West Beacon Energy Farm Our home

HYDRO

WIND

H2H2

PVPV

PV

PUMPSTORE

PUMPSTORE

HEATPUMP

CHP

BIOMASSBIOMASS

WATERCOLLECT

Society Automotive Engineers

20th January 2011 Tony Marmont

“Where will our energy come from in 2015”

Air Fuel Synthesis Ltd

CLIMATE CHAOS

AND

ENERGY

Since 1970CO2 emissions + 70 %Largest is Energy +145 %Transport + 120%Industry + 65 %

Grams of CO2 per passenger kilometreAir Short haul 148/300Car 106/150Bus 95/130 Rail 36/100 options > capacity>double deck/costSource Hansard/DFT fuel source green?

Gone up20% IN2 DECADESDEITER HELM DEFRA

Cities in peril as

Andean glaciers melt

Ice sheets expected to

last centuries could

disappear in 25 years,

threatening water supplies

GLACIER RETREAT IN THE HIMALAYAS

View from the top ... Two images of the Upsala glacier in Argentina show the retreat of the ice (top: 1928; bottom: 2004). Photograph: Greenpeace/Reuters

The Himalayan ice in retreat

Further glacial lake collapse such as BhutanWill lead to terrible loss of life

AS

renewable energy in the new millennium

Global Temperatures and Disasters

+1.8 DEG IN 1900’S , +1.2 2020,+2.5 2050,+4.0 2080,+5.8 2100, NOW +2 DEG, CRITICAL AT +3 DEG THENIRREVERSIBLE.

renewable energy in the new millennium

Prof Chris Rapley, hd of Antarctic Survey , BBC 2 161006, 6 mt rise in sea level with Iceland melt , Antarctic a further 60 mt,= + 200ft

THIS SHOWS A 6 MT RISE

Every 1 cm sea level rise = floods , drought , fire, crops loss = 1 million eco refugees Mohamed Mathir bbc 190608

Annual Thames Barrier Closures

0

2

4

6

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10

12

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1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Nu

mb

er

of

clo

su

res

Opened 1984….. now looking to rebuild !

trend

LONDON will be flooded by 2017

AS

1 calorie food needs 10 calorie of fossil1 pint Milk needs 1 pint oilHow sustainable are we?

ASPO the proof Price $146 @July 08

OPEC says $200 I say $500

China has 41 m cars , we have 41m , 1000m / 60 m population

The world needs to find more oil to cope with this

6

4

2

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

6

4

2

15

10

5

15

10

5

China:Petroleum consumptionPetroleum output*

Mn

barr

els

/ day

Oil consumption per capita:JapanKoreaChina

Bar

rels

/ ye

ar

*Smoothed

Note: US consumes 26 barrels / year per capitaSource: BCA Research

Mn

barr

els

/ day

Bar

rels

/ ye

ar

Note the changes in ocpc ( oil consumption per capita ) when Japan went “industrial” ‘60 to ‘75 ,

and then Korea ‘87 to ‘97 , now watch for China still at the bottom of the graph !!

KLEINWORT BENSON

JAPAN KOREA

CHINA

One ton of fossil oil /300 gallons = 12 Mwhr

GLOBAL PRODUCTION 85.4 MILLION BARRELS A DAY GLOBAL CONSUMPTION 85.8 “ “ “ “ UK PRODUCTION 1.5 “ “ “ “

UK CONSUMPTION 1.7 “ “ “ “

COST OF THE FUEL (WIND ) NEVER GOES UP !!

Cost $45 a barrel ! landfill mining

“one acre grassland = 320 Gallons ofBio Ethanol540% more energyThan used”US Nat Academy Sciences

Why are AFS hydrocarbons better than other fuels, eg batteries, H2?

Energy densityConventional car carries 500KWhEquiv electric car would need 150KWh Battery cost (optimistic) £60KOnly fuel for Jet Aviation747 carries 50,000 Lrs = 500MWh

Existing infrastructureDrop in replacement

PetrolDeiselJet-AMethanolBasis for sustainable petreochemicals

25AFS- Review

Andreas Züttel, Switzerland, 04/10/202326

DENSITY OF ENERGY CARRIERS from Prof Zuttel’s PRESENTATION

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100Energy density [kWh/kg]

Ene

rgy

dens

ity [k

Wh/

m3]

Pb-acidbattery

Li-ionbattery

mag. coil

EDLC comp. air

hot water

biomass

coal

oil

fusion

fission

hydrides

hydrogenstorage

capacitor

hydro-power hydrogen

natural gas

flywheel

3

ultimatebattery

26AFS- Review

H3 ON THE MOON ?

Steve Atkins, PEResearch EngineerNorthern Arizona UniversityP.O. Box 15600Flagstaff, AZ 86011Steve.Atkins@nau.edu(928) 523-5875

From Concept to Realization

Questions?

GussingBiomasFT GTLEither ElectricityOr CrudeOil8 mw input2 mw electricity4.5 mw heat

Energy efficienciesOf 60% biomass to Oil with reforming

Energy efficienciesof 81% biomas to Electricity AND heat

Pilot plant

Synthetic Oil Production (process raw CO2/H2)

Grass , Straw, Forestry, (any crop Gasification, FT . GTL)

Algae + CO2

CO2 from Air + H2

Nuclear Hydrogen (thermo separation of H20)

Renewable Hydrogen (wind + electrolysis)

Separation CO2 from air , ( membrane or centrifuge)Ion exchange membranes with air flowing past on one side and low pressure water vapour on the other (water boiled at ambient temperature, partially solar heated or heating by the compressor). CO2 is drawn through to the water vapour side. The steam/CO2 mixture is compressed and cooled until the CO2 is a nearly pure stream.

Exciting recent developments in CO2 separation from air(process CO2 + H2 = liquid fuels)

Global Research Technologies LLC. http://www.grtaircapture.com/ Klaus Lackner, Wally Broecker Prof Keith and Richard Monkhouse

Air Fuel Synthesis Ltd Developed a low-energy CO2 capture method Uses caustic soda spray tower in air, NaOH + CO2= NaCO3 strip CO2

for combining with H2, return NaOH to spray tower

= Creation of a continuous process and low cost CO2 removal rates

Atmospheric CO2 Extraction methods:Nb only 0.2gms of carbon in every m3 of air(0,2g when burnt gives 1/500th of a KWh equal to a Hoover for 10 seconds!!!)

Our current favourite:• NaOH absorber followed by ‘Pletcher cell’ recovery

Others:• K2CO3/KHCO3 (Benfield process) favoured by Los Alamos• CO2 absorbing polymer (Klaus Lackner)• NaOH absorber followed by Ca(OH)2/CaCO3 recovery• Molecular sieves/Zeolites plus pressure swing or temp swing• Gas diffusion membranes• More methods in research phase

32AFS- Review

AFS atmospheric fuel synthesis HYDROGEN CARRIER Output designer liquid fuels diesel, petrol ,Jet A1, open patent . and given free raw materials it is carbon neutral, any country can make

Atmospheric CO2 recovery using NaOH absorber

Rotary electrostatic atomiser for paint

2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O

Advantages:

• Short transit time - 10s of seconds

• Low energy for air transit and absorber pump

• Cheap simple chemicals

• Air humidity maintained

Cheap Large absorber building

Air processing rate:

25 litre per day plant requires 1m3 per sec

100 Ton per day plant requires 5000m3/sec

Rotary atomiser

For small scale, absorber can be in tower

34AFS- Review

Calgary 2008Prof David Keith, Calgary 2005

Prof Derek PletcherSouthampton Uni Chlor-Alkali plant

Pletcher cell recovery of CO2 from Na2CO3

CO3-- + 2H+ → H2O + CO2

35AFS- Review

Hydrogen production by electrolysis

• Current efficiency 70%

• Future efficiency 80%

• Price £300-£800 per KW

• AFS very sensitive to ‘e cost

Future improvements:

• High pressure electrolysis

• High temperature electrolysis

• Solid Oxide electrolysis

• Special nanoporous electrodes

• Cheaper construction

36AFS- Review

High pressure electrolyser Solid oxide electrolyser

Fuel synthesis from CO2 and H2

“At Castrol Research labs in Pangbourne in the 1970’s, a Fischer-Tropch plant using a feedstock of CO and H2 went wrong.The CO feed scrubber broke and started feeding CO2 into the process – to our amazement the reaction went forward many times faster”

Common chemist’s misconception: Carbon dioxide is an un-reactive gas and won’t react with hydrogen

The late Prof Reginald Mann

37AFS- Review

Fuel synthesis from CO2 and H2

Option 1

Stage 1 - MethanolCO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + 2H2O (exothermic)

Stage 2 – Methanol to Hydrocarbon – ‘Mobil Process’CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + 2H2O

Option 2

Stage 1 – Reverse water gas shift reactionCO2 + H2 → CO + H2O (slightly endothermic)

Stage 2 – Carbon monoxide to hydrocarbon – ‘Fischer Tropch Process’n(CO) + (2n+2)H2 → CH3-(n-2)CH2-CH3 + n(H2O)

Typical operating temp <200COperating pressure ~50barSpecial catalysts are requiredBetter catalysts can make 10x smaller plant, and lower temp/pressure

38AFS- Review

Energy Analysis

Process KWh PCUsAbsorbtion of CO2 3.1KWh 0.31Stripping of CO2 4.7KWh 0.48Hydrogen generation 14.9KWh 1.53Fuel synthesis 1.6KWh 0.16Total 24.3KWh 2.50

  NB 1 PCU = energy fom 1Lr petrol = 9.7KWh

Process KWh PCUsAbsorbtion of CO2 4.1KWh 0.42Stripping of CO2 4.7KWh 0.48Hydrogen generation 18KWh 1.85Fuel synthesis 2.9KWh 0.30Total 29.7KWh 3.06

Possible reduction with process improvements

39AFS- Review

Air Capture 0.44 kwhr/l

CO2 release from Na2CO3 4.6 kwhr/l Electrolysis 14.6 kwhr/l

Gas Compression 0.74 kwhr/l Fuel Synthesis exothermic

Electronics and start up heat 1.0 kwhr/l

Total energy per litre fuel 21.38 kwhr/l

Energy content of Petrol is 9.7 kwhr/l

Energy in/ energy out ratio is 21,38/9.7 = 2.2

CO2 Filter

Diesel reactor

Hydrogen manufacture

Air CO2

Hyd

roge

n

Energy

Ene

rgy

Oxy

egn

Diesel

Water

AFS (Atmospheric Fuel Synthesis)

World first carbon neutral drop Petrol, diesel, Jet A1

SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

ELECTROLYSIS

CO2

O2

O2

SUN

ENERGY

ENERGY

n CO2 + (3n+1) H2 CH3-(CH2)n-2- CH3 + 2n H2O

H2O

-(CH2)n-

COMBUSTION

H2

CO2

H2O

H2O

H2O H2 + ½O2

SYNTHESIS

H2 O2

H2O

OH-

e-

e-

ElectrolyteKOH/H2O

H OH-

H2

H2OH2O

O2

O2

H2O

Funding sought: £99.5mTotal project funding: £100mFunding received to-date: £0.5m

Phase One: Project; Demonstration of technology at 5 litre per day. Characteristics; Utilising existing technology or acquiring licences.Funding required; £0.5m. Note that £0.5 is already in place.Timing; 15 months completing end of February 2012.Return; None

Phase Two:Project; Development and integration of technology to commercial scale.Characteristics; Develop commercially robust and integrated modules for CO2 and hydrogen

capture and fuels manufacturing.Funding required; £10m.Timing; 36 months, March 2012 to end of February 2015Return; None

Phase Three:Project; Design, construction, and operation of 10 tonne per day facility. Characteristics; 20 year financing plan, 15 * 3MW onshore wind turbines, Funding required; £89mTiming; 4.5 years duration to complete Q1 2018Return; Break even year 5, Capital and interest repaid by year 20, IRR 5% - 8%,

£33m cumulative margin by year 20.Assumptions; Project attracts ROCs and has RTFO advanced technology fuel status,

petrol sales price starts at 77p per litre in 2018 excluding fuel duty and VAT, Wind energy construction cost £1,200 per kW.

Oil price at $70 a barrel . Returns exclude tax and depreciation. PHASE FOUR 1,OOO TPD £6BN MARKET FLOTATION

UK needs 140,000 tons per day of OIL ( 1.7m Mwhrs ! )

If we made 200,000 tons per day we could put 60 tpd back down the empty oil wells in the North Sea.One advantage is we can sequester CO2 securely without chance of escape. This would allow us to reduce CO2 ppm to a DESIRED LEVEL say 300 ppm , and maintain at the level we wished !! And so maintain the Earth Temperature at the optimum level.

This would also create strategic reserves and energy security in a massive way

Carbon dioxide is removed from the air, concentrated, and reacted with hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water. The extraction is done with a powerful absorber that is recycled in a continuous process. The final fuel bearing reaction uses a catalytic process that has been proven over decades.

AFS is a method of making fuels, ranging from petrol to diesel and Jet-A, using renewable energy together with raw materials of water, and the carbon dioxide from the air.

What is AFS?

AFS fuel is fully carbon neutral, since its carbon content is extracted from the atmosphere, its carbon is ‘borrowed’ from the atmosphere, so the net effect of its combustion does not increase atmospheric CO2 levels. AFS provides a drop in replacement for oil based fuels. Any nation can make AFS fuel, since the essentially limitless raw materials are available globally.

What about the renewable energy required?AFS does not require grid connection for its renewable power source. This way the electricity cost is far less than that from the grid. Dedicated renewable energy farms can be built specifically to supply the electricity required.

What are the advantages of AFS fuel?

AFS in more detail:

Does the technology exist?AFS uses existing technologies that will be brought together for the purpose of making fuel. That means we can build AFS plants right now. Do you remember the Apollo mission to land man on the moon? That used existing technologies and reached its goal in a decade.

What are the energetics? Petrol, and similar fuels contain a lot of energy, that is why they are useful for transport. One litre of petrol, when burnt in air releases 10kWh of heat, or the energy of twenty fully charged car batteries. Our energy analysis, taking into account practical losses, shows that one unit of fuel requires approximately 22 kWh of electricity for its manufacture. This is a 45% efficiency of energy out versus energy in, and is higher than that of a coal power station.What are the economics?Our financial analysis of a medium scale AFS plant (100 ton per day output), shows the factory gate fuel price to be between 12p to 50p pence litre ($1.20 GALL ) depending on the design and location of the energy farm and continued fiscal support.

Where to now?We are to build a small-scale plant to demonstrate the practicality of the concept. This will make a gallon of fuel per day. We intend to build this into a mini container so that it can be demonstrated all over the country. We are looking for support to fund this proof of conceptPeter.Harrison@airfuelsynthesis.com. Tony.Marmont@airfuelsynthesis.com

TOKAMAK

FUSION AS IN THE SUN “D + T = He + neutron + energy “

DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM FUSION

3

HeMOON

ITER PROJECT

IT STARTED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO………..

…BY 1930 WHENI WAS BORN, THEREWERE 2.2 BILLION….

BEFORE I DIE THERE WILL BE7.7 BILLION OF US

AND NOW……….

OUR BIOMASS ISIOO TIMES HEAVIERTHAN ANY ANIMAL THAT HAS EVEREXISTED…..!!!

Global water and air volume. Conceptual computer artwork of the total volume of water on Earth (above) and of air in the Earth's atmosphere (below) shown as spheres (blue and pink). The spheres show how finite water and air supplies are. The water sphere measures 1390 kilometers across and has a volume of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. This includes all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as ground water, and that in the atmosphere. The air sphere measures 1999 kilometers across and weighs 5140 trillion tonnes. As the atmosphere extends from Earth it becomes less dense. Half of the air lies within the first 5 kilometers of the atmosphere.

Global water and air volume. Conceptual computer artwork of the total volume of water on Earth (above) and of air in the Earth's atmosphere (below) shown as spheres (blue and pink). The spheres show how finite water and air supplies are. The water sphere measures 1390 kilometers across and has a volume of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. This includes all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as ground water, and that in the atmosphere. The air sphere measures 1999 kilometers across and weighs 5140 trillion tonnes. As the atmosphere extends from Earth it becomes less dense. Half of the air lies within the first 5 kilometers of the atmosphere

water

air

If we are wrong and CC is not due to mans activities:-

If we are right :-

IT IS A NO BRAINER !!, EVEN FOR THE FLAT EARTH SOCIETY

We will have created a whole new industry and cleaned up the

pollution in the Atmosphere

We will permit the continuation of our species on the planet.

‘Treat the earth wellIt was not given to usBy our parents,It was loaned to usBy our children’ - Proverb