Smart Energy

Kenny Huang, Ph.D. 黃勝雄博士

Executive Council Member, APNIC

Member, Board of Directors, Mind Extension

huangksh@gmail.com

Smart Grid History

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Begins with the 2003 Northeast Blackout

Concept expanded with the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act

Source : complex.com, 2012

Energy Independence and Security Act 2007

Title I: Energy Security through improved vehicle fuel economy Title II: Energy Security through increased production of Biofuels Title XI: Energy Transportation and infrastructure Title XII: Small Business Energy Programs Title XIII: Smart Grid

Traditional Electric Utilities

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Energy flows one way to customers Simple interactions and little information flows

Source : boundless (n.d.)

Electric Utilities with Smart Grid

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Solar power

Wind power

Powerstorage

Smart building

Smart house

Control centre

Hospital

Source : Dr. Kenny Huang

Energy Demand and Price

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Source : Energy Information Administration, 2012

US: Energy brokers can serve residential, commercial and government entities that reside in energy deregulated states.

UK: The entire market is deregulated.

Wind Energy in Denmark

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2008 2020

Source : ECO-Grid EU – Developing the Prototype of the European Smart Grid, 2011

How Do We Store Energy

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US (MW) Worldwide (MW)

PSH : pumped-storage hydroelectricity 23,000 110,000

CAES : Compressed air energy storage 110 477

Batteries 40 300

Others 5 10

Source : Dr. Ali Nourai; Energy Storage Association (n.d.)

Source : Wikipedia (n.d.)

US Refrigerator Energy Use

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Source : The Art of Energy Efficiency: Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 1999

US Electricity Saving in Use of Energy-Saving Refrigerators

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Source : The Art of Energy Efficiency: Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 1999

Smart Lighting

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Lighting accounts for 30% energy use in US office building

Source : Advanced Power & Energy, UC Irvine, 2007

Potential for lighting management Energy savings

Up to 25-60% potential savings with energy efficient lighting management technologies

Personal lighting preference and satisfaction Lighting satisfaction correlated to productivity Diverse among individuals

CO2 Emissions Goals

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Source : https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/, Dec 22 2015

Paris 2015 Talks

Source : dailymail.co.uk, Dec 28 2015

Goal of Global carbon dioxide emissions:Preventing temperatures rising by more than 2C above pre-industrial levels.

CO2 Emissions Effort

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Global carbon dioxide emissions have fallen by 3% in 2014 and 2015

Source : dailymail.co.uk, Dec 28 2015

Increase Regulation

13Source : eia.gov

EPA’s Clean Power Plan Mandates states to reduce emissions from power generation Will accelerate retirement of dirty generation assets, especially coal EIA projects 90 GW of coal retirements from 2014-2040 in US Generation must be made up by renewables

Renewables Are Affordable

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Source: International TechnologyRoadmap for Photovoltaic 2015 Report

Source : Rameznaam.com

Microgrids Opportunities

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Microgrids provide multiple benefits Resiliency Emergency refuge Energy cost reductions Reduced environmental impacts

States are increasingly pushing microgrid development Led by NY, NJ, MA, IL, CA and

others

Huge opportunities for novel strategies to take advance state’s goalsNY Prize First Stage Winners

Source : districtenergy.org

IoT Technologies for Smart Grids

• Pros: – IoT grids allow energy distribution to be managed in real

time based on immediate data rather than historic patterns of energy use (Predictive Maintenance)

– IoT grids and smart meters open the door to energy services and payment tariffs that could dramatically reduce business energy costs

– Remote/scheduled control electric appliances utilize the value of automation.

– Consumption data provide great insight

• Cons:– Market re-structure make technological change difficult

– smart grids/devices could lead to more security breaches in the future

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Automation Example: ZigBee Systems Architecture

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Source : ZigBee, 2011

Smart Meter Integration

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Source : Fujitsu,2015

Regional Breakdown of Smart Meter Installed Base

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Source : Pike Research, BI Intelligence, 2015

20Source : Metering & Smart Energy International, 2015

Taiwan Power Grids and Sources of Energy

21Source : Taiwan Power Company, 2015

TPC Advanced Metering Infrastructure Project

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Existing mechanical meter units : 12 Million Units

Power Consumption Data

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Source : AGL Energy, 2015

Data Interval : 48 consumption values per day => data rate < 0.6 bps

Account Number NMIDevice NumberDevice TypeRegister CodeRate Type DescriptionStart DateEnd DateProfile Read ValueRegister Read ValueQuality Flag

4126

108

108

12411

attribute length

Total length=76 bytes/interval

reserved payloadup to 1000 bits

Smart Meter Data Traffic Scenario

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Smart Meter Penetration

Smart Meter Installed Units

Total Data Traffic % of TW Mobile

*20% 2,400,000 1.44Mbps *7.9%

40% 4,800,000 2.88Mbps 15.8%

60% 7,200,000 4.32Mbps 23.7%

80% 9,600,000 5.76Mbps 31.6%

100% 12,000,000 7.2Mbps 39.5%

Large scale of smart meter network delivers tiny data traffic. Can the upfront cost of an IoT network be justified by the value of data delivery?

DECC puts the cost per household of installing smart meters at £214.50. British Gas saving per household stands at just £26 per year.(Telegraph, Nov 5 2015)

The architecture of smart meter infrastructure remains ambiguous. Such as quality of service; demarcation point; ownership of recurring cost.., etc.

Smart meter data traffic has no impact on mobile operator’s network, but the installed base will consume a considerable amount of resources of SGW.

No incentive to the monopolistic electricity supplier.

*most likely scenarioSource : Dr. Kenny Huang

Causal Analysis : Thinking Out of The Box

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Monopoly Electricity Market

*Deregulation

Legislative Requirements

Competition and Innovations

Renewable Energy and Smart Infrastructure

Monopoly Electricity Market

Renewable Energy and Smart Infrastructure

Monopoly market hasn’t been evolved by itself

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