SUBMITTED BY :

TRISHUBH SINGH

2009BPLN017

VIITH SEMESTER

B.PLAN

SPA BHOPAL

D I S A S T E R

M A N A G E M E N T

TSUNAMI,26 DEC 2004

SUBMITTED BY:

TRISHUBH SINGH

2009BPLN017

B.PLAN, VIITHSEM

SPA BHOPAL

Contents TSUNAMI ......................................................................................................................................... 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF A TSUNAMI ........................................................................................... 3

TSUNAMI DECEMBER 2004 ............................................................................................................ 4

FEATURES OF TSUNAMI 2004 ..................................................................................................... 5

Origin Time and Epicenter ....................................................................................................... 5

No Tsunami Warning Issued ..................................................................................................... 6

DEATH TOLL- ............................................................................................................................... 6

OVERALL LOSS ........................................................................................................................... 6

TSUNAMI 2004 IN INDIA ................................................................................................................. 7

Andaman and Nicobar Islands – ........................................................................................ 8

Andhra Pradesh – .................................................................................................................. 8

Kerala ...................................................................................................................................... 8

Pondicherry ............................................................................................................................ 8

Tamil Nadu ............................................................................................................................. 8

DETAILS OF IMPACT OF THE TSUNAMIS OF 26TH DECEMBER, 2004 - ON THE MAIN LAND

STATES ......................................................................................................................................... 9

RESPONSE AND RECOVERY ..................................................................................................... 9

The following bodies and agencies are seeking public help and contributions ....... 10

STATUS OF RELIEF MATERIALS MOVEMENT ........................................................................ 10

Status of delivery of High Priority Items ............................................................................. 11

Status of deployment of Medical Teams/Disaster Response Teams and Volunteers 11

RELIEF AND RESCUE FOR VARIOUS AFFECTED STATES ......................................................... 12

ANDAMAN ISLANDS ............................................................................................................ 12

NICOBAR ISLANDS ............................................................................................................... 12

KERALA .................................................................................................................................. 13

Tamil Nadu ........................................................................................................................... 13

Pondicherry .......................................................................................................................... 13

REFRENCES ................................................................................................................................... 13

TSUNAMI

(A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance) It is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami generated by seismicity Tsunami can be generated when the

sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate

boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A TSUNAMI

Travel at speeds of up to 400-500 miles per hour

In deep waters, tsunamis are low and wide, often less than three feet high

As much as 95 miles between the crest of one wave and the next.

At shallower waters, they get more deadly

Can reach up to heights of 100 feet or more and crash inland.

TSUNAMI DECEMBER 2004

On December 26, 2004, the

greatest earthquake in 40

years occurred about 150

kilometers off the west

coast of northern Sumatra

Island in Indian Ocean just

off the coast of Indonesia.

The earthquake generated

a disastrous tsunami that

caused destruction in 11

countries bordering the

Indian Ocean.

The 9.0 magnitude (for 5 minutes) quake created a series of tsunamis that

caused great destruction and loss of life throughout the Indian Ocean basin, within several hours of the initial event.

The earthquake has been titled the Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and is the highest magnitude earthquake in the region in over 40 years. Over 227,898 people have been confirmed dead making this the fourth largest death toll from an earthquake in recorded history. Several years after the quake and tsunami events, the entire region is still trying to recover and to rebuild. Some areas will never recover.

FEATURES OF TSUNAMI 2004

1. The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake that is

thought to have had the energy of 23,000 atomic bombs. 2. The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was under the Indian Ocean near the west

coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. 3. The violent movement of sections of the Earth’s crusts known as tectonic plates

displaced an enormous amount of water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction.

4. The tectonic plates in this area had been pushing against each other, building pressure for thousands of years – they continue to do so and will likely cause underwater earthquakes and tsunamis in the future.

5. The shifting of the earth’s plates in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004 caused a rupture more than 600 miles long, displacing the seafloor above the rupture by perhaps 10 yards horizontally and several yards vertically. That doesn't sound like much, but the trillions of tons of rock that were moved along hundreds of miles caused the planet to shudder with the largest magnitude earthquake in 40 years.

6. Within hours of the earthquake, killer waves radiating from the epicenter slammed into the coastline of 11 Indian Ocean countries, damaging countries from east Africa to Thailand.

7. Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise because there were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general populace living around the ocean.

8. By the end of the day of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, it had already killed 150,000 people. The final death toll was 283,000.

9. The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as far as 3,000 miles to Africa and still arrived with sufficient force to kill people and destroy property.

10. Many people in Indonesian reported that they saw animals fleeing for high ground minutes before the tsunami arrived – very few animal bodies were found afterward.

11. The risk of famine and epidemic diseases was extremely high immediately following the tsunami – bodies rotting in the tropical heat contaminated food and water sources.

Origin Time and Epicenter

The great tsunamigenic earthquake occurred on Sunday, 26 December 2004, at 00:58:50 UTC

(6:58:50 a.m. local time). The epicenter was at 3.298 N, 95.779 E and its focal depth was very

shallow (much less than 33 km - possibly about 10km).

No Tsunami Warning Issued

The large tsunami which struck 11 of the nations that border the Indian Ocean was a complete surprise for the people living there, but not for the scientists who are aware of the tectonic interactions in the region. Many seismic networks recorded the massive earthquake, but there was no tide gauges or other wave sensors to provide confirmation as to whether a tsunami had been generated. There was no established communications network or organizational infastructure to pass a warning of any kind to the people coastlines. No Tsunami Warning System exists for the Indian Ocean as there is for the Pacific. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu had no way of providing warning information to the region.

DEATH TOLL-

COUNTRY DISPLACED DEAD MISSING INJURED

HOUSING DESTROY/ DAMAGED

TOTAL DAMAGE AND LOSSES

NET – TOTAL AFFECTED

INDIA 650,000 16,389 N/ S 6913 100,000 2.1 Billion 654,512

INDONESIA 532,898 165,708 N/S N/S N/S 4451.6 Million

523,898

MALDIVES 13000 102 N/S 2214 N/S 470.1 Million

27,214

SRI LANKA 480,000 35,399 N/S 23176 114,069 1316.5 Million

1,019,306

THAILAND N/S 8,345 N/S 8,457 4,806 405.2 Million

67,007

MYANMAR N/S 71 N/S N/S N/S 500 Million 12,500

SOMANIA N/S 298 N/S 283 N/S 100 Million 105,083

The hardest-hit and most severely affected countries were India, Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Malaysia, Myanmar, Seychelles, Somalia and the United Republic of Tanzania were also affected.

OVERALL LOSS

Total damages are estimated to be US$470 million, 62% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Of these losses, direct losses are US$298 million,or about 8% of the replacement cost of the national capital stock. Severe damage was caused to houses, tourist resorts, boats and other fishing equipment, schools, health facilities, transport and communication equipment, water and sanitation, and electricity infrastructure.

TSUNAMI 2004 IN INDIA

The estimated number of casualties in India is 16,000, but at least 6,000 more are missing. It is expected that the death toll will rise. Hardest hit were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands which were close to the tsunami generating area. Along India's southeastern coast, several villages

were swept away, and thousands of fishermen at sea were missing. On the western coast of India' mainland, hardest hit was the state of Tamil Nadu. The southern peninsular region comprising Kerala and part of Tamil Nadu on the west coast and the rest of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Pondicherry on the east coast is a region of low-to-moderate seismicity. The area lies in the Stable Continental Region, which is not believed to be exposed to the hazard of strong earthquakes. The strongest known earthquake in the region MAGNITUDE=6.0 occurred on 8 February 1900 near Coimbatore and had a maximum intensity of VII.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands –

The tsunami hit hard the Andaman and Nicobar group which comprises of a total of 572 islands of which 38 were significantly inhabited.The waves literally washed away some of these islands, and there were reports that the island of Trinket had split in two. The Great Nicobar and Car Nicobar were the worst hit among all the southern Nicobar Islands because of their proximity to the earthquake's epicenter and relative low topography. The maximum tsunami wave reached a height of 15m. One fifth of the population of the Nicobar Islands is said to be dead, injured or missing. Chowra Island lost two thirds of its population of 1,500.

Andhra Pradesh –

There was significant loss of life and destruction. The affected districts were Krishna, Prakasam, Nellore, Guntur, West Godavari and East Godavari.

Kerala –

The tsunami killed many people (official toll 168) and caused extensive destruction particularly at Kollam (131 dead), Alappuzha (32) and Ernakulam (5) were also affected.

Pondicherry –

In the Union territory of Pondicherry, the affected districts were Pondicherry (107 dead), Karaikal (453 dead). The latest official toll was 560. An estimated 30,000 people were rendered homeless .

Tamil Nadu –

The tsunami had a great impact on the state of Tamil Nadu on India's mainland with entire coastal villages destroyed. The overall death toll in the state was 7,793. The Nagapattinam district had 5,525 casualties. The latest reported death toll at Velankanni was 1,500. Kanyakumari district has had 808 deaths, Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai 206 and Kancheepuram district 124. The death tolls in other districts were Pudukkottai (15), Ramanathapuram (6), Tirunelveli (4), Thoothukudi (3), Tiruvallur (28), Thanjavur (22), Tiruvarur (10) and Viluppuram (47). The nuclear power plant at Kalpakkam was shut down after sea water rushed into a pump station. No radiation leak or damage to the reactor was reported.

DETAILS OF IMPACT OF THE TSUNAMIS OF 26TH DECEMBER, 2004 - ON

THE MAIN LAND STATES

Details Andhra

Pradesh

Kerala Tamil

Nadu

Pondicherry Total

Coastal Length

affected in Km

985 250 1000 25 2260

Penetration of water

into main land in Km.

0.50-2.0 1-2 1-1.5 0.30-3.0

Average height of the

tidal wave

5 Mtrs. 3-5 Mtrs. 7-10 Mtrs. 10 Mtrs.

No. of Villages affected 301 187 373 33 894

Population affected (in

lakh)

2.11 24.70 8.85 0.43 36.09

Dwelling units 1557 17381 124227 10061 153226

Cattle lost 195 NR 5477 506 6178

Cropped area (Ha) 790 NR 2589 792 4171

RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

The Ex-Gratia Fund, are payments made without an obligation to pay; which offers institutions/companies the opportunity to commit funds into an account to cater for conditions. Additional benefits i.e. optical and dental benefits, or any other services as per the client's specifications can also be enjoyed from this fund.

Ex Gratia

S.No. Government Ex gratia

1 Government of India

The Prime Minister has announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs.

1,00,000 (one lakh rupees) to the next of kin of each deceased.

The ex-gratia payment will be made from the Prime Minister’s

National Relief Fund.

2 State Government of

Tamil Nadu

The Chief Minister has announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs.1,00,000

(one lakh) to the families of each of the victims.

3 State Government of

Kerala

Ex gratia of Rs. 50,000 to the next kin of those killed.

Assistance of Rs. 10,000 for the families of the deceased, to meet the funeral expenses.

4 Union Territory of

Pondicherry

The Chief Minister N Rangasamy has announced an ex gratia of

Rs 1,00,000 (one lakh) to the next of kin of the dead.

The administration would also pay an ex gratia of Rs 5000

towards funeral expenditure.

For those injured in the disaster, the administration would provide

Rs 5000.

A sum of Rs 10,000 to enable the homeless to reconstruct

houses.

The following bodies and agencies are seeking public help and contributions:

Indian Prime Minister's National Relief Fund The Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has issued an appeal for contributions. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies donation International Committee of the Red Cross donation page The Hindu Relief Fund Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Public Relief Fund NDTV's trust fund A listing of News and information about resources, aid, donations and volunteer efforts

by a volunteer team of bloggers. Fresh information can be posted here. A blog of India-related relief efforts Volunteers for India Development and Empowerment requests on-line donations to provide for immediate relief to disaster victims A list of relief efforts in India for tidal wave relief Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur is also reaching out to stand by its fellow citizens. Site run by the South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies (SIFFS)

An amount of Rs. 895.42 crore has been earmaked for Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation Schemes

STATUS OF RELIEF MATERIALS MOVEMENT

Item Total resources

mobilized (in

MT)

Already

Delivered (in

MT)-3rd Jan,

2005

Lifted/

Delivered

on 3rd Jan2

005

Planned for

dispatch/deliveryM

T

Food items 285.61 226.01 23.60 59.60

Water 291.98 248.98 51.80 43.00

Emergency

medicines/di

sinfectant

93.83 61.63 2.80 32.20

Tentage 389.65 188.95 0.90 200.70

Clothing 210.84 150.84 64.00 60.00

Lighting

material

18.76 18.75 0.00 0.01

Diesel Gen.

Sets./pump

139.60 105.60 14.62 34.00

House hold

items

5.50 5.50 2.00 0.00

Equip. &

Machinery

459.09 371.09 218.09 88.00

Total 1894.85 1377.34 377.81 517.51

Status of delivery of High Priority Items

Item Quantity

already

delivered

Dispatched/

delivered as on

03.01.05

Planned for dispatch

04.01.05

Water (MT) 249 52 50

Food

Packets(MT)

19 14 15

Food Stuff (MT) 206 10 90

Small Tents

(No.)

7157 18 300

Large Tents

(No.)

641 0 50

Torches 26563 0 00

Generators 635 29 100

Pump Sets 82 7 10

Status of deployment of Medical Teams/Disaster Response Teams and

Volunteers

Type (number of persons) Mobilized Deployed

Specialized Medical

Intervention Teams

148 148

Disaster Response Teams 2222 1944

Disaster Volunteers Teams 100 50

Total 2470 2142

RELIEF AND RESCUE FOR VARIOUS AFFECTED STATES

ANDAMAN ISLANDS

Relief measures by UT Administration are continuing. 11 Relief camps have been opened in Andaman district. There is sufficient drinking water supply in Port Blair and water is being air dropped in other Islands . 11 more ships of Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways are scheduled from Chennai, Visakhapatnam and Kolkatta carrying the passengers and relief materials. 400 pieces of Poly Roll is being provided by West Bengal and dispatch is being lined up. Indian Coast Guard has deployed 19 Ships, provided 67.3 MT of relief materials and has established 6 medical camps and provided medical relief to more than 2350 people. 6 MT water, 3 MT milk powder and 1 MT sugar was

dispatched by Blue Dart Aircraft on 03.1.2005 from Karnataka for A&N Islands.

NICOBAR ISLANDS

Of the 38 inhabited islands, 30 islands are affected. 14 Ships of Navy and Coast Guards and 16 Aircrafts fixed wings/Helicopters have been pressed in to service for relief and rescue work. Mass cremation/burial of dead bodies is being undertaken on day-to-day basis. BSF Personnel have disposed off 150 dead bodies, moved 3000 persons to safer places and provided medical treatment to 210 persons in Katchal 1268 persons have been evacuated from Chowra. All dead bodies have been disposed off. Air dropping of (food packets, Drinking water, emergency medicines, household kits, milk etc.) to affected Islands is continuing. 3 relief camps in Kamorta, 8 in Car Nicobar, 01 in Teressa have been opened. 4 adhoc camps have also been opened at Campbell Bay . Relief

materials are being distributed with the help of Defence personnel, CPMFs and volunteers including some NGOs.

KERALA

Relief operations are continuing and Army, Navy and Coast Guards have been assisting the local administration. The priority being accorded to supply of fumigation and disinfectant in affected areas to avoid outbreak of epidemics. Roads have been cleared and supply of drinking has been restored. Adequate medical arrangements have been made. State Government has deployed 224 doctors in the affected areas. The situation has improved considerably.

Tamil Nadu

Relief operations are continuing and Army, Navy and Coast Guards have been assisting the local administration. Two Chetak Helicopters, Two Dornier Aircrafts, Indian Naval ships and one Coast Guard helicopters were deployed at Nagipattnam. Union Health Minister is camping at Chennai and coordinating with the State authorities for providing medical relief and prevent outbreak of epidemics.

Pondicherry

Relief operations are continuing and Army and Navy have been assisting the local administration. One ship of Coast Guard is also engaged in relief and rescue operations in Karikal area. 4,95000 food packets, 42000 water bottles, 26,371 Blankets, 28,742 Sarees, 25742 Dhotis, 25742 Towels and 275.62 MT of rice have been distributed to the victims till 3rd January 2005.

REFRENCES

http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-2004-indian-ocean-tsunami - NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY

http://library.buffalo.edu/asl/guides/indian-ocean-disaster.html - UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-08/19/content_8589535.htm - china daily http://www.recoveryplatform.org/countries_and_disasters/disaster/15/indian_ocea

n_tsunami_2004 http://www.emdat.be/search-details-disaster-list