ENERGY

Yurena Gonzlez Gata and Julia Sansn Roedn

INDEX 1-Energy definition 2-Types of energy3-Energy sources 4-Non-renewable energy 5-Renewable energy 6-Types of power station

ENERGY DEFINITION

-Energy is the capacity of an object or a body to doing work.

TYPES OF ENERGY-mechanical-electrical-electromagnetic-sound-chemical-nuclear-thermal or calorific

MECHANICAL ENERGY

There are two types:-KYNETIC energy is the energy that objects have when they are in motion.-POTENTIAL energy is the energy that objects have when they are moved from their stable position of equilibrium.EXAMPLE:A car , an airplane...

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

-This energy is associated with an electric current,it makes electrically powered. Machines work when they are connected to a supply of electricity.EXAMPLE:A phone,a computer,a television,a microwave...

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

-It is transported by electromagnetic waves.Luminous energy is a type of electromagnetic energy.EXAMPLE:A radio,a television...

SOUND ENERGY

-It is associated with sound waves that are transmitted through vibrations.EXAMPLE:A microphone,a bell...

CHEMICAL ENERGY

-It is stored in substances.It can be released or absorbed during chemical processes.EXAMPLE:A battery, a pile...

NUCLEAR ENERGY

It contained in the nuclei ofatoms.It is released during nuclearreactions.

EXAMPLE:Fusion enerfy,fission energy...

THERMAL ENERGY

-Comes from the vibration of particles in matter.Temperature measures the thermal energy of an object

EXAMPLE:A bulb,motor...

tENERGY SOURCES-These are natural resources that provide different forms of energy. This energy is transformed for specific uses.There are two types:

*Non-renewable energy sources*Renewable enrgy sources

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

*Non-renewable energy sources come from natural resources that are limited. *They will eventually run out if we continue to use them .* Regeneration is very slow becouse they need millions of years to form.

u1.NUCLEAR ENERGY

1.1 PRODUCTION:Nuclear energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms.This is released in the nuclear reaction that occurs in certain atoms.There are two kinds:*Nuclear fusion:This is when two lights nuclei join to form a heavier nucleus.*Nuclear fission:This is when a heavy nucleus is split into two lighter nuclei by bombarding it whith neutrons.It is the opposite of nuclear fusion.

1.2.TRANSFORMATION:

-Nuclear power stations use fission energy.The thermal energy released by the reaction heats water and the water is converted into steam under high pressure.This style moves the turbines of a generator to produce electrical energy.In Spain there are six nuclear power stations.

2.COAL

-Coal was formed some 300 million years ago from the remains of plants that were buried and transformed in the absence of oxygen.It's classified into four types: anthracite,bituminous coal,lignite, and peat.

2.1.EXTRACTION-There are two methods for extracting coal:

*Open-cast mines : when the coal is closed to the surface,soil is removed to exposed it.The coal is extracted with special machinery and explosives.

*Undergrond mines : when the mineral is buried deep below the surface,it must be mined underground.

2.2.TRANSPORT

-In the mine, it's transported in carts, on coveyor belts, in lifts , etc. After removing the gangue, the coal is washed and crushed and transported.*by sea: in enormous ships.*by land: normally by train.*by road: usually for local transport.

2.3.USES

*FOR ENERGY:Nowadays:To generate electricity in convetional power stations.For central heating systems.In the past:For street lighting.As domestic fuels.*OTHER USES:Derivatives of coal:CokePitch and tar.

3. PETROLEUM

-Petroleum is formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that have descomposed because of bacterial action.It's a liquid substance, with a lower density than water.

3.1.EXTRACTION

-It is expensive and difficult to extract because it's usually deep undergrond.

1-One form of extract petroleum is drilling on land or under the sea.An oil rig is the platform built in the sea.

2-Then it is extracted using pumps,or natural pressure in the well causes the oil to rise to the surface.

3-The extracted petroleum contains salt water, rock, mud and gas, so finally it's purified.

3.2.STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

-The purified crude oil is stored in containes before it's transported by oil tankers or oil pipelines.

3.3 TRANSFORMATION AND USES

Derivatives of crude oil are used in industry and heat engines. Fractio-nal distillation is a process carried out in refineries to produce this derivatives:

DERIVATIVEEXAMPLESUSE

Liquefied gasesMethame,ethame,butaneFuel

Liquid fuelsPetrol and diesel / keroseneHeat engines / aeroplanes

Fuel oil*In thermal power stations to produce electricity*Heating

Light componentsVaseline(R)Lubricant, for making creams

Heavy componentsParaffin / tarTo make things waterproof / fopr asphalt

4. NATURAL GAS- Natural gas is a mixture of gases formed from descomposed lands and animals . I t contains more than 70 %methane . Natural gas is found in underground gas fuelds and in porous rocks. It often found along With petroleum deposits.

4.1. EXTRACTION

-Natural gas is expensive to extract.Its extracted by drilling.

4.2.STORAGE AND USES

1-Natural gas is transported from gas fuels by gas pipelines to a liquefaction plant. 2-The gas is transformed into liquid form. The volume of the gas is reduces with this process.3-It is transported in specially designed ships called LNG carriers.4-When the LNG carried reaches its destination, the LNG is returned to a gaseous state, and is transported once again through gas pipelines.

4.3. USES

-Gas for fuel is used in industry and in homes to produce thermal energy, and in thermal power stations to obtain electrical energy.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES-Renewable energy comes from natural resourceswithout limits.

1.HYDRAULIC ENERGY-This is the mechanical energy produced by the movement of water.1.1.PRODUCTION-We build dams to store river water.1-When the water is released from the dam and falls, its potential enrgy is transformed into kinetic energy.2-The kinetic energy moves mechanical elements called turbines, which rotate an alternator.3-The alternator transforms kinetic energy into electricity

1.2. TRANSFORMATION*Rivers with a lot of water.*Rivers in valleys with high slopes to contain the water.1.3. ADVANTAGES*It is cheap.*It is clean.*It is non-polluting1.4. DISADVANTAGES*Building power stations is very expensive.*Reservoirs can cover a lot of productive land. And evendestroy villages.*Reservoirs can spoil the landscape and affect the animal and plant life in the area.*If a dam breaks, there is a risk of a catastrophe.

2.SOLAR ENERGY-Solar energy has always played a decisive role on the Earth.2.1.PRODUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION*To produce hot water by using flat solar thermal collectors on houses, green houses and swimming pools.*To generate electrical energy using solar panels.*To produce electrical energy in heliostat fields.2.2.ADVANTAGES*It is clean.*Big power stations are not needed.*It is unlimited.2.3.DISADVANTAGES*It is a variable source of energy.*Solar panels are still quite expensive for general use.

3.WIND ENERGY-Wind energy has been used since ancient times to move sailing ships.3.1.PRODUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION -Wind energy is produced by the effect or radiation on the atmosphere. Radiation produced different temperature at different heights in the atmosphere, which causes the air to move.3.2.ADVANTAGES*It is unlimited and non-polluting.*The cost of building and maintaining a wind farm is low.3.3.DISADVANTAGES*Iit is a variable source of energy.*Wind turbines are a hazard for birds.*Wind turbines produce noise pollution.

4.MARINE ENERGY

-There are several means for generating energy from the sea :*Tidal energy can be extracted from the tides.*Wave energy is obtain from the movement of sea waves.*Ocean thermal energy is produced from the differences temperature between the surface of the sea and the deep sea

5.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY-This energy comes from the heat stored in the earths crust.If the temperature is belong 150C,heat can be produced.If the temperature Is above 150C , electricity can be produced.

6.BIOMASS-This is produced from plants remained, forests And agricultural waste,high-energy plants.

TYPES OF POWER STATIONS-A power station is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.1-Nuclear energy2-Hydraulic energy3-Solar energy4-Thermal energy5-Wind energy

Wind turbines have long produced renewable energy but a French engineering firm has discovered another eco-purpose for the towering structures.

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