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DISASTERDISASTER
TYPES OF DISASTER
Two Types – Natural and Manmade Natural disasters:
FloodCycloneEarthquakeLandslides
Manmade Disaster
Setting of firesEpidemicDeforestationChemical pollution.WarsRoad / train accidents, riotsFood poisoning Environmental pollution
EARTHQUAKES Ground shaking – back-&-forth
motion , caused by the passing vibratory waves.
Soil failures – caused by shaking e.g. landslides .
Surface fault ruptures, such as cracks , vertical shifts.
Tidal waves ,i.e. large waves on the surface of bodies of water that can cause major damage to shoreline areas.
EFFECTS ON BUILDINGSEFFECTS ON BUILDINGS
As vibrations & waves continue to move through the earth –buildings ,set in motion.
Each building response differently ,acc.to its construction.
When waves strike ,earth moves backward & forward .
The lower part of building moves with the earth.
The upper portion –initially remains at rest.
The upper portion tries to catch up with the bottom but as it does so, the earth moves in the other direction – ‘whiplash effect’.
Taller buildings also tend to shake longer than short buildings.
PROTECTION MEASURES
The building should have a simple rectangular plan.
Long walls should be supported by reinforced concrete columns.
Large buildings having plans with shapes like T,U,L and X.
It should preferably be separated into rectangular blocks by providing gaps in between.
Doors and window openings in walls , preferably be small & more centrally located.
The location of openings should not be too close to the edge of the wall.
Landslides occur because of the interplay of several factors.
1. Natural factors :- Intensity of rainfall, Steep slopes, Poor drainage, Stiffness of slopes etc.
2. Manmade factors:- Deforestation leading to soil erosion etc.
MOST VULNERABLE HOMES
Existing landslides area.Steep natural slopes.Area in or at the mouths of
drainages.Houses constructed near foothills.
PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO BUILDINGSTO BUILDINGS
(a) Site selection: Safe area – that have
not moved in the past . Houses built at the toe
of steep slopes.(b) Signs and warnings: Doors or windows stick
for the first time. New cracks appear on
plaster,tile,brick. Underground utility lines
break. Fences, retaining walls,
utility poles or trees tilt or move.
(c) Preventive action:1. Proper development.2. Sound construction
techniques.3. Seasonal inspections.4. Regular maintenance of
drainage facilities.(d) Protect vulnerable area:Keep surface drainage water
away from vulnerable areas (steep slopes, loose soils & non-vegetated surfaces.)
(e) Intercept surface water.(f) Stabilize slopes:1. Improve soil’s ability .2. Straw, woodchips applied to a
depth of at least one inch.
FLOODS
Water is a source for all life forms . Without water no life is sustainable. ‘How tragic it is’ when water in the form of floods takes away thousand of human and cattle lives. More than one million huts and poor houses are lost every year in floods in India. CAN WE PREVENT THIS LOSS ????????????
Building – constructed with earth –based materials or using stone & brick in mud mortar .
The huts made from biomass materials.
The occupation of areas within the flood plain of rivers has increased vulnerability.
MOST VULNERABLE HOMES
The houses are commonly destroyed so severely that their reconstruction is not feasible.
It is constructed out of light weight material .
Damage caused by inundation of house .
Undercutting of houses.Damage caused by debris.
PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO BUILDINGSTo avoid residing on river banks
& slopes on river sides.To build at least 250 mts away
from the sea coast .To build proper drainage system
in all flood prone areas.To construct the building with a
plinth level higher than the known high flood level.
To construct the whole village on a raised plat form higher than the high flood level.
To construct buildings on stilts or columns with wall – free space at ground level permitting free flow of water.
CYCLONES
Cyclones pose a major threat to life and property in many parts of the world. Every year these sudden, violent cyclones bring widespread devastation to coastlines and islands lying in their erratic paths. A windstorm's destructive work is done by the high wind; flood producing rains and associated storm surges.
MOST VULNERABLE HOMES
LocationLight weightOlder buildingsPoorly constructed
concrete blocksUrban and rural
communities on low islands
Effected by the velocity of cyclone wind at ground level
EFFECTS ON BUILDINGSEFFECTS ON BUILDINGSUprooting of trees Damage to signposts , electric poles,
etcDamage to improperly attached
windowsDamage to roof/lintel projectionsFailure of improperly attached
parapetsOverturning failures of compound
walls of various types
PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS
Site selectionPlatforms and orientationFoundations:- (a) effect of surge or flooding,
(b) Building on stilts
Wall openingsGlass panellingRoof architecture