Solution wings for Aerospace Applications

Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010

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1 The University of Kansas

Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory

The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences

Revolutionary New Adaptive Material

“SolutionCell © ” SolutionCell© is a Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)

www.SolutionCell.com & www.SolutionCell.net

Brought to you by:

Shawn Paul Boike Solution Vehicles Co &

American Industrial Consultants

From: BOEING, Northrop, Lockheed, FORD, GM & NASA Long Beach, CA. 90803

562.343.5660 / 562.338.9911 (m) https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIndustrialConsultantsGroup

by

Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence

Aerospace Engineering Department

and

Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota

College of Biological Sciences

http://www.solutioncell.com/

http://www.solutioncell.net/

https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIndustrialConsultantsGroup


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Presentation Dates

• So. California (Feb 24-28 2014):

Mon 2/24

Zodiac Aero

Eaton/Parker

Tue 2/25

Aero/Def

Aero/Def

Wed 2/26

Northrop UAV *San

Diego

San Diego Gen

Atomics??

Thu

2/27

Boeing Seal Bch

Boeing HB

Fri

2/28

Boeing LB

???


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Revolutionary Adaptive Aerostructures, Changing

Flight via Nature's Analogs for Dramatic Fuel Savings

by

Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence

Aerospace Engineering Department

and

Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota

College of Biological Sciences

1st international Conference and Exhibition on Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering, San Antonio, Texas

30 September – 2 October 2013


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Outline

1. Introduction & Motivation

2. Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes

3. Biomimetic FAA-Certifiable Artificial Muscles

4. Selected Aerospace Applications

5. Summary

1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary


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1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive

Motivation: The same as nature

T/O & Landing: Maximize CLmax, Reject Gust Loading

Cruise: Maximize L/D

Minimize Airframe Weight


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Successful Applications of Biomimicking

Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:


Piezoelectric, Shape-Memory-Alloys, Electroluminiscent Materials...

Weapon Systems


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Disappearing UAVs


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Selected Aerospace Morphing Concepts

Planform Morphing Section Morphing

University of Florida

1990’s: NASA’s AAW

1980’s: Mission Adaptive Wing

Lockheed Martin

MissionAdaptiveWing

Gould et al. 1981

Pe

nd

elto

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l. 1

98

1 w

ww

.ne

xtg

en

ae

ron

au

tics.c

om

20

08

w

ww

.ge

ocitie

s.c

om

20

08



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Adaptive Materials & Structures

Piezoelectric Materials Shape Memory Alloys

McMurtry 2004

Air Muscles



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Conventional Adaptive Materials Current range of actuator materials available

Can they be used in commercial aircraft as a class?

...or in primary structure?


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An "Ideal" Adaptive Aeromaterial/Aerostructure:

•Material capable of "huge" (>50+%?) strains

•Fully proportional, easily controlled

•Stiff & strong enough to handle "real" loads

•Lighter & faster than conventional aircraft actuation systems

•Less costly & lower drag than conventional aircraft actuation systems

•Certifiable under FAR 23/25, 27/29

What Would an Aircraft Designer want if s/he could

design an adaptive material???



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Solution? ...Biomimetics

"You should pay attention to what

Mother Nature has done because

she's got a 4.2 billion year lead in

research and development.

-Prof. H.W. Smith, PE, Ph.D.

1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary


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Fast-Response Actuators

in Eukaryotes

•Animal Muscle Cells and Tissues

• Fast-Acting Plant

Cells and Tissues



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in Eukaryotes


Animal Muscle Cell & Tissues


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1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett

Solution:

Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable

materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells


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Solution:

FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures

Albizia julibrissin


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Solution:


Pulvinus


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Solution:


Ground Cells

Phloem

Xylem


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Solution:

Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable

Materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells

Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett


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Solution:


Fundamental Structural Arrangement:


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Biomimetic Honeycomb

Based on Plant Actuator Cells

• Easily modeled, light, strong

• Made of conventional materials

(aluminum, steel, aramids)

• Already known and accepted by certifying

agencies like the FAA


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PAH Theory, Experiment & Correlation



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PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test



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Multi-Cell Compression Test

180mm


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PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test



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Comparison to Other

Adaptive Materials and Actuators


High Pressure

Adaptive Honeycomb

Atmospherically Triggered

Adaptive Honeycombs

Conventional Hydraulic Actuators


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A New Approach to Flight Control...

Based on Nature:

PAH employs distributed, rather than concentrated actuation...


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Current Aircraft Actuator Design

Philosophy

Distributed airloads

Control surface loads

concentrated at

finite hard points

Loads transferred

through actuators

& tracks

Loads redistributed

into primary

structure



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Control surface loads

stayed distributed

Distributed control

surface loads passed

thru distributed

actuators

Distributed loads

transferred to primary

strucure

PAH Actuator Design Philosophy



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Comparison of PAH to Adaptive Materials

and FAA Certified Actuators

High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb

Conventional

Hydraulics

& Pneumatics



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Pressure Adaptive Wing Section

Mu

rra

y e

t a

l. 2

00

7


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Pressure-Adaptive Flap in Wind Tunnel (cont.)

40kPa CDP

0kPa CDP


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PAH Wing Section: Controllable Aerocompliance

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Angle of Attack, a (deg) -5 0 5 10 15

Lift C

oeff

icie

nt, C

l (~

)

Base Stiffness Cell Differential Pressure Behavior

NCCDP

(kPa)

40

20

0

-20

-40

Net Camber CDP = 40kpa



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Current Aircraft Technology in Gust Fields



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PAH Wings: Enhancing Ride Quality, Fatigue

Properties & Flight Safety via Active Aerocompliance



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The Real Savings... from Class I Design Forward


Structure of a typical FAR-25 V-n Diagram

+1

0

-1

Load

Fac

tor,

n (

g's)

VS1 VA VC VD

Maneuver Limits Gust Limits

Gust Limits

Commercial Aircraft

Structural Weights are

set by these points

Flight Speed, Vflt (kts)


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+1

0

-1

Load

Fac

tor,

n (

g's)

VS1 VA VC VD

Weight Saving Paradigm Shift:

Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver

...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance



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Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver

...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance

saving... 7 – 23% total aircraft structural weight!

+1

0

-1

Load

Fac

tor,

n (

g's)

VS1 VA VC VD

Weight Saving Paradigm Shift:



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Reference: Boeing 787 $32B investment in new product RDT&E:

• Just over half of the RDT&E was devoted to new materials & manufacturing

to achieve a ~20% weight reduction WRT conventional materials



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PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft

Implications for commercial jets:

• Reduction in Structural Weight 9 - 22%

• Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax 6 - 9%

• Reduction in DOC at constant range 7 - 11%

• Increase in range at constant TOW 12 - 18%

• Airfoil section gust load rejection: up to 380%

• Net airframe gust load rejection up to 87%

• Safe Airframe Life Extension 11 - 14%


US Pat. 8,366,057 Issued 13 February 2013


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Acknowledgements

NASA Ames Research Center

Prof. Roelof Vos


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PAH Flap and Winglet System Implications

Implications for commercial jet fleets:

Korean Air:

KRW11.807 trillion 2011 in operating expenses

Retrofit Impacts: ~ +KRW200B

(Net loss in 2011: KRW98B)

New Equipment Impacts:

+KRW850B DOC savings +

+KRW220B Airframe Life Extension +

+KRW660B increased cargo carriage revenue ~ KRW1.7 trillion

European Patent EP 2459442 A2

US Patent 8,366,057 B2 February 2013


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Questions?


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Something about the flight environment itself

could deploy the surfaces...

What if...



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Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)

Flap Systems

Example for LSA wing



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Implications for LSA* based on a 20% increase of clean CLmax:**

• 17% reduction in wing wetted area

• 20% increase in aspect ratio

• 10% increase in L/D

• 8% reduction fuel burn and DOC at constant range

• 1.5% decrement in TOW and purchase price at constant range

• 37% gust rejection loads

*45kts flaps-up stall requirement

**Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, V, and VIII, and Cessna 162 Skykatcher Data

Potential Application: Pressure Adaptive

Honeycomb (PAH) Flap



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PAH Gurney Flap (cont.)

Implications for jets based on a 6% increase of CLmax:

5.8% decrease in wetted area

6% increase in aspect ratio

3% increase in L/Dmax

3.2% reduction in DOC at constant range

3% increase in range at constant TOW

380% section gust load rejection

87% net airframe gust load rejection

*Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, and V, and Cessna Citation Sovereign

Data 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive


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PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft

Implications for commercial jets: Retrofit Class I

STC Design

• Increase in CLmaxL/TO 3% 6%

• Reduction in Structural Weight 0% 9 - 22%

• Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax: 2.4% 6 - 9%

• Reduction in DOC at constant range 2.5% 7 - 11%

• Increase in range at constant TOW 2.2% 12 - 18%

• Section gust load rejection: 43% 380%

• Net airframe gust load rejection 21% 87%



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PAH Cell Modeling


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PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background

Cellular Material Theory (CMT) after Gibson et al. 1988

Considerations:

• Only valid for small thickness-to-length ratio

• Only valid for +/- 20% of strain

• Linear stress-strain relationship

qi

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PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background


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PAH Theoretical Characterization

Global stress-strain relations:

@ constant pressure:

@ constant mass:

with


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PAH Geo-Kinematic Properties

CDP = Cell Differential Pressure



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Non-linear Mechanics of PAH Structures


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Effects of Different PAH Boundary Conditions


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PAH Longitudinal Stress-Strain Correlation

p = 55kPa p = 60kPa


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Experimental PAH Stress-Strain Relations


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PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel PAH


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PAH Bender Experimental Characterization

Validation

Experiment:

Three-point

bend test


FEM Modeling:


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PAH Cell Modeling


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PAH Multi-Cell Compression Test



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PAH Gurney Flaps & Winglets



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Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Molecuar Mechanism of Muscle Contraction


Stimulus Myosin head binds to actin

Myosin head turns as P1 is released

6.7nm

contraction


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in Eukaryotes

Mechanical Analogs of Animal Muscle Tissues:

-Shape-Memory-Alloys

-Pneumatic Tubes

-Piezoelectric Polymers

-Adaptive Gels

-Electrostatic Actuators



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UAVs & Hovering Missiles


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Standard Auxetic Hybrid

Biomimetic Plant-Cell Based

Honeycomb Actuator

Aft

er:

Oly

mp

io e

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l. 2

00

7



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Aerocompliance: Key to Birds Wings and PAH

Gust load relieving smoothes flight


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PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel

Honeycombs



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Solution:



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Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)

Breakdown for Modeling



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PAH Nonlinear Mechanics
