕ bμo riªngbiÖt, nh- n¬ ron, sîi nguyªn bμo hoÆc tÕbμo c¬.

determined Describing embryonic tissueat a stage when it can develop only as acertain kind of tissue.

®-îc x¸c ®Þnh M« t¶ m« ph«i ë giai ®o¹nkhi nã cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn chØ nh- mét lo¹im« nhÊt ®Þnh.

development The sum total of events thatcontribute to the progressive elaborationof an organism. The two major aspects ofdevelopment are growth anddifferentiation.

ph¸t triÓn Tæng sè sù kiÖn ®ãng gãp choqu¸ tr×nh phøc t¹p cña mét sinh vËt. HaikhÝa mÆt chÝnh cña ph¸t triÓn lμ sinh tr-ëngvμ biÖt ho¸.

deviation 1. An alteration from the typicalform, function or behaviour. Mutation orstress are the common reasons behinddeviation. 2. A statistical term describingthe difference between an actualobservation and the mean of allobservations.

sai lÖch 1. Thay ®æi h×nh d¹ng, chøc n¨nghoÆc hμnh vi th«ng th-êng. §ét biÕn hoÆcsèc lμ nguyªn nh©n chung sau sai lÖch. 2.ThuËt ng÷ thèng kª m« t¶ sù kh¸c nhaugi÷a mét quan s¸t thùc tÕ víi trung b×nhtoμn bé quan s¸t.

dextrin An intermediate polysaccharidecompound resulting from the hydrolysisof starch to maltose by amylase enzymes.

hå tinh bét Mét hîp chÊt polisacarit trunggian kÕt qu¶ tõ thñy ph©n tinh bét thμnh®-êng m¹ch nha do enzim amylaza.

dG - dC tailing tailing ®o¹n cuèi dG-dCXem: complementary homopolymerictailing.

DGGE xem: denaturing gradient gelelectrophoresis.

dGTP Abbreviation for deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate. dGTP is required for DNAsynthesis since it is a direct precursormolecule. See: guanosine, guanylicacid.

dGTP viÕt t¾t cña deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate. dGTP cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîpDNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùctiÕp. xem: guanosine, guanylic acid.

diagnostic procedure A test or assayused to determine the presence of aspecific substance, organism or nucleicacid sequence alteration, etc.

thñ tôc chÈn ®o¸n PhÐp thö hoÆc ph©ntÝch dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh sù cã mÆt cña métchÊt, c¬ quan hoÆc sù thay ®æi tr×nh tù axitnucleic riªng biÖt, v©n v©n.

diakinesis A stage of meiosis at the endof prophase I, in which the contraction ofthe chromosomes is almost at a maximum,

desiccant

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pairing configurations are well defined, thenucleolus normally disappears and thenuclear envelope is disrupted.

giai ®o¹n h-íng cùc Giai ®o¹n gi¶mph©n ë cuèi k× ®Çu I, trong ®ã nhiÔm s¾cthÓ gi¶m gÇn nh- ë møc tèi ®a, c¸c cÊuh×nh cÆp ®«i ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh râ, h¹ch b×nhth-êng biÕn mÊt vμ mμng nh©n bÞ ph¸ vì.

dialysis A biochemical technique by whichlarge molecules such as proteins insolution are separated from smallerspecies such as salts. The technique isbased on the properties of certainmembrane structures, which selectivelyonly allow the passage of the smallermolecules. A frequently used method forthe purification of proteins.

thÈm t¸ch Mét kü thuËt hãa sinh ®Ó nh÷ngph©n tö lín nh- protein trong dung dÞch®-îc ph©n t¸ch tõ c¸c lo¹i nhá h¬n nh-muèi. Kü thuËt dùa vμo thuéc tÝnh c¸c cÊutróc mμng nhÊt ®Þnh, vμ cho chØ phÐp chänläc c¸c ph©n tö nhá h¬n ®i qua. Ph-¬ngph¸p ®-îc sö dông phæ biÕn ®Ó lμm s¹chprotein.

diazotroph An organism that can fixatmospheric nitrogen.

tù d-ìng Sinh vËt cã kh¶ n¨ng hÊp thunit¬ khÝ quyÓn.

dicentric chromosome A chromosomehaving two active centromeres.

nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hai t©m Mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓcã hai t©m ho¹t ®éng .

dichogamy The condition in which themale and the female reproductive organsof a flower (or certain hermaphroditicanimals) mature at different times, therebymaking self-fertilization improbable orimpossible.

dichogami T×nh tr¹ng cã c¸c c¬ quan sinhs¶n ®ùc vμ c¸i cña mét hoa (hoÆc ®éngvËt l-ìng tÝnh nhÊt ®Þnh) tr-ëng thμnh ëc¸c thêi ®iÓm kh¸c nhau, do ®ã t¹o ra Ýtkh¶ n¨ng hoÆc kh«ng thÓ ®¹t ®-îc tù thôphÊn.

dicot Xem: dicotyledon.

dicotyledon (Abbreviation: dicot). A plantwith two cotyledons. One of the two major

classes of flowering plants (along with themonocotyledons). Examples includemany crop plants (potato, pea, beans),ornamentals (rose, ivy) and timber trees(oak, beech, lime).

c©y song tö ®iÖp (viÕt t¾t: dicot). ThùcvËt cã hai l¸ mÇm. Mét trong hai líp chÝnhcña thùc vËt ra hoa (cïng víi c©y ®¬n tödiÖp). C¸c mÉu gåm cã nhiÒu gièng c©ytrång (khoai t©y, ®Ëu Hμ lan, ®Ëu t-¬ng),c¸c loμi hoa (hoa hång, tr-êng xu©n) vμc©y cã gç (såi, anh ®μo, ch×a v«i).

di-deoxynucleotide (Abbreviations:ddNTP,didN). A syntheticdeoxynucleotide that lacks a 3'-hydroxylgroup, and is thus unable to form the 3'?5'phosphodiester bond necessary forchain elongation. Used as strandterminators in the Sanger DNA sequencingreaction and in the treatment of some viraldiseases.

di-deoxynucleotit (viÕt t¾t: ddNTP,didN).ChÊt deoxynucleotide tæng hîp thiÕu gèchidroxyl 3', vμ do vËy kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng®Ó h×nh thμnh liªn kÕt phosphodiester 3' ?5' cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kÐo dμi d·y ph©n tö. §-îcsö dông khi hoμn tÊt sîi trong ph¶n øngtr×nh tù ho¸ DNA Sanger vμ trong nghiªncøu mét sè bÖnh virut.

didN Xem: di-deoxynucleotide.

differential centrifugation A method forseparating sub-cellular particles accordingto their sedimentation coefficients, whichare roughly proportional to their size. Cellextracts are subjected to a succession ofcentrifuge runs at progressively fasterrotation speeds. Large particles, such asnuclei or mitochondria, will be precipitatedat relatively slow speeds; higher G forceswill be required to sediment small particles,such as ribosomes.

ly t©m vi ph©n Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó ph©n t¸chc¸c h¹t nhá møc d-íi tÕ bμo theo hÖ sèl¾ng, t-¬ng xøng víi kÝch th-íc cña chóng.C¸c phÇn chiÕt xuÊt tÕ bμo ®-îc thùc hiÖnvíi mét lo¹t quay ly t©m tèc ®é nhanh dÇn.C¸c h¹t lín, nh- nh©n hoÆc c¸c ti l¹p thÓ,sÏ ch×m xuèng khi tèc ®é chËm dÇn; lùc lyt©m G cao h¬n cÇn thiÕt ®Ó h¹t nhá l¾ng

diakinesis

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xuèng, nh- ribosom.

differential display A method to identifymRNAs which are present at differentlevels in different tissues, or in responseto specific treatments. The mRNAs areconverted to cDNA, and a definedproportion of these are amplified by thepolymerase chain reaction , andseparated by electrophoresis.

hiÓn thÞ vi ph©n Ph-¬ng ph¸p x¸c ®Þnhc¸c mRNA mμ biÓu hiÖn c¸c møc kh¸cnhau trong c¸c m« kh¸c nhau, hoÆc trongsù ®¸p l¹i ph¶n øng ®Æc biÖt. C¸c mRNAchuyÓn tíi DNA bæ sung, vμ mét tØ lÖ x¸c®Þnh khuyÕch ®¹i b»ng ph¶n øng chuçienzim trïng hîp, vμ ph©n t¸ch do hiÖnt-îng ®iÖn chuyÓn.

differentially permeable Referring to amembrane, through which differentsubstances diffuse at different rates. Somesubstances may be unable to diffusethrough such a membrane, usuallybecause they are too large to fit throughthe pores of the membrane.

®é ngÊm vi ph©n §Ò cËp ®Õn mμng tÕbμo, th«ng qua ®ã c¸c chÊt kh¸c nhaukhuÕch t¸n víi tû lÖ kh¸c nhau. Mét sè chÊtkh«ng thÓ khuÕch t¸n qua mét mμng nh-vËy, th-êng bëi v× chóng qu¸ lín kh«ngthÓ chui qua lç cña mμng.

differentiation A process as a result ofwhich unspecialized cells developstructures and functions characteristic ofa particular type of cell, typically during theprocess of development from one cell tomany cells, accompanied by a modificationof the new cells for the performance ofparticular functions. The process isgenerally irreversible in vivo in higherorganisms. In tissue culture, the term isused to describe the formation of differentcell types.

biÖt ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh lμm cho c¸c tÕ bμokh«ng chuyªn biÖt ph¸t triÓn cÊu tróc vμchøc n¨ng ®iÓn h×nh cña mét kiÓu tÕ bμoriªng biÖt, tiªu biÓu trong qu¸ tr×nh ph¸ttriÓn tõ mét ®Õn nhiÒu tÕ bμo, ®-îc bæ sungdo biÕn ®æi cña c¸c tÕ bμo míi ®Ó thùchiÖn c¸c chøc n¨ng riªng biÖt. Qu¸ tr×nh

nμy nãi chung kh«ng thÓ ®¶o ng-îc trongc¬ thÓ sinh vËt bËc cao. Trong nu«i cÊym«, thuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng m« t¶ sù h×nhthμnh c¸c kiÓu tÕ bμo kh¸c biÖt.

diffusion The spontaneous movement ofmolecules from a region of higherconcentration to a region of lowerconcentration.

khuyÕch t¸n ChuyÓn ®éng ngÉu nhiªncña c¸c ph©n tö tõ vïng mËt ®é cao ®Õnvïng mËt ®é thÊp h¬n.

digest To treat DNA molecules with oneor more restriction endonucleases inorder to cleave them into smallerfragments.

tiªu hãa ChÕ ho¸ c¸c ph©n tö DNA víimét hoÆc nhiÒu emzim giíi h¹n víi môc®Ých t¸ch chóng thμnh nh÷ng ®o¹n nháh¬n.

dihaploid An individual which arises froma doubled haploid.

®¬n béi kÐp C¸ thÓ xuÊt hiÖn tõ mét ®¬nbéi kÐp.

dihybrid An individual that is heterozygousfor two pairs of alleles; the progeny of across between homozygous parentsdiffering at two loci.

l-ìng hîp tö Mét c¸ thÓ lμ dÞ hîp cña haicÆp alen; con ch¸u cña mét cÆp lai chÐogi÷a cha mÑ ®ång hîp tö ph©n biÖt kh¸cnhau t¹i hai æ gen.

dimer 1. A molecule formed by thecovalent combination of two monomers,generally accompanied by elimination ofwater. 2. The reversible association of twosimilar (or nearly similar) molecules. Theactive form of many enzymes is as a dimerbetween two non-active monomericsubunits.

chÊt trïng ph©n 1. Mét ph©n tö ®-îc h×nhthμnh do kÕt hîp ®ång hãa trÞ hai ®¬n ph©n,th-êng kÐo theo sù lo¹i bá n-íc. 2. Sù kÕthîp cã thÓ ®¶o ng-îc cña hai ph©n töt-¬ng ®-¬ng (hoÆc gÇn gièng nhau). D¹ngho¹t ®éng cña nhiÒu enzim lμ nh- mét chÊttrïng ph©n gi÷a hai cÊu tróc d-íi ®¬n ph©nkh«ng ho¹t ®éng.

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dimethyl sulphoxide (Abbreviation:DMSO). A highly hygroscopic liquid andpowerful solvent with little odour, colour ortoxicity when pure. It is employed in smallquantities to dissolve organic substancesin tissue culture media preparation andhas uses as a cryoprotectant and inpromoting the passage of chemicalsthrough skin.

dimethyl sulphoxit (ViÕt t¾t: DMSO). MétchÊt láng hót Èm cao vμ dung m«i m¹nhcã mïi h-¬ng, mμu hoÆc tÝnh ®éc thÊp khithuÇn khiÕt. §-îc dïng víi sè l-îng nhá®Ó hoμ tan c¸c chÊt h÷u c¬ trong chÕ phÈmdung dÞch nu«i cÊy m« vμ ®-îc dïng khib¶o qu¶n ®«ng l¹nh vμ trong viÖc xóc tiÕnchuyÓn c¸c ho¸ chÊt ngÊm qua da.

dimorphism The existence of twodistinctly different types of individualswithin a species. An obvious example issexual dimorphism in mammals.

tÝnh l-ìng h×nh Sù tån t¹i hai kiÓu kh¸cnhau cña c¸c c¸ thÓ trong cïng mét loμi.Mét vÝ dô ®iÓn h×mh lμ l-ìng h×nh giíi tÝnhtrong líp ®éng vËt cã vó.

dinucleotide A nucleotide dimer.Mét chÊt trïng ph©n nuleotit.

dioecious A plant species in which maleand female flowers form on different plants.

kh¸c gèc C¸c loμi thùc vËt cã hoa c¸i vμhoa ®ùc h×nh thμnh trªn tõng c©y kh¸cnhau.

diplochromosome Xem:endoreduplication.

diploid The status of having two completesets of chromosomes, most commonlyone set of paternal origin and the other ofmaternal origin. Somatic tissues of higherplants and animals are ordinarily diploid inchromosome constitution, in contrast withthe haploid gametes.

l-ìng béi T×nh tr¹ng cã hai bé nhiÔm s¾cthÓ hoμn chØnh, phæ biÕn nhÊt mét bé gèccha vμ bé kh¸c gèc mÑ. C¸c m« x«ma cñathùc vËt bËc cao vμ ®éng vËt lμ l-ìng béihoμn toμn trong cÊu tróc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ,tr¸i ng-îc víi giao tö ®¬n béi.

diplonema Stage in prophase I of

meiosis following the pachytene stage,but preceding diakinesis, in which onepair of sister chromatids begin to separatefrom the other pair.

sîi kÐp Giai ®o¹n trong k× ®Çu I cña gi¶mph©n tiÕp theo giai ®o¹n sîi dμy, nh-ngtr-íc giai ®o¹n h-íng cùc, trong ®ã métcÆp nhiÔm s¾c tö chÞ em b¾t ®Çu t¸ch ra tõmét cÆp kh¸c.

diplotene (adj.) kú song ty (tÝnh tõ)xem:diplonema.

direct embryogenesis The formation inculture, on the surface of zygotic orsomatic embryos or on explant tissues(leaf section, root tip, etc.), of embryoidswithout an intervening callus phase.Opposite: indirect embryogenesis.

ph¸t sinh ph«i trùc tiÕp Sù h×nh thμnhtrong nu«i cÊy m«, trªn bÒ mÆt hîp tö, c¸cph«i x«ma hoÆc trªn c¸c m« ghÐp (phÇnl¸, chãp rÔ, v.v.), cña ph«i kh«ng cã giai®o¹n m« sÑo xen vμo. Ng-îc víi: indirectembryogenesis.

direct organogenesis Formation oforgans directly on the surface of culturedintact explants. The process does notinvolve callus formation. Opposite :indirect organogenesis.

ph¸t sinh c¬ quan trùc tiÕp Sù h×nh thμnhcña c¸c c¬ quan trùc tiÕp trªn bÒ mÆt m¶nhghÐp kh«ng søt mÎ ®-îc nu«i cÊy. Qu¸tr×nh kh«ng t¹o ra m« sÑo. Ng-îc víi:indirect embryogenesis.

direct repeat Two or more stretches ofDNA within a single molecule which havethe same nucleotide sequence in thesame orientation. Direct repeats may beeither adjacent to one another or far aparton the same molecule.

lÆp trùc tiÕp Hai hoÆc nhiÒu ®o¹n DNAtrong mét ph©n tö ®¬n cïng tr×nh tùnucleotit cïng h-íng. C¸c ®o¹n lÆp trùctiÕp cã thÓ liÒn kÒ hoÆc t¸ch rêi trªn cïngph©n tö.

directed amplification of minisatelliteDNA (Abbreviation: DAMD). A polymerasechain reaction technique used forobtaining molecular markers in the region

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of minisatellites. To target these regions,one of the primers is directed to a VNTRcore sequence.

khuÕch ®¹i ®Þnh h-íng DNA vÖ tinh nhá(viÕt t¾t: DAMD) Kü thuËt ph¶n øng chuçienzim trïng hîp ®-îc sö dông ®Ó thunh÷ng dÊu chuÈn ph©n tö trong vïng c¸cvÖ tinh nhá. Tíi c¸c vïng ®Ých nμy, méttrong nh÷ng ®o¹n måi ®-îc tiÕp xóc víitr×nh tù lâi lÆp tandem sè biÕn.

directed mutagenesis The generation ofchanges in the nucleotide sequence ofa cloned gene by one of severalprocedures. Undertaken to explore therelationship between nucleotide sequenceand gene function, and to modify geneproducts. Synonym: in vitromutagenesis.

®ét biÕn ®Þnh h-íng Ph¸t sinh nh÷ngthay ®æi trong tr×nh tù nucleotit cña gen®-îc t¹o dßng b»ng mét sè ph-¬ng ph¸p.B¶o ®¶m ®Ó th¨m dß mèi quan hÖ gi÷atr×nh tù nucleotit vμ chøc n¨ng gen, vμ ®Ósöa ®æi s¶n phÈm gen. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: invitro mutagenesis.

directional cloning The technique bywhich a vector and a DNA insert are bothdigested with two different restrictionendonucleases to create non-complementary sticky ends at either endof both molecules, so favouring the insertto be ligated into the vector in a specificorientation, while also preventing thevector from re-circularizing.

t¹o dßng ®Þnh h-íng Kü thuËt theo ®ãmét vect¬ vμ ®o¹n chÌn DNA ®Òu ®-îctiªu hãa víi hai enzim giíi h¹n kh¸c biÖt®Ó t¹o ra c¸c mót b¸m kh«ng bæ sung ëtõng mót cña c¶ hai ph©n tö, nh- vËy -utiªn chÌn ®Ó kÕt buéc vμo vect¬ theoh-íng riªng biÖt, vμ cßn ng¨n ngõa vect¬tõ h-íng vßng l¹i.disaccharide A dimer consisting of twocovalently linked monosaccharides.

ChÊt trïng ph©n gåm cã hai ®ång hãa trÞliªn kÕt c¸c monosacarit.

disarm The deletion from a plasmid orvirus of genes that are pathogenic.

ho¸ gi¶i Xãa bá mét plasmit hoÆc virut cñac¸c gen lμ t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh.

discontinuous variation Variation whereindividuals can be classified as belongingto one of a set of discrete, non-overlappingclasses. Generated by simple geneticcontrol of a trait (one or a small number ofgenes, each of large effect) and involvingminimal non-genetic effect. Charactersshowing discontinuous variation arereferred to as qualitative. Opposite:continuous variation.

biÕn dÞ gi¸n ®o¹n BiÕn dÞ khi c¸ thÓ kh¶n¨ng ®-îc ph©n lo¹i thuéc vÒ mét trongtËp hîp c¸c líp riªng biÖt, kh«ng gèi nhau.Ph¸t sinh do kiÓm so¸t di truyÒn ®¬n méttÝnh tr¹ng (mét hoÆc sè Ýt gen, mçi mét gencã hiÖu øng réng) vμ kÐo theo hiÖu øngkh«ng di truyÒn cùc tiÓu. C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm chothÊy r»ng biÕn dÞ kh«ng liªn tôc ®-îc xemnh- ®Þnh tÝnh. Ng-îc víi: continuousvariation.

discordant Members of a pair showingdifferent, rather than similar,characteristics.

tr¸i ng-îc nhau C¸c thμnh viªn cña métcÆp ®«i cho thÊy c¸c ®Æc tr-ng kh¸c nhau,thay v× t-¬ng tù.

disease resistance The geneticallydetermined ability to prevent thereproduction of a pathogen, therebyremaining healthy. Some resistancesoperate by pathogen exclusion, some bypreventing pathogen spread, and some bytolerating pathogen toxin.

tÝnh kh¸ng bÖnh Kh¶ n¨ng ng¨n chÆn x¸c®Þnh di truyÒn ®Ó øc chÕ sinh s¶n cña vËtg©y bÖnh, do ®ã søc khoÎ ®-îc duy tr×.Mét sè kh¸ng ho¹t ®éng do lo¹i trõ vËt g©ybÖnh, mét sè do ng¨n ngõa lan truyÒn vËtg©y bÖnh, vμ mét sè kh¸c do chÊp nhËn®éc tè vËt g©y bÖnh.

disease-free A plant or animal certifiedthrough specific tests as being free ofspecified pathogens. Should beinterpreted to mean “free from any knowndisease” as “new” diseases may yet bediscovered to be present.

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s¹ch bÖnh Thùc vËt hoÆc ®éng vËt ®-îcchøng nhËn qua c¸c phÐp thö ghi râ khikh«ng mang vËt g©y bÖnh ®Æc biÖt. CÇnthiÕt gi¶i thÝch ý nghÜa “s¹ch tõ mét sè bÖnhh¹i ®· biÕt” trong khi ®ã nh÷ng bÖnh h¹i“míi” cã thÓ cßn ®ang ®-îc kh¸m ph¸.

disease-indexing Disease-indexedorganisms have been assayed for thepresence of known diseases according tostandard testing procedures.

chØ sè bÖnh C¸c sinh vËt chØ sè hãa bÖnh®-îc thö nghiÖm ®Ó thÓ hiÖn nh÷ng bÖnh®· biÕt tu©n theo thñ tôc thö nghiÖm chuÈn.

disinfection Attempted elimination bychemical means of internal micro-organisms (particularly pathogens) from aculture or sample; rarely attained. See:sterilize (1).

sù diÖt khu¶n B»ng c¸c ph-¬ng tiÖn hãahäc ®Ó cè g¾ng lo¹i bá vi sinh vËt bªn trong(®Æc biÖt lμ nh÷ng t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh) tõmÉu nu«i cÊy m«; ®¹t ®-îc mét c¸ch khãkh¨n. xem: sterilize (1).

disinfestation The elimination or inhibitionof the activity of surface-adhering micro-organisms and removal of insects.

sù khö trïng Lo¹i bá hoÆc k×m h·m ho¹t®éng cña nh÷ng vi sinh vËt dÝnh trªn bÒmÆt vμ lo¹i bá s©u bä.

disjunction Separation of homologouschromosomes during anaphase I ofmeiosis, or of sister chromatids duringanaphase of mitosis and anaphase II ofmeiosis.

sù ph©n t¸ch Ph©n chia c¸c nhiÔm s¾cthÓ t-¬ng ®ång trong k× sau I cña gi¶mph©n, hoÆc cña nhiÔm s¾c tö chÞ em trongk× sau nguyªn ph©n vμ k× sau II cña gi¶mph©n.

disomic (adj.) l-ìng thÓ (tÝnh tõ) Xemdisomy.

disomy The presence of a pair of a specifichomologous chromosomes. This is thenorm for diploids.

hiÖn t-îng l-ìng thÓ Sù cã mÆt mét cÆp®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång riªng biÖt.HiÖn t-îng l-ìng thÓ lμ tiªu chuÈn cho c¸cthÓ l-ìng béi.

dispense The transfer of a measuredvolume of a solution.

ph©n phèi ChuyÓn giao dung dÞch víi métkhèi l-îng ®-îc ®o.

disrupter gene Used to enforce thesterility of seed saved from a geneticallyengineered crop. See: genetic userestriction technology.

gen g©y rèi Th-êng g©y ra bÊt thô cñah¹t gièng b¶o qu¶n tõ gièng kü thuËt ditruyÒn. Xem: genetic use restrictiontechnology.

dissecting microscope A microscopewith a magnifying power of about 50x, usedas an aid in the manipulation of smallobjects, e.g. excision of embryos fromyoung zygotes.

kÝnh hiÓn vi ph©n tÝch KÝnh hiÓn vi cã søckhuÕch ®¹i kho¶ng 50 x, ®-îc sö dông ®Ótrî gióp thao t¸c víi ®èi t-îng nhá, nh- lμc¾t ph«i tõ hîp tö non.

dissection Separation of a tissue bycutting into components, for analysis orobservation.

gi¶i phÉu Ph©n t¸ch m« do c¾t thμnh c¸cphÇn, ®Ó ph©n tÝch hoÆc quan s¸t.

distillation The process of heating amixture to separate the more volatile fromthe less volatile parts, and then condensingfractions of the resulting vapour so as toproduce a more nearly pure or refinedsubstance.

ch-ng cÊt Qu¸ tr×nh ®èt nãng mét hçnhîp ®Ó ph©n t¸ch phÇn dÒ bay h¬i tõ phÇnkhã bay h¬i, vμ sau ®ã ng-ng tô c¸c phÇnkÕt qu¶ bay h¬i nh- vËy ®Ó s¶n xuÊt métchÊt ®-îc tinh läc hoÆc gÇn nh- thuÇnkhiÕt.disulphide bond liªn kÕt disulphid xem:disulphide bridge.

disulphide bridge A chemical bondbetween pairs of sulphur atoms thatstabilizes the three-dimensional structureof proteins, and hence the protein’snormal function. These form particularlyreadily between cysteine residues in thesame or different peptide molecules.Synonym: disulphide bond.

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cÇu disunphit Mét liªn kÕt hãa häc gi÷ac¸c cÆp nguyªn tö l-u huúnh ®Ó lμm æn®Þnh cÊu tróc kh«ng gian ba chiÒu protein,vμ do vËy protein ho¹t ®éng b×nh th-êng.Chóng h×nh thμnh mét c¸ch riªng biÖtnhanh chãng gi÷a c¸c gèc cystein trongcïng mét ph©n tö hoÆc peptit kh¸c biÖt.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: disulphide bond.

ditype In fungi, a tetrad that contains twokinds of meiotic products (spores), e.g.2AB and 2ab.

thÓ ®«i Trong nÊm, mét bé bèn cã chøahai lo¹i s¶n phÈm gi¶m ph©n (c¸c bμo tö),vÝ dô 2 AB vμ 2ab.

diurnal An event that occurs repetitivelyon a daily basis, generally during daylighthours.

h»ng ngμy Sù kiÖn xÊy ra lÆp l¹i dùa vμongμy, th-êng lμ suèt c¸c giê chiÕu s¸ngban ngμy.

dizygotic twins Two-egg twins, i.e. a pairof individuals that shared the same uterusat the same time, but which arose fromseparate and independent fertilization oftwo ova.

sinh ®«i nhÞ hîp tö C¸c cÆp sinh ®«i kh¸ctrøng, nghÜa lμ mét cÆp ®«i c¸ thÓ mμ ph©nchia cïng no·n t¹i cïng mét thêi ®iÓm,nh-ng xÈy ra do thô tinh ®éc lËp vμ riªngbiÖt cña hai no·n.

DMSO xem: dimethyl sulphoxide.

DNA Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleicacid, former spelling desoxyribonucleicacid. A long chain polymer ofdeoxyribonucleotides. DNA constitutesthe genetic material of most knownorganisms and organelles, and usually isin the form of a double helix, althoughsome viral genomes consist of a singlestrand of DNA, and others of a single- or adouble-stranded RNA. See: base pair,genetic code.

DNA viÕt t¾t cña deoxyribonucleic acid,nguyªn ®¸nh vÇn lμ desoxyribonucleicacid . Chuçi p«lime dμi cña c¸cdeoxyribonucleotit. DNA cÊu thμnh vËt liÖudi truyÒn cña hÇu hÕt sinh vËt vμ bμo quan®-îc biÕt, vμ th-êng lμ trong d¹ng chuçi

xo¾n kÐp, mÆc dÇu mét sè hÖ gen virutgåm cã mét sîi ®¬n DNA, vμ c¸c d¹ngkh¸c cña mét RNA sîi kÐp hoÆc ®¬n. xem:base pair, genetic code.

DNA amplification Many-foldmultiplication of a particular DNAsequence either in vivo in a plasmid,phage or other vector; or in vitro using,most commonly, the polymerase chainreaction.

khuÕch ®¹i DNA Nh©n gÊp mét t×nh tùDNA riªng biÖt trong c¬ thÓ c¶ trongplasmit, thÓ thùc khuÈn hoÆc vect¬ kh¸c;hoÆc trong èng nghiÖm phæ biÕn nhÊt lμsö dông ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp.

DNA amplification fingerprinting(Abbreviation: DAF). A arbitrarily primedpolymerase chain reaction technique forobtaining molecular markers using veryshort (5-8 bp) primers.

in dÊu khuÕch ®¹i DNA (viÕt t¾t: DAF).Mét kü thuËt ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïnghîp måi tuú ý ®Ó thu ®-îc dÊu chuÈn ph©ntö cã dïng måi cùc ng¾n (5 - 8 bp) .

DNA chip xem: micro-array.DNA cloning nh©n dßng DNA xem: genecloning.

DNA construct A chimeric DNA molecule,carrying all the genetic informationnecessary for its transgenic expressionin a host cell.

kiÕn tróc DNA Ph©n tö DNA thÓ qu¸i,mang tÊt c¶ th«ng tin di truyÒn cÇn thiÕt®Ó biÓu thÞ chuyÓn gen trong mét tÕ bμochñ.

DNA delivery system A generic term forany procedure that transports DNA into arecipient cell.

hÖ thèng giao nhËn DNA ThuËt ng÷chung cho bÊt kú thñ tôc nμo mμ vËnchuyÓn DNA cho tÕ bμo nhËn.

DNA diagnostics The use of DNApolymorphisms to detect the presence ofa specific sequence, which could indicatethe presence of a contaminant, of apathogen, or of a particular allele at a targetgene. Most commonly util ises thepolymerase chain reaction.

ditype

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chÈn ®o¸n DNA Sö dông tÝnh ®a h×nh DNA®Ó ph¸t hiÖn cã mÆt mét tr×nh tù riªng biÖt,cã thÓ chØ b¸o cã mÆt mét chÊt g©y «nhiÔm, mét t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh, hoÆc métalen riªng biÖt t¹i gen ®Ých. Phæ biÕn nhÊtsö dông ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp.

DNA fingerprint A description of thegenotype of an individual from the patternof DNA fragments obtained from DNAfingerprinting. Synonym: DNA profile.

dÊu DNA M« t¶ kiÓu di truyÒn cña mét c¸thÓ tõ khung mÉu ®o¹n DNA thu ®-îc tõ indÊu DNA.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: DNA profile.

DNA fingerprinting The derivation ofunique patterns of DNA fragmentsobtained using a number of markertechniques; historically these were RFLPs,but latterly they are generally polymerasechain reaction based. Synonym: geneticfingerprinting.

in dÊu DNA XuÊt xø c¸c mÉu duy nhÊtc¸c ®o¹n DNA thu ®-îc cã sö dông métsè kü thuËt ®¸nh dÊu; tr-íc ®©y chóng lμc¸c RFLP, nh-ng gÇn ®©y nhÊt chóngth-êng ®ùa vμo ph¶n øng chuçi enzimtrïng hîp.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: geneticfingerprinting.

DNA helicase An enzyme that catalysesthe unwinding of the complementarystrands of a DNA double helix. Synonym:gyrase.

DNA helicaza Mét lo¹i enzim xóc t¸c th¸ora c¸c sîi bæ sung cña mét vßng xo¾n kÐpDNA. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: gyrase.

DNA hybridization The annealing of twosingle-stranded DNA molecules, possiblyof different origin, to form a partial orcomplete double helix. The degree ofhybridization varies with the extent ofcomplementarity between the twomolecules, and this is exploited to test forthe presence of a specific nucleotidesequence in a DNA sample.

lai gièng DNA Lμm dÎo hai ph©n tö DNAsîi ®¬n, cã thÓ gèc kh¸c nhau, ®Ó h×nhthμnh mét vßng xo¾n kÐp tõng phÇn hoÆc®Çy ®ñ. Møc ®é c¸c kiÓu lai cã quy m« bæsung gi÷a hai ph©n tö, vμ ®iÒu nμy ®-îc

khai th¸c ®Ó kiÓm tra sù cã mÆt cña méttr×nh tù nuclªotid riªng biÖt trong mÉu DNA.

DNA ligase An enzyme that catalyses areaction to link two separate DNAmolecules via the formation of aphosphodiester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl end of one and the 5'-phosphateof the other. Its natural role lies in DNArepair and replication. An essential tool inrecombinant DNA technology, as it enablesthe incorporation of foreign DNA intovectors.

DNA ligaza Mét lo¹i enzim xóc t¸c ph¶nøng liªn kÕt hai ph©n tö DNA t¸ch biÖt doh×nh thμnh mét liªn kÕt phosphodiestergi÷a mót 3'- hidroxyl vμ 5'- phèt ph¸t cñasîi kh¸c. Vai trß tù nhiªn cña nã n»m trongsù söa ch÷a DNA vμ sao chÐp. Mét c«ngcô quan träng trong kü thuËt DNA t¸i tæhîp, v× nã cho phÐp hîp nhÊt DNA ngo¹ivμo c¸c vect¬.

DNA micro-array m¶ng vi m« DNA Xem:micro-array, somatic cell hybrid panel,radiation hybrid cell panelDNA polymerase enzym trïng hîp DNAxem: polymerase.DNA polymorphism The existence of twoor more alteRNAtive alleles at a DNA-based marker locus.

tÝnh ®a h×nh DNA Sù tån t¹i cña hai hoÆcnhiÒu alen thay thÕ t¹i mét æ gen ®¸nh dÊudùa vμo DNA.

DNA primase An enzyme that catalysesthe synthesis of the short strands of RNAthat initiate the synthesis of DNA strands.

DNA primaza Mét lo¹i enzym xóc t¸c tænghîp c¸c sîi ng¾n RNA ®Ó b¾t ®Çu tæng hîpc¸c sîi DNA.

DNA probe ®Çu dß DNA xem: probe.

DNA profile mÆt c¾t DNA xem: DNAfingerprint.DNA repair A variety of mechanisms thatrepair errors (e.g. the incorporation of anon-complementary nucleotide) that occurnaturally during DNA replication.

söa ch÷a DNA Sù ®a d¹ng c¬ chÕ söach÷a lçi (vÝ dô hîp nhÊt mét nuleotit kh«ng

DNA fingerprint

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bæ sung) xÊy ra tù nhiªn trong qu¸ tr×nhsao chÐp DNA.

DNA replication The process wherebyDNA copies itself, under the action of andcontrol of DNA polymerase.

sao chÐp DNA Qu¸ tr×nh mμ b»ng c¸chnμo DNA tù sao chÐp, d-íi ho¹t ®éng vμkiÓm tra cña enzim trïng hîp DNA.

DNA sequencing Procedures fordetermining the nucleotide sequence of aDNA fragment. Two common methodsavailable: 1. The Maxam Gilbert technique,which uses chemicals to cleave DNA intofragments at specific bases; or, mostcommonly, 2. the Sanger technique (alsocalled the di-deoxy or chain-terminatingmethod) which uses DNA polymerase tomake new DNA chains, in the presence ofdi-deoxynucleotides (chain terminators)to stop the chain randomly as it grows. Inboth cases, the DNA fragments areseparated according to length bypolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,enabling the sequence to be read directlyfrom the gel. The procedure has becomeincreasingly automated and large-scale inrecent years.

x¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù DNA C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸px¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù nucleotit cña mét ®o¹nDNA. Hai ph-¬ng ph¸p phæ biÕn ®ang tånt¹i: 1. Kü thuËt Maxam Gilbert, kü thuËt nμysö dông hãa chÊt ®Ó g¾n DNA vμo c¸c®o¹n t¹i baz¬ ®Æc biÖt; hoÆc, th«ng dôngh¬n, 2. kü thuËt Sanger (cßn ®-îc gäi lμph-¬ng ph¸p di-deoxy hoÆc chain-terminating) kü thuËt nμy sö dông enzimtrïng hîp DNA ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c d·y DNA míi,trong khi cã mÆt c¸c di-deoxynucleotid (cÊutróc ®Çu cuèi d·y) ®Ó lμm ngõng d·y ®étngét trong lóc ®ang sinh tr-ëng. Trong c¶hai tr-êng hîp, c¸c ®o¹n DNA ®-îc ph©nt¸ch theo ®é dμi b»ng ®iÖn di gelpolycrylamit, cho phÐp tr×nh tù ®-îc ®äctrùc tiÕp tõ chÊt gel. Quy tr×nh trë thμnhquy m« lín vμ ®-îc tù ®éng hãa ngμy cμngt¨ng trong vμi n¨m gÇn ®©y.

DNA topo-isomerase An enzyme thatcatalyses the introduction or removal ofsupercoils in DNA. Synonym: topo-

isomerase.

men ®ång ph©n DNA Enzim xóc t¸c ®-avμo hoÆc lo¹i bá c¸c ®o¹n siªu xo¾n trongDNA. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: topo-isomerase.

DNA transformation biÕn n¹p ADN xem:ransformation.

DNA vaccine A vaccine generated by theinjection of specific DNA fragments tostimulate an immune response.

v¸c xin DNA Mét vacxin ph¸t sinh do b¬mthªm c¸c ®o¹n DNA ®Æc biÖt ®Ó t¨ng c-êngmét ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch.

DNAase xem: DNAse.

DNAse Abbreviation fordeoxyribonuclease. Any enzyme thatcatalyses the cleavage of DNAphosphodiester bonds. DNAse I is adigestive endonuclease secreted by thepancreas, that degrades DNA into shorterfragments. Many other endonucleases andexonucleases are involved in DNA repairand replication. Synonym: DNAase. See:restriction endonuclease.

DNAza ViÕt t¾t cña deoxyribonuclease. BÊtkú enzim nμo xóc t¸c nh¸nh liªn kÕt ®i phètph¸t DNA. DNAse I lμ endonucleaza tiªuhãa ph©n tiÕt do tuyÕn tôy, nã ph©n t¸chDNA thμnh nh÷ng ®o¹n ng¾n h¬n. NhiÒuendonucleaza vμ exonucleases kh¸c cãliªn quan trong viÖc söa ch÷a vμ sao chÐpDNA. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: ADNasa. Xem:restriction endonuclease.

Dolly The first mammal (a sheep) to becreated (via nuclear transfer) by thecloning of an adult cell (from themammary tissue of a ewe). This showedthat the process of differentiation into adulttissue is not, as previously thought,irreversible.

cõu Dolly §éng vËt cã vó ®Çu tiªn (cõu)®-îc t¹o ra (nhê chuyÓn nh©n) do nh©ndßng mét tÕ bμo tr-ëng thμnh (tõ m« vócõu c¸i). §iÒu nμy ®· chØ ra r»ng qu¸ tr×nhbiÖt ho¸ m« tr-ëng thμnh lμ kh«ng thÓ, nh-suy nghÜ tr-íc ®©y, kh«ng ®¶o ng-îc.

domain A portion of a protein or DNAmolecule that has a discrete function orconformation. At the protein level, can

DNA replication

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be as small as a few amino acid residuesor as large as half of the entire protein.

miÒn PhÇn protein hoÆc ph©n tö DNA cãchøc n¨ng hoÆc h×nh th¸i riªng biÖt. T¹imøc protein, cã thÓ nhá nh- mét gèc aminoacid hoÆc lín nh- mét nöa cña protein toμnphÇn.

dominance The gene action exhibited bya dominant allele.

-u thÕ T¸c ®éng gen ®-îc thÓ hiÖn domét alen tréi.

dominant 1. Of alleles, one whose effectwith respect to a particular trait is the samein heterozygotes as in homozygotes. Theopposite is recessive. 2. Of an individualanimal, one that is allowed priority inaccess to food, mates, etc., by others ofits species because of its success inprevious aggressive encounters. 3. Of ananimal or plant species, the mostconspicuously abundant and characteristicin a particular location or environment.

tÝnh tréi 1.Cña c¸c alen, mét hiÖu øng cñachóng cã liªnquan víi mét tÝnh tr¹ng riªngbiÖt lμ ®iÓm gièng nhau trong dÞ hîp töcòng nh- ®ång hîp tö. Ng-îc l¹i lμ lÆn. 2.Cña mét c¸ thÓ ®éng vËt, mét c¸ thÓ chophÐp quyÒn -u tiªn sö dông thøc ¨n,nguyªn liÖu, v.v., do sù kh¸c víi loμi cñanã v× nh÷ng thμnh c«ng trong c¹nh tranhlÊn ¸t tr-íc ®©y. 3. Cña mét loμi ®éng vËthoÆc thùc vËt, tÝnh phong phó næi bËt vμ®iÓn h×nh nhÊt trong mét vÞ trÝ hoÆc m«itr-êng ®Æc biÖt.

dominant (-acting) oncogene A gene thatstimulates cell proliferation andcontributes to oncogenesis when presentin a single copy.

gen ung th- tréi (-ho¹t ®éng) Gen kÝchthÝch t¨ng tr-ëng tÕ bμo vμ gãp phÇn h×nhthμnh ung th- khi cã mÆt trong b¶n sao®¬n.

dominant marker selection Selection ofcells via a gene encoding a product thatenables only the cells that carry the geneto grow under particular conditions. Forexample, plant and animal cells thatexpress the introduced neor gene are

resistant to neomycin and analogousantibiotics, while cells that do not carry neor

are killed. See: positive selection.

chän dÊu chuÈn tréi Chän läc tÕ bμo quagen m· hãa mét s¶n phÈm chØ cho phÐptÕ bμo mang gen sinh tr-ëng d-íi c¸c ®iÒukiÖn riªng biÖt. VÝ dô, c¸c tÕ bμo thùc vËtvμ tÕ bμo ®éng vËt biÓu thÞ gen neor ®-îcchuyÓn lμ thÓ kh¸ng víi neomixin vμ c¸ckh¸ng sinh t-¬ng tù, trong khi nh÷ng tÕbμo kh«ng mang neor bÞ tiªu diÖt. Xem:positive selection.

dominant selectable marker A gene thatallows the host cell to survive underconditions where it would otherwise die.Synonym: positive selectable marker.dÊu chuÈn lùa chän tréi Gen cho phÐptÕ bμo chñ sèng sãt d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ën¬i mμ tr¸i ng-îc nã sÏ chÕt. Tõ ®ångnghÜa: positive selectable marker.

donor junction site The junction betweenthe 5' end of an exon and the 3' end of anintron. See: acceptor junction site.

vÞ trÝ nèi thÓ cho sù nèi liÒn gi÷a mót 5'cña mét exon vμ mót 3' mét intron. Xem:acceptor junction site.

donor plant c©y cho Xem: ortet.dormancy A period in the life of an animal(hibeRNAtion and aestivation) or plantduring which growth slows or completelyceases. Evolved to allow survival ofadverse environmental conditions. Annualplants survive the winter as dormantseeds, while many perennial plants surviveas dormant tubers, rhizomes, or bulbs.Premature breaking of seed dormancypost harvest can be a major problem formaintaining nutritional and/or functionalquality, while difficulties in breakingdormancy will lead to poor germinationof the crop. See: quiescent.tr¹ng th¸i ngñ nghØ Mét giai ®o¹n sèngcña ®éng vËt (ngñ ®«ng vμ ngñ hÌ) hoÆcthùc vËt trong k× sinh tr-ëng chËm l¹i hoÆchoμn toμn ngõng. §-îc tiÕn ho¸ ®Ó chophÐp tån t¹i d-íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn m«itr-êng ®èi lËp. C©y mét n¨m tån t¹i mïa®«ng nh- c¸c h¹t gièng ngñ nghØ, trong

dominance

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khi nhiÒu c©y l©u n¨m tån t¹i nh- th©n cñ,th©n rÔ, hoÆc loμi th©n èng. Ph¸ vì símh¹t gièng ngñ nghØ sau thu ho¹ch cã thÓlμ vÊn ®Ò chÝnh ®Ó duy tr× chÊt l-îng dinhd-ìng vμ/ hoÆc chøc n¨ng, hÇu hÕt khãkh¨n trong ph¸ vì ngñ sÏ dÉn tíi h¹t gièngkÐm n¶y mÇm. Xem: quiescent.

dosage compensation A regulatorymechanism for sex-linked genes, to allowequivalent levels of gene expression from(in mammals) XY or XX genotypes, eventhough the gene copy number in XX isdouble that in XY. See: sex linkage, Barrbody.

bï liÒu l-îng C¬ chÕ ®iÒu chØnh c¸c genliªn kÕt giíi tÝnh, ®Ó cho phÐp c¸c møct-¬ng ®-¬ng biÓu thÞ gen tõ (trong ®éngvËt cã vó) c¸c kiÓu di truyÒn XY hoÆc XX,mÆc dï sè b¶n sao gen trong XX gÊp haitrong XY. Xem: sex linkage, Barr body.

double crossing-over The formation oftwo chiasmata within a chromosome arm,leading to the generation of a doublerecombinant gamete with respect togenes located within the segment definedby the two genes concerned.

b¾t chÐo ngoμi kÐp Sù h×nh thμnh hai chçb¾t chÐo trong mét nh¸nh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ,dÉn tíi ph¸t sinh mét giao tö t¸i tæ hîp kÐpliªn quan c¸c gen ®Þnh vÞ bªn trong ®o¹n®-îc x¸c ®Þnh do hai gen liªn quan.

double fertilization A process, unique toflowering plants, in which two male nuclei,which have travelled down the pollen tube,separately fuse with different female nucleiin the embryo sac. The first male nucleusfuses with the egg cell to form the zygote;the second male nucleus fuses with thetwo polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleusthat develops into the endosperm.

thô tinh kÐp Mét qu¸ tr×nh, duy nhÊt ®èivíi loμi c©y ra hoa, trong ®ã hai nh©n ®ùc,®-îc chuyÓn xuèng èng phÊn, kÕt hîpriªng víi nh©n c¸i trong tói ph«i. Sù dunghîp nh©n ®ùc thø nhÊt víi tÕ bμo trøng ®Óh×nh thμnh hîp tö; sù dung hîp nh©n ®ùcthø hai víi hai nh©n cùc ®Ó h×nh thμnh méth¹t nh©n thÓ tam béi ph¸t triÓn thμnh néiph«i nhò.

double helix Describes the coiling of thetwo strands of the double-stranded DNAmolecule, resembling a spiral staircase inwhich the base pairs form the steps andthe sugar-phosphate backbones form therails on each side. One strand runs 3'?5',while the complementary one runs 5'?3'

xo¾n kÐp M« t¶ sù xo¾n l¹i cña hai sîiph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp, gièng cÇu thang xo¾nèc trong ®ã cÆp baz¬ h×nh thμnh bËc vμtrôc phèt ph¸t- ®-êng h×nh thμnh ®-êngtay vÞn ë mçi bªn. Mét sîi ch¹y 3 ‘? 5 ‘,trong khi mét bæ sung ch¹y 5 ‘? 3 ‘

double recessive An organismhomozygous for a recessive allele at eachof two loci.

lÆn kÐp Mét sinh vËt ®ång hîp tö v× alenlÆn t¹i mçi mét vÞ trÝ cña hai æ gen.

double-stranded complementary DNA(Abbreviation: dscDNA). A double-stranded DNA molecule created from acDNA template.

DNA bæ sung sîi kÐp (viÕt t¾t: dscDNA).Mét ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp ®-îc t¹o ra tõmét khung mÉu cDNA

double-stranded DNA (Abbreviation:dsDNA). Two complementary strands ofDNA annealed in the form of a doublehelix. Synonym: duplex DNA.

DNA sîi kÐp (viÕt t¾t: dscDNA). Hai sîibæ sung cña DNA ®-îc ng©m trong h×nhd¹ng cña mét chuçi xo¾n kÐp.Tõ ®ångnghÜa: duplex DNA.

doubling time thêi gian nh©n ®«i xem :cell generation time.

down promoter mutation A mutation thatdecreases the frequency of initiation oftranscription. This leads to a fall in thelevel of mRNA compared to the wild typestate.

®ét biÕn khëi ®Çu thuËn §ét biÕn lμmgi¶m tÇn sè b¾t ®Çu phiªn m·. §iÒu nμydÉn tíi gi¶m møc mRNA so víi tr¹ng th¸ikiÓu d¹i.

down-regulate To induce genetically areduction in the level of a gene’sexpression.

dosage compensation

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®iÒu chØnh xuèng Lμm gi¶m møc biÓuthÞ gen di truyÒn.

downstream 1. With respect to DNA, thenucleotides that lie in the 3' direction fromthe point of reference, which is frequentlythe site at which transcription is initiated.This is generally designated +1, withdownstream nucleotides numbered +2,+10 etc. 2. In chemical engineering, thosephases of a manufacturing process thatfollow the biotransformation stage.Usually refers to the recovery andpurification of the product of afermentation process. See: downstreamprocessing.

xu«i dßng 1. Cã liªn quan víi DNA, nh÷ngnuleotit n»m theo h-íng 3' tõ ®iÓm liªn hÖ,th-êng lμ vÞ trÝ mμ t¹i ®ã phiªn m· b¾t ®Çu.ë ®©y th-êng ®-îc chØ +1, víi nuleotit xu«idßng ghi sè +2, +10 v©n v©n. 2. Trong küthuËt hãa häc, c¸c giai ®o¹n cña qu¸ tr×nhs¶n xuÊt tiÕp theo giai ®o¹n biÕn ®æi sinhhäc. Th-êng ®Ò cËp tíi kh«i phôc vμ lμms¹ch s¶n phÈm cña qu¸ tr×nh lªn men.Xem: downstream processing.

downstream processing A general termfor biotechnological processes whichfollow the biology, i.e. fermentation of amicro-organism or growth of a plant.Particularly relevant to fermentationprocesses, which produce a large quantityof a dilute mixture of substances, productsand micro-organisms. These must beseparated, and the product concentrated,purified and converted into a useful form.

xö lý xu«i dßng Mét thuËt ng÷ chung chØc¸c qu¸ tr×nh c«ng nghÖ sinh häc kÕ tiÕpsinh häc, nh- lªn men vi sinh vËt hoÆc sinhtr-ëng thùc vËt. Liªn quan ®Æc biÖt víi c¸cqu¸ tr×nh lªn men, ®Ó s¶n xuÊt mét sèl-îng lín hçn hîp nhiÒu lo¹i chÊt, s¶nphÈm vμ vi sinh vËt. Chóng cÇn ph¶i ®-îcph©n t¸ch, vμ s¶n phÈm ®-îc tËp trung,lμm s¹ch vμ chuyÓn ®æi thμnh d¹ng h÷uÝch.

drift xu thÕ xem: genetic drift.

Drosophila melanogaster The fruit fly,used for many years as a model foreukaryotic genetics. Of the nearly 300

disease-causing genes in the humangenome, more than half have ananalogous gene in the Drosophila genome.

ruåi dÊm bông ®en Lo¹i ruåi dÊm, ®-îcdïng trong nhiÒu n¨m lμm m« h×nh ditruyÒn häc nh©n chuÈn. Cña gÇn 300 geng©y bÖnh trong hÖ gen ng-êi, h¬n mét nöacã gen t-¬ng tù víi hÖ gen ruåi giÊm.

drug thuèc xem: therapeutic agent

drug delivery Method by which a drug isdelivered to its site of action. For traditionaldrugs this is another name for formulation.However, biotechnology has allowed thedevelopment of a range of newtherapeutic-agent delivery systems, suchas liposomes and other encapsulationtechniques, and a range of mechanismsthat target a therapeutic agent to aparticular cell or tissue.

chuyÓn nhËn thuèc Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó métlo¹i thuèc ®-îc ph©n ph¸t tíi vÞ trÝ ho¹t®éng. Víi c¸c thuèc truyÒn thèng ®©y lμtªn chÝnh thøc ho¸ kh¸c. Tuy nhiªn, ngμnhc«ng nghÖ sinh häc ®· cho phÐp ph¸t triÓnmét lo¹t c¸c hÖ thèng chuyÓn nhËn t¸cnh©n-liÖu ph¸p ch÷a bÖnh míi, nh-liposomes vμ c¸c kü thuËt bäc nang kh¸cnhau, vμ mét lo¹t c¸c c¬ chÕ cïng nh»m®Ých mét t¸c nh©n ch÷a bÖnh cho tÕ bμohoÆc m« riªng biÖt.

dry weight The weight of tissue obtainedfollowing sufficiently prolonged oven-dryingat high temperature to remove all water.Freeze-drying may also be employed butgenerates a slightly different resultbecause bound water is not removed.See: free water.träng l-îng kh« Träng l-îng m« thu ®-îcsau khi sÊy kÐo dμi ®Çy ®ñ ë nhiÖt ®é cao®Ó lo¹i bá toμn bé n-íc. §«ng kh« cã thÓcòng ®-îc sö dông nh-ng ph¸t sinh kÕtqu¶ kh¸c nhau v× n-íc liªn kÕt ch-a ®-îclo¹i bá. Xem: free water.

dscDNA xem: double-strandedcomplementary DNA.

dsDNA DNA sîi kÐp xem: dsDNA.

dTTP Rarely used but strictly correctabbreviation for deoxythymidine 5'-

downstream

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triphosphate. Required for DNA synthesissince it is a direct precursor molecule. See:TTP.

dTTP RÊt Ýt khi ®-îc dïng nh-ng ch÷ viÕtt¾t ®óng chÝnh x¸c cña deoxythymidin 5'triphosphat. CÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp DNA v×nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc tiÕp. xem:TTP.

dual culture A culture made of a planttissue and one organism (such as anematode) or an obligate parasite/micro-organism (such as a fungus). Dual culturetechniques are used for a variety ofpurposes, including assessing host-parasite interactions and the production ofaxenic cultures.

dual culture

lo¹i m« thùc vËt vμ mét lo¹i sinh vËt (nh-lμ giun trßn) hoÆc mét hiÖn t-îng ký sinh/vi sinh vËt (nh- mét lo¹i nÊm) mang tÝnhb¾t buéc. Kü thuËt nu«i cÊy kÐp ®-îc södông v× liªn quan nhiÒu môc ®Ých, bao gåm®¸nh gi¸ c¸c mèi t-¬ng t¸c ký sinh vËt chñvμ s¶n phÈm nu«i cÊy v« trïng.

duplex DNA Xem: double-strandedDNA.

duplication Multiple occurrence of: 1. ADNA sequence within a defined length ofDNA; or 2. A specific segment in the samechromosome or genome.

lÆp ®o¹n BiÕn cè phøc t¹p cña: 1. Mét tr×nhtù DNA trong mét ®o¹n DNA ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh;hoÆc 2. Mét ®o¹n ®Æc biÖt trong cïng métnhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc hÖ gen.

nu«i cÊy kÐp Nu«i cÊy ®-îc t¹o ra do mét

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Ee

E site vÞ trÝ E xem: exit site.

E. coli xem: Escherichia coli.EBV xem: estimated breeding value.

EC xem: Enzyme Commission number.ecdysone A steroid hormone in insectsstimulating the synthesis of proteinsinvolved in moulting and metamorphosis.

Mét hãc m«n steriod cña c«n trïng kÝchthÝch tæng hîp protein g©y rông l«ng vμgióp c«n trïng vò hãa.

eclosion 1. Emergence of an adult insectfrom the pupal stage. 2. Initial phase ofgermination of fungal spores.

sù në 1. Vò ho¸ cña c«n trïng tr-ëngthμnh chuyÓn tõ giai ®o¹n nhéng. 2. K× ®Çun¶y mÇm cña bμo tö nÊm.

ecological diversity ®a d¹ng sinh th¸ihäc xem: biodiversity.

economic trait locus (Abbreviation: ETL).A locus influencing a trait that contributesto producer’s income.

æ gen tÝnh tr¹ng kinh tÕ (viÕt t¾t: ETL) VÞtrÝ gen cã ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn mét tÝnh tr¹nggãp phÇn t¨ng thu nhËp cho ng-êi s¶nxuÊt.

ecosystem The complex of a livingcommunity and its environment,functioning as an ecological unit in nature.See: abiotic; biotic factors.

hÖ sinh th¸i Phøc hÖ céng ®ång sèng vμm«i tr-êng cña nã, chøc n¨ng nh- mét ®¬nvÞ sinh th¸i trong tù nhiªn. Xem: abiotic;biotic factors.

ecotype A population or a strain of anorganism that is adapted to a particularhabitat.

kiÓu sinh th¸i QuÇn thÓ hoÆc chñng sinhvËt thÝch nghi víi n¬i c- tró riªng biÖt.

ectopic Anomalous situation or relation,particularly with respect to pregnancy,where the foetus is implanted outside theuterus.

l¹c vÞ T×nh tr¹ng hoÆc mèi liªn quan kh¸cth-êng, ®Æc biÖt cã mang thai, khi bμo thai®-îc g¾n ngoμi tö cung.

edible vaccine Edible antigen-containingmaterial, that activates the immune systemvia gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Apreferred route for vaccine administration,particularly in areas where thetechnological infrastructure needed formaintenance of vaccines is absent. Thevaccine is synthesized in vivo in the edibleparts of transgenic plants (e.g. grains,tubers, fruits, etc.) or eggs.

vacxin thùc phÈm VËt chÊt chøa kh¸ngnguyªn ¨n ®-îc, ®Ó kÝch ho¹t hÖ thèngmiÔn dÞch nhê c¸c m« b¹ch huyÕt kÕt hîpvíi ruét non. Mét con ®-êng thÝch hîp ®Óqu¶n lý vacxin, ®Æc biÖt trong c¸c vïng n¬icßn thiÕu c¬ së h¹ tÇng c«ng nghÖ cÇnthiÕt ®Ó duy tr× vacxin. Vacxin ®-îc tænghîp trong c¬ thÓ ë trong thμnh phÇn ¨n®-îc cña thùc vËt chuyÓn gen (vÝ dô nh-lμ h¹t, th©n cñ, qu¶, v.v.,) hoÆc trøng.

editing so¹n th¶o xem: splicing (1).

EDTA xem: splicing (1).

EDV viÕt t¾t cña essential derivation ofvarieties.

effector cells Cells of the immune systemthat are responsible for the production ofcell-mediated cytotoxicity.

tÕ bμo t¸c ®éng TÕ bμo cña hÖ thèng miÔndÞch cã tr¸ch nhiÖm s¶n xuÊt cytotoxicity®iÒu chØnh tÕ bμo.

effector molecule A molecule thatinfluences the behaviour of a regulatorymolecule, such as a repressor protein,thereby influencing gene expression.

ph©n tö t¸c ®éng Ph©n tö cã ¶nh h-ëng®Õn sù thÓ hiÖn ph©n tö ®iÒu hoμ, nh-protein k×m h·m, do vËy lμm ¶nh h-ëngbiÓu thÞ gen.

egg 1. The fertilized zygote in egg-layinganimals. 2. The mature femalereproductive cell in animals and plants.

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trøng 1. Hîp tö ®-îc thô tinh cña ®éngvËt ®Î trøng. 2.TÕ bμo sinh s¶n c¸i tr-ëngthμnh cña ®éng vËt vμ thùc vËt.

EGS xem: external guide sequence.

EIA xem: enzyme immunoassay, ELISA.

elastin A fibrous protein that is the majorconstituent of the yellow elastic fibres ofanimal connective tissue.

Mét protein sîi lμ phÇn tö chÝnh cña sîi®μn håi mμu vμng cña m« liªn hîp ®éngvËt.

electro-blotting The electrophoretictransfer of DNA, RNA or protein from agel, in which they have been separated,to a support matrix, such asnitrocellulose. A transfer techniqueemployed in Southern and northernblotting.

thÈm t¸ch ®iÖn ChuyÓn giao hiÖn t-îng®iÖn chuyÓn cña DNA, RNA hoÆc proteintõ mét chÊt gel, trong ®ã chóng ®-îc ph©nt¸ch, thμnh hçn hîp hç trî, nh-nitroxeluloza. kü thuËt di chuyÓn ®-îc södông trong lai m¹ch ®¬n Southern vμNorthern.

electrochemical sensor Biosensors, suchas an enzyme electrode, in which abiological process is harnessed to anelectrical sensor system. Other typescouple a biological event to an electricalone via a range of mechanisms, includingthe reduction of oxygen or pH change.

c¶m øng ®iÖn ho¸ §Çu thô c¶m sinh häc,nh- ®iÖn cùc men, trong ®ã qu¸ tr×nh sinhhäc ®-îc khai th¸c cña hÖ thèng c¶m øng®iÖn. C¸c kiÓu cÆp ®«i tr-êng hîp sinh häckh¸c víi mét ®iÖn cùc nhê mét lo¹t c¬ chÕ,bao gåm gi¶m oxi hoÆc thay ®æi pH.

electron microscope (Abbreviation: EM).A microscope that uses an electron beamfocussed by magnetic ‘lenses’. See:scanning electron microscope.

kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö (viÕt t¾t: EM). KÝnhhiÓn vi cã sö dông mét chïm tia ®iÖn tö®-îc tËp trung b»ng nh÷ng thÊu kÝnhm¹nh. xem: scanning electron microscope.

electrophoresis A ubiquitous molecularbiology technique, with many variants,

used to resolve complex mixtures ofmacromolecules into their components. Itsprinciple is to subject samples to an electricfield applied across a porous matrix.Molecules will migrate under theseconditions at a rate dependent on their netelectric charge and/or their molecularweight. See: agarose gelelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, denaturing gradientgel electrophoresis , capillaryelectrophoresis, sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, thermal gel gradientelectrophoresis pulsed-field gelelectrophoresis, and iso-electricfocusing gel®iÖn di Kü thuËt sinh häc ph©n tö ®-îcdïng phæ biÕn, víi nhiÒu ph-¬ng ¸n,th-êng ®Ó ph©n t¸ch hçn hîp phøc t¹p cña®¹i ph©n tö thμnh nh÷ng phÇn nhá h¬n.Nguyªn lý cña nã lμ ®-a mÉu thö tíi méttr-êng ®iÖn ®-îc ¸p dông qua m«i tr-êngxèp. Ph©n tö sÏ di chuyÓn d-íi ®iÒu kiÖnnμy víi nhÞp ®é tïy thuéc vμo tÝch n¹p ®iÖnvμ/hoÆc träng l-îng ph©n tö. Xem: (nh-trªn)

electroporation The induction of transientpores in bacterial cells or protoplasts bythe application of a pulse of electricity.These pores allow the entry of exogenousDNA into the cell. Widely used for thetransformation of bacteria.

c¶m ®iÖn C¶m øng cña lç thë t¹m thêitrong tÕ bμo vi khuÈn hoÆc thÓ nguyªn sinhdo sö dông xung ®iÖn. C¸c lç thë cho phÐpDNA ngo¹i sinh x©m nhËp vμo tÕ bμo.§-îc sö dông réng r·i ®Ó biÕn n¹p vikhuÈn.

ELISA Abbreviation for enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay. An immunoassay,i.e. an antibody-based technique for thediagnosis of the presence and quantity ofspecific molecules in a mixed sample. Itcombines the specificity of animmunoglobulin with the detectability ofan enzyme-generated coloured product. Inone form, the primary antibody (specificto the test protein) is adsorbed onto a solidsubstrate, and a known amount of the

EGS

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sample is added; all the antigen in thesample is bound by the antibody. A secondantibody (conjugated with an enzyme)specific for a second site on the test proteinis added; and the enzyme generates acolour change in the presence of asubstrate reagent.

ELISA ViÕt t¾t cña: thö nghiÖm chuÈn ®o¸nmiÔn dÞch liªn kÕt enzim. Thö nghiÖm miÔndÞch, nghÜa lμ mét kü thuËt dùa vμo kh¸ngthÓ ®Ó chÈn ®o¸n sù cã mÆt vμ sè l-îngcña c¸c ph©n tö trong mÉu hçn hîp. KÕthîp tÝnh chÊt ®Æc thï cña huyÕt thanh miÔndÞch víi tÝnh chÊt cã thÓ nhËn biÕt cña s¶nphÈm ®-îc t« mμu ph¸t sinh enzim. Trongmét d¹ng, kh¸ng thÓ ®Çu (®Æc hiÖu víiprotein thö) ®-îc hót b¸m trªn dung dÞch®Æc, vμ thªm vμo mét l-îng mÉu nhÊt ®Þnh;tÊt c¶ kh¸ng nguyªn trong mÉu ®Òu ®-îckh¸ng thÓ bã chÆt. Kh¸ng thÓ thø hai (liªnhîp víi enzim) ®Æc hiÖu cho vÞ trÝ thø haitrªn protein thö ®-îc thªm vμo; vμ enzimph¸t sinh thay ®æi mμu khi cã mÆt mét chÊtt¹o ph¶n øng thuèc thö.

elite tree A phenotypically superior tree ina tree breeding programme.

c©y ®¼ng cÊp C©y tèt nhÊt vÒ kiÓu h×nhtrong ch-¬ng tr×nh nh©n gièng c©y trång.

elongation factors Soluble proteinsrequired for the elongation of polypeptidechains on ribosomes.

nh©n tè kÐo dμi Protein hoμ tan cÇn thiÕt®Ó kÐo dμi chuçi polyeptit trªn ribosom.

embryo An immature organism in the earlystages of development. In mammals,develops in the first months in the uterus.In plants, it is the structure that developsin the megagametophyte, as result of thefertilization of an egg cell, or occasionallywithout fertilization. Somatic embryos canoften be induced in in vitro plant cellcultures.

ph«i Sinh vËt non trong giai ®o¹n ph¸ttriÓn sím. Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, sù ph¸ttriÓn trong c¸c th¸ng ®Çu trong tö cung.Trong c©y trång, lμ cÊu tróc ph¸t triÓn trong®¹i giao tö, kÕt qu¶ cña thô tinh tÕ bμotrøng, hoÆc ®«i khi kh«ng thô tinh. Ph«ix«ma cã thÓ th-êng ®-îc t¹o ra khi nu«i

cÊy tÕ bμo thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm.

embryo cloning The creation of identicalcopies of an embryo by embryo splittingor by nuclear transfer fromundifferentiated embryonic cells.

nh©n dßng ph«i T¹o thμnh c¸c b¶n sao®ång nhÊt cña ph«i do t¸ch ph«i hoÆcchuyÓn nh©n tõ tÕ bμo ph«i kh«ng ph©nhãa.

embryo culture The culture of embryoson nutrient media.

nu«i cÊy ph«i Nu«i cÊy ph«i trªn m«itr-êng chÊt dinh d-ìng.

embryo multiplication and transfer(Abbreviation: EMT). The cloning of animalembryos and their subsequent transfer torecipients via artificial inembryonation.The cloned embryos can be derived fromembryonic or adult tissue.

nh©n vμ chuyÓn ph«i (viÕt t¾t: EMT). T¹odßng ph«i ®éng vËt vμ chuyÓn tiÕp theocho thÓ nhËn qua ghÐp ph«i nh©n t¹o. Ph«i®-îc t¹o dßng cã thÓ b¾t nguån tõ ph«ihoÆc tõ m« tr-ëng thμnh.

embryo rescue A sequence of tissueculture techniques utilized to enable afertilized immature embryo resulting froman interspecific cross to continue growthand development, until it can beregenerated into an adult plant.

cøu ph«i Tr×nh tù kü thuËt nu«i cÊy m«®-îc dïng gióp cho ph«i ch-a tr-ëng thμnh®-îc thô tinh do lai kh¸c loμi ®Ó tiÕp tôcsinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn, cho ®Õn khi cãthÓ ®-îc t¸i sinh thμnh c©y tr-ëng thμnh.

embryo sac The mature femalegametophyte in angiosperms. Generallya seven-celled structure - two synergids,one egg cell, three antipodal cells (eachwith a single haploid nucleus) and oneendosperm mother cell with two haploidnuclei.

tói ph«i ThÓ giao tö c¸i tr-ëng thμnh trongc©y h¹t kÝn. Th-êng cã cÊu tróc b¶y tÕ bμo- hai trî bμo, mét tÕ bμo trøng, ba tÕ bμo®èi cùc (mçi tÕ bμo ®Òu cã mét nh©n ®¬nbéi) vμ mét tÕ bμo mÑ néi ph«i nhò manghai nh©n ®¬n béi.

elite tree

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embryo sexing The determination of thesex of an embryo prior to birth. Typicallyachieved by the polymerase chainreaction-mediated amplification of DNAextracted from a sample of embryonictissue. Dependent on the availability ofreliable markers for the differential sexchromosome.

x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh ph«i X¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnhtr-íc ph«i sinh në. Sù gi¸m ®Þnh ®¹t ®-îcdo ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp-khuÕch ®¹i trung gian cña DNA ®-îc rótra tõ mét mÉu m« ph«i. Dùa vμo tÝnh s½ncã cña c¸c dÊu chuÈn ®¸ng tin cËy vÒnhiÔm s¾c thÓ ph©n biÖt giíi tÝnh.

embryo splitting The splitting of youngembryos into several sections, each ofwhich develops into an animal. A form ofanimal cloning, i.e. of producing animalsthat are genetically identical. In practice,the number of animals that can beproduced from a single embryo is less than10.

t¸ch ph«i T¸ch ph«i non ra nhiÒu phÇn,mçi phÇn ph¸t triÓn thμnh mét c¸ thÓ ®éngvËt. Mét d¹ng t¹o dßng ®éng vËt, nghÜa lμcña c¸c ®éng vËt ®ang s¶n xuÊt lμ ®ångnhÊt di truyÒn. Trong thùc tÕ, sè ®éng vËtcã thÓ s¶n xuÊt tõ mét ph«i ®¬n lμ thÊpd-íi 10.

embryo storage Cryogenic preservationof animal embryos, allowinginembryonation or other manipulationslong after embryo formation.

b¶o qu¶n ph«i B¶o qu¶n nhiÖt ®é thÊpph«i ®éng vËt, cho phÐp chuyÓn ghÐp ph«ihoÆc thao t¸c kh¸c sau h×nh thμnh ph«i.

embryo technology Generic name forany modification of mammalian embryos.It encompasses embryo cloning, embryosplitting, embryo storage, and in vitrofertilization.

c«ng nghÖ ph«i Tªn chung chØ bÊt kú biÕn®æi ph«i cña loμi cã vó. Liªn quan ®Õn t¹odßng ph«i, t¸ch ph«i, b¶o qu¶n ph«i, vμthô tinh trong èng nghiÖm.

embryo transfer chuyÓn ghÐp ph«i (viÕtt¾t: ET) Xem: embryo multiplication and

transfer, multiple ovulation and embryotransfer.embryogenesis 1. (General)Development of an embryo. 2. (In plants)In vitro formation of plants from planttissues, through a pathway closelyresembling normal embryogeny from thezygote. Somatic cell embryogenesis isan alternative technique. The generationof embryos has two stages: initiation andmaturation. Initiation needs a high level ofthe group of plant hormones called auxins;maturation needs a lower level.

ph¸t sinh ph«i 1. (Nãi chung) Ph¸t triÓncña mét ph«i. 2. (ë thùc vËt) Trong èngnghiÖm sù h×nh thμnh c©y trång tõ m« thùcvËt, qua ®-êng mßn gièng hÖt sù h×nhthμnh vμ ph¸t triÓn ph«i b×nh th-êng tõ hîptö. Ph¸t sinh tÕ bμo x«ma lμ kü thuËt ®-îclùa chän. Ph¸t sinh ph«i gåm hai giai ®o¹n:Khëi ®Çu vμ tr-ëng thμnh. Khëi ®Çu cÇnmøc cao nhãm hormon thùc vËt gäi lμnh÷ng chÊt kÝch thÝch sinh tr-ëng; tr-ëngthμnh cÇn møc thÊp h¬n.

embryoid Plant biotechnology term nolonger commonly used. An embryo-likebody developing in vitro, forming acomplete, self-contained plantlet with novascular connection with the callus.

d¹ng ph«i ThuËt ng÷ c«ng nghÖ sinh häcthùc vËt míi ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn. Mét thÓgièng hÖt ph«i ph¸t triÓn trong èng nghiÖm,h×nh thμnh c©y con hoμn chØnh, ®éc lËp,mμ kh«ng nèi m¹ch víi m« sÑo.

embryonic stem cells (Abbreviation: EScells). Cells of the early embryo that cangive rise to all differentiated cells, includinggerm line cells.

tÕ bμo cuèng ph«i (viÕt t¾t: ES cells).C¸c tÕ bμo cña ph«i sím cã thÓ sinh ra tÊtc¶ tÕ bμo biÖt ho¸, bao gåm tÕ bμo dßngmÇm.

emission wavelength The specificwavelength of light emitted by a fluorescentmolecule, such as a labelled probe, uponabsorption of l ight at the (higher)excitation wavelength.

b-íc sãng ph¸t x¹ B-íc sãng ®Æc biÖt

embryo sexing

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cña ¸nh s¸ng ph¸t ra bëi ph©n tö huúnhquang, nh- lμ ®Çu dß ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu, nhêhÊp thô ¸nh s¸ng t¹i b-íc sãng kÝch thÝch(cao h¬n).

EMT xem: embryo multiplication andtransfer.encapsidation The process by which thenucleic acid of a virus is enclosed in acapsid.

nang ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó axit nucleic cñavirut ®-îc bao chÆt trong vá bäc.

encapsulating agents Anything whichforms a shell around an enzyme orbacterium, common agents beingpolysaccharides such as alginate oragar. The agents are inert and allownutrients and oxygen to diffuse readily intoand out of the sphere, and are easy toconvert from gel (solid) to sol (liquid) orsolution form by altering the temperatureor the concentration of ions.

t¸c nh©n ®ãng gãi BÊt kú chÊt nμo h×nhthμnh vá bäc xung quanh enzim hoÆc vikhuÈn, C¸c t¸c nh©n phæ biÕn hiÖn nay lμpolisacarit nh- anginat hoÆc th¹ch. C¸c t¸cnh©n kh«ng ho¹t ®éng vμ cho phÐp c¸cchÊt dinh d-ìng vμ oxi ®Ô dμng khuÕcht¸n vμo vμ ra ngoμi kho¶ng trèng, vμ dÔchuyÓn ®æi tõ chÊt gel (chÊt r¾n) thμnhd¹ng keo (chÊt láng) hoÆc dung dÞch dothay ®æi nhiÖt ®é hoÆc nång ®é ion.

encapsulation Any method packaging anenzyme or bacterium and maintaining itsnormal functions. Used to immobilize cellsin a bioreactor.

bäc nang BÊt kú ph-¬ng ph¸p nμo ®ãnggãi mét enzim hoÆc vi khuÈn vμ duy tr× c¸cchøc n¨ng b×nh th-êng. §-îc dïng gi÷ cè®Þnh c¸c tÕ bμo trong b×nh ph¶n øng.

encode The gene product specified by aparticular nucleic acid sequence. See:genetic code.

m· hãa S¶n phÈm gen biÖt ho¸ do méttr×nh tù axÝt nuclªÝc riªng biÖt, xem: geneticcode.

endangered species A plant or animalspecies in immediate danger of extinctionbecause its population number has

reached a critical level, or its habitat hasbeen drastically reduced.

loμi cã nguy c¬ Loμi thùc vËt hoÆc ®éngvËt cã mèi nguy c¬ cÊp b¸ch tiÖt chñngbëi v× sè l-îng quÇn thÓ ®· ®¹t tíi møcb¸o ®éng, hoÆc d©n c- bÞ gi¶m qu¸ nhanh.

endemic Describing an organism, often adisease or pest, that is always present ina stated area.

bÖnh ®Þa ph-¬ng M« t¶ mét lo¹i sinh vËt,th-êng lμ bÖnh hoÆc s©u h¹i c©y mμ lu«ncã mÆt trong mét vïng ®-îc nãi tíi.

end-labelling The introduction of a readily-visualized tag at the end of a DNA or RNAmolecule. A commonly used method is tointroduce a 32P atom onto the end of a DNAmolecule by means of the enzyme T4polynucleotide kinase.

®¸nh dÊu mót ChuyÓn mét nh·n dÔ quans¸t vμo mót ph©n tö DNA hoÆc RNA.Ph-¬ng ph¸p dïng phæ biÕn lμ chuyÓnnguyªn tö 32P lªn mót ph©n tö DNA b»ngph-¬ng tiÖn enzim ph©n c¾t polinucleotitT4.

endocrine gland Any gland in an animalthat manufactures hormones and secretesthem directly into the bloodstream to actat distant sites in the body, known as targetorgans or cells.

tuyÕn néi tiÕt BÊt kú tuyÕn nμo trong ®éngvËt s¶n xuÊt ra hãc m«n vμ ph©n tiÕt trùctiÕp vμo trong m¸u ®Ó t¸c ®éng ®Õn nhiÒuvÞ trÝ trong c¬ thÓ, ®-îc biÕt nh- c¬ quanhoÆc tÕ bμo ®Ých.

endocrine interference Interference withthe normal balance of hormones.

giao thoa néi tiÕt Giao thoa cã sù c©nb»ng b×nh th-êng cña c¸c hooc-m«n.

endocytosis The process by whichmaterials enter a cell without passingthrough the cell membrane. Themembrane folds around material outsidethe cell, resulting in the formation of a sac-like vesicle inside which the material isentrapped. This vesicle is then pinched offfrom the cell surface so that it lies withinthe cell. See: phagocytosis, pinocytosis.

EMT

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nhËp bμo Qu¸ tr×nh vËt chÊt ®i vμo tÕ bμomμ kh«ng qua mμng tÕ bμo. Nh÷ng nÕpgÊp mμng v©y xung quanh vËt chÊt ë bªnngoμi tÕ bμo, kÕt qu¶ h×nh thμnh mét mônn-íc gièng nh- tói x¾c bªn trong ®ã vËtchÊt bÞ ®¸nh bÉy. Sau ®ã môn n-íc ®-îckÑp l¹i tõ bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo ®Ó tù n»m trong tÕbμo. Xem: phagocytosis, pinocytosis.

endoderm The internal layer of cells of thegastrula , which develops into thealimentary canal (gut) and digestive glandsof the adult.

néi b× Líp trong cña tÕ bμo mÇm ph«i,ph¸t triÓn thμnh èng tiªu hãa (ruét) vμnh÷ng tuyÕn phèi hîp cña sinh vËt tr-ëngthμnh.

endodermis The layer of living cells, withvarious characteristically thickened wallsand no intercellular spaces, whichsurrounds the vascular tissue of certainplants and occurs in nearly all roots andcertain stems and leaves. It separates thecortical cells from cells of the pericycle.

tÇng néi b× Líp c¸c tÕ bμo ho¹t ®éng, cãc¸c v¸ch ng¨n lμm dμy ®Æc tr-ng kh¸cnhau vμ kh«ng cã kho¶ng gian bμo, v©yquanh m« m¹ch cña c¸c c©y trång nhÊt®Þnh vμ xuÊt hiÖn trong gÇn tÊt c¶ gèc, th©nvμ l¸ x¸c ®Þnh. Ph©n t¸ch tÕ bμo vá víi tÕbμo trô b×.

endogamy néi giao xem: inbreeding.

endogenous Derived from within; from thesame cell type or organism. Opposite:exogenous.

néi sinh Cã nguån gèc tõ bªn trong; Tõcïng kiÓu tÕ bμo hoÆc sinh vËt. Ng-îc víi:exogenous.

endomitosis Duplication of chromosomeswithout division of the nucleus, resultingin a doubling (or more) in thechromosome number within a cell.

néi nguyªn ph©n Nh©n ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓkh«ng cã thμnh phÇn h¹t nh©n, kÕt qu¶t¹o ra gÊp ®«i (hoÆc h¬n) sè l-îng nhiÔms¾c thÓ trong tÕ bμo.

endonuclease An enzyme that cleaves aphosphodiester bond within a DNAstrand, forming two smaller strands. See:

exonuclease, restriction endonuclease.

endonucleaza Enzim ph©n c¾t liªn kÕtphosphodieste trong mét sîi DNA, h×nhthμnh hai sîi nhá h¬n. Xem: exonuclease,restriction endonuclease.

endophyte An organism that lives insidea plant.

néi ký sinh thùc vËt Sinh vËt sèng bªntrong thùc vËt.

endoplasmic reticulum (Abbreviation:ER). A cytoplasmic net of membranes,adjacent to the nucleus, visible under theelectron microscope. The sites of proteinsynthesis.

l-íi néi bμo (viÕt t¾t: ER). Mét m¹ng l-íibμo chÊt cña mμng, tiÕp gi¸p h¹t nh©n,quan s¸t ®-îc b»ng kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö.C¸c vÞ trÝ tæng hîp protein.

endopolyploidy The net result ofendomitoses. The somatic chromosomenumber has doubled (or more), forming apolyploid cell line. If these differentiateinto a germ line, then the gametic numberwill have also increased proportionately,giving rise to homogeneously polyploidindividuals, termed endopolyploids.

néi ®a b«Þ KÕt qu¶ cuèi cïng cña néinguyªn ph©n. Sè nhiÔm s¾c thÓ x«ma ®-îcnh©n gÊp ®«i (hoÆc nhiÒu h¬n), h×nh thμnhdßng tÕ bμo ®a béi. NÕu chóng biÖt ho¸thμnh mét dßng mÇm, th× sau ®ã sè giaotö còng sÏ t¨ng c©n ®èi, sinh ra c¸ thÓ ®abéi ®ång tÝnh, gäi lμ c¸c thÓ néi ®a béi.

endoprotease An enzyme that cleavesinternal peptide bonds within apolypeptide molecule. Site of cleavage isusually specific to certain amino acidresidues.

endoproteaza Mét lo¹i enzim ph©n c¾t liªnkÕt peptit ben trong mét ph©n tö polyeptit.VÞ trÝ ph©n c¾t th-êng ®Æc tr-ng víi nh÷ng®u«i amino axÝt x¸c ®Þnh.

endoreduplication Chromosomereproduction during interphase. Four-chromatid chromosomes(diplochromosomes) are seen during thisphase.

néi nh©n ®«i Sao chÐp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ

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trong k× nghØ. C¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cã bènnhiÔm s¾c tö (diplochromosomes) ®-îcquan s¸t râ trong pha nμy.

endosperm The nutritive tissue thatdevelops in the seed of most angiosperms,containing varying proportions ofcarbohydrate (usually starch), proteinand lipid. In most diploid plants, theendosperm is triploid.

néi nhò M« dinh d-ìng ph¸t triÓn trongh¹t cña hÇu hÕt c¸c c©y h¹t kÝn, cã chøa tûlÖ hydrat cacbon kh¸c nhau (th-êng lμ tinhbét), protein vμ lipit. Trong hÇu hÕt c¸c c©yl-ìng béi, néi ph«i nhò lμ thÓ tam béi.

endosperm mother cell One of the sevencells of the mature plant embryo sac,containing the two polar nuclei and,which, following fertilization, gives rise tothe primary endosperm cell from which theendosperm develops.

tÕ bμo mÑ néi nhò Mét trong sè b¶y tÕbμo cña tói ph«i c©y tr-ëng thμnh, cã chøahai nh©n cùc vμ, sau khi thô tinh, sinh tÕbμo néi nhò gèc tõ ®ã néi nhò ph¸t triÓn.endotoxin A component of the cell wall ofgram-negative bacteria that elicits, inmammals, an inflammatory response andfever.

néi ®éc tè Thμnh phÇn v¸ch tÕ bμo vikhuÈn gram ©m kh¬i mμo ph¶n øng viªms-ng vμ sèt trong ®éng vËt cã vó.

end-product inhibition The inhibition ofan enzyme by a metabolite. Typically, theenzyme is the first enzyme in a biosyntheticpathway, and the metabolite the productof the last step in the pathway. See:feedback inhibition.

k×m h·m s¶n phÈm cuèi K×m h·m métenzim do s¶n phÈm trao ®æi chÊt. §Æc biÖt,enzim nμy lμ enzim ®Çu tiªn trong ®-êngmßn tæng hîp sinh häc, vμ chuyÓn ho¸ s¶nphÈm cña kh©u cuèi cïng trong ®-êngmßn. Xem: feedback inhibition.

enhancer 1. A substance or object thatincreases a chemical activity or aphysiological process. 2. A eukaryotic DNAsequence (also found in some eukaryoticviruses) which increases the transcription

of a gene. Located up to several kbp,usually (but not exclusively) upstream ofthe gene in question. In some cases canactivate transcription of a gene with no(known) promoter. Synonyms: enhancerelement; enhancer sequence. 3. A majoror modifier gene that increases the rate ofa physiological process.

nh©n tè khuÕch ®¹i 1. ChÊt hoÆc ®èit-îng lμm t¨ng ho¹t ®éng hãa häc hoÆcqu¸ tr×nh sinh lý. 2. Mét tr×nh tù DNA sinhvËt cã nh©n (cßn h×nh thμnh trong mét sèvirut cã nh©n) lμm t¨ng phiªn m· mét gen.Ph¹m vi lªn tíi vμi kbp, th-êng (nh-ngkh«ng ph¶i duy nhÊt) xö lý ng-îc dßng cñagen khi ch-a râ. Trong mét sè tr-êng hîpcã thÓ kÝch ho¹t phiªn m· gen mμ kh«ng(biÕt) khëi ®Çu. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa:enhancer element; enhancer sequence. 3.Mét gen chÝnh hoÆc biÕn ®æi ®Ó lμm t¨ngthªm nhÞp ®é cña mét qu¸ tr×nh sinh lý.

enhancer element phÇn tö khuÕch ®¹iXem: enhancer.enhancer sequence tr×nh tù khuÕch ®¹iXem: enhancer.

enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphatesynthase (Abbreviation EPSP synthase orEPSPS). An enzyme produced by virtuallyall plants, which is essential for normalmetabolism, and for the biosynthesis ofaromatic amino acids. Glyphosate- andsulfosate-containing herbicides act byinhibiting EPSP synthase activity, butbecause strain CP4 of Agrobacterium sp.is unaffected by glyphosate, theintroduction of the CP4 EPSPS gene intocrop plants generates a tolerance ofglyphosate-containing herbicides.

enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphatesynthaza (viÕt t¾t EPSP synthaza hoÆcEPSPS ). Enzim ®-îc s¶n sinh bëi hÇu nh-tÊt c¶ thùc vËt, chóng lμ thiÕt yÕu ®Ó trao®æi chÊt b×nh th-êng, vμ sinh tæng hîp axitamin th¬m. C¸c thuèc diÖt cá cãglyphosate - vμ sulfosate t¸c ®éng b»ngc¸ch ng¨n chÆn ho¹t ®éng EPSPsynthaza, nh-ng do chñng CP4 cñaAgrobacterium sp. kh«ng bÞ ¶nh h-ëng bëiglyphosate, nªn chuyÓn gen CP4 EPSPS

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cho c©y trång sÏ ph¸t sinh tÝnh chèng chÞuthuèc diÖt cá cã chøa glyphosata.

enterotoxin A bacterial protein that,following release into the intestine, causescramps, diarrhoea and nausea.

®éc tè ruét non Mét protein vi khuÈn, saukhi x©m nhiÔm vμo ruét non, g©y ra nh÷ngchøng chuét rót, bÖnh tiªu ch¶y vμ buånn«n.

enucleated ovum Egg cell from which thenucleus has been removed, usually as apreparatory step for nuclear transfer.trøng bãc nh©n TÕ bμo trøng mμ ®· ®-îclo¹i bá nh©n, th-êng lμ mét b-íc dù bÞ ®ÓchuyÓn nh©n.

enzyme A protein which, even in very lowconcentration, catalyses specific chemicalreactions but is not used up in the reaction.Enzymes are classified into six majorgroups (1-6), according to the type ofreaction they catalyse: 1. oxidoreductases;2. transferases; 3. hydrolases; 4. lyases;5. isomerases; 6. ligases. Generallyenzymes are named by the addition of thesuffix -ase to the name of their substrate,and are classified by a standard numericalsystem: the Enzyme Commission (EC)number.enzim Mét lo¹i protein, thËm chÝ ë nång®é rÊt thÊp, xóc t¸c c¸c ph¶n øng hãa häcriªng biÖt nh-ng kh«ng bÞ sö dông vμoph¶n øng. Enzim ®-îc ph©n lo¹i thμnh s¸unhãm chÝnh (1-6), theo kiÓu ph¶n øngchóng xóc t¸c: 1. enzim oxi hãa khö; 2.enzim chuyÓn vÞ; 3. enzim thuû ph©n; 4.enzim ph©n c¾t; 5. Enzim ®ång ph©n ho¸;6. Enzim tæng hîp. Th-êng enzim ®-îc ®Ættªn do thªm hËu tè - aza vμo tªn c¬ chÊt,vμ ®-îc ph©n lo¹i b»ng hÖ thèng sè chuÈn:sè ñy nhiÖm men (EC).

enzyme bioreactor A reactor in which achemical conversion reaction is catalysedby an enzyme.

b×nh lªn men B×nh ph¶n øng trong ®ãph¶n øng chuyÓn ®æi hãa häc ®-îc xóct¸c do enzim.

Enzyme Commission number(Abbreviation: EC number). Systematic

label which identifies an enzyme in thetechnical literature. Consists of fournumbers separated by dots: the firstclassifies the enzyme into one of the sixbroad enzyme groups (see: enzymes);each group is subdivided into sub-groups,each sub-group into sub-sub-groups, andthe last number is specific for the enzyme,e.g. EC 3.1.21.1 is deoxyribonuclease I.

sè ñy nhiÖm enzim (viÕt t¾t: EC number-sè EC). Nh·n mang tÝnh hÖ thèng ®Ó x¸c®Þnh mét enzim trong tμi liÖu kü thuËt. Gåmcã bèn sè ph©n ra bëi c¸c sè hiÖu: Tr-íchÕt ph©n lo¹i enzim thμnh s¸u nhãm chÝnh(xem: enzymes); mçi nhãm ®-îc chia nháthμnh nhãm phô, mçi nhãm phô l¹i ph©nthμnh d-íi- nhãm phô, vμ sè cuèi cïng chØriªng enzim, vÝ dô EC 3.1.21.1 lμdeoxyribonucleaza I.

enzyme electrode A type of biosensor, inwhich an enzyme is immobilized onto thesurface of an electrode. When the enzymecatalyses its reaction, electrons aretransferred from the reactant to theelectrode, and so a current is generated.There are two types of enzyme electrodes:1. Ampometric (measuring current flow)where the electrode is kept as near zerovoltage as possible. When the enzymecatalyses its reaction, electrons move intothe electrode, and so a current flows; 2.Potentiometric (measuring changes inelectrical potential) when the electrode isheld at a voltage which counteracts thevoltage determined by the enzyme’stendency to push electrons into it. Usuallyenzymes transfer their electronsinefficiently to the electrode, so a mediatorcompound is coated onto the electrode tohelp the transfer.

®iÖn cùc men Mét lo¹i c¶m biÕn c¶m sinhhäc, trong ®ã enzim ®-îc gi÷ cè ®Þnh trªnbÒ mÆt ®iÖn cùc. Khi enzim xóc t¸c ph¶nøng, c¸c ®iÖn tö ®-îc chuyÓn tõ chÊt ph¶nøng ®Õn ®iÖn cùc, vμ nh- vËy dßng ®iÖn®-îc ph¸t sinh. Cã hai lo¹i ®iÖn cùc enzim:1. C-êng ®é (®o c-êng ®é dßng ®iÖn) n¬i®iÖn cùc gi÷ ë kh¶ n¨ng ®iÖn ¸p gÇn b¾ngkh«ng. Khi enzim xóc t¸c ph¶n øng, c¸c®iÖn tö di chuyÓn vμo ®iÖn cùc, vμ nh- vËy

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dßng ®iÖn ®-îc ph¸t sinh; 2. §iÖn thÕ (®osù thay ®æi ®iÖn ¸p) khi ®iÖn cùc gi÷ t¹imét ®iÖn ¸p lμm mÊt t¸c dông ®iÖn ¸p x¸c®Þnh do xu h-íng cña enzim ®Èy ®iÖn tövμo trong nã. Th-êng c¸c enzim chuyÓn®iÖn tö cña chóng kh«ng tíi ®-îc ®iÖn cùc,v× vËy mét hîp chÊt trung gian ®-îc phñlªn trªn ®iÖn cùc ®Ó hç trî di chuyÓn.

enzyme immunoassay A range ofimmunoassay techniques employingenzymes, which includes ELISA.

thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch enzim Mét ph¹mtrï kü thuËt thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch cã dïngenzim, bao gåm c¶ ELISA.

enzyme kinetics The quantitativecharacteristics of enzyme reactions.

®éng häc enzim §Æc tr-ng ®Þnh l-îng cñaph¶n øng enzim.

enzyme stabilization Maintaining theactive conformation of an enzyme. Thiscan be achieved in vitro by providing theappropriate chemical environment andcofactors. In some cases the criticality ofthese factors can be reduced by bindingan antibody to the enzyme, in such a waythat the active site of the enzyme is leftunblocked.

æn ®Þnh enzim Duy tr× h×nh th¸i ho¹t ®éngcña enzim. Cã thÓ ®¹t ®-îc trong èngnghiÖm do cung cÊp m«i tr-êng hãa häcthÝch hîp vμ c¸c ®ång yÕu tè. Trong métsè tr-êng hîp møc tíi h¹n cña c¸c nh©ntè nμy cã thÓ gi¶m bít do liªn kÕt kh¸ngthÓ víi enzim, b»ng c¸ch nμy ®Ó vÞ trÝ ho¹t®éng cña enzim ®-îc gi¶i táa.

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayXem: ELISA.

EPD Xem: expected progeny difference.epicotyl The upper portion of the axis of aplant embryo or seedling, above thecotyledons.

trô trªn l¸ mÇm PhÇn trªn cña trôc ph«ithùc vËt hoÆc mÇm non, phÝa trªn l¸ mÇm.

epidermis 1. The outmost layer of cells ofthe body of an animal. In invertebrates theepidermis is normally only one cell thickand is covered by an impermeable cuticle.In vertebrates the epidermis is the thinner

of the two layers of skin. 2. The outermostlayer of cells covering a plant. It is overlaidby a cuticle and its functions are principallyto protect the plant from injury and toreduce water loss. Some epidermal cellsare modified to form guard cells or hairsof various types. In woody plants thefunctions of the shoot epidermis are takenover by the periderm tissues and in matureroots the epidermis is sloughed off andreplaced by the hypodermis.

biÓu b× 1. Líp tÕ bμo ngoμi cïng cña c¬thÓ ®éng vËt. Trong ®éng vËt kh«ng x-¬ngsèng biÓu b× b×nh th-êng chØ lμ mét líp tÕbμo dμy lªn vμ ®-îc bao trïm bëi mét lípvá sõng kh«ng thÊm n-íc. Trong ®éng vËtcã x-¬ng sèng biÓu b× máng h¬n hai lípda. 2. Líp tÕ bμo ngoμi cïng phñ kÝn thùcvËt. Nã ®-îc phñ thªm bëi mét líp vá sõngvμ cã chøc n¨ng chñ yÕu ®Ó b¶o vÖ c©ykhái bÞ th-¬ng vμ gi¶m mÊt n-íc. Mét sètÕ bμo biÓu b× biÕn ®æi thμnh tÕ bμo b¶o vÖhoÆc kiÓu l«ng kh¸c nhau. Trong c©y gçc¸c chøc n¨ng cña biÓu b× chåi ®-îc thùchiÖn do m« chu b× vμ trong rÔ tr-ëng thμnhbiÓu b× bong ra vμ thay thÕ b»ng líp d-íibiÓu b×.

epigenesis Describes the developmentalprocess whereby each successive stageof normal development is built up on thefoundations created by the precedingstages of development; an embryo is builtup from a zygote, a seedling from anembryo, and so on.

thuyÕt biÓu sinh M« t¶ qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓntheo ®ã tõng giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn b×nhth-êng liªn tiÕp ®-îc x©y dùng trªn nÒnt¶ng ®-îc t¹o ra tõ c¸c giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓntr-íc; ph«i ®-îc t¹o thμnh tõ hîp tö, c©ygièng tõ mét ph«i, v©n v©n.

epigenetic variation Non-hereditary andreversible variation; often the result of achange in gene expression due tomethylation of DNA.

biÕn dÞ biÓu sinh BiÕn dÞ cã thÓ ®¶o ng-îcvμ kh«ng di truyÒn; th-êng lμ kÕt qu¶ cñamét thay ®æi khi biÓu thÞ gen qua metyl ho¸DNA.

epinasty A process by which the growth

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of branches or petioles is abnormallypointing downward. This phenomenon iscaused by the more rapid growth of theupper side. Epinasty may result from eithernutritional deficiencies or irregularities atthe plant growth regulator level. Not tobe confused with wilting, as epinastictissues are turgid.

sinh tr-ëng cong Qu¸ tr×nh mμ bëi ®ãsinh tr-ëng cña nh¸nh hoÆc cuèng l¸ chØxuèng phÝa d-íi mét c¸ch bÊt th-êng. HiÖnt-îng nμy g©y ra do phÇn trªn t¨ng tr-ëngnhanh h¬n. Sinh tr-ëng cong cã thÓ lμ kÕtqu¶ thiÕu hôt dinh d-ìng hoÆc thay ®æi bÊtth-êng ë møc ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùcvËt. Kh«ng nªn lÉn lén víi hÐo, khi c¸c m«sinh tr-ëng cong bÞ phång dép.

epiphyte A plant that grows upon anotherplant, but is neither parasitic on it norrooted in the ground.

thùc vËt biÓu sinh (c©y tÇm göi), Lo¹ic©y mμ sinh tr-ëng b¸m vμo c©y kh¸c,nh-ng kh«ng ph¶i lμ ký sinh trªn c©y kh¸ccòng kh«ng bÐn rÔ trªn ®Êt.

episome A genetic extrachromosomalelement (e.g. the F factor in Escherichiacoli) which replicates within a cellindependently of the chromosome and isable to integrate into the hostchromosome. The step of integration maybe governed by a variety of factors and sothe term episome has lost favour and beensuperseded by the wider term plasmid.

thÓ ngoμi PhÇn tö ngoμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ditruyÒn (vÝ dô nh- nh©n tè F trong trùckhuÈn -Escherichia coli) gi÷ l¹i trong tÕ bμomét c¸ch ®éc lËp cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ cãthÓ hîp nhÊt víi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vËt chñ.B-íc hîp nhÊt nμy cã thÓ ®-îc ®iÒu khiÓndo mét lo¹i t¸c nh©n vμ do vËy thuËt ng÷episome Ýt ®-îc sö dông vμ thay thÕ bëithuËt ng÷ plasmit nghÜa réng h¬n .

epistasis Interaction between genes atdifferent loci, e.g. one gene suppressesthe effect of another gene that is situatedat a different locus. Dominance isassociated with members of allelic pairs,whereas epistasis describes an interactionamong products of non-alleles.

øc chÕ t-¬ng hç T-¬ng t¸c gi÷a c¸c gent¹i c¸c æ gen kh¸c nhau, vÝ dô mét gen lÊn¸t sù ¶nh h-ëng cña gen kh¸c mμ nã ®-îc®Æt t¹i mét æ gen kh¸c biÖt. TÝnh tréi ®-îckÕt hîp víi c¸c thμnh viªn cña cÆp alen,trong khi sù ¸t chÕ m« t¶ mèi t-¬ng t¸cgi÷a nh÷ng s¶n phÈm kh«ng alen.

epitope Tõ ®ång nghÜa antigenicdeterminant.epizootic A disease simultaneouslyaffecting a large number of animals.

bÖnh dÞch thó BÖnh cïng mét lóc ¶nhh-ëng ®Õn sè l-îng lín ®éng vËt.

EPSP synthase viÕt t¾t cña enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-phosphate synthase.EPSPS viÕt t¾t cña enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-phosphate synthase.

equational division A chromosomedivision in which the two chromatids ofeach duplicated chromosome separatelongitudinally, prior to being incorporatedinto two daughter nuclei. Seen at themitotic-type second division of meiosis;also in somatic mitosis and the non-reductional division of meiosis. Thenumber of chromosomes is the same atthe end of the division as at the beginning.

ph©n chia ®ång ®Òu Sù ph©n chia nhiÔms¾c thÓ mμ trong ®ã hai nhiÔm s¾c tö cñamçi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n ®«i ph©n t¸ch theochiÒu däc, cÆp ®«i tr-íc ®-îc hîp nhÊtthμnh hai nh©n con. §-îc quan s¸t râ ëph©n chia lÇn hai kiÓu nguyªn ph©n cñagi¸n ph©n; còng nh- trong nguyªn ph©nx«ma vμ ph©n chia kh«ng sinh s¶n cñagi¶m ph©n. Sè l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ë cuèiph©n chia còng gièng nh- lóc b¾t ®Çu.

equilibrium density gradientcentrifugation A procedure used toseparate macromolecules based on theirdensity (mass per unit volume).

li t©m mËt ®é c©n b»ng C¸ch thøc tiÕnhμnh ph©n t¸ch ®¹i ph©n tö dùa vμo mËt®é (khèi l-îng theo ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch).

ER xem: endoplasmic reticulum.

Erlenmeyer flask A conical flat-bottomedlaboratory flask with a narrow neck, widelyused for culturing micro-organisms.

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b×nh Erlenmeyer Mét lo¹i b×nh thÝ nghiÖm®¸y bÑt h×nh nãn cã cæ hÑp, dïng ®Ó nu«icÊy vi sinh vËt.ES cells tÕ bμo ES xem: embryonic stemcells.Escherichia coli A commensal bacteriuminhabiting the colon of many animalspecies, including human. E. coli is widelyused as a model of cell biochemicalfunction, and as a host for cloning DNA.In environmental studies, its presence is akey indicator of water pollution due tohuman sewage effluent. Some strains,notably E. coli 0157:H7, are significantpathogens.

trùc khuÈn ®¹i trμng Vi khuÈn céng sinhkhu tró t¹i ruét cña nhiÒu loμi ®éng vËt,bao gåm c¶ ng-êi. E. coli ®-îc dïng phæbiÕn lμm mét m« h×nh ho¹t ®éng ho¸ sinhtÕ bμo, vμ lμm vËt chñ ®Ó t¹o dßng DNA.Trong nghiªn cøu m«i tr-êng, sù cã mÆtcña nã lμ dÊu hiÖu chÝnh chØ « nhiÔm n-ícdo ¶nh h-ëng chÊt th¶i ng-êi. Mét sèchñng, ®¸ng chó ý E. coli 0157:H7, lμ t¸cnh©n g©y bÖnh quan träng.

essential amino acid An amino acidrequired for normal metabolism, but whichcannot be synthesized by an organism. Ittherefore has to be supplied via feed orfood.

axit amin thiÕt yÕu Mét axit amin cÇnthiÕt ®Ó trao ®æi chÊt b×nh th-êng, nh-ngkh«ng thÓ ®-îc tæng hîp bëi sinh vËt. BëivËy nã ®-îc cung cÊp qua nu«i d-ìnghoÆc thøc ¨n.

essential derivation of varieties(Abbreviation: EDV). Genotypes verysimilar to an originating cultivar, obtained,for example, by the selection of a mutantor a variant individual from plants of theinitial variety, or by backcrossing ortransformation.

d¹ng thiÕt yÕu cña c©y trång (viÕt t¾t:EDV) C¸c kiÓu di truyÒn rÊt gièng víi métlo¹i c©y trång nguån gèc, ®-îc tiÕp thu, vÝdô, do chän läc mét ®ét biÕn hoÆc mét c¸thÓ kh¸c nhau chót Ýt b¾t nguån tõ thùcvËt d¹ng ban ®Çu, do lai ng-îc hoÆc biÕnn¹p.

essential element Any of a number ofelements required by living organisms toensure normal growth, development andmaintenance.

phÇn tö thiÕt yÕu BÊt kú mét sè phÇn tönμo ®-îc yªu cÇu bëi sinh vËt sèng ®Ó b¶o®¶m sinh tr-ëng b×nh th-êng, ph¸t triÓnvμ duy tr×.

essential nutrient Any substance requiredby living organisms to ensure normalgrowth, development and maintenance.

chÊt dinh d-ìng thiÕt yÕu Mét chÊt bÊtkú ®-îc yªu cÇu bëi sinh vËt sèng ®Ó b¶o®¶m sinh tr-ëng, ph¸t triÓn vμ duy tr× b×nhth-êng.

essential requirement In plant cell tissueculture , comprises inorganic salts,including all of the elements necessary forplant metabolism; organic factors (aminoacids, vitamins); usually also endogenousplant growth regulators (auxins, cytokininsand often gibberellins); as well as a carbonsource (sucrose or glucose).

nhu cÇu thiÕt yÕu Trong nu«i cÊy m« tÕbμo thùc vËt, gåm cã c¸c muèi v« c¬, baogåm tÊt c¶ c¸c phÇn tö cÇn thiÕt chochuyÓn ho¸ thùc vËt; c¸c nh©n tè h÷u c¬(axit amin, vitamin); b×nh th-êng cßn c¸cchÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt néi sinh(auxin, cytokinin vμ gibberellin); còng nh-mét nguån c¸c bon (®-êng ®¬n hoÆc®-êng kÐp).

EST xem: expressed sequence tag.

established culture 1. An aseptic viableexplant (See: micropropagation). 2. Asuspension culture subjected to severalpassages with a constant cell number perunit time.

nu«i cÊy thiÕt lËp 1. MÉu nu«i cÊy cã thÓn¶y mÇm v« trïng (xem:micropropagation). 2. Nu«i cÊy huyÒn phïtuú thuéc vμo mét sè chuyÓn tiÕp cã sè tÕbμo kh«ng thay ®æi theo ®¬n vÞ thêi gian.

estimated breeding value (Abbreviation:EBV). Twice the expected progenydifference. The difference is doubledbecause breeding value is a reflection ofall the genes of an individual, in contrast

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to progeny difference, which is a reflectionof a sample half of an individual’s genes.The predicted performance of theoffspring of the mating between any twoparents is the average of their EBVs(averaged because each parent makes anequal contribution to each offspring).

gi¸ trÞ nh©n gièng -íc tÝnh (viÕt t¾t: EBV).Hai lÇn kh¸c biÖt con ch¸u mong muèn.Sù kh¸c nhau ®-îc nh©n ®«i v× gi¸ trÞ nh©ngièng ph¶n ¸nh toμn bé gen cña mét c¸thÓ, tr¸i ng-îc víi kh¸c nhau vÒ con ch¸u,nã ph¶n ¸nh mét mÉu nöa sè gen cña c¸thÓ. Thùc hiÖn dù ®o¸n con c¸i cña viÖckÕt ®«i gi÷a bÊt kú hai cha mÑ lμ sè trungb×nh EBVs cña chóng (trung b×nh bëi v× mçimét cÆp cha mÑ ®Òu ®ãng gãp phÇn b»ngnhau cho con c¸i).

estrogen Hãc m«n ®éng dôc xem:estrogen.

ET ChuyÓn ghÐp ph«i viÕt t¾t cñaembryo transfe, xem: multiple ovulationand embryo transfer.thanol Commonly used to disinfect planttissues, glassware utensils and workingsurfaces in tissue culture manipulations;to precipitate aqueous solutions of nucleicacids; and to dissolve water-insolublecomponents of culture media. Synonym:ethyl alcohol.thanol Th-êng dïng ®Ó s¸t trïng c¸c m«thùc vËt, dông cô b»ng thñy tinh vμ mÆtngoμi lμm viÖc trong thao t¸c cÊy m«; lμmkÕt tña c¸c dung dÞch n-íc axit nucleic; vμlμm tan thμnh phÇn kh«ng tan trong n-íccña dung dÞch nu«i cÊy.Tõ ®ång nghÜa:ethyl alcohol.

ethephon A synthetic compoundcommonly used as a source of ethylene,a gaseous plant growth regulator.

ethephon Hîp chÊt tæng hîp ®-îc dïngphæ biÕn nh- nguån ª-ti-len, mét lo¹i ®iÒutiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt thÓ khÝ.

ethidium bromide A fluorescent dye whichcan intercalate between base pairs ofdouble-stranded DNA, and hence ismuch used to stain DNA in gels. The dyefluoresces when exposed to UV light. It isa known to be a strong mutagen and is

also possibly both a carcinogen and ateratogen.

thuèc ethidium bromit Mét lo¹i thuècnhuém huúnh quang cã thÓ xen vμo gi÷ac¸c cÆp baz¬ cña DNA sîi kÐp, vμ do vËydïng ®Ó nhuém mμu DNA trong chÊt gel.Mμu huúnh quang khi thÓ hiÖn cho ¸nhs¸ng UV. Nã ®-îc biÕt lμ mét chÊt g©y ®étbiÕn m¹nh vμ còng cã kh¶ n¨ng lμ chÊtg©y bÖnh ung th- vμ qu¸i thai.

ethyl alcohol r-îu etylic xem: ethanolethylene A gaseous plant growthregulator acting on various aspects ofvegetative growth, fruit ripening andabscission of plant parts. Synonym:ethene.

ª-ti-len ChÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËtthÓ khÝ t¸c ®éng ®Õn sinh tr-ëng thùc vËttrªn nhiÒu mÆt kh¸c nhau, lμm chÝn qu¶vμ tÝch n-íc cña bé phËn c©y. Tõ ®ångnghÜa: ethene.

ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(Abbreviation: EDTA). A chelatingcompound. Used to keep nutrients, suchas iron, bound in a soluble form that leavesthem still available to the plant cells in vitro.Also a potent inhibitor of DNase activityand therefore used as an additive for long-term storage of dissolved DNA.

axit ethylenediamine tetraacetic (viÕt t¾t:EDTA). Mét hîp chÊt cation ho¸. Dïng ®Ób¶o qu¶n chÊt dinh d-ìng, nh- kim lo¹i,giíi h¹n trong d¹ng hoμ tan ®Ó chuÈn bÞs½n cho tÕ bμo thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm.Còng lμ mét m¹ch øc chÕ (bé chÆn) tiÒmtμng cña ho¹t ®éng DNase vμ do vËy ®-îcdïng bæ sung cho b¶o qu¶n da× h¹n DNAhoμ tan.

etiolation An abnormal increase in stemelongation, accompanied by poor (if any)leaf development. Physiological etiolationis caused by a lack of chlorophyll, and istypical of plants growing under low lightintensity or in complete darkness. It canalso be induced by some fungalpathogens.

vãng, óa vμng KÐo dμi th©n c©y mét c¸chkh¸c th-êng, kÕt hîp ph¸t triÓn l¸ kh«ng®¸ng kÓ (nÕu cã). T×nh tr¹ng óa vμng sinh

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lý do thiÕu chÊt diÖp lôc g©y ra, vμ lμ kiÓuthùc vËt sinh tr-ëng d-íi c-êng ®é ¸nhs¸ng yªó hoÆc trong bãng tèi hoμn toμn.Nã còng cã thÓ do mét sè t¸c nh©n g©ybÖnh nÊm.

ETL Xem: economic trait locus.eucaryote sinh vËt cã nh©n, nh©n thËt,nh©n chuÈn xem: eukaryote.

eucaryotic thuéc sinh vËt cã nh©n,nh©n thËt, nh©n chuÈn (tÝnh tõ) xem:eukaryote.

euchromatin Chromosomal material thatis stained less intensely by certain dyes.Thought to be the chromosomal domainswhich are gene-rich, since the DNA inthese regions remains less contracted thanthose rich in repetitive DNA - theheterochromatin.

chÊt nhiÔm s¾c chuÈn ChÊt nhiÔm s¾ckÐm nhuém mμu b»ng c¸c thuèc nhuémmμu nhÊt ®Þnh. §-îc nghÜ lμ c¸c miÒn chÊtnhiÔm s¾c nμy giμu gen, v× DNA trong c¸cvïng nμy cßn l¹i co ng¾n so víi miÒn giμutrong DNA lÆp- chÊt dÞ nhiÔm s¾c.

eugenics The application of the principlesof genetics to the ‘improvement’ ofhumankind. Wholly discredited as ascientific approach since the Nazi period.

di truyÒn häc -u thÕ Sù ¸p dông nh÷ngnguyªn lý di truyÒn häc cho viÖc ‘c¶i tiÕn’loμi ng-êi. HÇu nh- bÞ mÊt tÝn nhiÖm tõkhuynh h-íng nghiªn cøu khoa häc thêiQuèc x·.

eukaryote One of the two majorevolutionary clades, characterized byhaving the nucleus enclosed by amembrane, and possessing chromosomesthat undergo mitosis and meiosis.Eukaryotic organisms include animals,plants, fungi and some algae. See:prokaryotesinh vËt cã nh©n, nh©n thËt, nh©n chuÈnMét trong sè hai nh¸nh tiÕn hãa chÝnh, ®Æctr-ng do cã nh©n ®-îc bao quanh bëimμng máng, vμ cã qu¸ tr×nh xö lý nhiÔms¾c thÓ tr¶i qua nguyªn ph©n vμ gi¶mph©n. Sinh vËt cã nh©n bao gåm ®éng vËt,thùc vËt, nÊm vμ mét sè loμi t¶o. Xem:prokaryote.

euploid An organism or cell having achromosome number that is an exactmultiple of the haploid number. Terms usedto identify different levels in an euploidseries are diploid (2x), triploid (3x),tetraploid (4x) etc. Opposite: aneuploid.

nguyªn béi Sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo cã sèl-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ lμ mét béi sè chÝnhx¸c sè l-îng ®¬n béi. ThuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïngx¸c ®Þnh møc ®é kh¸c nhau trong mét lo¹tc¸c nguyªn béi lμ l-ìng béi (2 X), tam béi(3 X), tø béi (4 X). Ng-îc víi: aneuploid.

evapotranspiration The net water loss (invapour form) per unit area of land, bothdirectly from the land surface, andindirectly through transpiring leaves.

tho¸t h¬i n-íc Sù mÊt n-íc thuÇn (thuécd¹ng h¬i) theo ®¬n vÞ diÖn tÝch mÆt ®Êt, c¶trùc tiÕp tõ bÒ mÆt ®Êt, vμ gi¸n tiÕp th«ngqua l¸ c©y bμi tiÕt.

evolution The process by which thepresent diversity of plant and animal lifehas arisen, and which continues to drivechanges in form and mode of existence ofall living organisms.

tiÕn hãa Qu¸ tr×nh theo ®ã tÝnh ®a d¹nghiÖn nay cña ®êi sèng ®éng vμ thùc vËtxuÊt hiÖn, vμ liªn tôc ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn nh÷ngthay ®æi h×nh d¹ng vμ ph-¬ng thøc tån t¹icña tÊt c¶ sinh vËt sèng.

ex-situ conservation The conservation ofcomponents of biological diversity outsidetheir natural habitats.

b¶o tån ngo¹i chç B¶o tån c¸c thμnhphÇn cña tÝnh ®a d¹ng sinh vËt bªn ngoμichç c- tró tù nhiªn cña chóng.

ex vitro Organisms removed from tissueculture and transplanted; generally plantsto soil or potting mixture.

Ngoμi èng nghiÖm C¸c sinh vËt chuyÓnkhái nu«i cÊy m« vμ ®-îc trång chuyÓn;th-êng trång ra ®Êt hoÆc d©m trong chËuhçn hîp.

ex vivo gene therapy The delivery of agene or genes to the isolated cells of anindividual, with the intention of alleviatinga genetic disorder. After culturing, thetransformed cells are re-introduced into the

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individual by transfusion, infusion orinjection.

liÖu ph¸p gen ngoμi c¬ thÓ Sù ph©n ph¸tcña mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen tíi tÕ bμo ®-îcph©n lËp cña mét c¸ thÓ, víi môc ®Ých lμmgi¶m rèi lo¹n di truyÒn. Sau nu«i cÊy, c¸ctÕ bμo nμy ®-îc biÕn n¹p chuyÓn l¹i choc¸ thÓ b»ng sù truyÒn, h·m hoÆc b¬m(tiªm).

excinuclease The endonuclease-containing protein complex that excisesa segment of damaged DNA duringexcision repair.

excinucleaza Mét lo¹i enzim giíi h¹n cãchøa phøc hîp protein ®Ó c¾t bá mét ®o¹nDNA bÞ háng trong khi c¾t söa ch÷a.

excision 1. The natural or in vitroenzymatic removal of a DNA segment froma chromosome or cloning vector. 2. Thecutting out and preparation of a tissue,organ, etc., for culture. 3. The removal ofadventitious shoots from callus tissue.

c¾t läc, lo¹i 1. Lo¹i b»ng enzim tù nhiªnhoÆc trong èng nghiÖm mét ®o¹n DNA cãnguån gèc tõ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc vect¬t¹o dßng. 2. C¾t vμ chuÈn bÞ mét m«, c¬quan, v.v., ®Ó nu«i cÊy. 3. Lo¹i bá c¸c chåiphô tõ m« sÑo.

excision repair DNA repair processes thatinvolve the removal of a damaged orincorrect segment of one strand of double-stranded DNA and its replacement by thesynthesis of a new segment using thecomplementary strand of DNA astemplate.

c¾t söa ch÷a DNA Qu¸ tr×nh söa ch÷a kÐotheo viÖc lo¹i bá ®o¹n bÞ háng hoÆc sailÖch cña sîi kÐp DNA vμ thay thÕ do tænghîp ®o¹n c¾t míi cã dïng sîi DNA bæ sunglμm khung mÉu.

excitation wavelength The specificwavelength of light required to stimulate afluorescent molecule, such as a labelledprobe, to emit light at the (lower) emissionwavelength.

b-íc sãng kÝch thÝch B-íc sãng riªngbiÖt cña ¸nh s¸ng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kÝch thÝchph©n tö huúnh quang, nh- mét ®Çu dß

®-îc ®¸nh dÊu, ®Ó ph¸t ra ¸nh s¸ng t¹ib-íc sãng ph¸t x¹ (thÊp h¬n).

excrete To transport material out of a cellor organism.

bμi tiÕt ChuyÓn vËt chÊt ra khái tÕ bμohoÆc sinh vËt.

exit site (Abbreviation: E site). Theribosome binding site that contains thefree tRNA prior to its release.

vÞ trÝ ra (viÕt t¾t: E site). §iÓm b¸m ribosomcã chøa tRNA tù do tr-íc khi ®-îc gi¶iphãng.

exo III Xem: exonuclease III.exocrine gland An animal gland thatsecretes through a duct.

tuyÕn ngo¹i tiÕt Mét tuyÕn ®éng vËt bμitiÕt qua èng.

exodeoxyribonuclease III xem:exonuclease III.exogamy chÕ ®é ngo¹i h«n xem:outbreeding.exogenous Produced outside of;originating from, or due to, external causes.Opposite: endogenous.

ngo¹i sinh Sinh s¶n ngoμi; b¾t nguån,hoÆc do, c¸c nguyªn nh©n bªn ngoμi.Ng-îc víi: endogenous.

exogenous DNA DNA that has beenderived from one organism, and is to beintroduced into a cell a different species.Also referred to as foreign DNA orheterologous DNA.

DNA ngo¹i sinh DNA cã nguån gèc tõ métsinh vËt, vμ ®-îc chuyÓn vμo tÕ bμo métloμi kh¸c. Cßn ®-îc dÉn nh- DNA l¹ hoÆcDNA dÞ hîp .

exon A segment of a eukaryotic gene thatis transcribed as part of the primarytranscript and is retained, afterprocessing, with other exons to form afunctional mRNA molecule. Manyeukaryotic genes are composed of amosaic of exons and introns.

exon §o¹n gen nh©n chuÈn mμ ®-îc saochÐp l¹i nh- phÇn cña b¶n sao gèc vμ ®-îcgi÷ l¹i, sau xö lý, víi exon kh¸c ®Ó h×nhthμnh ph©n tö mRNAn ho¹t ®éng. NhiÒu

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gen nh©n chuÈn bao gåm mét thÓ kh¶mcña exon vμ intron .

exon amplification A procedure that isused to amplify exons.

khuÕch ®¹i exon Ph-¬ng ph¸p dïng ®ÓkhuyÕch ®¹i exon.

exonuclease An enzyme that digests DNAor RNA, beginning at the end of a strand.It therefore requires a free end in order tobegin the degradation. 5'-exonucleasesrequire a free 5' end and degrade themolecule in the 5'?3' direction. 3'-exonucleases require a free 3' end anddegrade in the opposite direction.

exonucleaza Enzim ®Ó tiªu hãa DNA hoÆcRNA, b¾t ®Çu t¹i mót cña sîi. Do vËy yªucÇu mét mót tù do ®Ó b¾t ®Çu ph©n huû.5'-exonucleases yªu cÇu mót 5 ‘ tù do vμph©n huû ph©n tö theo h-íng 5 ‘? 3 ‘. 3 ‘-exonucleases yªu cÇu mót 3 ‘ tù do vμph©n chia theo h-íng ng-îc l¹i.

exonuclease III (Abbreviation: exo III). AnEscherichia coli enzyme that removesnucleotides from the 3' hydroxyl ends ofdouble-stranded DNA . Synonym:exodeoxyribonuclease III.

exonucleaza III (viÕt t¾t: exo III). EnzimEscherichia coli mμ lo¹i bá c¸c nuleotit tõc¸c mót 3' hidroxyl cña DNA sîi kÐp. Tõ®ång nghÜa: exodeoxyribonuclease III.

exopolysaccharide A polysaccharidethat is secreted by a micro-organism intothe surrounding environment.

Mét lo¹i polisacarit do vi sinh vËt ph©n tiÕtvμo m«i tr-êng xung quanh.

exotoxin A toxin released by a bacteriuminto the medium in which it grows.

ngo¹i ®éc tè Mét ®éc tè do vi khuÈn gi¶iphãng vμo m«i tr-êng mμ nã ®ang sinhsèng.

expected progeny difference(Abbreviation: EPD). The predictedperformance of the future offspring of anindividual for a particular trait, calculatedfrom measurement(s) of the individual’sown performance and/or the performanceof one or more of its relatives, for the traitin question and/or for one or more

correlated traits. Typically, the predictionis expressed as a deviation from a well-defined base population, assuming theindividual in question is mated to a sampleof individuals whose average genetic meritequals that of the base population. Thepredicted performance of the offspring ofthe mating between any two individuals isthe sum of their EPDs.

kh¸c nhau con c¸i mong muèn (viÕt t¾t:EPD). Thùc hiÖn dù ®o¸n vÒ con c¸i t-¬nglai cña mét c¸ thÓ vÒ mét tÝnh tr¹ng riªngbiÖt, ®-îc tÝnh to¸n tõ sù ®o ®Õm thμnhtÝch cña chÝnh c¸ thÓ vμ/hoÆc thμnh tÝchcña mét hoÆc nhiÒu bμ con th©n thuéc, chotÝnh tr¹ng cßn nghi vÊn vμ/hoÆc cho méthoÆc nhiÒu tÝnh tr¹ng t-¬ng quan. TiªubiÓu, dù ®o¸n ®-îc biÓu thÞ khi mét sù sailÖch tõ mét quÇn thÓ c¬ së ®· x¸c ®Þnh®óng, gi¶ thiÕt r»ng c¸ thÓ nghi vÊn ®-îckÕt hîp víi mét mÉu cña c¸c c¸ thÓ mμ sètrung b×nh di truyÒn cña chóng c©n b»ngt-¬ng xøng víi quÇn thÓ c¬ së. Thùc hiÖndù ®o¸n con c¸i cña kÕt ®«i gi÷a bÊt kú haic¸ thÓ lμ tæng sè EPDs cña chóng.

explant A portion of a plant asepticallyexcised and prepared for culture in anutrient medium.

mÉu nu«i cÊy, m¶nh ghÐp PhÇn thùc vËt®-îc c¾t v« trïng vμ chuÈn bÞ cho nu«i cÊytrong m«i tr-êng dinh d-ìng.

explant donor The plant from which anexplant has been taken.

c©y cho mÉu C©y trång mμ tõ ®ã mét mÉunu«i cÊy ®-îc lÊy ra.

explantation The removal of cells, tissuesor organs of animals and plants forobservation of their growth anddevelopment in appropriate culture media.

lÊy mÉu Dêi c¸c tÕ bμo, m« hoÆc c¸c c¬quan cña ®éng vμ thùc vËt cho ®Ó quans¸t sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn trong dungdÞch nu«i cÊy thÝch hîp.

explosion method A technique for thegenetic transformation of cells, in whichthe transgene is driven into the target(plant) cells by the sudden vaporization(effected by the application of a pulse of

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high voltage) of a water droplet containingthe DNA and gold particles.

ph-¬ng ph¸p bïng næ Kü thuËt biÕn n¹pdi truyÒn tÕ bμo, trong ®ã gen chuyÓn ®-îc®iÒu khiÓn vμo tÕ bμo ®Ých (thùc vËt) b»ngbay h¬i ®ét ngét (kÕt qu¶ do øng dông xung®iÖn ¸p cao) cña giät n-íc nhá cã chøaDNA vμ c¸c h¹t vμng.

exponential phase pha sè mò xem:logarithmic phase.

export The removal of a compound froma cell by active transport.xuÊt khÈu Dêi chuyÓn hîp chÊt tõ tÕ bμodo vËn chuyÓn tÝch cùc.

express To transcribe and translate agene.

biÓu thÞ Phiªn m· vμ dÞch m· mét gen.

expressed sequence tag (Abbreviation:EST). Partially sequenced cDNA clone.Because the read length of a standardDNA sequencing reaction is shorter thanthe majority of cDNA clones, full lengthsequence can only be obtained by furthermanipulations. For the purposes of (1)assigning putative function to a cDNA and(2) designing PCR primers to extract thegenomic DNA equivalent to the cDNA, fulllength sequence is usually unnecessary.By restricting sequencing to a single run,large numbers of cDNAs can becharacterized at the EST level.

Nh·n tr×nh tù biÓu thÞ (viÕt t¾t: E). DßngDNA bæ sung ®-îc tr×nh tù ho¸ tõng phÇn.Bëi v× ®o¹n dμi ®-îc ®äc cña ph¶n øngtr×nh tù DNA chuÈn lμ ng¾n h¬n phÇn chÝnhc¸c dßng DNA bæ sung, tr×nh tù ®o¹n dμi®Çy ®ñ cã thÓ chØ thu ®-îc b»ng nh÷ngthao t¸c tiÕp theo. V× c¸c môc ®Ých (1) g¸nchøc n¨ng gi¶ ®Þnh cho DNA bæ sung vμ(2) thiÕt kÕ c¸c khëi ®Çu PCR ®Ó rót raDNA hÖ gen t-¬ng ®-¬ng víi DNA bæ sung,tr×nh tù ®o¹n dμi ®Çy ®ñ th-êng kh«ng cÇnthiÕt. Do tr×nh tù gi¶m bít víi h-íng ®¬n,sè l-îng lín DNA bæ sung cã thÓ ®-îc m«t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm ë møc EST.

expression library A cDNA library thathas been inserted into a bacterial host cellengineered to express transgenes. See:library.

th- viÖn biÓu thÞ Th- viÖn DNA bæ sung®· ®-îc chÌn vμo tÕ bμo chñ vi khuÈn küthuËt ®Ó biÓu thÞ gen chuyÓn. Xem: library.

expression system Combination of hostand vector which provides a geneticcontext for making a cloned genefunctional, i.e. produce peptide, in the hostcell.

hÖ thèng biÓu thÞ KÕt hîp vËt chñ vμvect¬ cung cÊp mét ®o¹n gen ®Ó t¹o ramét chøc n¨ng gen ®-îc t¹o dßng, nh-viÖc s¶n xuÊt peptit, trong tÕ bμo vËt chñ.

expression vector A cloning vector thathas been constructed in such a way that,after insertion of a DNA molecule, itscoding sequence is properly transcribedand the mRNA is translated. The clonedgene is put under the control of a promotersequence for the initiation of transcription,and often also has a transcriptiontermination sequence at its end.

vÐc t¬ biÓu thÞ Vect¬ nh©n dßng ®-îcx©y dùng theo mét c¸ch lμ, sau khi xenvμo ph©n tö DNA, tr×nh tù m· ho¸ ®-îcphiªn m· ®óng møc vμ mARN ®-îc dÞchm·. Gen nh©n dßng ®Æt d-íi sù ®iÒu khiÓncña tr×nh tù khëi ®Çu ®Ó b¾t ®Çu phiªn m·,vμ còng lu«n cã tr×nh tù ®iÓm cuèi phiªnm· t¹i mót.

expressivity Degree of expression of atrait controlled by a particular gene. Thegene may show different degrees ofexpression in different individuals. See:variable expressivity.

møc biÓu thÞ §é biÓu thÞ mét tÝnh tr¹ngkiÓm so¸t do mét gen riªng biÖt. Gen nμycã thÓ cho thÊy møc ®é biÓu thÞ kh¸c nhautrong c¸c c¸ thÓ kh¸c nhau. Xem: variableexpressivity.

extension The short single-strandedstretch of nucleotides remaining on adouble-stranded DNA molecule, followingtreatment with a restrictionendonuclease which makes a staggeredcut. The presence of these unpairedregions make the molecule more easilyligatable, and are thus important in genecloning. Synonyms: protruding end;sticky end; overhang; cohesive end.

exponential phase

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më réng D·y sîi ®¬n ng¾n nuleotit cßn l¹itrªn mét ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp, tiÕp theotiÕn hμnh víi endonucleaza giíi h¹n thùchiÖn c¾t ch÷ chi. Sù cã mÆt cña nh÷ng vïngkh«ng cÆp ®«i nμy lμm ph©n tö ghÐp nèidÔ dμng h¬n, vμ rÊt quan träng trong t¹odßng gen. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: protrudingend; sticky end; overhang; cohesive end.

external guide sequence tr×nh tù h-íngdÉn ngoμi (viÕt t¾t: EGS). Xem: guidesequence.

extrachromosomal In eukaryotes, non-nuclear DNA, present in cytoplasmorganelles such as mitochondria andchloroplasts . In prokaryotes, non-chromosomal DNA, i.e. plasmids.

ngoμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Trong sinh vËt cãnh©n, DNA thuéc kh«ng nh©n, cã mÆt trongc¸c phÇn tö chÊt nguyªn sinh nh- ty thÓvμ h¹t diÖp lôc. Trong sÞnh vËt kh«ng nh©n,

DNA kh«ng thuéc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, gièng nh-nh÷ng plasmit.

extrachromosomal inheritance ditruyÒn ngoμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ xem:cytoplasmic inheritance.

extranuclear genes Genes residingelsewhere than in the nucleus (e.g. inmitochondria, chloroplasts or plastids).

gen ngoμi nh©n Nh÷ng gen tËp trung l¹ië n¬i kh«ng ph¶i lμ trong h¹t nh©n (vÝ dôtrong ty thÓ, h¹t diÖp lôc hoÆc nh÷ng thÓh¹t).

exude Slowly discharge liquid material(such as tannins or oxidized polyphenolsfrom plant material) through pores or cuts,or by diffusion into the medium.

rØ øa Sù ch¶y chËm chÊt láng (nh- nh÷ngchÊt ta-nin hoÆc c¸c polyphenol «xy hãatõ vËt liÖu thùc vËt) th«ng qua lç thë, l¸tc¾t, hoÆc do khuyÕch t¸n vμo m«i tr-êng.

external guide sequence

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Ff

F factor Abbreviation for fertility factor. Abacterial plasmid that confers the abilityto function as a genetic donor inconjugation. See: Hfr.nh©n tè F viÕt t¾t cña: fertility factor.Plasmit vi khuÈn cã kh¶ n¨ng ho¹t ®éngnh- thÓ cho gen trong tiÕp hîp. xem: Hfr.

F1 Abbreviation for filial generation 1. The

initial hybrid generation resulting from across between two parents. See F

n.

con lai F1

viÕt t¾t cho filial generation 1.ThÕ hÖ lai ®Çu b¾t nguån tõ lai chÐo gi÷ahai cha mÑ. xem: Fn.

F2 The second hybrid generation,

produced either by intercrossing two F1

individuals, or by self-fertilizing an F1

individual. See Fn.

thÕ hÖ lai F2 ThÕ hÖ lai thø hai, ®-îc s¶n

sinh bëi lai chÐo hai c¸ thÓ F1, hoÆc métc¸ thÓ F1 tù thô tinh. xem Fn.

Fab

A product of hydrolysis of an IgGantibody, consisting of the variable regionwith some of the constant region of a heavychain, and an entire light chain. Containsa single antigen-binding site.Fab

S¶n phÈm thñy ph©n kh¸ng thÓ lg G,gåm cã vïng biÕn ®æi víi mét sè vïng æn®Þnh cña chuçi nÆng, vμ mét chuçi nhÑhoμn toμn. Chøa vÞ trÝ liªn kÕt kh¸ngnguyªn ®¬n.

FACS Xem: fluorescence-activated cellsorting.factorial mating A mating scheme in whicheach male parent is mated with eachfemale parent. Made possible in animalsby means of in vitro embryo production.Such a mating scheme substantiallyreduces the rate of inbreeding in aselection programme.

kÕt ®«i giai thõa S¬ ®å kÕt ®«i trong ®ãmçi mét gèc cha ®-îc kÕt ®«i víi tõng gècmÑ. T¹o kh¶ n¨ng cña ®éng vËt b»ngph-¬ng ph¸p s¶n xuÊt ph«i trong èngnghiÖm. Nh- vËy mét s¬ ®å kÕt ®«i lμmgi¶m ®¸ng kÓ tû lÖ néi phèi trong ch-¬ngtr×nh chän läc.

facultative anaerobe An organism that willgrow under either aerobic or anaerobicconditions.

vi khuÈn kþ khÝ tuú nghi Sinh vËt sinhtr-ëng ®-îc d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hiÕu khÝhoÆc kþ khÝ.

FAD xem: dinucleotit adenin flavin.

false fruit qu¶ gi¶ xem: pseudocarp.false negative A negative assay result thatshould have been positive.

©m tÝnh gi¶ KÕt qu¶ thö nghiÖm ©m tÝnhmμ cÇn cã d-¬ng tÝnh.

false positive A positive assay result thatshould have been negative.

d-¬ng tÝnh gi¶ KÕt qu¶ thö nghiÖm d-¬ngtÝnh mμ cÇn cã ©m tÝnh.

farm animal genetic resources Thoseanimal species that are used, or may beused, for the production of food andagriculture, and the populations withineach of them. Within each species, thesepopulations can be classified as wild andferal populations, landraces and primarypopulations, standardized breeds, selectedlines, and any conserved genetic material.

tμi nguyªn di truyÒn ®éng vËt nu«i C¸cloμi ®éng vËt ®ang sö dông, hoÆc cã thÓ®-îc sö dông, ®Ó s¶n xuÊt thùc phÈm vμn«ng nghiÖp, vμ c¸c quÇn thÓ trong mçiloμi. Trong mçi mét loμi, c¸c quÇn thÓ nμycã thÓ ph©n thμnh quÇn thÓ hoang d· vμd¹i, gièng truyÒn thèng vμ quÇn thÓ nguyªnthuû, gièng tiªu chuÈn, dßng chän läc, vμbÊt kú vËt liÖu di truyÒn ®-îc b¶o tån.

farmers’ privilege Rights to holdgermplasm, covered by plant varietyprotection, as a seed source forsubsequent seasons. Considered asoptional for governments to include in theirlegislation. Synonym: farmer-saved seed.

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®Æc quyÒn cña n«ng d©n C¸c quyÒn lîigi÷ ph«i mÇm, bao gåm sù b¶o vÖ ®a d¹ngthùc vËt, nh- lμ nguån h¹t gièng cho c¸cmïa kÕ tiÕp. §-îc xem xÐt khi lùa chäntuú theo c¸c quèc gia bao gåm trong luËtph¸p cña hä.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: farmer-savedseed.

farmers’ rights Rights first recognized byResolution 5 of the 1989 FAO Conferenceas “rights arising from the past, present andfuture contributions of farmers in theconservation, improvement and themaking available of plant geneticresources”; this item became anattachment to the ‘ InternationalUndertaking on Plant GeneticResources’. The binding ‘InternationalTreaty of Plant Genetic Resources forFood and Agriculture’ that resulted fromthe renegotiations of the Undertakingmakes provision for the Farmers’ Rightsin Article 9.

quyÒn lîi cña n«ng ®©n C¸c quyÒn lîi®-îc ghi nhËn ®Çu tiªn theo quyÕt ®Þnh sè5 cña Héi nghÞ FAO 1989 nh- “QuyÒn lîixuÊt hiÖn tõ nh÷ng ®ãng gãp thuéc qu¸khø, hiÖn t¹i vμ t-¬ng lai cña n«ng d©ntrong b¶o tån, c¶i tiÕn vμ dù tr÷ tμi nguyªndi truyÒn thùc vËt”; ®iÒu nμy trë thμnh métphÇn cña b¶n ‘Cam kÕt Quèc tÕ vÒ Tμinguyªn Di truyÒn Thùc vËt’. Sù rμng buéc‘HiÖp -íc Quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi nguyªn Di truyÒnThùc vËt cho L-¬ng thùc vμ N«ng nghiÖp’b¾t nguån tõ nh÷ng ®iÒu kho¶n cam kÕtthùc hiÖn cung cÊp c¸c quyÒn lîi cña n«ngd©n trong môc 9.

fasccle bã xem: vascular bundle.

Fc A product of hydrolysis of an IgG

antibody, consisting of parts of theconstant regions of two heavy chains heldtogether by a disulphide bridge, butexcluding the antigen-binding regions,and also excluding the light chains.

S¶n phÈm thñy ph©n kh¸ng thÓ lgG, baogåm c¸c phÇn cña vïng æn ®Þnh cña haichuçi nÆng kÕt chÆt víi nhau b»ng cÇudisulphid, nh-ng lo¹i trõ c¸c vïng liªn kÕtkh¸ng nguyªn, vμ còng lo¹i trõ c¸c chuçinhÑ.

fed-batch fermentation Culture of cellsor micro-organisms where nutrients areadded periodically to the bioreactor.

lªn men theo l« Nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo hoÆc sinhvËt n¬i c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng ®-îc thªm vμob×nh ph¶n øng theo ®Þnh kú.

feedback inhibition The process by whichthe accumulated end product of abiochemical pathway stops synthesis ofthat product. The effect is that a latemetabolite of a synthetic pathwayregulates the synthesis of an earlier stepof the pathway. See : end-productinhibition.

øc chÕ ph¶n håi Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó s¶n phÈmcuèi cïng ®-îc tÝch lòy cña ®-êng mßnhãa sinh lμm ngõng tæng hîp s¶n phÈm®ã. KÕt qu¶ lμ do chÊt chuyÓn hãa cuèicïng cña ®-êng mßn tæng hîp ®iÒu chØnhsù tæng hîp b-íc ®Çu cña ®-êng mßn.Xem: end-product inhibition.

fermentation The anaerobic breakdownof complex organic substances, especiallycarbohydrates, by micro-organisms,yielding energy. Often misused to describelarge-scale aerobic cell culture inspecialized vessels (fermenters,bioreactors) for secondary productsynthesis.

sù lªn men Sù ph©n huû yÕm khÝ c¸c chÊth÷u c¬ phøc t¹p, ®Æc biÖt c¸c hydratcacbon, do vi sinh vËt, gi¶i phãng n¨ngl-îng. Lu«n ®-îc dïng sai ®Ó m« t¶ nu«icÊy tÕ bμo h¶o khÝ quy m« lín trong bÓchuyªn dông (fermenters, bioreactors) ®Ótæng hîp s¶n phÈm thø cÊp.

fermentation substrates Materials usedas food for growing micro-organisms. Thefermentation substrates and the tracematerials needed, together with chemicalsadded to make the fermentation easier,form the culture medium.

chÊt nÒn lªn men C¸c nguyªn liÖu dïnglμm thøc ¨n cho vi sinh vËt sinh tr-ëng.Nh÷ng vËt chÊt nÒn lªn men vμ nguyªnliÖu vÖt (rÊt nhá) cÇn thiÕt, cïng víi hãachÊt thªm vμo lμm cho lªn men dÔ h¬n,h×nh thμnh m«i tr-êng cÊy.

farmers’ rights

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fermenter chÊt g¾n men xem:bioreactor.fertile Capable of breeding andreproduction.

thô tinh Kh¶ n¨ng nh©n gièng vμ sinh s¶n.

fertility factor nh©n tè h÷u thô xem: Ffactor.ertilization The union of two gametes fromopposite sexes to form a zygote. Typically,each gamete contains a haploid set ofchromosomes. Hence the zygotic nucleuscontains a diploid set of chromosomes.Several categories can be distinguished:1. Self-fertilization (selfing): fusion of maleand female gametes from the sameindividual. 2. Cross-fertilization (crossing):fusion of male and female gametes fromdifferent individuals. 3. Double fertilization;restricted to flowering plants, in which thefusion of one male gamete with the ovumoccurs at about the same time as thesecond male gamete nucleus fuses withthe female polar nuclei (or secondarynucleus) to form the endosperm.

thô tinh KÕt hîp hai giao tö cã nguån gèctõ giíi tÝnh ng-îc nhau ®Ó h×nh thμnh métgiao tö. §Æc ®iÓm, mçi giao tö cã chøa métbé thÓ nhiÔm s¾c ®¬n béi. Bëi vËy h¹t nh©nhîp tö sÏ cã chøa mét bé thÓ nhiÔm s¾cl-ìng béi. Mét sè lo¹i cã thÓ ®-îc ph©nbiÖt: 1. Tù thô tinh (tù phèi): dung hîp c¸cphèi tö c¸i vμ ®ùc tõ cïng mét c¸ thÓ. 2.Thô tinh chÐo (lai chÐo): dung hîp c¸c phèitö c¸i vμ ®ùc tõ c¸c c¸ thÓ kh¸c nhau. 3.Thô tinh kÐp; giíi h¹n víi thùc vËt ra hoa,trong ®ã dung hîp cña mét giao tö ®ùc víino·n xuÊt hiÖn vμo kho¶ng cïng thêi giannh©n giao tö ®ùc thø hai dung hîp víi nh©ncùc gièng c¸i (hoÆc nh©n thø hai) h×nhthμnh néi nhò.

fertilizer Any substance that is added tosoil in order to increase its productivity.Fertilizers can be of biological origin (e.g.composts), or they can be synthetic(artificial fertilizer).

ph©n bãn BÊt kú chÊt nμo ®-îc thªm vμo

®Êt víi môc ®Ých lμm t¨ng n¨ng suÊt. C¸clo¹i ph©n bãn cã thÓ lμ nguyªn gèc sinh

vËt (vÝ dô ph©n h÷u c¬), hoÆc chóng cãthÓ lμ tæng hîp (ph©n bãn nh©n t¹o).

fetus thai (nhi) xem: foetus.

Feulgen staining A histochemical stain bywhich the distribution of DNA in thechromosomes of dividing cell nuclei canbe observed.

nhuém mμu Feulgen ChÊt nhuém mμuho¸ häc m« bëi ®ã viÖc ph©n phèi DNAtrong c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña nh©n tÕ bμoph©n chia cã thÓ quan s¸t ®-îc.

FIA ViÕt t¾t cña fluorescenceimmunoassay.

fibril A microscopic to sub-microscopiccellulose thread that is part of the cellulosematrix of plant cell walls.

sîi nhá Sîi xen-lu-l« nhá ë møc hiÓn vitíi møc d-íi hiÓn vi lμ phÇn khu«n xen-lu-l« cña v¸ch tÕ bμo thùc vËt.

fibroblasts Irregularly shaped, branchingcells distributed throughout vertebrateconnective tissue. A cell type which isreadily cultured in vitro.

sîi nguyªn bμo C¸c tÕ bμo ph©n nh¸nh,®Þnh d¹ng bÊt th-êng ph©n t¸n trong c¸cm« liªn hîp ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng. MétkiÓu tÕ bμo ®-îc nu«i cÊy dÔ dμng trongèng nghiÖm.

fibrous root Root system in which bothprimary and lateral roots haveapproximately equal diameters. Opposite:tap root.rÔ chïm HÖ rÔ mμ c¶ rÔ chÝnh vμ rÔ bªn®Òu cã ®-êng kÝnh xÊp xØ b»ng nhau.Ng-îc víi: tap root.

field gene bank ng©n hμng gen ®ångruång xem: gene bank (2).

filial generation thÕ hÖ ®Çu xem: F1, F2,Fn.

filter bioreactor A cell culture system, inwhich cells are grown on a fine mesh ofan inert material, which allows the culturemedium to flow past it but retains the cells.This is similar in idea to membrane andhollow fibre reactors, but can be mucheasier to set up, being similar toconventional tower bioreactors, but with

fermenter

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the mesh replacing the central reactorspace. Synonym: mesh bioreactor.bÓ ph¶n øng sinh häc l-íi HÖ thèng nu«icÊy tÕ bμo, trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo sinh tr-ëngtrªn mét l-íi nhá vËt liÖu mÞn, cho phÐpm«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy ch¶y qua vμ gi÷ l¹i tÕbμo. Nã gièng nh- mμng tÕ bμo vμ c¸c lßph¶n øng sîi rçng, nh-ng cã thÓ rÊt dÔthiÕt lËp, t-¬ng tù nh- lß ph¶n øng sinhhäc th¸p truyÒn thèng, Nh-ng cã m¾t l-íithay thÕ kho¶ng trèng lß ph¶n øng trungt©m. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: mesh bioreactor.

filter sterilization Process of removingmicrobial contaminants from a liquid bypassing through a filter with pores too smallto allow the passage of micro-organismsand spores.

tiÖt trïng l-íi Qu¸ tr×nh lo¹i bá c¸c chÊtg©y « nhiÔm vi trïng tõ mét chÊt láng b»ngviÖc chuyÓn qua mét bé läc víi nhiÒu lçrÊt nhá cho phÐp c¸c vi sinh vËt vμ bμo töchuyÓn qua.

filtration 1. Separation of solids fromliquids by using a porous material that onlyallows passage of the liquid or of solidssmaller than the pore size of the filter. Thematerial passing the filter forms the filtrate.2. Removal of cell aggregates to obtain afiltrate of single cells that can be utilizedas plating inocula.

läc 1. T¸ch chÊt r¾n tõ chÊt láng do södông vËt liÖu xèp mμ chØ cho phÐp ®i quachÊt láng hoÆc c¸c chÊt r¾n nhá h¬n kÝchth-íc lç läc. VËt chÊt qua läc thμnh n-ícläc. 2. Lo¹i bá khèi tÕ bμo ®Ó thu n-íc läctÕ bμo ®¬n mμ cã thÓ ®-îc dïng lμm chÊttruyÒn bäc kim lo¹i.

fingerprinting in dÊu xem: DNAfingerprinting.

FISH xem: fluorescence in situhybridization.fission Asexual reproduction involving thedivision of a single-celled individual into twodaughter single-celled individuals ofapproximately equal size.

ph©n h¹ch Sinh s¶n v« tÝnh kÐo theo ph©nchia c¸ thÓ tÕ bμo ®¬n thμnh hai c¸ thÓ tÕbμo ®¬n con cã sè l-îng xÊp xØ b»ng nhau.

fitness The survival value and thereproductive capability of an individual,compared to that of competitor individualsof the same or other species within apopulation or an environment.

thÝch hîp Gi¸ trÞ thÝch nghi vμ kh¶ n¨ngsinh s¶n cña mét c¸ thÓ, ®-îc so s¸nh víic¸c c¸ thÓ c¹nh tranh cña cïng loμi vμkh¸c loμi trong mét quÇn thÓ hoÆc trongcïng m«i tr-êng.

fixation The situation in which only oneallele for a given gene/locus is present ina population. This can occur as a result ofdirect selection where the allele delivers agreater level of fitness; because of indirectselection, where the locus is linked to agene that is subject to direct selection; orbecause of genetic drift.cè ®Þnh T×nh tr¹ng trong ®ã chØ mét alen®Ó mét gen/ æ gen t¹o ra cã mÆt trong métquÇn thÓ. Cã thÓ xÈy ra lμ kÕt qu¶ cña chänläc trùc tiÕp khi alen chuyÓn giao mét møcthÝch hîp cao; v× chän läc gi¸n tiÕp, khi ægen ®-îc liªn kÕt víi mét gen tïy thuécvμo chän läc trùc tiÕp; hoÆc v× l¹c dßng ditruyÒn.

FLAG xem: affinity tag.

flaming A technique for steril izinginstruments, to remove live micro-organism contaminants. The instrumentis dipped in alcohol, and the alcoholremaining on the instrument is ignited,thereby heat-sterilizing the surface.

khö nhiÖt Kü thuËt khö trïng dông cô,lo¹i bá c¸c chÊt « nhiÔm vi sinh vËt sèng.Dông cô nhóng trong r-îu cån, vμ r-îucån dÝnh l¹i trªn dông cô ®-îc ®èt ch¸y,nhê ®ã khö trïng nhiÖt bÒ mÆt.

flanking region The DNA sequencesextending either side of a specificsequence.

vïng bªn s-ên C¸c tr×nh tù DNA tr¶i dμira c¸c bªn cña mét tr×nh tù ®Æc biÖt.

flavin adenine dinucleotide(Abbreviation: FAD). A co-enzymeimportant in various biochemical reactions.It comprises a phosphorylated vitamin B

2

(riboflavin) molecule linked to AMP, and

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functions as a hydrogen acceptor indehydrogenation reactions. The reducedform is oxidized back to FAD by theelectron transport chain, generating twomolecules of ATP per molecule of reducedFADH.

flavin adenin dinucleotit (viÕt t¾t: FAD).Mét ®ång enzim quan träng trong nhiÒuph¶n øng hãa sinh. Nã chøa mét ph©n tövitamin B2 (riboflavin) phosphoryl ho¸ kÕthîp víi AMP, vμ ho¹t ®éng nh- chÊt nhËnhydr« trong c¸c ph¶n øng khö hy-®r«.D¹ng biÕn ®æi ®-îc «xy hãa ng-îc l¹i chotíi FAD do mét d·y chuyÓn ®iÖn tö gi¶iphãng hai ph©n tö ATP theo ph©n tö FADHbiÕn ®æi.

flocculant A chemical agent that causessmall particles to aggregate (flocculate).

kÕt b«ng T¸c nh©n hãa häc g©y ra nh÷ngh¹t nhá kÕt vãn (b«ng,côm).

floccule A micro-organism aggregate orcolloidal particle floating in or on a liquid.The cloudy appearance of micro-organism contaminated liquid mediaillustrates the flocculation phenomenon.

b«ng H¹t vi sinh vËt kÕt vãn hoÆc gom l¹inæi trong hoÆc trªn bÒ mÆt chÊt láng. SùxuÊt hiÖn dμy ®Æc vi sinh vËt g©y « nhiÔmdung dÞch láng ph¶n ¸nh hiÖn t-îng kÕtb«ng.

flow cytometry Automatedmeasurements on large numbers ofindividual cells or other small biologicalmaterials, made as the cells flow one byone in a fluid stream past optical and/orelectronic sensors. A similar approach maybe used for sorting cells - seefluorescence-activated cell sorting.

luång cytometry C¸c phÐp ®o tù ®éngtrªn sè lín tÕ bμo c¸ thÓ hoÆc nguyªn liÖusinh vËt nhá kh¸c, ®-îc thùc hiÖn khi c¸ctÕ bμo ch¶y theo nhau trong mét dßng chÊtláng ®· qua c¶m øng quang häc vμ/ hoÆcc¶m øng ®iÖn. Mét h-íng t-¬ng tù cã thÓdïng ®Ó ph©n lo¹i tÕ bμo, xem:fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

fluorescence immunoassay(Abbreviation: FIA). An immunoassay

based on the use of fluorescence-labelled antibody.

thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch huúnh quang (viÕtt¾t: FIA). Mét thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch dùavμo viÖc sö dông kh¸ng thÓ ®¸nh dÊuhuúnh quang.

fluorescence in situ hybridization(Abbreviation: FISH). Hybridization ofcloned, fluorescently labelled DNA or RNA,to intact biological materials, notablychromosome spreads and thin tissuesections. The technique allows thevisualization of the physical location ofnucleic acid sequences homologous tothe probe, and is used for the placementof genes on chromosomes and for thespatial and temporal pattern of geneexpression of specific mRNA molecules.

lai ph©n tö huúnh quang (viÕt t¾t: FISH).Lai gièng DNA hoÆc RNA ®-îc t¹o dßng,d¸nh dÊu huúnh quang, víi nguyªn liÖusinh vËt nguyªn vÑn, chó ý l-íi nhiÔm s¾cthÓ vμ líp m« máng. Kü thuËt nμy cho phÐpquan s¸t vÞ trÝ vËt lý tr×nh tù axit nucleict-¬ng ®ång víi ®Çu dß, vμ ®-îc dïng ®ÓxÕp ®Æt c¸c gen trªn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ ®ÓmÉu thêi gian vμ kh«ng gian biÓu thÞ gencña c¸c ph©n tö RNA th«ng tin riªng biÖt.

fluorescence-activated cell sorting(Abbreviation: FACS). A flow cytometrymethod in which targets (cells, individualchromosomes etc.) are labelled with afluorescent dye, which is excited by a laserbeam. Differences in the fluorescencesignal emitted are used as a criterion forsorting the material. A specific applicationis in sperm sexing.

ph©n lo¹i tÕ bμo kÝch ho¹t huúnh quang(viÕt t¾t: FACS). Mét ph-¬ng ph¸p luångcytometry trong ®ã c¸c ®Ých (tÕ bμo, nhiÔms¾c thÓ riªng lÎ v.v.,) ®¸nh dÊu víi thuècnhuém huúnh quang, ®-îc kÝch ho¹t domét chïm tia laze. Sù kh¸c nhau trong tÝnhiÖu huúnh quang ph¸t ra ®-îc dïng lμmtiªu chuÈn ph©n lo¹i vËt chÊt. Mét øngdông ®Æc biÖt trong x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh tinhdÞch.

fluorescent probe A probe which islabelled with a fluorescent dye, so that the

flocculant

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signal emitted can be captured byphotometric methods.

®Çu dß huúnh quang §Çu dß ®-îc ®¸nhdÊu b»ng thuèc nhuém huúnh quang, ®ÓtÝn hiÖu ph¸t ra cã thÓ nhËn ®-îc b»ng c¸cph-¬ng ph¸p ®o s¸ng.

flush end kÕt thóc gän xem: blunt end.flush-end cut c¾t kÕt thóc gän xem:blunt-end cut.F

1, F

2, F

n Subsequent hybrid generations,

counting from the F1. Thus, for example,

F4 describes the progeny of the F

3, which

is the progeny of the F2 generation, where

all progeny are derived from intercrossingor self-fertilization.

ThÕ hÖ F1, F

2, F

n Nh÷ng thÕ hÖ lai kÕ tiÕp,

®-îc kÓ tõ F1. Nh- vËy, vÝ dô F

4 m« t¶ con

cña F3, nã lμ ch¸u cña thÕ hÖ F

2, khi tÊt c¶

con ch¸u ®Òu cã nguån gèc tõ lai chÐokh¸c loμi hoÆc tù thô tinh.

foetus Pre-natal stage of a viviparousanimal, between the embryonic stage andbirth. AlteRNAtive spelling: fetus. See:embryo.

thai nhi Giai ®o¹n tiÒn sinh cña ®éng vËtsinh con, gi÷a giai ®o¹n ph«i thai vμ sinhnë. xem: embryo.

fog Fine particles of liquid suspended inthe air, such as of water in a fog chamberused for acclimatizing recent ex vitrotransplants. See: mist propagation.

s-¬ng H¹t mÞn chÊt láng ng-ng tô trongkh«ng khÝ, nh- lμ cña n-íc trong phßngs-¬ng mï dïng ®Ó t¹o ra sù thÝch nghitrång chuyÓn ngoμi èng nghiÖm. xem: mistpropagation

fold-back The structure of a double-stranded DNA molecule formed when amolecule containing an inverted repeatsequence is denatured and then allowedto re-anneal at low DNA concentrations.Under these conditions, the repeatedsequence self-anneals to form a double-stranded region within each of theseparated strands of the original molecule.

nÕp gÊp ng-îc CÊu tróc ph©n tö DNA sîikÐp h×nh thμnh khi ph©n tö chøa tr×nh tùlÆp ®¶o ng-îc bÞ biÕn chÊt vμ sau ®ã cho

phÐp lμm dÎo trë l¹i t¹i nång ®é DNA thÊp.D-íi ®iÒu kiÖn nμy, tr×nh tù lÆp tù lμm dÎo®Ó h×nh thμnh vïng sîi kÐp trong tõng sîiph©n t¸ch cña ph©n tö gèc.

folded genome The condensed state ofthe chromosomal DNA of a bacterium. TheDNA is segregated into domains, andeach domain is independently negativelysupercoiled.

hÖ gen gÊp Tr¹ng th¸i dμy ®Æc DNA nhiÔms¾c thÓ cña vi khuÈn. DNA ®-îc t¸ch riªngthμnh c¸c miÒn, vμ mçi miÒn ®-îc siªuxo¾n tiªu cùc ®éc lËp.

follicle An enclosing cluster of cells thatprotects and nourishes a cell or structurewithin. Thus a follicle in the ovary containsa developing egg cell, while a hair follicleenvelops the root of hair.

nang Mét bao tÕ bμo ®ãng kÝn ®Ó b¶o vÖvμ nu«i d-ìng tÕ bμo hoÆc cÊu tróc bªntrong. Nh- vËy nang trong buång trøngmang tÕ bμo trøng ph¸t triÓn, trong khinang l«ng bao bäc rÔ t¬.

ollicle stimulating hormone(Abbreviation: FSH). A hormone, secretedby the anterior pituitary gland in mammals,that stimulates the ripening of thespecialized structures in the ovary(Graafian follicles) that produce ova infemale mammals; and in males, theformation of sperm in the testis. FSH is amajor constituent of fertility drugs.

hãc m«n kÝch thÝch nang (viÕt t¾t: FSH).Mét hooc-m«n, tiÕt ra bëi thïy tr-íc tuyÕnyªn cña ®éng vËt cã vó, kÝch thÝch lμm chÝnc¸c cÊu tróc chuyªn biÖt trong buång trøng(Graafian follicles) ®Ó s¶n sinh no·n cña®éng vËt c¸i; vμ cña ®ùc, h×nh thμnh tinhdÞch trong tinh hoμn. FSH lμ mét thμnhphÇn chÝnh cña c¸c lo¹i thuèc lμm thô tinh.

food processing enzyme Enzyme usedto control food texture, flavour,appearance, or nutritional value. Amylasesbreak down complex polysaccharides tosimpler sugars; proteases tenderize meatproteins. A prominent target of foodbiotechnology is to develop novel foodenzymes which can improve the quality ofprocessed foods.

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enzim xö lý thùc phÈm Enzim dïng ®iÒukhiÓn tû lÖ hçn hîp thùc phÈm, vÞ ngon,h×nh d¸ng, hoÆc gi¸ trÞ dinh d-ìng.Amylaza ph¸ vì phøc hîp polisacarit thμnh®-êng ®¬n; proteaza lμm mÒm protein thÞt.Môc ®Ých chÝnh cña ngμnh c«ng nghÖ sinhhäc thùc phÈm lμ ph¸t triÓn nh÷ng enzimthùc phÈm lý t-ëng cã thÓ c¶i thiÖn chÊtl-îng thùc phÈm qua xö lý.

forced cloning The insertion of foreignDNA into a cloning vector in apredetermined orientation.

t¹o dßng b¾t buéc Xen DNA ngo¹i vμovect¬ t¸ch dßng theo h-íng x¸c ®Þnh tr-íc.

foreign DNA Exogenous DNA that isincorporated into a host genome.

DNA ngo¹i DNA ngo¹i sinh ®-îc hîp nhÊtvμo trong mét hÖ gen vËt chñ.

formulation c«ng thøc ho¸ xem:medium formulationforskolin A medicinal, diterpenoid,compound exclusive to plant roots andused in the preparation of drugs for thetreatment of cardiomyopathy, glaucomaand certain cancers.

forskolin Mét hîp chÊt thuèc, diterpenoid,dμnh riªng cho rÔ thùc vËt vμ dïng trongchÕ phÈm thuèc ®Ó ®iÒu trÞ bÖnh c¬ tim,bÖnh t¨ng huyÕt ¸p vμ mét sè bÖnh ungth- nhÊt ®Þnh.

fortify To add strengthening componentsor beneficial ingredients to a nutrientmedium.

cñng cè Gia cè c¸c thμnh phÇn trî gióphoÆc thμnh phÇn cã lîi cho m«i tr-êng nu«icÊy.

forward mutation A mutation from thewild type to the mutant type. Opposite:reverse mutation.

®ét biÕn thuËn §ét biÕn tõ kiÓu d¹i thμnhkiÓu ®ét biÕn. Ng-îc víi: reverse mutation.

fouling The coating or plugging (bymaterials or micro-organisms) ofequipment, thus preventing it fromfunctioning properly.

lμm nghÑt Phñ bäc hoÆc nót thiÕt bÞ (doc¸c vËt liÖu hoÆc vi sinh vËt), do vËy hoμn

toμn ng¨n nã tr¸nh ho¹t ®éng.

founder animal An organism that carriesa transgene in its germ line and can beused in matings to establish a pure-breeding transgenic line, or one that actsas a breeding stock for transgenic animals.

®éng vËt s¸ng lËp Sinh vËt mang mét genchuyÓn trong dßng ph«i vμ cã thÓ dïngtrong nh÷ng kÕt ®«i ®Ó thiÕt lËp dßngchuyÓn gen nh©n gièng thuÇn chñng, hoÆcmét dßng ®Ó t¸c ®éng lμm vèn g©y gièngcho c¸c ®éng vËt chuyÓn gen.

founder principle The possibility that anew, isolated population, initiated by asmall number of individuals taken from aparent population, may be geneticallydifferent from the parent population,because the founding individuals might notbe typical of the parent population. See:genetic drift.nguyªn t¾c s¸ng lËp Kh¶ n¨ng mμ métquÇn thÓ míi, ®-îc ph©n lËp, khëi ®Çu bëimét sè Ýt c¸ thÓ lÊy ra tõ quÇn thÓ bè mÑ,nã cã thÓ kh¸c nhau vÒ di truyÒn tõ quÇnthÓ bè mÑ, v× nh÷ng c¸ thÓ s¸ng lËp cã thÓkh«ng tiªu biÓu cho quÇn thÓ bè mÑ. xem:genetic drift.

four-base cutter A type II restrictionendonuclease with a four-nucleotiderecognition site. Because any particularsequence of four bases occurs morefrequently by chance than one of six bases,four-base cutters cleave more frequentlythan six-base cutters, and thereforegenerate, on average, smaller restrictionfragments. Synonyms: four-base-pair-cutter, four-cutter.

c¾t bèn ba z¬ Mét endonucleaza giíi h¹nkiÓu II víi vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn bèn nuleotit. Bëiv× bÊt kú tr×nh tù riªng cña bèn ba z¬ ®Òuth-êng xÈy ra ngÉu nhiªn h¬n cña s¸u baz¬, c¾t bèn ba z¬ ph©n c¾t nhiÒu lÇn h¬ns¸u ba z¬, vμ do vËy ph¸t sinh, theo b×nhqu©n, c¸c m¶nh vì giíi h¹n nhá h¬n.Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: four-base-pair-cutter, four-cutter.

fractionation The separation incomponents of a complex mixture ofmolecules.

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ph©n ®o¹n Sù ph©n chia ra c¸c thμnhphÇn cña hçn hîp ph©n tö phøc t¹p.

fragment Partial structure. See:restriction fragment.m¶nh CÊu tróc tõng phμn. xem:restriction fragment.rameshift mutation A mutation thatchanges the reading frame of a DNA,either by the insertion or the deletion ofnucleotides. Because of the triplet natureof codons, this occurs if the number ofnucleotides involved is not a multiple ofthree.

®ét biÕn dÞch khung §ét biÕn thay ®æikhung ®äc DNA, do lång xen hoÆc xãanuleotit. Do bé ba tù nhiªn cña côm m·,nªn nã xÈy ra nÕu sè l-îng nuleotit kÐotheo kh«ng ph¶i béi sè cña ba.

free water The cellular water released intothe intercellular spaces when tissue isfrozen and thawed. Opposite: boundwater.n-íc tù do N-íc tÕ bμo chuyÓn vμo trongc¸c khoang gian bμo khi m« lμm ®«ng l¹nhvμ tan ra. Tõ tr¸i nghÜa: bound water.

free-living conditions Natural orgreenhouse conditions experienced byplantlets upon transfer from in vitroconditions to soil. Prior to transfer, nutrientswere supplied by the culture medium, butfollowing transfer, plantlets must take upnutrients from soil and synthesize their ownfood supply.

®iÒu kiÖn sèng tù do §iÒu kiÖn tù nhiªnhoÆc nhμ xanh ®-îc thùc nghiÖm theo c©ynon khi chuyÓn tõ ®iÒu kiÖn èng nghiÖmra ®Êt. Tr-íc khi di chuyÓn, chÊt dinhd-ìng ®-îc cung cÊp do m«i tr-êng cÊy,nh-ng sau khi chuyÓn, nh÷ng c©y non cÇnph¶i lÊy chÊt dinh d-ìng tõ ®Êt vμ tænghîp tù cung cÊp thøc ¨n.

freeze preservation b¶o tån ®«ng l¹nhxem: cryobiological preservation.

freeze-dry The removal of water as vapourfrom frozen material under vacuum. Usedto measure water content and to preservesamples, particularly spores. Unlike oven-drying, bound water remains associated

with the specimen. Synonym: lyophilize.

kh« ®«ng l¹nh Lo¹i bá n-íc khi h¬i n-íctõ vËt liÖu lμm l¹nh d-íi ch©n kh«ng. Dïng®Ó ®o hμm l-îng n-íc vμ gi÷ g×n mÉu vËt,bμo tö riªng biÖt. Kh«ng gièng nh- sÊy kh«,n-íc liªn kÕt gi÷ l¹i kÕt hîp víi mÉu. Tõ®ång nghÜa: lyophilize.

fresh weight The weight, including thewater content, of a specimen. Synonym:wet weight.

träng l-îng t-¬i Träng l-îng t-¬i, baogåm hμm l-îng n-íc, cña mét mÉu.Tõ®ång nghÜa: wet weight.

friable A term commonly used to describea crumb-like callus. In this state, the callusis easily dissected and readily dispersedinto single cells or clumps of cells insolution.

Bë, rêi ThuËt ng÷ phæ biÕn dïng ®Ó m« t¶m« sÑo gièng nh- vôn b¸nh mú. Trongtr¹ng th¸i nμy, m« sÑo dÔ dμng t¸ch rêi vμs½n sμng ph©n t¸n thμnh c¸c tÕ bμo ®¬nhoÆc c¸c lïm tÕ bμo trong dung dÞch.

FSH xem: follicle stimulating hormone.functional food A foodstuff that providesa health benefit beyond basic nutrition,demonstrating specific health or medicalbenefits, including the prevention andtreatment of disease.

thùc phÈm chøc n¨ng Thùc phÈm lμmt¨ng lîi Ých søc kháe ngoμi dinh d-ìng c¬b¶n, chØ ®Þnh søc kháe hoÆc lîi Ých y häcriªng biÖt, bao gåm phßng ngõa vμ ®iÒu trÞbÖnh.

functional gene cloning t¹o dßng genchøc n¨ng xem: candidate-genestrategy.

unctional genomics The field of research,that aims to determine patterns of geneexpression and interaction in the genome,based on the knowledge of extensive orcomplete genomic sequence of anorganism.

hÖ gen chøc n¨ng Mét lÜnh vùc nghiªncøu, môc ®Ých x¸c ®Þnh c¸c mÉu biÓu thÞgen vμ t-¬ng t¸c trong hÖ gen, dùa vμokiÕn thøc tr×nh tù hÖ gen më réng hoÆc ®Çy®ñ cña mét sinh vËt.

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fungicide A chemical agent toxic to fungi.

thuèc diÖt nÊm Mét t¸c nh©n hãa häc ®éc®èi víi nÊm.

fungus (pl.: fungi) Multinucleate single-celled or multicellular heterotrophic micro-organisms, including yeasts, moulds, andmushrooms. They live as parasites,symbionts, or saprophytes. Lacking anyvascular tissues (unlike plants), their cellwalls are made of chitin or other non-cellulose compounds.

nÊm (sè nhiÒu: fungi) C¸c vi sinh vËt dÞd-ìng ®a bμo hoÆc tÕ bμo ®¬n ®a nh©n,bao gåm c¶ nÊm men, mèc vμ nÊm r¬m.Chóng sèng nh- c¸c loμi ký sinh, sinh vËtcéng sinh, hoÆc thùc vËt ho¹i sinh. kh«ngcã m« m¹ch (kh«ng gièng thùc vËt), c¸cv¸ch tÕ bμo cña chóng ®-îc lμm b»ng kitin hoÆc c¸c hçn hîp kh«ng ph¶i lμ xen-lu-l«.

Fusarium spp. A group of fungalpathogens of many economic cropspecies, particularly cereals, where severeinfestation leads to losses in both grainyield and quality. The latter can be aparticularly serious problem as many ofthese fungi produce mycotoxins, some ofwhich are dangerous to both livestock andhuman health (See: aflatoxin). Specificstrains are also employed on an industrialscale to produce protein for humanconsumption.

loμi Fusarium Mét nhãm t¸c nh©n g©ybÖnh nÊm h¹i nhiÒu loμi hoa mμu kinh tÕ,®Æc biÖt c¸c gièng ngò cèc, khi bÞ huû ho¹inghiªm träng dÉn tíi tæn thÊt c¶ n¨ng suÊtvμ chÊt l-îng. Cuèi cïng cã thÓ lμ mét vÊn®Ò nghiªm träng ®Æc biÖt khi nhiÒu lo¹i nÊms¶n xuÊt c¸c ®éc tè nÊm, mét sè trong ®ãg©y nguy hiÓm cho søc khoÎ c¶ con ng-êivμ ®éng vËt (xem: aflatoxin). C¸c chñng®Æc biÖt còng ®-îc tuyÓn dïng trªn métquy m« c«ng nghiÖp ®Ó s¶n xuÊt proteincung cÊp cho con ng-êi.

fusion biopharmaceuticals Fusionproteins with pharmaceutical properties.Their advantages are: 1. Synergisticactivities in one molecule, i.e. when themolecule binds to its target, it can perform

more than one function simultaneously; 2.An adverse effect or poor stability of onepart of the molecule may be offset by theproperties of the other; and 3. One part ofthe molecule can act as a targetingmechanism for the active protein. See:immunotoxin, fusion toxin.

d-îc phÈm sinh häc dung hîp C¸cprotein dung hîp cã nh÷ng thuéc tÝnh d-îchäc. Lîi thÕ cña chóng lμ: 1. C¸c ho¹t ®éng®iÒu phèi trong mét ph©n tö, nghÜa lμ khiph©n tö liªn kÕt víi ®Ých cña nã, cã thÓ®ång thêi thùc hiÖn nhiÒu chøc n¨ng; 2.HiÖu øng ®èi lËp hoÆc kÐm æn ®Þnh cñamét phÇn ph©n tö cã thÓ ®-îc bï l¹i dothuéc tÝnh cña phÇn tö kh¸c; vμ 3. Mét béphËn cña ph©n tö cã thÓ lμm c¬ chÕ chän®Ých cho protein ho¹t ®éng. Xem:immunotoxin, fusion toxin.

fusion gene gen dung hîp xem:chimeric gene.

fusion protein A polypeptide translatedfrom a chimeric gene. The different genesare joined so that their coding sequencesare in the same reading frame, and theresulting construct is transcribed andtranslated as a single gene, producing asingle protein. These are used for anumber of purposes, including: 1. To addan affinity tag to a protein; 2. To producea protein with the combined characteristicsof two natural proteins; 3. To produce aprotein where two different activities arephysically linked. See: fusionbiopharmaceuticals.

protein dung hîp Mét polyeptit dÞch m·tõ mét gen qu¸i. C¸c gen kh¸c biÖt ®-îctham gia do vËy tr×nh tù m· ho¸ cña chónglμ trong cïng mét khung ®äc, vμ kÕt qu¶cÊu tróc ®-îc phiªn m· vμ dÞch m· nh-mét gen ®¬n, s¶n xuÊt protein ®¬n. Chóng®-îc sö dông v× mét sè môc ®Ých, bao gåm:1. Thªm ®Çu ̧ i lùc cho protein; 2. S¶n xuÊtprotein víi ®Æc tr-ng kÕt hîp cña haiprotein tù nhiªn; 3. S¶n xuÊt protein khihai ho¹t ®éng kh¸c nhau ®-îc liªn kÕt vËtchÊt. Xem: fusion biopharmaceuticals.

fusion toxin A fusion protein that consistsof a toxic protein domain plus a cell

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receptor binding domain. The latterdelivers the toxin directly to the target cell,thus sparing other healthy tissues from theeffect of the toxin.

®éc tè dung hîp Protein dung hîp gåmcã mét miÒn protein ®éc céng víi mét miÒnkÕt nèi thÓ nhËn tÕ bμo. Cuèi cïng giao®éc tè trùc tiÕp tíi tÕ bμo ®Ých, do vËy tiÕt

kiÖm ®-îc c¸c m« khoÎ m¹nh kh¸c tr¸nhkhái ¶nh h-ëng cña ®éc tè.

fusogenic agent Any chemical or virus,etc., that causes cells to fuse together.

t¸c nh©n dung hîp BÊt kú mét chÊt hãahäc hoÆc virut, v.v., mμ g©y ra c¸c tÕ bμodung hîp víi nhau.

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Gg

G ViÕt t¾t cña guanineG cap The 5'-terminal methylated guaninenucleoside that is present on manyeukaryotic mRNAs. It is joined to themRNA, via a 5'?5' phosphodiester bond,after transcription. See: cap site.

mò G Nulceosit guanin methyl ho¸ mót 5'cã mÆt trªn nhiÒu RNA th«ng tin nh©nchuÈn. §-îc nèi víi RNA th«ng tin, nhêliªn kÕt phosphodiester 5'? 5', sau phiªnm·. Xem: cap site.

G protein Proteins found on the innersurface of the plasma membrane, whichbind to the guanine nucleotides, GTP andGDP. They transmit signals from outsidethe membrane, via trans-membrane (G-protein-coupled) receptors, to adenylatecyclase, which catalyses the formation ofthe second messenger, cyclic AMP, insidethe cell.

protein G Protein cã trªn bÒ mÆt phÝa trongmμng chÊt nguyªn sinh, liªn kÕt víi c¸cnuleotit guanin, GTP vμ GDP. ChóngtruyÒn tÝn hiÖu tõ phÝa ngoμi mμng, quathÓ mang (ghÐp víi protein G), choadenylate cyclase, ®Ó xóc t¸c h×nh thμnhth«ng tin thø cÊp, AMP vßng, bªn trong tÕbμo

galactomannan A gum in which thestructural chain is made up of D-mannoseunits with 1?4 linkages. The ratio ofgalactose to mannose is 1:2.

Mét lo¹i nhùa trong ®ã chuçi cÊu tróc ®-îct¹o ra cña c¸c ®¬n vÞ D-mannose cã c¸cliªn kÕt 1?4. Tû lÖ galactoza/ mannoza lμ1:2.

gall A tumorous growth in plants. See:crown gall.môn c©y Sinh tr-ëng u b-íu trong thùcvËt. xem: crown gall.

gamete A mature reproductive cell whichis capable of fusing with a cell of similarorigin but of opposite sex to form a zygotefrom which a new organism can develop.Gametes normally have a haploidchromosome content. In animals, agamete is a sperm or egg; in plants, it ispollen, spermatic nucleus, or ovum.

giao tö TÕ bμo sinh s¶n tr-ëng thμnh cãkh¶ n¨ng dung hîp víi tÕ bμo cïng gècnh-ng ng-îc giíi tÝnh ®Ó h×nh thμnh hîptö mμ tõ ®ã sinh vËt míi cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn.C¸c giao tö b×nh th-êng mang nhiÔm s¾cthÓ ®¬n béi. Trong ®éng vËt, giao tö lμ tinhtrïng hoÆc trøng; trong thùc vËt, lμ phÊnhoa, h¹t phÊn hoÆc no·n.

gamete and embryo storage Storage ofova, sperm or fertilized embryos outsidetheir original source. Almost invariably thismeans cryopreservation.

b¶o qu¶n giao tö vμ ph«i B¶o qu¶nno·n, tinh trïng hoÆc c¸c ph«i ®· thô tinhngoμi nguån nguyªn b¶n cña chóng. HÇunh- kh«ng thay ®æi ph-¬ng ph¸p b¶o qu¶n®«ng l¹nh nμy.

gametic (phase) disequilibrium Inrelation to any two loci, the occurrence ofhaplotypes (gametes) at a frequencyother than that predicted from the productof the respective allele frequencies.Opposite: gametic (phase) equilibrium.

mÊt c©n b»ng giao tö T-¬ng quan víihai æ gen bÊt kú, biÕn cè cña thÓ ®¬n béi(giao tö) t¹i mét tÇn sè thay v× ®iÒu ®-îcdù ®o¸n tõ s¶n phÈm cña c¸c tÇn sè alent-¬ng øng. Ng-îc víi: gametic (phase)equilibrium.

gametic (phase) equilibrium In relationto any two loci, the occurrence ofhaplotypes (gametes) at a frequencyequal to the product of the frequency ofthe two relevant alleles. For example, Aand B are in gametic equilibrium if thefrequency of A

iB

i gametes equals the

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product of the frequencies of alleles Ai and

Bi. Opposite: gametic (phase)

disequilibrium.

c©n b»ng giao tö T-¬ng quan víi æ genbÊt kú, biÕn cè cña thÓ ®¬n béi (giao tö) t¹itÇn sè c©n b»ng víi s¶n phÈm cña tÇn sèhai alen t-¬ng øng. VÝ dô, A vμ B lμ c©nb»ng giao tö nÕu tÇn sè cña giao tö AiBic©n b»ng víi s¶n phÈm cña tÇn sè c¸c alenAi vμ Bi. ng-îc víi: gametic (phase)disequilibrium.

gametoclone A plant regenerated from atissue culture originating from gametictissue.

nh©n dßng giao tö Thùc vËt t¸i sinh tõmét nu«i cÊy m« cã nguån gèc tõ m« giaotö.

gametogenesis The process of theformation of gametes.

ph¸t sinh giao tö Qu¸ tr×nh h×nh thμnhc¸c giao tö.

gametophyte The phase of the plant lifecycle that carries the gamete producingorgans. In flowering plants, the pollengrain is the male gametophyte and theembryo sac is the female gametophyte.

thÓ giao tö Giai ®o¹n cña chu tr×nh sèngthùc vËt mang c¬ quan sinh s¶n giao tö.Trong thùc vËt ra hoa, h¹t phÊn lμ thÓ giaotö ®ùc vμ tói ph«i lμ thÓ giao tö c¸i.

gametophytic incompatibility Aphenomenon in plants, in which a pollengrain is genetically incapable of fertilizinga particular egg, because both gametescarry the identical allele at anincompatibility locus (usually denoted S).This is a mechanism for forcingcrossfertilization.

kh«ng t-¬ng hîp giao tö HiÖn t-îngthùc vËt, trong ®ã h¹t phÊn kh«ng cã kh¶n¨ng di truyÒn ®Ó thô tinh mét trøng riªngbiÖt, bëi v× c¶ hai giao tö ®Òu mang alen®ång nhÊt t¹i mét æ gen kh«ng t-¬ng hîp(th-êng biÓu thÞ S). §©y lμ mét c¬ chÕ b¾tbuéc thô tinh chÐo.

gap A missing section on one of thestrands of double-stranded DNA. The DNA

will therefore have a single-strandedregion.

qu·ng hë, lç trèng Mét khu vùc biÕn mÊttrªn mét sîi cña DNA sîi kÐp. Bëi vËy DNAsÏ cã mét vïng kÕt sîi ®¬n.

gapped DNA A double-stranded DNAmolecule with one or more internal single-stranded regions.

DNA bÞ hë, gi¸n ®o¹n Ph©n tö DNA sîikÐp cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu vïng sîi ®¬n bªntrong.

gas transfer The rate at which gases aretransferred from gas into solution, animportant parameter in fermentationsystems because it controls the rate atwhich the organism can metabolize.Efficient gas transfer can be achieved inseveral ways, including the use of smallbubbles, from which gas dissolves fasterthan from larger ones, due to their largersurface area per unit of volume; orspreading the liquid out, for example in athin sheet, or in a thin permeable tube, asin hollow fibre bioreactor.

di chuyÓn khÝ Tû lÖ mμ ë ®ã c¸c chÊt khÝ®-îc chuyÓn vμo dung dÞch, mét tham sèquan träng trong hÖ thèng lªn men v× nã®iÒu khiÓn nhÞp ®é t¹i ®ã sinh vËt cã thÓchuyÓn ho¸. HiÖu qu¶ di chuyÓn khÝ cã thÓ®¹t ®-îc theo nhiÒu c¸ch, bao gåm södông bät nhá, tõ bät nhá khÝ hoμ tan nhanhh¬n h¹t lín, v× diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt lín h¬ntheo ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch; hoÆc ph¸t t¸n chÊtláng ra ngoμi, vÝ dô trong tÊm l¸ máng,hoÆc èng máng ngÊm qua ®-îc, nh- trongb×nh ph¶n øng sinh häc sîi rçng.

gastrula An early animal embryoconsisting of two layers of cells; anembryological stage following the blastula.

ph«i vÞ Ph«i thai ®éng vËt sím gåm cãhai líp tÕ bμo; mét giai ®o¹n ph«i häc tiÕptheo ph«i nang.

GC island A segment of double-strandedDNA that is rich in GC base pairs. This typeof sequence is characteristic of eukaryoticgenomic regions with a high gene content.

®¶o GC Mét ®o¹n DNA sîi kÐp giμu cÆp®«i ba z¬ GC. KiÓu tr×nh tù nμy lμ ®Æc tr-ng

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cña c¸c vïng hÖ gen nh©n chuÈn cã hμml-îng gen cao.

GDP viÕt t¾t cña guanosine 5 ‘diphosphate.

gel A jelly-like solid, used widely as a matrixfor the electrophoresis ofmacromolecules, for encapsulation, andto solidify media for cell cultures.

chÊt gel ChÊt ®Æc gièng hÖt th¹ch, ®-îcdïng phæ biÕn lμm khu«n ®óc ®Ó ®iÖn dicña c¸c ph©n tö lín, ®Ó nang ho¸, vμ lμm®Æc dung dÞch ®Ó nu«i cÊy m«.

gel electrophoresis ®iÖn di trªn gen,xem: electrophoresis.

gel filtration A method of protein or DNApurification, where differences in size areused to separate the components of acomplex mixture.

läc gel Ph-¬ng ph¸p lμm s¹ch DNA hoÆcprotein, n¬i nh÷ng kh¸c biÖt vÒ kÝch th-íc®-îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n t¸ch thμnh phÇncña hîp chÊt phøc t¹p.

gelatin A glutinous, proteinaceous gellingand solidifying agent. Gelatin is producedby the partial hydrolysis (via boiling) ofcollagen, found in the connective tissuesof many farm animals. Used to gel orsolidify nutrient solutions for tissue culture,and as a food additive.

gelatin Mét t¸c nh©n lμm ®Æc vμ dÝnh thuécprotein vμ glutin. Gelatin ®-îc t¹o ra bëithñy ph©n tõng phÇn (nhê ®un s«i) chÊtt¹o keo, cã trong m« liªn hîp cña nhiÒu®éng vËt n«ng nghiÖp. Th-êng dïng t¹ogel hoÆc lμm ®Æc dung dÞch dinh d-ìng®Ó nu«i cÊy m«, vμ lμm chÊt phô gia thùcphÈm.

gelatinization The swelling of starchwhen added to hot water. Hydrolysiscauses the molecule to lose structure, andtechnically gelatinization is not completeuntil there is no structure left at all.

hãa keo Tinh bét tr-¬ng phång khi chothªm n-íc nãng. Thñy ph©n g©y ra ph©ntö mÊt cÊu tróc, vμ ho¸ keo kü thuËt lμkh«ng hoμn chØnh cho ®Õn lóc kh«ng cãcÊu tróc rêi hoμn toμn.

GelriteTM The brand name of aPseudomonas-derived refinedpolysaccharide used as a gelling agentand agar substitute.

GelriteTM Tªn nh·n hiÖu cña métpolisacarit ®-îc tinh läc nguån gèc tõPseudomonas ®-îc dïng lμm t¸c nh©n t¹ogel vμ chÊt gi¶ th¹ch.

GEM ViÕt t¾t cña geneticallyengineered micro-organism. Xem:genetically modified organism.

gene The unit of heredity transmitted fromgeneration to generation during sexual orasexual reproduction. More generally, theterm is used in relation to the transmissionand inheritance of particular identifiabletraits. The simplest gene consists asegment of nucleic acid that encodes anindividual protein or RNA.

gen §¬n vÞ di truyÒn ®-îc truyÒn tõ thÕ hÖnμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c trong qu¸ tr×nh sinhs¶n v« tÝnh hoÆc h÷u tÝnh. Kh¸i qu¸t h¬n,thuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng trong mèi quan hÖvíi sù truyÒn vμ di truyÒn c¸c tÝnh tr¹ng cãthÓ nhËn biÕt riªng biÖt. Gen ®¬n gi¶n nhÊtgåm cã mét ®o¹n axit nucleic ®Ó m· hãamét protein hoÆc RNA riªng biÖt.

gene (resources) conservation Theconservation of species, populations,individuals or parts of individuals, by in situor ex situ methods, to provide a diversityof genetic materials for present and futuregenerations.

b¶o tån (tμi nguyªn) gen B¶o tån c¸c loμi,quÇn thÓ, c¸ thÓ hoÆc bé phËn cña c¸ thÓ,b»ng c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p ex situ hoÆc in situ,®Ó cung cÊp tÝnh ®a d¹ng vËt liÖu di truyÒncho thÕ hÖ hiÖn t¹i vμ t-¬ng lai.

gene addition The addition of a functionalcopy of a gene to the genome of anorganism.

g¾n thªm gen G¾n thªm mét b¶n saochøc n¨ng cña gen vμo hÖ gen sinh vËt.

gene amplification The selectiveproduction of multiple copies of one genewithout a proportional increase in others.

khuyÕch ®¹i gen, nh©n gen S¶n xuÊtchän läc c¸c b¶n sao ®a n¨ng mét gen mμ

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kh«ng lμm t¨ng t-¬ng xøng trong c¸c genkh¸c.

gene bank 1. The physical location wherecollections of genetic material in the formof seeds, tissues or reproductive cells ofplants or animals are stored. 2. Field genebank: A facility established for the ex situstorage and maintenance, usinghorticultural techniques, of individualplants. Used for species whose seeds arerecalcitrant, or for clonally propagatedspecies of agricultural importance, e.g.apple varieties. 3. A collection of clonedDNA fragments from a single genome.Ideally the bank should contain clonedrepresentatives of all the DNA sequencesin the genome. 4. See: library.

ng©n hμng gen 1. §Þnh vÞ vËt chÊt n¬inh÷ng tËp hîp vËt liÖu gen trong d¹ng h¹t,m« hoÆc tÕ bμo sinh s¶n cña thùc vËt hoÆc®éng vËt ®-îc b¶o qu¶n. 2. Ng©n hμnggen ®ång ruéng: Mét ph-¬ng tiÖn dÔ dμng®-îc thiÕt lËp ®Ó b¶o qu¶n t¹i chç vμ duytr×, sö dông kü thuËt lμm v-ên, ®èi víi c¸cc©y trång c¸ thÓ. Dïng cho c¸c loμi mμh¹t cña chóng chÞu nãng Èm, hoÆc cho c¸cloμi sinh s¶n v« tÝnh quan träng cña n«ngnghiÖp, vÝ dô c¸c gièng t¸o. 3. TËp hîpc¸c ®o¹n DNA ®-îc t¹o dßng tõ hÖ gen®¬n. Ng©n hμng lý t-ëng cÇn ph¶i cã ®¹idiÖn cña tÊt c¶ c¸c tr×nh tù DNA trong hÖgen ®-îc t¹o dßng. 4. xem: library.

gene cloning The synthesis of multiplecopies of a chosen DNA sequence usinga bacterial cell or another organism as ahost. The gene of interest is inserted intoa vector, and the resulting recombinantDNA molecule is amplified in anappropriate host cell. Synonym: DNAcloning.

t¹o dßng gen, nh©n dßng gen, t¸chdßng gen Tæng hîp c¸c b¶n sao béi cñamét tr×nh tù DNA ®-îc chän cã sö dông tÕbμo vi khuÈn hoÆc sinh vËt kh¸c lμm vËtchñ. Gen quan t©m ®-îc chÌn vμo métvect¬, vμ ph©n tö DNA t¸i tæ hîp kÕt qu¶®-îc khuyÕch ®¹i trong tÕ bμo vËt chñ thÝchhîp. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: DNA cloning.

gene construct cÊu tróc gen xem:

construc.

gene conversion A process, oftenassociated with recombination, duringwhich one allele is replicated at theexpense of another, leading to non-Mendelian segregation ratios.

biÕn d¹ng gen Mét qu¸ tr×nh, th-êng kÕthîp víi t¸i tæ hîp, trong ®ã mét alen bÞxo¾n kh«ng cã lîi cho alen kh¸c, dÉn tíi tûlÖ ph©n ly kh«ng theo kiÓu Mendel.

gene expression The process by whicha gene produces mRNA and protein, andhence exerts its effect on the phenotypeof an organism.

biÓu thÞ gen Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó s¶n xuÊt mRNAvμ protein, vμ do vËy sö dông ¶nh h-ëngcña nã trªn kiÓu h×nh cña sinh vËt.

gene flow The spread of genes from onebreeding population to another (usually)related population by migration, therebygenerating changes in allele frequency.

dßng gen Lan réng gen tõ mét quÇn thÓsinh s¶n nμy sang quÇn thÓ liªn quan(th«ng th-êng) kh¸c do di tró, do ®ã ph¸tsinh thay ®æi tÇn sè alen.

gene frequency tÇn sè gen xem: allelefrequency.

gene gun sóng gen xem: biolistics.

gene imprinting The differentialexpression of a single gene according toits parental origin.

®ãng dÊu gen BiÓu thÞ vi ph©n cña métgen ®¬n theo gèc cha mÑ cña nã.

gene insertion The incorporation of oneor more copies of a gene into achromosome.

chÌn gen, xen lång gen Sù hîp nhÊt cñamét hoÆc nhiÒu b¶n sao gen trong nhiÔms¾c thÓ.

gene interaction The modification of theaction of one gene by another, non-allelicgene.

t-¬ng t¸c gen BiÕn ®æi ho¹t ®éng cña métgen do mét gen kh¸c, kh«ng thuéc alen.

gene knockout lo¹i gen xem: knockout.gene library th- viÖn gen xem: library.

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gene linkage kÕt nèi gen xem: linkage.

gene machine m¸y gen xem:transposon tagging.

gene mapping lËp b¶n ®å gen xem:mapping.

gene modification Chemical change to agene’s DNA sequence.

biÕn ®æi gen, söa ®æi gen BiÕn ®æi hãahäc tr×nh tù DNA cña gen.gene pool 1. The sum of all geneticinformation in a breeding population at agiven time. 2. In plant genetic resources,use is made of the terms ‘primary’,‘secondary’ and ‘tertiary’ gene pools. Ingeneral, members of the primary gene poolare inter-fertile; those of the secondary canbe crossed with those in the primary genepool under special circumstances; but tointrogress variation from the tertiary genepool, special techniques are required toachieve crossing.

vèn gen 1. Tæng sè toμn bé th«ng tin ditruyÒn trong mét quÇn thÓ sinh s¶n t¹i métthêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh. 2. Trong nguån genthùc vËt, th-êng ®-îc kÕt hîp víi c¸c thuËtng÷ vèn gen ‘s¬ cÊp’, ‘thø cÊp’ vμ ‘bËc ba’.Nãi chung, cña vèn gen s¬ cÊp lμ thô tinhcïng loμi; thμnh viªn cña thø cÊp cã thÓlai chÐo víi thμnh viªn cã trong vèn gens¬ cÊp d-íi hoμn c¶nh ®Æc biÖt; nh-ng ®Ób¾t ®Çu cã biÕn ®æi tõ vèn gen bËc ba, küthuËt ®Æc biÖt ®-îc yªu cÇu ®Ó ®¹t lai chÐo.

gene probe ®Çu dß gen xem: probe.gene recombination t¸i tæ hîp gen xem:recombination.

gene regulation The process ofcontrolling the synthesis or suppression ofgene products in specific cells or tissues.

®iÒu chØnh gen Qu¸ tr×nh kiÓm tra tænghîp hoÆc ng¨n chÆn c¸c s¶n phÈm gentrong c¸c tÕ bμo hoÆc m« riªng biÖt.

gene replacement The incorporation of atransgene into a chromosome at itsnormal location by homologousrecombination, thus replacing the copy ofthe gene originally present at the locus.

thay thÕ gen Hîp nhÊt mét gen chuyÓnvμo trong nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ë vÞ trÝ b×nh th-êng

do t¸i tæ hîp ®ång hîp tö, do vËy thay thÕb¶n sao gen cã mÆt nguyªn t¹i æ gen.

gene sequencing lμm tr×nh tù gen xem:DNA sequencing.gene shears kÐo c¾t gen xem: ribozyme.

gene silencing bÊt ho¹t gen xem:silencing.gene splicing ghÐp gen xem:splicing(1).

gene stacking chång gen xem: stackedgenes.

gene therapy The proposed treatment ofan inherited disease by thetransformation of an affected individualwith a wild-type copy of the defective genecausing the disorder. In germ-line (orheritable) gene therapy, reproductive cellsare transformed; in somatic-cell (or non-inheritable) gene therapy, cells other thanreproductive ones are modified.

liÖu ph¸p gen §iÒu trÞ mét bÖnh di truyÒn®Ò x-íng b»ng biÕn n¹p gen tõ c¸ thÓ bÞnhiÔm mét sao chÐp kiÓu d¹i cña gen cãsai sãt g©y ra rèi lo¹n. Trong liÖu ph¸p gendßng mÇm (hoÆc di truyÒn), c¸c tÕ bμo sinhs¶n ®-îc biÕn n¹p; trong liÖu ph¸p gen tÕbμo x«ma (hoÆc kh«ng di truyÒn), c¸c tÕbμo thay v× lo¹i tÕ bμo sinh s¶n ®-îc söa®æi.

gene tracking Following the inheritanceof a particular gene from generation togeneration.

vÕt gen TiÕp theo di truyÒn cña mét genriªng biÖt tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c.

gene transfer chuyÓn gen xem:transformation.

gene translocation The movement of agene from one chromosomal location toanother.

chuyÓn vÞ gen ChuyÓn mét gen tõ mét vÞtrÝ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nμy sang vÞ trÝ kh¸c.

genera Plural form of genus.

nhiÒu gièng D¹ng sè nhiÒu cña gièng.generally regarded as safe (Abbreviation:GRAS). Designation given to foods, drugs,and other materials with a long-term historyof not causing illness to humans, even

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though formal toxicity testing may notbeen conducted. Certain host organismsfor recombinant DNA experimentationhave recently been given this status.

®¸nh gi¸ an toμn chung (viÕt t¾t: GRAS).ChØ ®Þnh cho c¸c lo¹i thùc phÈm, thuèc, vμvËt liÖu kh¸c cã lÞch sö l©u dμi kh«ng g©ybÖnh cho nhiÒu ng-êi, dï r»ng qua phÐpthö ®éc tè b×nh th-êng cã thÓ kh«ng ®-îch-íng dÉn. C¸c sinh vËt chñ nhÊt ®Þnh ®Óthö nghiÖm DNA t¸i tæ hîp gÇn ®©y ®· t¹ora t×nh tr¹ng nμy.

generation time tuæi thÕ hÖ xem: cellgeneration time.

generative ph¸t sinh xem: germ line.

generative nucleus In many floweringplants, shed pollen is two-celled (in othersit is three-celled or has a variable number).Before pollen is shed, the malegametophyte divides mitotically to give agenerative and a vegetative nucleus. Theformer is the progenitor of the sperm cells.

nh©n sinh s¶n Trong nhiÒu loμi thùc vËtra hoa, phÊn hoa tung ra lμ hai tÕ bμo(trong nhiÒu loμi kh¸c nã lμ ba tÕ bμo hoÆccã sè l-îng kh«ng æn ®Þnh). Tr-íc khi tungphÊn hoa, thÓ giao tö ®ùc ph©n chianguyªn ph©n t¹o ra mét nh©n sinh s¶n vμmét nh©n sinh d-ìng. ThÓ ®Çu lμ gèc cñac¸c tÕ bμo tinh trïng.

genet The individual(s) descendedvegetatively from a single sexuallyproduced zygote, including all entitiesderived from it. All these individuals aregenetically identical to one another (barringmutation).

c©y ge nÐt, c©y cïng kiÓu gen Mét hoÆcnhiÒu c¸ thÓ thõa h-ëng sinh d-ìng tõ hîptö sinh s¶n giíi tÝnh ®¬n, bao gåm tÊt c¶c¸c thùc thÓ b¾t nguån tõ nã. TÊt c¶ c¸cc¸ thÓ nμy ®Òu lμ ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn víinhau (®ét biÕn c¶n).

genetic assimilation Eventual extinctionof a natural species as massive gene flowoccurs from a related species.

®ång hãa gen Sù diÖt chñng cuèi cïngcña mét loμi tù nhiªn khi dßng gen m¶nglín g©y ra tõ mét loμi liªn quan.

genetic code The correspondencebetween the set of 64 possible nucleotidetriplets and the amino acids and stopcodons that they specify. See annex 3.

m· di truyÒn Sù phï hîp gi÷a tËp hîp 64bé ba nucleotide kh¶ n¨ng víi c¸c aminoacid vμ ®¬n vÞ m· kÕt thóc mμ chóng ghirâ. xem phô lôc 3.

genetic complementation When twoDNA molecules that are in the same celltogether produce a function that neitherDNA molecule can supply on its own.

bæ trî gen Khi hai ph©n tö DNA trong cïngtÕ bμo cïng s¶n sinh mét chøc n¨ng mμkh«ng ph©n tö DNA nμo cã thÓ tù m×nhcung cÊp.

genetic disease A disease caused by anabnormality in the genetic material, whichcould be at the level of DNA sequence ata locus, or at the level of karyotype.Usually refers to inherited diseases,although somatic mutations can also causedisease without being inherited.

bÖnh di truyÒn BÖnh g©y ra do mét bÊtth-êng trong vËt liÖu di truyÒn, nã cã thÓ ëmøc tr×nh tù DNA t¹i mét æ gen, hoÆc ëmøc kiÓu nh©n thùc. Th-êng liªn quan ®ÕnbÖnh di truyÒn, mÆc dï nh÷ng ®ét biÕnx«ma cã thÓ còng g©y ra bÖnh nh-ngkh«ng di truyÒn.

genetic distance A measure of the geneticsimilarity between any pair of populations.This is measured on the basis of variationin a combination of phenotypic traits, allelefrequencies or DNA sequences. Forexample, the genetic distance between twopopulations having the same allelefrequencies at a particular locus, andbased solely on that locus, is zero.

kho¶ng c¸ch gen Th-íc ®o sù t-¬ng tùgen gi÷a cÆp ®«i bÊt kú cña quÇn thÓ. §-îc®o trªn c¬ së biÕn dÞ cña tæ hîp c¸c tÝnhtr¹ng kiÓu h×nh, tÇn sè alen hoÆc tr×nh tùDNA. VÝ dô, kho¶ng c¸ch gen gi÷a haiquÇn thÓ cã cïng tÇn sè alen t¹i æ gen riªngbiÖt, vμ duy nhÊt ®ùa trªn æ gen nμy, lμb»ng kh«ng.

genetic distancing The collection of thedata on phenotypic traits, marker allele

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frequencies or DNA sequences for two ormore populations, and estimation of thegenetic distances between each pair ofpopulations.

x¸c ®Þnh kho¶ng c¸ch gen TËp hîp sèliÖu vÒ c¸c tÝnh tr¹ng kiÓu h×nh, tÇn sè alendÊu chuÈn hoÆc tr×nh tù DNA cña hai hoÆcnhiÒu quÇn thÓ, vμ -íc l-îng nh÷ngkho¶ng c¸ch di truyÒn tõng cÆp quÇn thÓ.

genetic diversity The heritable variationwithin and among populations which iscreated, enhanced or maintained byevolutionary or selective forces.

tÝnh ®a d¹ng di truyÒn BiÕn dÞ di truyÒnbªn trong vμ gi÷a c¸c quÇn thÓ ®-îc t¹ora, ®-îc t¨ng c-êng hoÆc duy tr× do tiÕnhãa hoÆc chän läc b¾t buéc.

genetic drift Change in allele frequencyfrom one generation to another within apopulation, due to the sampling of finitenumbers of genes that is inevitable in allfinite-sized populations. The smaller thepopulation, the greater is the genetic drift,with the result that some alleles are lost,and genetic diversity is reduced. Thusminimization of genetic drift is an importantconsideration for conservation of geneticresources.

xu thÕ di truyÒn, l¹c dßng gen Thay ®æitÇn sè alen tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸ctrong mét quÇn thÓ, do lÊy mÉu sè l-îngh÷u h¹n c¸c gen lμ ®iÒu tÊt yÕu trong toμnbé quÇn thÓ sè l-îng mÉu h÷u h¹n. Sènhá h¬n quÇn thÓ, sè lín h¬n lμ xu thÕ ditruyÒn, víi kÕt qu¶ mét sè alen bÞ mÊt, vμtÝnh ®a d¹ng di truyÒn bÞ gi¶m. Do vËy tèithiÓu ho¸ xu thÕ di truyÒn cÇn ®-îc coiträng ®Ó b¶o tån tμi nguyªn di truyÒn.

genetic engineering Modifying genotype,and hence phenotype, by transgenesis.

kü thuËt gen Söa ®æi kiÓu gen, vμ dÉn®Õn kiÓu h×nh, do ph¸t sinh gen chuyÓn.

genetic equilibrium The maintenance ofa steady state with respect to allelefrequencies in a group of interbreedingorganisms.

c©n b»ng di truyÒn Duy tr× mét tr¹ng th¸ic©n b»ng liªn quan víi tÇn sè alen trong

mét nhãm sinh vËt néi phèi.

genetic erosion The loss over time ofallelic diversity, particularly in farmedorganisms, caused by either natural orman-made processes. See: genetic drift.xãi mßn gen MÊt thêi gian tÝnh cña ®ad¹ng alen, ®Æc biÖt trong c¸c sinh vËt ®-îccanh t¸c, g©y ra bëi qu¸ tr×nh tù nhiªn hoÆccon ng-êi. xem: genetic drift.

genetic fingerprinting in dÊu gen, dÊuvÕt gen xem: DNA fingerprinting.genetic gain The increase in productivityachieved following a change in genefrequency effected by selection.

lîi Ých di truyÒn T¨ng n¨ng suÊt ®¹t ®-îcsau khi thay ®æi tÇn sè gen ¶nh h-ëng dochän läc.

genetic heterogeneity Occurs where thegenetic determination of a givenphenotype differs between individuals.

kh«ng ®ång nhÊt gen XuÊt hiÖn n¬i x¸c®Þnh gen cña kiÓu h×nh t¹o ra kh¸c nhaugi÷a c¸c c¸ thÓ.

genetic immunization Delivery to a hostorganism of a cloned gene that encodesan antigen. After the cloned gene isexpressed, it elicits an antibody responsethat protects the organism from infectionby the relevant pathogen.

miÔn dÞch gen, miÔn dÞch di truyÒn GiaochuyÓn gen nh©n dßng cho sinh vËt chñ®Ó m· hãa kh¸ng nguyªn. Sau khi gennh©n dßng biÓu thÞ, sÏ kh¬i mμo mét ph¶nøng kh¸ng thÓ ®Ó b¶o vÖ sinh vËt tr¸nhkhái nhiÔm bÖnh do t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh liªnquan.

genetic information Informationcontained in a nucleotide base sequencein chromosomal DNA or RNA.

th«ng tin di truyÒn Th«ng tin chøa trongtr×nh tù ba z¬ cña DNA hoÆc RNA nhiÔms¾c thÓ .

genetic linkage liªn kÕt gen xem:linkage.

genetic map The linear array of genes ona chromosome, based on recombinationfrequencies (linkage map) or physical

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location (physical or chromosomal map).See: linkage map.

b¶n ®å gen S¾p xÕp tuyÕn tÝnh gen trªnnhiÔm s¾c thÓ, dùa vμo tÇn sè t¸i tæ hîp(b¶n ®å liªn kÕt) hoÆc vÞ trÝ vËt lý (b¶n ®åvËt chÊt hoÆc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ). Xem: linkagemap.

genetic mapping lËp b¶n ®å gen xem:mapping.

genetic marker A DNA sequence used toidentify a particular location (locus) on aparticular chromosome. See: markergene.

dÊu chuÈn gen Tr×nh tù DNA sö dông ®Óx¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ ®Æc biÖt (æ gen) trªn métnhiÔm s¾c thÓ riªng biÖt. Xem: markergene

genetic pollution Uncontrolled spread ofgenetic information (frequently referringto transgenes) into the genomes oforganisms in which such genes are notpresent in nature.

« nhiÔm gen Lan réng kh«ng kiÓm so¸t®-îc th«ng tin di truyÒn (tÇn suÊt liªn quangen chuyÓn) trong c¸c hÖ gen cña sinh vËtmμ c¸c gen nh- vËy kh«ng cã mÆt trongtù nhiªn.

genetic polymorphism hiÖn t-îng ®ah×nh gen xem: polymorphism.genetic relatedness A quantitativeestimate of the proportion of genes, ®,shared between the genomes of any twoindividuals, groups or populations, e.g. r =0.5 for full siblings and parent offspringpairs.

quan hÖ cËn th©n gen Mét -íc tÝnh ®Þnhl-îng tØ lÖ c¸c gen, chØ ®óng, ®-îc chia sÎgi÷a hÖ gen cña hai c¸ thÓ bÊt kú, c¸cnhãm hoÆc quÇn thÓ, vÝ dô r = 0.5 cho tÊtc¶ c¸c anh em vμ c¸c cÆp con ch¸u cïngcha mÑ.

genetic resources genetic material ofactual or potential value.

tμi nguyªn gen VËt liÖu gen cã gi¸ trÞthùc tÕ hoÆc tiÒm tμng.

genetic selection The process ofselecting genes, cells, clones, etc., withinpopulations or between populations or

species. Genetic selection usually resultsin differential survival rates of the variousgenotypes, reflecting many variables,including the selection pressure andgenetic variability present in populations.

chän läc di truyÒn Qu¸ tr×nh lùa chän gen,tÕ bμo, dßng, v.v., trong quÇn thÓ, gi÷a c¸cquÇn thÓ hoÆc c¸c loμi. Chän läc genth-êng dÉn ®Õn tû sè sèng sãt cña nhiÒukiÓu gen kh¸c nhau, ph¶n chiÕu nhiÒubiÕn, bao gåm søc Ðp chän läc vμ tÝnh biÕndÞ di truyÒn cã mÆt trong quÇn thÓ.

genetic transformation biÕn n¹p genxem: transformation.

genetic use restriction technology(Abbreviation: GURT). A proposedtechnology applying transgenesis togenetically compromise the fertility or theperformance of saved seed of a cultivaror of second generation animals. Theintention is to protect the market for theseed producer or to prevent undesiredescape of genes. Two types of GURTshave been patented: variety-level GURT(V-GURT), which produces sterileprogeny, and trait-specific GURT (T-GURT), in which only the added valuetransgenic trait is genetically protected.See: terminator gene, disrupter gene.

c«ng nghÖ h¹n chÕ sö dông gen (viÕtt¾t: GURT). Mét c«ng nghÖ ®-îc ®Ò x-íng¸p dông chuyÓn gen ®Ó tháa hiÖp di truyÒntrong thô tinh hoÆc thùc hiÖn cÊt gi÷ h¹tgièng c©y trång hoÆc ®éng vËt thÕ hÖ thøhai. Dù ®Þnh nμy sÏ b¶o vÖ thÞ tr-êng chong-êi s¶n xuÊt gièng hoÆc ng¨n ngõa sùrØ tho¸t c¸c gen kh«ng mong muèn. HaikiÓu GURT ®· ®-îc cÊp b»ng s¸ng chÕ:GURT(V - GURT) møc loμi, s¶n sinh conch¸u v« trïng, vμ GURT (T-GURT) tÝnhtr¹ng ®Æc biÖt, trong ®ã chØ tÝnh tr¹ngchuyÓn gen gi¸ trÞ bæ sung ®-îc b¶o vÖ ditruyÒn. xem: terminator gene, disruptergene.

genetic variation Differences betweenindividuals attributable to differences ingenotype.

biÕn dÞ gen Sai kh¸c gi÷a c¸c c¸ thÓ cãthÓ quy tíi kh¸c nhau trong kiÓu gen.

genetic mapping

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genetically engineered organism(Abbreviation: GEO). OccasionalalteRNAtive term for genetically modifiedorganism.

sinh vËt kü thuËt gen (viÕt t¾t: GEO).ThuËt ng÷ ®«i khi ®-îc thay thÕ cho sinhvËt biÕn ®æi gen.

genetically modified organism(Abbreviation: GMO). An organism that hasbeen transformed by the insertion of oneor more transgenes.

sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gen (viÕt t¾t: GMO).Sinh vËt ®· ®-îc biÕn n¹p do chÌn vμomét hoÆc nhiÒu gen chuyÓn.

genetics The science of heredity.

di truyÒn häc Khoa häc vÒ di truyÒn.

genome 1. The entire complement ofgenetic material (genes plus non-codingsequences) present in each cell of anorganism, virus or organelle. 2. Thecomplete set of chromosomes (hence ofgenes) inherited as a unit from one parent.

hÖ gen 1. §Çy ®ñ toμn bé vËt liÖu di truyÒn(gen céng thªm tr×nh tù kh«ng m· ho¸) cãmÆt trong mçi tÕ bμo cña sinh vËt, viruthoÆc bμo quan. 2. Bé thÓ nhiÔm s¾c hoμnchØnh (do c¸c gen) ®-îc di truyÒn nh- mét®¬n vÞ tõ cha mÑ.

genomic library A clone libraryspecifically constructed from restrictionfragments of the genomic DNA of anorganism.

th- viÖn hÖ gen Th- viÖn dßng v« tÝnh®-îc x©y dùng riªng biÖt tõ c¸c ®o¹n giíih¹n DNA hÖ gen cña sinh vËt.

genomics The research strategy that usesmolecular characterization and cloning ofwhole genomes to understand thestructure, function and evolution of genesand to answer fundamental biologicalquestions. See : bio-informatics,functional genomics and proteomics.

hÖ gen häc ChiÕn l-îc nghiªn cøu sö dông®Æc tr-ng ph©n tö vμ t¹o dßng cña hÇunh- toμn bé hÖ gen ®Ó hiÓu biÕt cÊu tróc,chøc n¨ng vμ tiÕn hãa cña gen vμ tr¶ lêic¸c vÊn ®Ò sinh vËt c¬ b¶n. Xem: bio-informatics, functional genomics and

proteomics.

genotype 1. The genetic constitution of anorganism. 2. The allelic constitution at aparticular locus, e.g. Aa or aa. 3. The sumeffect of all loci that contribute to theexpression of a trait.

kiÓu gen 1. CÊu tróc di truyÒn cña sinhvËt. 2. CÊu tróc alen t¹i æ gen riªng biÖt,thÝ dô Aa hoÆc aa. 3. HiÖu øng tæng sè cñatÊt c¶ æ gen ®ãng gãp cho biÓu thÞ mét tÝnhtr¹ng.

genus (pl.: genera) A group of closelyrelated species, whose perceivedrelationship is typically based on physicalresemblance, now often supplementedwith DNA sequence data.

gièng (sè nhiÒu:genera) Nhãm c¸c loμicËn th©n, mèi quan hÖ nhËn biÕt ®-îc dùavμo møc ®é gièng nhau vËt chÊt ®iÓn h×nh,hiÖn nay th-êng ®-îc phô thªm d÷ liÖutr×nh tù DNA.

GEO ViÕt t¾t cña genetically engineeredorganism. Xem: genetically modifiedorganismgeotropism A growth curvature inducedby gravity. Synonym: gravitropism.

tÝnh h-íng ®Þa Sinh tr-ëng cong g©y rado søc nÆng.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: gravitropism.

germ 1.The botanical term for a plantembryo. 2. Colloquial: a disease-causingmicro-organism.

mÇm 1. thuËt ng÷ thùc vËt häc chØ ph«ithùc vËt. 2. Th«ng tôc: vi sinh vËt g©y bÖnh.

germ cell A member of a cell lineage (thegerm line) leading to the production ofgametes. In mammals, germ cells arefound in the germinal epithelium of theovaries and testes. Synonym: germ linecell. Opposite: somatic cell.tÕ bμo mÇm Thμnh viªn cña dßng hä tÕbμo (dßng mÇm) dÉn ®Õn s¶n xuÊt c¸c giaotö. Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, c¸c tÕ bμo mÇm®-îc h×nh thμnh trong biÓu m« mÇm cñabuång trøng vμ tinh hoμn. Tõ ®ång nghÜa:germ line cell. Ng-îc víi: somatic cell.

germ cell gene therapy The repair orreplacement of a defective gene within thegamete-forming tissues, resulting in a

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heritable change in an organism’s geneticconstitution.

liÖu ph¸p gen tÕ bμo mÇm Söa ch÷a hoÆcthay thÕ mét gen cã sai sãt cña m« h×nhthμnh giao tö, kÕt qu¶ lμm thay ®æi di truyÒntrong cÊu tróc gen cña sinh vËt.germ layer The layers of cells in an animalembryo at the gastrula stage, from whichthe various organs of the animal’s bodywill be derived.

líp mÇm Líp tÕ bμo cña ph«i ®éng vËt ëgiai ®o¹n ph«i vÞ, tõ ®ã nhiÒu c¬ quan kh¸cnhau cña c¬ thÓ ®éng vËt sÏ ®-îc t¹othμnh.

germ line A lineage of cells which, duringthe development of an organism, are setaside as potential gamete-forming tissues.The location, nature and time of formationof potential gamete-forming tissues arespecies specific, and may vary greatly fromone species to another. See: somaticdßng mÇm, dßng ph«i Dßng tÕ bμo mμ,trong qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓn sinh vËt, ®-îc®Æt riªng nh- c¸c m« h×nh thμnh giao tötiÒm tμng. Sù ®Þnh vÞ, b¶n chÊt vμ thêi gianh×nh thμnh cña m« bμo h×nh thμnh giao tötiÒm tμng lμ c¸c loμi riªng biÖt, vμ cã thÓthay ®æi lín tõ dßng nμy sang dßng kh¸c.xem: somatic

germ line cell tÕ bμo dßng mÇm xem:germ cell.germ line gene therapy The delivery of agene or genes to a fertilized egg or an earlyembryonic cell. The transferred gene(s) ispresent in all or some of the nuclei of thecells of the mature individual, includingpossibly the reproductive cells, and altersthe phenotype of the individual thatdevelops.

liÖu ph¸p gen dßng mÇm ChuyÓn métgen hoÆc nhiÒu gen cho mét trøng thô tinhhoÆc tÕ bμo ph«i sím. Gen chuyÓn cã mÆttrong tÊt c¶ hoÆc mét sè nh©n cña tÕ bμoc¸ thÓ tr-ëng thμnh, kh¶ n¨ng bao gåmc¸c tÕ bμo sinh s¶n, vμ thay ®æi kiÓu h×nhc¸ thÓ ph¸t triÓn.

germicide Any chemical agent used tocontrol or kill any pathogenic and non-

pathogenic micro-organisms.

diÖt mÇm bÖnh T¸c nh©n hãa häc dïng®Ó kiÓm tra hoÆc tiªu diÖt sinh vËt g©y bÖnhvμ kh«ng g©y bÖnh .

germinal epithelium 1. A layer of epithelialcells on the surface of the ovary that arecontinuous with the mesothelium. 2. Thelayer of epithelial cells lining theseminiferous tubules of the testis, whichgives rise to spermatogonia. See :s p e r m a t o g e n e s i s .

biÓu m« mÇm 1. Líp tÕ bμo biÓu b× trªnbÒ mÆt buång trøng mμ g¾n liÒn víi trungbiÓu m«. 2. Líp c¸c tÕ bμo biÓu b× xÕpth¼ng theo èng sinh tinh cña tinh hoμn, sinhra tinh trïng. xem: spermatogenesis.

germination 1. The initial stages in thegrowth of a seed to form a seedling. 2.The growth of spores (fungal or algal) andpollen grains.

n¶y mÇm 1. C¸c giai ®o¹n ®Çu tiªn trongsinh tr-ëng cña h¹t gièng ®Ó h×nh thμnhc©y mÇm. 2. Sinh tr-ëng cña bμo tö (nÊmhoÆc t¶o) vμ nh÷ng h¹t phÊn.

germplasm 1. An individual, group ofindividuals or a clone representing agenotype, variety, species or culture, heldin an in situ or ex situ collection. 2. Originalmeaning, now no longer in use: the geneticmaterial that forms the physical basis ofinheritance and which is transmitted fromone generation to the next by means ofthe germ cells

chÊt mÇm 1. C¸ thÓ, nhãm c¸ thÓ hoÆcdßng ®¹i diÖn cho kiÓu gen, thø, loμi hoÆcnu«i cÊy, ®-îc gi÷ trong mét tËp hîp trongph©n tö hoÆc ngoμi ph©n tö . 2. NghÜa ban®Çu, b©y giê Ýt sö dông: vËt liÖu di truyÒnmμ h×nh thμnh c¬ së vËt chÊt di truyÒn vμ®-îc truyÒn tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸cb»ng ph-¬ng tiÖn tÕ bμo mÇm

gestation The period between conception(fertilization of the egg) to parturition(birth) spent in utero by the foetus ofviviparous animals.

thai nghÐn, thai kú Thêi kú gi÷a cã mang(trøng thô tinh) tíi ®Î (sinh në) mang nÆngtrong thêi gian bμo thai cña

germ layer

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®éng vËt sinh con.

GFP viÕt t¾t cña green fluorescentprotein.

GH viÕt t¾t cña growth hormone.

gibberellins A class of plant growthregulators which are active in theelongation, enhancement of flower, fruitand leaf size, germination, vernalizationand other physiological processes.

gibberellin Mét líp chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinhtr-ëng thùc vËt ho¹t ®éng lμm kÐo dμi,n©ng cao kÝch cì hoa, qu¶ vμ l¸ c©y, n¶ymÇm, xu©n hãa vμ c¸c qu¸ tr×nh sinh lýkh¸c.

gland A specialized group of cells or asingle cell in animals or plants thatsecretes a specific substance. The twotypes of animal glands are: endocrine,which secrete directly into the bloodvessels; and exocrine, which secretethrough a duct or network of ducts into abody cavity or onto the body surface.

h¹ch Nhãm tÕ bμo chuyªn dông hoÆc tÕbμo ®¬n trong ®éng vËt hoÆc thùc vËt tÝchtr÷ mét chÊt ®Æc biÖt. Hai kiÓu h¹ch ®éngvËt: néi tiÕt, ph©n tiÕt trùc tiÕp vμo trongm¹ch m¸u; vμ ngo¹i tiÕt, ph©n tiÕt qua ènghoÆc m¹ng l-íi èng vμo trong xoang c¬thÓ hoÆc trªn bÒ mÆt c¬ thÓ.

glaucous A surface with a waxy, whitecoating. In most cases, this waxy coveringcan be rubbed off.

nh·n phÊn BÒ mÆt cã mμu vμng nh¹t, phñphÊn tr¾ng. Trong hÇu hÕt tr-êng hîp, mμuvμng nh¹t bao phñ cã thÓ chμ x¸t bá.

globulins Common class of proteins inblood, eggs and milk, and seeds.Characterized by their slight solubility inwater but are freely soluble in dilute saltsolutions. Gamma- globulins are definedfurther by their electrophoretic behaviour,and include the immunoglobulins.

globulin Líp chung c¸c protein trong m¸u,trøng vμ s÷a, vμ h¹t gièng. Cã ®Æc ®iÓmhoμ tan nhÑ trong n-íc nh-ng hoμ tanhoμn toμn trong c¸c dung dÞch muèi phalo·ng. C¸c Gamma-globulin ®-îc ®ÞnhnghÜa cô thÓ h¬n b»ng ph¶n øng ®iÖn di,

vμ bao gåm c¸c globulin miÔn dÞch.

GLP ®-îc thùc hμnh thÝ nghiÖm viÕt t¾tcña: good laboratory practice.glucocorticoid A steroid hormone thatregulates gene expression in higheranimals.

glucocorticoit Mét hãc m«n steriod ®iÒuchØnh biÓu thÞ gen cña ®éng vËt bËc cao.

glucose invertase An enzyme thatcatalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose intoits component monosaccharides, glucoseand fructose.

enzim ®-êng ph©n Enzim xóc t¸c thñyph©n ®-êng kÐp thμnh c¸c ®-êng ®¬n,glucoza vμ fructoza.

glucose isomerase An enzyme thatcatalyses the interconversion of the twosugars, glucose and fructose. As fructoseis a lower energy compound comparedwith glucose, a mixture of glucose andfructose with the enzyme will end up almostentirely as fructose.

enzim ®ång ph©n ®-êng Enzim xóc t¸csù chuyÓn ho¸ lÉn nhau cña hai ®-êng,glucoza vμ fructoza. V× fructoza lμ mét hîpchÊt n¨ng l-îng thÊp h¬n so víi glucoza,mét hçm hîp cña glucoza vμ fructoza víienzim sÏ ®-îc kÕt thóc hÇu nh- hoμn toμnlμ fructoza.

glucosinolates A class of moleculesproduced in the seeds and green tissueof a range of plants, in particular brassicas.Their natural role is thought to be involvedin plant-insect interactions. Theirimportance in plant breeding is largelybecause of their negative influence ontaste and their positive effect on theprevention of cancers of the alimentarytract.

glucosinolate Mét líp ph©n tö sinh ratrong h¹t gièng vμ m« xanh cña mét lo¹ic©y trång, trong c©y c¶i ®Æc biÖt. Vai trß tùnhiªn cña chóng ®-îc nghÜ lμ tham gia vμoc¸c mèi t-¬ng t¸c s©u bä-thùc vËt. TÇmquan träng cña chóng trong nh©n gièngthùc vËt rÊt lín v× ¶nh h-ëng ©m tÝnh trªnvÞ gi¸c vμ kÕt qu¶ d-¬ng tÝnh cña chónglμm ng¨n ngõa ung th- èng tiªu hãa.

GFP

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glucuronidase xem: bªta-glucuronidase.

gluten A mixture of two seed storageprotein classes, gliadin and glutenin,found in the endosperm of cereal(particularly wheat) grain. High levels ofgluten impart elasticity to dough, and thusthe composition of wheat glutens largelydetermines whether a specific flour issuitable for biscuit or bread making.Sensitivity of the lining of the intestine togluten in some humans results in coeliacdisease, a condition that requires a gluten-free diet.

nhùa g¹o Hçn hîp hai líp protein dù tr÷h¹t, prolamin vμ glutenin, cã trong néi ph«inhò h¹t ngò cèc (®Æc biÖt lμ lóa m×). C¸cmøc cao cña nhùa g¹o ¶nh h-ëng ®é dÎo,vμ do vËy thμnh phÇn nhùa g¹o lóa m× x¸c®Þnh chung r»ng cã hay kh«ng mét loai bétriªng biÖt thÝch hîp ®Ó lμm b¸nh quy hoÆcb¸nh m×. TÝnh nh¹y c¶m cña líp mμngnhÇy trong ruét víi nhùa g¹o cña nhiÒung-êi g©y ra bÖnh Øa ch¶y, mét ®iÒu kiÖnyªu cÇu ¨n kiªng kh«ng cã nhùa g¹o.

glycoalkaloids A group of modifiedalkaloids, including solanine and tomatine,having a range of toxic effects in humansand other species. They are of particularsignificance in food plants from theSolanaceae.

glycoalkaloit Mét nhãm alkaloid biÕn ®æi,bao gåm solanine vμ tomatin, cã mét lo¹thiÖu øng ®éc trong c¬ thÓ con ng-êi vμc¸c loμi kh¸c. Chóng cã ý nghÜa ®Æc biÖttrong c¸c c©y thùc phÈm cña loμiSolanaceae.

glycoform One of several structurespossible for a given glycoprotein,determined by the type and position ofattachment of the componentoligosaccharide(s). Certain glycoformsmay exhibit different biological activitiesfrom one another because theoligosaccharide units mediate interactionswith other cell components.

d¹ng ®-êng Mét trong sè cÊu tróc cã kh¶n¨ng t¹o ra glycoprotein, x¸c ®Þnh b»ngkiÓu vμ vÞ trÝ ®Ýnh kÌm cña oligosaccharide

thμnh phÇn. C¸c glycoform x¸c ®Þnh cã thÓbiÓu thÞ ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc kh¸c nhau bëi v×c¸c ®¬n vÞ oligosacarit trung gian t-¬ng t¸cvíi c¸c thμnh phÇn tÕ bμo kh¸c.

glycolysis The sequence of reactions thatconverts glucose into pyruvate, with theconcomitant production of ATP.

ph©n hñy ®-êng T×nh tù ph¶n øng ®ÓchuyÓn ®æi glucoza thμnh pyruvate, cãs¶m phÈm ®i kÌm ATP.

glycoprotein A protein molecule modifiedby the addition of one or severaloligosaccharide groups.

Mét ph©n tö protein biÕn ®æi do thªm méthoÆc vμi nhãm oligosacarit.

glycoprotein remodelling The use ofrestriction endoglycosidases toenzymatically remove oligosaccharidebranches from glycoprotein molecules.Removal of one or more oligosaccharidebranches can lessen or abolish theantigenicity of the glycoprotein, soallowing its injection for pharmaceuticalpurposes without incurring an unwantedimmune response. See: glycoform.

canh t©n glycoprotein Sö dông c¸cendoglycosidase giíi h¹n ®Ó chuyÓn dÞchenzim c¸c nh¸nh oligosacarit cña ph©n töglicoprotein. Lo¹i bá mét hoÆc nhiÒu nh¸nholigosacarit cã thÓ lμm nhá hoÆc mÊt tÝnhkh¸ng nguyªn cña glicoprotein, nh- vËycho phÐp truyÒn môc ®Ých d-îc häc kh«ngph¶i chÞu mét ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch kh«ngmong muèn. xem: glycoform.

glycosylation The covalent addition ofsugar or sugar-related molecules to otherclasses of molecule, including proteins ornucleic acids.

tæng hîp ho¸ ®-êng G¾n thªm ®ång hãatrÞ ph©n tö ®-êng hoÆc liªn quan ®-êngcho c¸c líp ph©n tö kh¸c, bao gåm c¸cprotein hoÆc axit nucleic.

glyphosate An active ingredient in someherbicides, killing plants by inhibiting theactivity of plant enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-phosphate synthase.

gliphosat Thμnh phÇn ho¹t ®éng trongmét sè thuèc diÖt cá, lμm chÕt c©y bëi ng¨n

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chÆn ho¹t ®éng enolpyruvyl-shikimat 3-phosphat synthaza thùc vËt.

glyphosate oxidase An enzyme whichcatalyses the break-down of glyphosate,discovered in a strain of Pseudomonasbacteria which were found to produceunusually large amounts of the enzyme.The gene responsible has beenincorporated into a variety of crop plantsto enable them to tolerate applications ofglyphosate-containing herbicides. It hasalso been used in conjunction with the CP4EPSPS gene.

glyphosate oxidaza Mét lo¹ienzim xóct¸c ph©n huû glyphosate, ®-îc ph¸t hiÖntrong nßi vi khuÈn Pseudomonas ®-îc t×mkiÕm ®Ó s¶n xuÊt sè l-îng enzim lín kh¸cth-êng. Gen chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm hîp nhÊtvμo trong mét chñng c©y trång ®Ó cho phÐpchóng chÞu ®ùng khi ̧ p dông thuèc diÖt cácã chøa glyphosate. Cßn ®-îc sö dôngphèi hîp víi gen CP4 EPSPS.

glyphosate oxidoreductase An enzymefrom the micro-organism Ochrobactrumanthropi, which catalyses the break-downof glyphosate. If the encoding gene(called goxv247) is inserted and properlyexpressed in a plant, these plants becometolerant of the application of glyphosate-and/or sulfosate-containing herbicides. AnalteRNAtive to CP4 EPSPS or glyphosateoxidase encoded glyphosate tolerance.

glyphosate oxidoreductaza Enzimnguån gèc vi sinh vËt Ochrobactrumanthropi, xóc t¸c ph©n huû glyphosate.NÕu gen m· hãa (tªn lμ goxv 247) ®-îcchÌn vμ biÓu thÞ tÝnh chÊt trong c©y trång,c¸c c©y trång nμy trë nªn chÞu ®-îc viÖc¸p dông thuèc diÖt cá cã chøa glyphosate-vμ/ hoÆc sulfosate. Mét thay thÕ cho CP4EPSPS hoÆc glyphosate oxidase m· ho¸tÝnh chÞu ®-îc glyphosate.

GM food Abbreviation for geneticallymodified food. Food that contains above acertain legal minimum content of rawmaterial obtained from geneticallymodified organisms.

thùc phÈm biÕn ®æi gen viÕt t¾t cñagenetically modified food. Thùc phÈm mμ

cã chøa trªn mét thμnh phÇn tèi thiÓu hîpph¸p nhÊt ®Þnh cña nguyªn liÖu t-¬i sèngthu ®-îc tõ sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gen.

GMO viÕt t¾t cña genetically modifiedorganism.GMP viÕt t¾t cña 1. guanosine 5 ‘-monophosphate. Tõ ®ång nghÜa:guanylic acid. 2. good manufacturingpractice.

gobar khÝ sinh häc xem: biogas.

golden rice A biotechnology-derived rice,which contains large amounts of betacarotene (a precursor of vitamin A) in itsseeds. Achieved by inserting two genesfrom daffodil and one from the bacteriumErwinia uredovora.

g¹o vμng Mét lo¹i g¹o cã nguån gèc c«ngnghÖ sinh häc, chøa sè l-îng lín bªta ca-ro-tin (tiÒn chÊt vitamin A) trong h¹t. §¹t®-îc do chÌn hai gen tõ c©y thuû tiªn hoavμng mét tõ vi khuÈn Erwinia uredovora.

Golgi apparatus An assembly of vesiclesand folded membranes within thecytoplasm of plant and animal cells thatstores and transports secretory products(such as enzymes and hormones) andplays a role in formation of a cell wall(when this is present).

bé m¸y Golgi HÖ thèng môn n-íc vμmμng gÊp trong tÕ bμo chÊt cña tÕ bμothùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt mμ cÊt gi÷ vμ vËnchuyÓn c¸c s¶n phÈm ph©n tiÕt (nh- enzimvμ hãc-m«n) vμ ®ãng vai trß ®Ó h×nh thμnhthμnh tÕ bμo (khi nã cã mÆt).

gonad One of the (usually paired) animalorgans that produce reproductive cells(gametes). The most important gonads arethe male testis, which producesspermatozoa, and the female ovary, whichproduces ova (egg cells). The gonads alsoproduce hormones that control secondarysexual characteristics.

tuyÕn sinh dôc Mét trong nh÷ng c¬ quan®éng vËt (th«ng th-êng cÆp ®«i) ®Ó s¶nxuÊt tÕ bμo sinh s¶n (c¸c giao tö). Nh÷ngtuyÕn sinh dôc quan träng nhÊt lμ tinh hoμngièng ®ùc, s¶n sinh tinh trïng, vμ buångtrøng gièng c¸i, s¶n sinh no·n (c¸c tÕ bμo

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trøng). C¸c tuyÕn sinh dôc nμy còng s¶nsinh hooc-m«n ®iÒu khiÓn ®Æc tr-ng tÝnhdôc thø cÊp.

good laboratory practice (Abbreviation:GLP). Written codes of practice designedto reduce to a minimum the chance ofprocedural or instrument problems whichcould adversely affect a research projector other laboratory work.

®-îc thùc hμnh thÝ nghiÖm (viÕt t¾t:GLP). C¸c m· sè thùc hμnh ®-îc viÕt chØ®Þnh gi¶m ®Õn møc tèi thiÓu c¬ héi cña c¸cvÊn ®Ò thñ tôc hoÆc dông cô mμ cã thÓlμm ¶nh h-ëng kh«ng thuËn lîi ®Õn mét®Ò ¸n nghiªn cøu hoÆc c«ng viÖc phßngthÝ nghiÖm kh¸c.

good manufacturing practice(Abbreviation: GMP). Codes of practicedesigned to reduce to a minimum thechance of procedural or instrument/manufacturing plant problems which couldadversely affect a manufactured product.

®-îc thùc hμnh s¶n xuÊt (viÕt t¾t: GMP).C¸c m· sè thùc hμnh chØ ®inh ®Ó gi¶m tíimøc tèi thiÓu c¬ héi cña nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò thñtôc hoÆc dông cô / thao t¸c thùc vËt mμ cãthÓ ¶nh h-ëng kh«ng thuËn lîi ®Õn s¶nphÈm xÝ nghiÖp.

G-protein coupled receptor thÓ nhËnghÐp ®«i proteinG xem: G protein.

graft 1. Verb. To place a detached branchor bud (scion) in close cambial contactwith a rooted stem (rootstock) in such amanner that scion and rootstock unite toform a single plant. 2. Noun. Colloquialsynonym for scion. See: grafting, graftchimera, graft hybrid.

ghÐp 1. §éng tõ. §Æt mét nh¸nh riªng biÖthoÆc mÇm (chåi) vμo t-îng tÇng tiÕp xócchÆt chÏ víi th©n c©y ®· bÐn rÔ (gèc ghÐp)theo c¸ch nh- vËy ®Ó cho chåi vμ gèc ghÐphîp nhÊt h×nh thμnh c©y ®¬n. 2. Danh tõ.Th«ng tôc ®ång nghÜa víi chåi. xem:grafting, graft chimera, graft hybrid.

graft chimera A plant which is a mosaicof two sorts of tissue differing in geneticconstitution and assumed to have arisenas the result of a nuclear fusion followinggrafting. See: graft hybrid.

thÓ qu¸i ghÐp Thùc vËt lμ mét thÓ kh¶mcña hai kiÓu m« kh¸c biÖt cÊu tróc di truyÒnvμ ®-îc gi¶ thiÕt ®· xuÊt hiÖn kÕt qu¶ dunghîp nh©n sau ghÐp. xem: graft hybrid.

graft hybrid An individual formed fromgraft (2) and stock showing thecharacteristics of both progenitors. See:graft chimera.

vËt lai ghÐp C¸ thÓ h×nh thμnh tõ m¶nhghÐp (2) vμ gèc ghÐp chØ ra ®Æc tr-ng cñac¶ hai dßng bè mÑ. xem: graft chimera.

graft inoculation test A test based on theuse of a suspected viral carrier which isgrafted to an indicator plant. If symptomsappear in the indicator plant, the viralassay is positive.

phÐp thö tiªm ghÐp Thö nghiÖm dùa vμoviÖc sö dông mét thÓ mang virut cßn nghingê ®Ó ghÐp cho c©y chØ thÞ. NÕu nh÷ngtriÖu chøng xuÊt hiÖn trong c©y chØ thÞ, thönghiÖm virut lμ d-¬ng tÝnh.

graft union The point at which a scionfrom one plant is joined to a rootstockfrom another plant.

nèi ghÐp §iÓm mμ t¹i ®ã cã mét chåi tõmét c©y ®-îc nèi tiÕp víi mét gèc ghÐp tõc©y kh¸c.

grafting The process of making a graft(1).

cÊy ghÐp Qu¸ tr×nh t¹o ra mét chåi ghÐp(1).

graft-versus-host disease The rejectionof transplanted organs by the recipient’simmune system, due to attack of therecipient’s T lymphocytes on thetransplanted organ caused by differencesin major histocompatibility complexproteins.

bÖnh vËt chñ kh¸ng ghÐp Th¶i bá c¸cc¬ quan cÊy chuyÓn do hÖ thèng miÔn dÞchcña thÓ nhËn, do sù tÊn c«ng cña lymphobμo T thÓ nhËn trªn c¬ quan cÊy chuyÓng©y ra bëi sù kh¸c nhau cña c¸c proteinphøc hÖ t-¬ng hîp m« chÝnh.

Gram staining A technique to distinguishbetween two major bacterial groups, basedon whether or not their cell wall retains theGram stain. Gram-positive bacteria are

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stained dark purple, while Gram-negativebacteria are only faintly coloured. Stainretention is determined by the structure ofthe cell wall.nhuém Gram Kü thuËt ®Ó ph©n biÖt gi÷ahai nhãm vi khuÈn chÝnh, dùa vμo n¬i mμv¸ch tÕ bμo cña chóng duy tr× nhuém hoÆckh«ng nhuém mμu Gram. Vi khuÈn gramd-¬ng ®-îc nhuém mμu sÉm ®á tÝa, trongkhi vi khuÈn gram ©m chØ nhuém mμu nh¹t.Duy tr× vÕt nhuém ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh do cÊutróc v¸ch tÕ bμo.

granum (pl.: grana) Structure within thechloroplasts, appear as green granuleswith the light microscope and as a seriesof parallel lamellae with the electronmicroscope. They contain the chlorophylland carotenoid pigments directly involvedin photosynthesis.

h¹t t¹p s¾c (sè nhiÒu: grana) CÊu tróctrong diÖp lôc, xuÊt hiÖn nh- h¹t nhá xanhlôc d-íi kÝnh hiÓn vi quang häc vμ nh- lípphiÕn máng song song d-íi kÝnh hiÓn vi®iÖn tö. Chóng chøa nh÷ng chÊt mμu diÖplôc vμ vμng caroten ®-îc t¹o thμnh trùctiÕp trong quang hîp.

GRAS viÕt t¾t cña generally regarded assafegratuitous inducer A substance that caninduce transcription of a gene or genes,but is not a substrate for the inducedenzyme(s).

c¶m øng v« cí ChÊt cã thÓ thóc ®Èy phiªnm· mét gen hoÆc nhiÒu gen, nh-ng kh«ngph¶i lμ c¬ chÊt cho mét hoÆc nhiÒu enzim®-îc c¶m øng.

gravitropism xem: geotropism.

green fluorescent protein (Abbreviation:GFP). A protein derived from a species ofjelly fish, that fluoresces when exposed toultra violet light. Its encoding gene hasbeen isolated and is replacing GUS as areporter gene in plant transgenesis, sinceit can be assayed non-destructively in realtime.

protein huúnh quang xanh lôc (viÕt t¾t:GFP). Mét lo¹i protein b¾t nguån tõ métloμi søa biÓn, ph¸t huúnh quang khi ®-îc

ph¬i ra ̧ nh s¸ng cùc tÝm. Gen m· hãa cñanã ®-îc ph©n lËp vμ ®ang thay thÕ GUSlμm gen chØ huy trong chuyÓn gen thùc vËt,do cã thÓ ®-îc thö nghiÖm kh«ng bÞ ph¸huû trong thêi gian thùc hiÖn.

green revolution Name given to thedramatic increase in crop productivityduring the third quarter of the 20th century,as a result of integrated advances ingenetics and plant breeding, agronomy,and pest and disease control.

c¸ch m¹ng xanh Tªn gäi nªu ra cïng víisù t¨ng ®Çy Ên t-îng cña n¨ng suÊt c©ytrång trong nh÷ng n¨m 70 cña thÕ kû thø20, lμ kÕt qu¶ cña nhiÒu tiÕn bé tÝch hîptrong di truyÒn häc vμ nh©n gièng thùc vËt,n«ng häc, vμ kiÓm tra s©u vμ bÖnh h¹i.

Gro-lux· A wide-spectrum fluorescentlamp suitable for artificial light for plantgrowth.

Gro-lux· §Ìn huúnh quang quang phæréng thÝch hîp ®Ó chiÕu s¸ng nh©n t¹o chosinh tr-ëng thùc vËt.

growth cabinet An enclosed space inwhich environmental conditions can becontrolled. The degree of control overtemperature, light and humidity is afunction of the quality of the cabinet.

buång t¨ng tr-ëng Kho¶ng trèng kÝntrong ®ã c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr-êng cã thÓkiÓm so¸t. Møc ®é ®iÒu khiÓn toμn bé nhiÖt®é, ¸nh s¸ng vμ ®é Èm lμ ho¹t ®éng chÊtl-îng buång.

growth curve vßng sinh tr-ëng xem:growth phase.

growth factor Any of various chemicals,particularly polypeptides, that have avariety of important roles in the stimulationof new cell growth and cell maintenance.They bind to the cell surface on receptors.Specific growth factors can cause new cellproliferation.

nh©n tè sinh tr-ëng BÊt kú mét lo¹i hãachÊt, ®Æc biÖt polyeptit, cã vai trß quanträng trong viÖc kÝch thÝch sinh tr-ëng tÕbμo míi vμ duy tr× tÕ bμo. Chóng liªn kÕtvíi bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo trªn c¸c thÓ nhËn. C¸cnh©n tè sinh tr-ëng ®Æc biÖt cã thÓ g©y ra

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t¨ng nhanh tÕ bμo míi.

growth hormone (Abbreviation: GH). Agroup of hormones, secreted by themammalian pituitary gland, that stimulatesprotein synthesis and growth of the longbones in the legs and arms. They alsopromote the breakdown and use of fats asan energy source, rather than glucose.Synonym: somatotropin.

hãc m«n sinh tr-ëng (viÕt t¾t: GH). Métnhãm hooc-m«n, ®-îc tiÕt ra do tuyÕn yªncña ®éng vËt cã vó, thóc ®Èy ho¹t ®éngtæng hîp protein vμ t¨ng tr-ëng c¸c x-¬ngdμi cña ch©n vμ c¸nh tay. Chóng cßn thóc®Èy ph©n huû vμ dïng vç bÐo nh- nguånn¨ng l-îng, thay v× glucoza. Tõ ®ångnghÜa: somatotropin.

growth inhibitor Any substance inhibitingthe growth of an organism. The inhibitoryeffect can range from mild inhibition(growth retardation) to severe inhibition ordeath (toxic reaction). The concentrationof the inhibitor, the length of exposure toit, and the relative susceptibility of theorganisms exposed to the inhibitor, are allimportant factors which determine theextent of the inhibitory effect.

øc chÕ sinh tr-ëng ChÊt bÊt kú øc chÕsinh tr-ëng sinh vËt. KÕt qu¶ øc chÕ cãthÓ ph©n h¹ng tõ øc chÕ nhÑ (lμm chËmsinh tr-ëng) ®Õn øc chÕ kh¾c nghiÖt hoÆcchÕt (ph¶n øng ®éc). Nång ®é chÊt øc chÕ,®é dμi biÓu thÞ cho nã, vμ ®é c¶m t-¬ng®èi cña sinh vËt biÓu thÞ chÊt øc chÕ, lμ tÊtc¶ c¸c nh©n tè quan träng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnhph¹m vi ¶nh h-ëng k×m h·m.

growth phase Each of the characteristicperiods in the growth curve of a bacterialculture, as indicated by the shape of agraph of viable cell number versus time,namely: lag phase; logarithmic phase;stationary phase; death phase.

pha sinh tr-ëng Mçi thêi kú ®Æc tr-ngtrong vßng sinh tr-ëng cña nu«i cÊy vikhuÈn, khi chØ b¸o b»ng h×nh d¹ng ®å thÞsè l-îng tÕ bμo cã thÓ sèng theo thêi gian,mang tªn: pha c¸ch ly; pha sè mò; phadõng; pha chÕt.

growth rate Change in an organism’s

mass per unit of time.

tèc ®é sinh tr-ëng Thay ®æi khèi l-îngcña sinh vËt theo ®¬n vÞ thêi gian.

growth regulator A synthetic or naturalcompound that at low concentrations elicitsand controls growth responses in a mannersimilar to hormones.

chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng Hîp chÊt tænghîp hoÆc tù nhiªn mμ ë møc nång ®é thÊpkh¬i mμo vμ ®iÒu khiÓn ph¶n øng sinhtr-ëng trong tr¹ng th¸i t-¬ng tù nh- hooc-m«n.

growth retardant A chemical thatselectively interferes with normal hormonalpromotion of growth and otherphysiological processes, but withoutappreciable toxic effects.

chÊt lμm chËm sinh tr-ëng ChÊt hãa häcc¶n trë chän läc víi sù thóc ®Èy hormonb×nh th-êng cña sinh tr-ëng vμ qu¸ tr×nhsinh lý kh¸c, nh-ng kh«ng cã c¸c kÕt qu¶®éc h¹i ®¸ng kÓ.

growth ring Rings visible in a cross-section of a woody stem, such as a treetrunk. Each ring represents the xylemformed in one year as a result of fluctuatingactivity of the vascular cambium.

vßng sinh tr-ëng C¸c vßng quan s¸t râcña mÆt c¾t ngang th©n gç, nh- ®-êngth©n c©y. Mçi vßng ghi l¹i thí gç ®-îc h×nhthμnh trong mét n¨m lμ kÕt qu¶ ho¹t ®éngthay ®æi cña tÇng ph¸t sinh.

growth substance Any organicsubstance, other than a nutrient, that issynthesized by plants and regulatesgrowth and development. They are usuallymade in a particular region, such as theshoot tip, and transported to other regions,where they take effect.

chÊt sinh tr-ëng ChÊt h÷u c¬ bÊt kú, kh¸cvíi chÊt dinh d-ìng, ®-îc tæng hîp do thùcvËt vμ ®iÒu chØnh sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn.Chóng th-êng ®-îc t¹o ra t¹i vïng ®ÆcbiÖt, nh- ®Ønh chåi c©y, vμ vËn chuyÓn sangvïng kh¸c, n¬i chóng g©y ¶nh h-ëng.

GTP Abbreviation for guanosine 5'-triphosphate, a nucleotide which isimportant as a ligand for G proteins and

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as a direct precursor molecule for RNAsynthesis. See: guanylic acid.

GTP viÕt t¾t cña guanosine 5 ‘-triphosphate, Mét nuleotit quan träng võalμ phèi tö cho protein G võa lμ ph©n tö tiÒnchÊt trùc tiÕp cho tæng hîp RNA. xem:guanylic acid.

guanine (Abbreviation: G). One of thebases found in DNA and RNA. See:guanosine.

guanin (viÕt t¾t: G). Mét trong nh÷ng baz¬ cã trong DNA vμ RNA. Xem: guanosine.

guanosine The (ribo)nucleoside resultingfrom the combination of the base guanine(G) and a D-ribose sugar. Thecorresponding deoxyribonucleoside iscalled deoxyguanosine. See: GTP, dGTP,guanylic acid.

guanosin Mét (ribo) nucleoside kÕt qu¶do kÕt hîp ba z¬ guanin (G) vμ ®-êng D-riboza. Deoxyribonucleosit t-¬ng øng ®-îcgäi deoxyguanosine. xem: GTP, dGTP,guanylic acid.

guanosine triphosphate (guanosine 5-triphosphate) ViÕt t¾t: GTP. Xem:guanylic acid.

guanylic acid Synonym for guanosinemonophosphate (abbreviation: GMP), a(ribo)nucleotide containing thenucleoside guanosine. Thecorresponding deoxyribonucleotide iscalled deoxyguanylic acid.

axit guanylic Tõ ®ång nghÜa guanosinmono phosphat (viÕt t¾t: GMP), mét(ribo)nucleotid cã chøa nulceosit guanosin.Deoxyribonucleotit t-¬ng øng ®-îc gäi a-xÝt deoxyguanylic.

guard cell Specialized epidermal cellsfound in pairs around a stoma. Theirfunction is to control the opening andclosing of the stoma through changes inturgor.

tÕ bμo b¶o vÖ C¸c tÕ bμo biÓu b× chuyªndông h×nh thμnh theo cÆp ®«i xung quanhmét lç khÝ khæng. Chøc n¨ng cña chóng lμ®iÒu khiÓn viÖc më vμ ®ãng lç khÝ khængqua thay ®æi c-¬ng mÒm.

guide RNA An RNA molecule that containsequences that function as a templateduring RNA editing. See : guidesequence.

RNA h-íng dÉn Ph©n tö RNA mang tr×nhtù mμ chøc n¨ng nh- mét khung mÉu khiso¹n th¶o RNA. xem: guide sequence.

guide sequence An RNA molecule (or apart of it) which hybridizes with eukaryoticmRNA and aids in the splicing of intronsequences. Guide sequences may beeither external (EGS) or internal (IGS) tothe RNA being processed and mayhybridize with either intron or exonsequences close to the splice junction.See: split gene.

tr×nh tù h-íng dÉn Ph©n tö RNA (hoÆcmét phÇn cña nã) lai víi mRNA nh©n chuÈnvμ hç trî khi ghÐp c¸c tr×nh tù intron. C¸ctr×nh tù h-íng dÉn cã thÓ lμ bªn ngoμi(EGS) hoÆc bªn trong (IGS) so víi RNA®ang ®-îc xö lý vμ cã thÓ lai víi c¸c tr×nhtù inton hoÆc exon gÇn chç nèi ghÐp. Xem:split gene

GURT viÕt t¾t cña genetic use restrictiontechnology.

GUS viÕt t¾t cña bªta-glucuronidase.

us gene An E. coli gene that encodes forproduction of beta-glucuronidase (GUS).Because this activity is absent in plants,the gene is commonly util ized as areporter gene to detect the occurrence oftransformation events.

gen gus Mét gen E. coli m· hãa ®Ó s¶nxuÊt beta-glucuronidase (GUS). V× ho¹t®éng nμy kh«ng cã trong c©y trång, nªngen ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn lμm gen chØ huy®Ó ph¸t hiÖn biÕn cè cña c¸c sù kiÖn biÕn®æi gen.

gymnosperm A class of plant (e.g.conifers) whose ovules and the seeds intowhich they develop are borne unprotected,rather than enclosed in ovaries, as arethose of the flowering plants, the(angiosperms).

c©y h¹t trÇn Mét líp thùc vËt (vÝ dô lo¹itïng b¸ch) c¸c no·n vμ h¹t mμ trong ®ãchóng ph¸t triÓn kh«ng ®-îc b¶o vÖ cøng,

GTP

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thay v× bÞ ®ãng kÝn trong c¸c c¸c bÇu no·n,nh- cña c¸c c©y trång ra hoa, (c©y h¹t kÝn).

gynandromorph An individual in whichone part of the body is female and anotherpart is male; a sex mosaic.

d¹ng nöa ®ùc-c¸i Mét c¸ thÓ trong ®ã métbé phËn cña c¬ thÓ lμ c¸i vμ phÇn kh¸c lμ®ùc; mét thÓ kh¶m giíi tÝnh.

gynogenesis Female parthenogenesis:

after fertilization of the ovum, the malenucleus is eliminated and the haploid(gynogenetic) individual possesses thematernal genome only.

sinh ®¬n tÝnh Sinh s¶n ®¬n tÝnh c¸i: Sauthô tinh no·n, nh©n gièng ®ùc bÞ lo¹i trõvμ c¸c c¸ thÓ ®¬n béi (gynogenetic) xö lýchØ hÖ gen mÑ.

gyrase xem: DNA helicase.

gynandromorph

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