The  Proof  of  Concept  risk  analysis  studies  are  showing  the  usefulness  of    par8cipatory  methods  in  risk  assessment  and  many  examples  of  the  applica8on  are  being  generated.  

Safe  food,  fair  food  (BMZ/ILRI)  

We  are  finding  significant  threats  of  animal  source  foods  for  public  health  in  sub-­‐Saharan  Africa  which  have  to  be  mi8gated  immediately  through  risk  communica8ons  and  risk  managements.  

Makita, K., Grace, D., Randolph, T.F., Baker, D. and Staal, S. MK03, Improving Market Opportunities Theme, ILRI

Building  capacity  to  improve  the  safety  of  animal-­‐source  foods  and  ensure  con8nued  market  access  for  poor  farmers  in  sub-­‐Saharan  Africa  

OBJECTIVES: This project aims to establish the capacity for the sustained promotion of risk-based approaches to improve food safety and participation of the poor in informal markets for livestock products in sub-Saharan Africa.

ACHIEVEMENTS: We are in the third year and the results of the situational analysis related with food-borne zoonoses were presented in national workshops with stakeholders of food safety in most of the study countries. The risks prioritized in each country are being assessed as shown in Figure 1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This project is funded by BMZ/ILRI. Also, a Kenyan study is partly supported by PSDA/BMZ. Two other Kenyan and two Tanzanian studies are partly funded by ASARECA. The Ethiopian study is partly supported by the Italian Embassy. We thank these donors.

KEY FINDINGS: Participatory methods are powerful tools for food safety risk assessment in sub-Saharan Africa. The applications of such methods are being explored by students (Figure 2). The impacts of this project are already significant and the number of studies increased from 4 (in 2008) to 18.

DIFFICULTIES FACED: Participatory methods are being explored by the students at the institutes with experience in participatory appraisals. However, for the other students based in the veterinary or food science institutes without such experience, it was hard for them to become familiar with the participatory ideas in risk analysis. We are supporting these students at several stages to promote participatory methods. Initially the risk analysis training included stochastic modelling; however such statistics were too advanced to learn in a short period and deterministic modelling is being used.

Figure 2: Most common flow of participatory risk analysis (participatory methods shown in red)

Identification of biological critical control points

Literature review Fault tree

Identification of quantitative value chain

Probability selection of communities Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) Key-informant interviews (KII)

Biological sampling

Sampling and diagnoses Questionnaires PRA, RRA, KII

Risk assessment Risk communication

Focus group discussions National stakeholders' workshops

HACCP Hazard characterization Exposure assessment Risk Characterization Other statistics

Figure 1: Countries participating and the proof of concept risk analysis studies

Ethiopia • Staphylococcus aureus poisoning through milk consumption in Debre Zeit Kenya • E. coli contamination in cattle abattoirs • E. coli in beef value chain in Nairobi • Brucellosis in milk in Kasarani, Nairobi • Microbiological quality and pH of milk from smallholder farms in Nairobi and Eldoret Tanzania • S. aureus in milk in Dar es Salaam • Camplylobacter infection at nyama choma pubs in Arusha Mozambique • Prerequisites for HACCP in small scale poultry production in Maputo

Côte d’Ivoire • Contamination of informally marketed milk with several pathogens in Abidjan • Potential inhibition of pathogens by Bifidobacterium in marketed milk in Abidjan • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish

Mali • One health risk analysis for brucellosis • Perception and motivations in food safety

Ghana • Listeria monocytogenes in milk in Accra South Africa • S. aureus in dried beef product in Pretoria • Food safety in tribal rituals • Impala game meat for exportation and informal marketing