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SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Supporting Self-Organization in Politics by theSemantic Web Technologies
Vaclav Belak1 and Vojtech Svatek2
1Digital Enterprise Research InstituteNational University of Ireland, Galway
2Department of Information and Knowledge EngineeringUniversity of Economics, Prague
ePart 2010, Lausanne
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Motivation
Widespread of social web have brought the newpossibilities of large-scale collaboration anddecentralization
Many bottom-up public initiatives emerge ingeneral-purpose sites like Facebook
It is hard to attract users to join a dedicatedeParticipation site
Any rather small/empty site is unattractive for usersTo rise the attractivity, the impact to the real policy isneededTo rise impact, the representativeness of user-base has tobe risen
A large portion of the public discourse is actually realizedoutside of specialized ePart systems
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Motivation
Widespread of social web have brought the newpossibilities of large-scale collaboration anddecentralization
Many bottom-up public initiatives emerge ingeneral-purpose sites like Facebook
It is hard to attract users to join a dedicatedeParticipation site
Any rather small/empty site is unattractive for usersTo rise the attractivity, the impact to the real policy isneededTo rise impact, the representativeness of user-base has tobe risen
A large portion of the public discourse is actually realizedoutside of specialized ePart systems
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Motivation
Widespread of social web have brought the newpossibilities of large-scale collaboration anddecentralization
Many bottom-up public initiatives emerge ingeneral-purpose sites like Facebook
It is hard to attract users to join a dedicatedeParticipation site
Any rather small/empty site is unattractive for usersTo rise the attractivity, the impact to the real policy isneededTo rise impact, the representativeness of user-base has tobe risen
A large portion of the public discourse is actually realizedoutside of specialized ePart systems
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Problem Statement
Given the heterogeneity of public discourse, how will theoverall overview of citizens’ opinions and knowledge beable to be determined?
How can be the ability of people to spontaneously formpublic initiatives improved in such settings?
Considering that many public issues are intrinsicallycomplex, how to avoid information overflow?
How will a user be able to determine what is worthy ofhis/her attention and what is not?
How will a government and other public stakeholdersrealize what is really demanded no matter what systemsare used by the participants?
How to avoid a possibility of abuse of data about politicalprofiles of people?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Problem Statement
Given the heterogeneity of public discourse, how will theoverall overview of citizens’ opinions and knowledge beable to be determined?
How can be the ability of people to spontaneously formpublic initiatives improved in such settings?
Considering that many public issues are intrinsicallycomplex, how to avoid information overflow?
How will a user be able to determine what is worthy ofhis/her attention and what is not?
How will a government and other public stakeholdersrealize what is really demanded no matter what systemsare used by the participants?
How to avoid a possibility of abuse of data about politicalprofiles of people?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Problem Statement
Given the heterogeneity of public discourse, how will theoverall overview of citizens’ opinions and knowledge beable to be determined?
How can be the ability of people to spontaneously formpublic initiatives improved in such settings?
Considering that many public issues are intrinsicallycomplex, how to avoid information overflow?
How will a user be able to determine what is worthy ofhis/her attention and what is not?
How will a government and other public stakeholdersrealize what is really demanded no matter what systemsare used by the participants?
How to avoid a possibility of abuse of data about politicalprofiles of people?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Problem Statement
Given the heterogeneity of public discourse, how will theoverall overview of citizens’ opinions and knowledge beable to be determined?
How can be the ability of people to spontaneously formpublic initiatives improved in such settings?
Considering that many public issues are intrinsicallycomplex, how to avoid information overflow?
How will a user be able to determine what is worthy ofhis/her attention and what is not?
How will a government and other public stakeholdersrealize what is really demanded no matter what systemsare used by the participants?
How to avoid a possibility of abuse of data about politicalprofiles of people?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Towards Solution
One silver-bullet solution seems unreasonable due to theregional, cultural, and legislative differences
The more appropriate way to rise an impact may be to linkexisting systems together
Users would then benefit from shared knowledgeUsers could even collaborate across systems’ boundaries
Ability to collaborate and problems with informationoverflow can be addressed by a better recommendation ofusers or content, respectively
The combination of social web and knowledge technologiesseems to be a natural step to tackle these issues
Our main aim has been to create a social-semantic webplatform enabling its users to collaboratively createsolutions of public issues and to self-organize around thesesolutions
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Towards Solution
One silver-bullet solution seems unreasonable due to theregional, cultural, and legislative differences
The more appropriate way to rise an impact may be to linkexisting systems together
Users would then benefit from shared knowledgeUsers could even collaborate across systems’ boundaries
Ability to collaborate and problems with informationoverflow can be addressed by a better recommendation ofusers or content, respectively
The combination of social web and knowledge technologiesseems to be a natural step to tackle these issues
Our main aim has been to create a social-semantic webplatform enabling its users to collaboratively createsolutions of public issues and to self-organize around thesesolutions
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Towards Solution
One silver-bullet solution seems unreasonable due to theregional, cultural, and legislative differences
The more appropriate way to rise an impact may be to linkexisting systems together
Users would then benefit from shared knowledgeUsers could even collaborate across systems’ boundaries
Ability to collaborate and problems with informationoverflow can be addressed by a better recommendation ofusers or content, respectively
The combination of social web and knowledge technologiesseems to be a natural step to tackle these issues
Our main aim has been to create a social-semantic webplatform enabling its users to collaboratively createsolutions of public issues and to self-organize around thesesolutions
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Outline
1 Core eParticipation ontology: Ontopolis Schema
2 Proof-of-concept social-semantic web portal: Ontopolis.net
3 Conclusion
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Initial Requirements
Ontology must not a priori conceive any particular publicissue nor organization
It has to be as flexible as possible
All data should be represented in RDF to bring flexibilityof interactions
Among users of different systemsAmong systems themselves
Ontology should be based on existing ones to allow reuseof already existing knowledge
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Initial Requirements
Ontology must not a priori conceive any particular publicissue nor organization
It has to be as flexible as possible
All data should be represented in RDF to bring flexibilityof interactions
Among users of different systemsAmong systems themselves
Ontology should be based on existing ones to allow reuseof already existing knowledge
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Initial Requirements
Ontology must not a priori conceive any particular publicissue nor organization
It has to be as flexible as possible
All data should be represented in RDF to bring flexibilityof interactions
Among users of different systemsAmong systems themselves
Ontology should be based on existing ones to allow reuseof already existing knowledge
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Competency Questions
The main purpose of this ontology can be characterized by thefollowing competency questions:
What are actual political issues that people areinterested in?
How are these issues interrelated?
What are possible solutions of these issues?
Which of these solutions are more worthy of attention?
Given one particular proposed solution of some issue, whatare similar solutions?
Who is interested in similar political topics as a given user?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Competency Questions
The main purpose of this ontology can be characterized by thefollowing competency questions:
What are actual political issues that people areinterested in?
How are these issues interrelated?
What are possible solutions of these issues?
Which of these solutions are more worthy of attention?
Given one particular proposed solution of some issue, whatare similar solutions?
Who is interested in similar political topics as a given user?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Competency Questions
The main purpose of this ontology can be characterized by thefollowing competency questions:
What are actual political issues that people areinterested in?
How are these issues interrelated?
What are possible solutions of these issues?
Which of these solutions are more worthy of attention?
Given one particular proposed solution of some issue, whatare similar solutions?
Who is interested in similar political topics as a given user?
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Ontopolis Ontology—OPOL
It plays a crucial role in the system:
all data are represented using OPOLdata are also validated using OPOLit enable to guarantee the freedom of data
OPOL re-uses several existing ontologies:
FOAF for representation of persons and their relationshipsSIOC for representation of content and its relationships tousersDOLCE for representation of public issues and goalsWordNet Basic for disambiguation of descriptions ofcontentDCTermsKonfidi
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Friend of a Friend
opol:MailBox
rdfs:Literal
opol:PEGroup
Group
opol:PEUsergroup
OnlineAccount
accountName
Person
mbox
firstName surname
knows
Agent
holdsAccount
member
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Semantically-Interlinked On-line Communities
foaf:OnlineAccount
User
Role
has_function
opol:PEUsergroup
Usergroup
has_member
opol:AddPlanPermission
sioc_a:Permission
opol:DeletePlanPermission
opol:GroupAdmin
sioc_a:has_permissionsioc_a:has_permission
has_scope
Item
has_creator
sioc_t:Tag
topic
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representation of Political Programs usingDOLCE I
We want to represent public issues and their proposedsolutions
Users can play different roles depending on their attitudetowards the problem:
They can create an issue and/or propose its solutionOr they can just express their sympathy towards somealready existing solution
Proposed solution of an issue is described by its goal(s)and its measure(s)
If some user express its goal to solve an issue, we want tounderstand this as a public promise, which another usermay express its trust to
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representation of Political Programs usingDOLCE I
We want to represent public issues and their proposedsolutions
Users can play different roles depending on their attitudetowards the problem:
They can create an issue and/or propose its solutionOr they can just express their sympathy towards somealready existing solution
Proposed solution of an issue is described by its goal(s)and its measure(s)
If some user express its goal to solve an issue, we want tounderstand this as a public promise, which another usermay express its trust to
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representation of Political Programs usingDOLCE I
We want to represent public issues and their proposedsolutions
Users can play different roles depending on their attitudetowards the problem:
They can create an issue and/or propose its solutionOr they can just express their sympathy towards somealready existing solution
Proposed solution of an issue is described by its goal(s)and its measure(s)
If some user express its goal to solve an issue, we want tounderstand this as a public promise, which another usermay express its trust to
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representation of Political Programs usingDOLCE I
We want to represent public issues and their proposedsolutions
Users can play different roles depending on their attitudetowards the problem:
They can create an issue and/or propose its solutionOr they can just express their sympathy towards somealready existing solution
Proposed solution of an issue is described by its goal(s)and its measure(s)
If some user express its goal to solve an issue, we want tounderstand this as a public promise, which another usermay express its trust to
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representation of Political Programs usingDOLCE II
doledns:task
opol:Measure
opol:Support
opol:PoliticalRole
opol:support_of
opol:Supporter
doledns:role
dolplans:has-assignment
foaf:Agent
doledns:played-by
opol:PoliticalCandidate dolmd:promise
dolmd:commitment
doledns:d-uses
opol:Following
opol:PoliticalIssue
doledns:social-desctiption
doledns:goal
opol:is_solution_of
doledns:plan
doledns:defines
doledns:defines
dolite:proper-part
opol:IssueSolutionPlan
dolplans:adopts-goal
dolplans:adopts-plan
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representing Disambiguation
WordNet Basic schema vocabulary
Word sense disambiguation
wn20basic:Synset
xsd:nonNegativeInteger
wn20basic:synsetId
rdfs:Literal
wn20basic:senseLabel
xsd:string
sioc:Item
sioc_t:Tag
sioc:topic
dcterms:title
sioc:topic
dcterms:subjectrdf:subject
rdf:object
rdf:predicate
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Representing Similarity
similarity vocabulary similarity example
opol:SimilarityInfo
sioc:Item
dolite:proper-part
rdfs:Literal
opol:similarity
similarity#1
solution_plan#1
dolite:proper-part
solution_plan#2
dolite:proper-part
0.67777^^xsd:double
opol:similarity
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Global Architecture
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Key Technologies
Ontopolis.net is written using Grails framework
agile developmentJava platformintegrating state-of-the art Java components: Spring,Sitemesh, JUnit, . . .
Data are stored in Jena SDB RDF store with PostgreSQLat the back-end
Jena’s generic rules engine is used for real-time reasoning
Data are validated using Pellet reasoner and its IC plug-in
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Key Technologies
Ontopolis.net is written using Grails framework
agile developmentJava platformintegrating state-of-the art Java components: Spring,Sitemesh, JUnit, . . .
Data are stored in Jena SDB RDF store with PostgreSQLat the back-end
Jena’s generic rules engine is used for real-time reasoning
Data are validated using Pellet reasoner and its IC plug-in
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Usage Scenarios—Internal
Creating an issue
Suggest a solution of an issue—political candidate role
Declaring support to a candidate—political supporter role(follower)
Creating group
group administratoradding goals of the groupthree roles in the group:
plain memberfollowercandidate
the only way to share a plan
Recommendation of similar issues, users, and solutions
Overview of most trusted users, or the most pressing issues
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Usage Scenarios—Internal
Creating an issue
Suggest a solution of an issue—political candidate role
Declaring support to a candidate—political supporter role(follower)
Creating group
group administratoradding goals of the groupthree roles in the group:
plain memberfollowercandidate
the only way to share a plan
Recommendation of similar issues, users, and solutions
Overview of most trusted users, or the most pressing issues
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Usage Scenarios—Internal
Creating an issue
Suggest a solution of an issue—political candidate role
Declaring support to a candidate—political supporter role(follower)
Creating group
group administratoradding goals of the groupthree roles in the group:
plain memberfollowercandidate
the only way to share a plan
Recommendation of similar issues, users, and solutions
Overview of most trusted users, or the most pressing issues
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Usage Scenarios—Distributed
All the knowledge (RDF data) is possible to share by aSPARQL end-point
HTTP-based protocol and query language for theSemantic Web
Any third party can thus obtain from the system in amachine processable form any data in the same way as thesystem itself
list of issueslist of proposed solutionssocial network structurelist of users, . . .
In this distributed fashion, any other system will be able toprovide by far more knowledge about possible solutions orsimilar-minded people than it actually contains in its owndatabaseEven more distributed scenario involving general blogs ordiscussion fora is conceivable using OPOL
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Usage Scenarios—Distributed
All the knowledge (RDF data) is possible to share by aSPARQL end-point
HTTP-based protocol and query language for theSemantic Web
Any third party can thus obtain from the system in amachine processable form any data in the same way as thesystem itself
list of issueslist of proposed solutionssocial network structurelist of users, . . .
In this distributed fashion, any other system will be able toprovide by far more knowledge about possible solutions orsimilar-minded people than it actually contains in its owndatabaseEven more distributed scenario involving general blogs ordiscussion fora is conceivable using OPOL
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Usage Scenarios—Distributed
All the knowledge (RDF data) is possible to share by aSPARQL end-point
HTTP-based protocol and query language for theSemantic Web
Any third party can thus obtain from the system in amachine processable form any data in the same way as thesystem itself
list of issueslist of proposed solutionssocial network structurelist of users, . . .
In this distributed fashion, any other system will be able toprovide by far more knowledge about possible solutions orsimilar-minded people than it actually contains in its owndatabaseEven more distributed scenario involving general blogs ordiscussion fora is conceivable using OPOL
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Example SPARQL query
PREFIX o p o l : <...>PREFIX dcterms : <...>PREFIX d o l i t e : <...>SELECT ? t i t l e (COUNT(? g o a l ) AS ? s o l u t i o n s )WHERE {
GRAPH <...> {? i s s u e a o p o l : P o l i t i c a l I s s u e .? i s s u e dcterms : t i t l e ? t i t l e .
OPTIONAL {? p l a n d o l i t e : p roper−p a r t ? g o a l .? g o a l o p o l : i s s o l u t i o n o f ? i s s u e .
}}
}GROUP BY ? i d ? t i t l eORDER BY DESC(? s o l u t i o n s )
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Example SPARQL query—Result Set
title solutions
“Bark beetles in Sumava” 3
“Corruption” 3
“Broken sidewalk” 2
“High criminality at Charles’ square” 2
“Diminishing greenery in cities” 1
“Interests are too high” 1
“Taxes are too high” 1
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Conclusion I
The public discourse is largely heterogeneous
dedicated ePart sitesgeneral on-line forablogs, . . .
Public/political issues are often complex
It is hard to find an integrated overview of people’s opinion
The Semantic Web technologies are capable to solve manyof these problems by opening up what now are closed datasilos
We created an ontology, which is based on many currentlyexisting and widely adopted standards
We designed and implemented a proof-of-conceptsocial-semantic web portal, which is fully backed by theSemantic Web technology
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Conclusion II
This design brings a high level of interoperability andopenness hardly achievable by any other technology
This may help to overcome chicken-egg problem of newinitiatives
Open access to knowledge created is (usually) moreconform with democracy
Knowledge technology helps to construct betterrecommendation which fosters the social interaction in thesystem
We plan to extend the prototype and test it in a real-worlduse-case at region of a small town at Prague-West area
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
We gratefully acknowledge support provided by the CSF (CzechScience Foundation) project P202/10/0761,
“Web Semantization”.
Thank you for your attention!
SupportingSelf-
Organizationin Politics bythe Semantic
WebTechnologies
Vaclav Belakand Vojtech
Svatek
Introduction
OntopolisSchema
OntopolisPortal
Conclusion
Questions&Comments