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Tables And Figures To Accompany Prepared Testimony
Nicholas Eberstadt, Ph.D.
Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy
American Enterprise Institute
Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging
U.S. Senate
Washington, D.C.
November 20, 2013
Source: Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available at www.mortality.org, Accessed November 15, 2013.
19501952
19541956
19581960
19621964
19661968
19701972
19741976
19781980
19821984
19861988
19901992
19941996
19982000
20022004
20062008
201055
60
65
70
75
80
85
Figure 1Life Expectancy at Birth, USA vs. 23 Never-Communist
OECD countries, 1950-2011 (years)
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
USA
19501952
19541956
19581960
19621964
19661968
19701972
19741976
19781980
19821984
19861988
19901992
19941996
19982000
20022004
20062008
20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 2Infant Mortality Rate for the USA and 23 Never-Communist OECD countries,
1950-2011 (deaths per 1000 births)Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
USA
Source: Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available at www.mortality.org, Accessed November 15, 2013.
Poverty Rate (2010)
Percent Adults Age 25+ without High school Degree (2009)
Gini Coefficient for Family Income (2010)
Percent with no health insurance (2010)
Age-Adjusted Percentage of Adults Age 18+ With no Health Care Visits over Previous 12 Months (2009)
Age standardized mortality rate (2008-2010)
Index of Age Standardized Mortality 2008-2010 (All = 100)
White, not Hispanic 9.9 9.6 0.418 11.7 16.5 755.0 101
Asian Pacific 12.2 14.7 0.427 18.4 24.2 424.3 57
Black, not Hispanic
27.4 (classified as Black alone) 18.6 0.463 20.8 19.7
898.2(classified as
Black or African American) 120
Hispanic(any race) 26.5 39.1 0.456 30.7 29.8 558.6 75
All 15.1 14.7 0.440 16.3 19.5 747.0 100
Sources: Poverty Rate: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032011/pov/POV01_100.htm; Education: Camille L. Ryan and Julie Siebens, Educational attainment in the United States: 2009, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-556 (February 2012), Table 1, http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p20-566.pdf ; Gini coefficient for family income: U.S. Census Bureau, “Historical Income Tables: Income Inequality”, Table F-4, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/inequality/ ; Health Insurance: Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadetter D. Proctor, Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-239, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010, Figure 7 and Table 8, http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf ; Health Care Use: Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Peregoy JA. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2011. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(256). 2012., Table 35, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_256.pdf ; Mortality: Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2012, Table 20, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm#fig01 . All Data Accessed November 15, 2013.
Table 1Socioeconomic Disparities and Mortality in the United States, by Ethnicity, c. 2010
Source: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Compressed Mortality File, See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), Health, United States, 2012, Table 25, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm#fig01 , Accessed November 15, 2013
19801982
19841986
19881990
19921994
19961998
20002002
20042006
20082010
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
1,000.0
1,100.0
Figure 3Age Standardized Mortality for Females by Ethnicity:
USA, 1980-2010
All Black or African American Asian or Pacific IslanderHispanic or Latino White, not Hispanic or Latino
Source: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Compressed Mortality File, See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), Health, United States, 2012, Table 25, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm#fig01 , Accessed November 15, 2013
19801981
19821983
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
2010300.0
500.0
700.0
900.0
1,100.0
1,300.0
1,500.0
1,700.0
1,900.0
Figure 4Age Standardized Mortality for Males by Ethnicity:
USA, 1980-2010
All Black or African American Asian or Pacific IslanderHispanic or Latino White, not Hispanic or Latino
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201070
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
Figure 5Life Expectancy at Birth in Los Angeles County by Ethnicity, 2001-2010
with 2010-12 Poverty Rate by Ethnicity
Asian/Pacific Islander Black Hispanic White
Life
Expe
ctan
cy
2010 Asian Poverty Rate: 12.7%
2010 Hispanic Poverty Rate: 23.7%
2010 White, non Hispanic Poverty Rate: 10.2%
2010 Black Poverty Rate: 24.2%
Life Expectancy Legend:
Sources: Life expectancy dataset, County of Los Angeles, Department of Public Health, https://dqs.publichealth.lacounty.gov/query.aspx?d=3, Accessed November 15, 2013; Poverty Rate Statistics: Poverty Status in the Past (S1701): Los Angeles County, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2010-2012
Sources: NYC DOHMH Bureau of Vital statistics from Li W, Maduro G, Begier EM. Life Expectancy in New York City: What Accounts for the Gains? New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: Epi Research Report, March 2013; 1-12.Poverty Rate Statistics: Poverty Status in the Past 12 months(S1701): New York City, New York, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2010.
Figure 6Life Expectancy at Birth by Race/Ethnicity in New York City, 2001-2010;
with Poverty Rate at 2010 by Ethnicity 2010 HispanicPoverty Rate27.9%
2010 White, non-Hispanic Poverty Rate12.1%
2010 Black Poverty Rate23.0%
Notes: Rates are age adjusted. Asian data prior to 1993 excluded due to changes in category definition. Sources: US Census 1990 and 2006; NYC DOHMH neighborhood population estimates, 2000-2006; Bureau of Vital Statistics, NYC DOHMH, 1990-2006 from Myers C, Olson C, Kerker B, Thorpe L., Greene C., Farley T. Reducing Health Disparities in New York City: Health Disparities in Life Expectancy and Death. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2010. Poverty Rate Statistics: Poverty Status in the Past (S1701): New York City, New York, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2005.
2006 Black21.4%
2006 White, non-Hispanic10.9%
2006 Hispanic28.6%
2006Asian17.9%
Figure 7Age Standardized Mortality by Race/Ethnicity in New York City, 1990-2006;
with 2006 NYC poverty rate by ethnicity
Source: Bureau of Vital Statistics, NYC DOHMH, and New York State Dept. Health Bureau of Biometrics, 2004-2006 combined; NYC neighborhood population estimates, 2004-2006 combined from Myers C, Olson C, Kerker B, Thorpe L., Greene C., Farley T. Reducing Health Disparities in New York City: Health Disparities in Life Expectancy and Death. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2010.
Figure 8
Figure 9Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. African Americans by State
Distric
t of C
olumbia
Turke
y
Arkansas
Estonia
Nebras
ka
Tenness
ee
Missouri
Illinois
South
Carolin
a
Kentu
cky
Indiana
Kansas
United St
ates
Virginia
Iowa
Slova
kia
Minnesota
New Je
rsey
Mexico
Czech Rep
ublic
Wash
ington
Connecticu
t
Colorado
Oregon
Massac
husetts
New Yo
rk
Rhode Isla
nd
Luxe
mbourg
Greece
Irelan
d
German
y
Netherl
ands
Israe
lSp
ain
Canad
aIta
lyJap
an70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council, http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29 (Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)
Turke
y
Hungary
West
Virginia
Mexico
Alabam
a
Kentu
cky
Czech Rep
ublic
Slove
nia
Tenness
ee
Georgi
aTe
xas
Indiana
North Caro
lina
Denmark
South
KoreaMain
e
United St
ates
Oregon
Delaware
Montana
Luxe
mbourgAlas
ka
Rhode Isla
nd
Austria
Greece
United Kingd
om
New Ham
pshire
Wash
ington
Florid
aIowa
Wisc
onsin
Colorado
Utah
Arizona
Netherl
ands
Connecticu
tIsr
ael
North Dak
ota
South
Dakota
Canad
a
Australi
a
Switz
erlan
d
Distric
t of C
olumbia70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
Figure 10Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. White Americans by State
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council, http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29 (Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)
Figure 11Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. Hispanic Americans by State
Turke
y
Hungary
Poland
Czech Rep
ublicChile
Portuga
l
Mississ
ippi
Louisi
ana
Oklahoma
New M
exico
Luxe
mbourg
Kentu
cky
Austria
United Kingd
om
South
Carolin
a
German
y
North Caro
lina
Netherl
ands
OhioIsr
ael
Swed
en
Colorado
Marylan
d
France
Delaware
Texa
s
Australi
a
Switz
erlan
d
Rhode Isla
ndIowa
Florid
a
United St
ates
Connecticu
tIdah
o
Nebras
ka
Wash
ington
Massac
husetts
Nevad
a70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council, http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29 (Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)
Figure 12Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. Asian Americans by State
Turke
y
Hungary
Poland
Czech Rep
ublicChile
Denmark
Finlan
d
Luxe
mbourg
Greece
Irelan
d
German
y
Netherl
ands
Israe
lSp
ain
Canad
aIta
ly
Hawaii
Louisi
ana
Tenness
ee
North Caro
lina
Missouri
Kansas
Minnesota
Florid
a
Californ
ia
United St
ates
Pennsyl
vania
Texa
s
Michiga
n
New Yo
rk
Massac
husetts
New Je
rsey
Connecticu
t70727476788082848688909294
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council, http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29 (Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Hispanic
WhiteAsian
Black
All
HispanicWhite
Asian
Black
All
Figure 13Infant Mortality Rate (2009) vs. Poverty Rate (2010): US Native born vs. Foreign born mothers by ethnicity
Native born mother Foreign born mother
Poverty Rate
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rate
Source: Infant mortality rate: T.J. Mathews and Marian MacDorman, Infant Mortality Statistics From the 2009 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol 61, No. 8, January 24, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_08.pdf. Poverty Rate data: Center for Immigration Studies, “Poverty, Welfare, and the Uninsured,” Immigrants in the United States: A profile of America’s Foreign born Population, Table 10, http://cis.org/node/3876#poverty, Accessed November 15, 2013.
8th grade or less
9th-12th grade, no diploma
High school graduate or GED completes
Some college, no degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree
Doctorate or Professional degree Total
Married Non-Hispanic Black 10.25 10.77 10.48 8.5 5.56 9.44
Unmarried Non-Hispanic Black 12.55 14.84 13.06 11.74 10.21 12.86 12.81
Married Non-Hispanic White 6.42 8.37 5.6 4.58 3.28 2.97 3.58 4.24
Unmarried Non-Hispanic White 8.43 10.03 7.53 5.66 5.66 7.13
Table 2Infant Mortality Rate by Ethnicity, marital status, and education level,
2007-2009
Source: United States Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS), Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Division of Vital Statistics (DVS), Linked Birth / Infant Death Records 2007-2009 on CDC WONDER On-line Database. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/lbd-current.html on Nov 17, 2013
Source: Marian MacDorman and T.J. Mathews, Behind international rankings of infant mortality: How the United States compares with Europe, Table 2, International Journal of Health Services, Volume 40, Number 4, Pages 577–588, 2010.
22–23 weeks 24–27 weeks 28–31 weeks 32–36 weeks 37 and over1.00
10.00
100.00
1,000.00
Figure 14 Gestational age-specific infant mortality rates,
United States vs. selected European countries, 2004
Scotland Northern Ireland Denmark Finland Austria England and Wales United States Norway Sweden
