Ryan’s Bio Final Ryan’s Bio Final ProjectProject

An in depth look at what An in depth look at what happened in Shap’s room from happened in Shap’s room from

February to JuneFebruary to June

BiologyBiology

Biology is the study Biology is the study of living organismsof living organisms

‘‘nuff saidnuff said

Lab SafetyLab Safety• ALWAYS wear your safety goggles when

doing labs

• Don’t fool around in the lab

• Always know what’s going on around you

Scientific MethodScientific MethodThe scientific method is the The scientific method is the

systematic pursuit of knowledge systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and involving the recognition and

formulation of a problemformulation of a problem

Scientific Method stepsScientific Method steps

• Name the problem or question

• Form a hypothesis

• Test hypothesis by doing an experiment

• Check and interpret your results

Nature of lifeNature of lifeTo be alive, something must…To be alive, something must…

1.1. BE COMPOSED OF CELLSBE COMPOSED OF CELLS

2.2. HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

3.3. USE ENERGYUSE ENERGY

4.4. RESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTRESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT

5.5. GROWGROW

6.6. REPRODUCEREPRODUCE

7.7. ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTADAPT TO ENVIRONMENT

Microscopy…Microscopy………is the technical field of using is the technical field of using

microscopes to view samples or microscopes to view samples or objects.objects.

Scientists use microscopes to Scientists use microscopes to view cells and other microscopic view cells and other microscopic organisms. Without microscopes, organisms. Without microscopes, science and technology wouldn’t science and technology wouldn’t

be nearly as advanced as it is be nearly as advanced as it is now.now.

Animal CellsAnimal Cells

• Mitochondrion-site of cellular respiration

• Endoplasmic Reticulum-transports chemicals between cells and within cells

• Vacuole-store insoluble wastes

• Golgi App.-modifies chemicals to make them functional

• Centrioles-forms spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell                  division

• Nucleus- the control center of the cell

Plant CellsPlant Cells

Same organelles as animal cell except…

• Chloroplasts-the site of photosynthesis

Cell functionCell functionThe cell is a self-replicating unit The cell is a self-replicating unit

that may exist as functional that may exist as functional independent unit of life or as sub-independent unit of life or as sub-

unit in a multicellular organism unit in a multicellular organism that is specialized into carrying out that is specialized into carrying out

particular functions towards the particular functions towards the cause of the organism as a whole. cause of the organism as a whole.

MitosisMitosisMitosis is the splitting of a cell. It Mitosis is the splitting of a cell. It

occurs in four phases.occurs in four phases.• Prophase- Formation of paired chromosomes disappearance of nuclear membrane, appearance of the achromatic spindle, formation of polar bodies

• Metaphase- arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial plane

• Anaphase-the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster.

• Telophase-two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, forming two complete daughter cells.

DiffusionDiffusionDiffusion is the passive movement Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or particles along a of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of regions of higher to regions of

lower concentrationlower concentration

This is one way things are This is one way things are transported in and out of the celltransported in and out of the cell

OsmosisOsmosisOsmosis is tendency of water to flow Osmosis is tendency of water to flow

from a hypotonic solution (low from a hypotonic solution (low concentration of dissolved substances) concentration of dissolved substances)

to hypertonic solution (higher to hypertonic solution (higher concentration of dissolved substances) concentration of dissolved substances)

across a semipermiable membraneacross a semipermiable membrane

This is another way for the This is another way for the transportation of things in and out transportation of things in and out

of the cellof the cell

Active transportActive transportOsmosis and diffusion all occur by Osmosis and diffusion all occur by

themselves through changes in themselves through changes in pressure and concentration. When pressure and concentration. When something needs to be moved by something needs to be moved by

other means, it is called active other means, it is called active transport. An example of this is transport. An example of this is

Contranslational transport which is Contranslational transport which is the process whereby a protein is the process whereby a protein is

moved across a membrane as it is moved across a membrane as it is being synthesised. being synthesised.

Biochemical reactionsBiochemical reactionsBiochemical reactions occur when Biochemical reactions occur when

chemicals interact and cause a chemicals interact and cause a reaction. These occur all the time reaction. These occur all the time and are aided by enzymes (see and are aided by enzymes (see

next slide)next slide) EXAMPLES

•Making cholesterol

•Photosynthesis

•Cellular respiration

•Vinegar and baking soda

EnzymesEnzymesAn enzyme is a catalyst or a An enzyme is a catalyst or a

chemical produced by cells to chemical produced by cells to speed up specific chemical speed up specific chemical

reaction reaction

Enzymes work in cells. The Enzymes work in cells. The Lysosome is a digestive enzyme.Lysosome is a digestive enzyme.

Gregor MendelGregor Mendel

Monk who did experiments with pea plants to see how genes are passed on to offspring and how traits are inherited. He was the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of a living thing.

MeiosisMeiosisMeiosis is the splitting of gametes Meiosis is the splitting of gametes or sex cells. Each cell has half as or sex cells. Each cell has half as many chromosomes because it many chromosomes because it

needs to match up with another of needs to match up with another of the opposite sex to form a zygote.the opposite sex to form a zygote.

Punnett SquaresPunnett SquaresUsed to predict which genes the Used to predict which genes the

offspring of two parents will inheritoffspring of two parents will inherit

InheritanceInheritance

The offspring of two The offspring of two parents parents INHERITINHERIT the the

parents traits. If both the parents traits. If both the male and female have male and female have

dominant brown hair traits, dominant brown hair traits, the offspring will the offspring will INHERITINHERIT

brown hair.brown hair.

(Deoxyribonucleic acid)Say that 5 times fast.

DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell

growth, division, and function.

Structure (of dna)Structure (of dna)• DNA is made up of subunits which scientists called nucleotides. • Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a base. • There are 4 different bases in a DNA molecule:

1. adenine (a purine)

2. cytosine (a pyrimidine)

3. guanine (a purine)

1. thymine (a pyrimidine) • The number of purine bases equals the number of pyrimidine

bases • The number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine

bases • The number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine

bases • The basic structure of the DNA molecule is helical, with the

bases being stacked on top of each other

Replication (of dna)Replication (of dna)When replicating, the double helix structure When replicating, the double helix structure uncoils so that each strand of DNA can be uncoils so that each strand of DNA can be

exposed. When they uncoil, the nucleotides are exposed. When they uncoil, the nucleotides are exposed so that the freely available nucleotides exposed so that the freely available nucleotides can pair up with them. When all nucleotides are can pair up with them. When all nucleotides are

paired up with their new partners, they re-coil into paired up with their new partners, they re-coil into the double helix. As there are two strands of DNA the double helix. As there are two strands of DNA

involved in replication, the first double helix involved in replication, the first double helix produces 2 copies of itself via each strand.produces 2 copies of itself via each strand.

RnaRnaTransfers information to the Transfers information to the protein forming system of protein forming system of

the cellthe cell

Fun fact-RNA is the genetic Fun fact-RNA is the genetic material of some virusesmaterial of some viruses

Biotechnology…Biotechnology…

……is the technology that is the technology that allows for the alteration of allows for the alteration of an organisms genetics and an organisms genetics and

DNA.DNA.

Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering

A form of biotechnology. Plants A form of biotechnology. Plants can be genetically modified to be can be genetically modified to be immune of all herbicides so that immune of all herbicides so that farmers have a healthier crop. farmers have a healthier crop.

Anything can be genetically Anything can be genetically engineered to produce a desired engineered to produce a desired

effect.effect.

Genetic disordersGenetic disordersA genetic disorder is a condition

caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. Certain

diseases can be the result of a genetic disorder.

Charles DarwinCharles DarwinCharles Darwin did Charles Darwin did

extensive research and extensive research and was one of the firsts to was one of the firsts to document evolution. He document evolution. He did his research on the did his research on the

Galapagos Islands. Here Galapagos Islands. Here he found many species he found many species that had adapted to their that had adapted to their

environments. environments.

                 

    

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EvolutionEvolutionThis whole theory of transformation is based

on the fact that when random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival, a process known

as natural selection.

Natural selectionNatural selectionNatural Selection is the idea formulated by Natural Selection is the idea formulated by

Darwin that consists of differential survival and Darwin that consists of differential survival and reproduction among members of a population reproduction among members of a population

or species in nature, due to variation in the or species in nature, due to variation in the possession of adaptive genetic traits. Natural possession of adaptive genetic traits. Natural

selection, the major driving force of evolution, is selection, the major driving force of evolution, is a process leading to greater adaptation of a process leading to greater adaptation of

organisms to their environment.organisms to their environment.

Sexual selectionSexual selectionSelection which promotes traits that will Selection which promotes traits that will

increase an organism's success in mating and increase an organism's success in mating and ensuring that its gametes are successful in ensuring that its gametes are successful in

fertilization. This is distinct from natural fertilization. This is distinct from natural selection which acts simply on traits which selection which acts simply on traits which

influence fecundity and survival.influence fecundity and survival.

Classification Classification (the 5 Kingdoms)(the 5 Kingdoms)

MoneraMonera•Unicellular Unicellular (single-celled) (single-celled) •Cell wall Cell wall usuallyusually•Bacteria Bacteria •Cyano-Cyano-bacteria (blue-bacteria (blue-green algaegreen algae))

ProtistaProtista•UnicellularUnicellular•Paramecium Paramecium •Amoeba Amoeba •Some algae Some algae •Slime Slime mouldsmoulds

FungiFungi•Unicellular Unicellular or or multicellular multicellular (many-(many-celled) celled) •Cell wall Cell wall •No No chloroplastchloroplastss•MushroomMushrooms s •Moulds Moulds •YeastYeast

PlantaePlantae•Unicellular Unicellular or or multicellular multicellular •Cell wall Cell wall •ChloroplastChloroplasts for s for photosynthephotosynthesissis•Ferns Ferns •Pine trees Pine trees •RosesRoses

AnimaliaAnimalia•Unicellular Unicellular or or multicellular multicellular •No cell No cell walls nor walls nor chloroplastschloroplasts•Humans Humans •Coral Coral •SpiderSpider

EcosystemsEcosystems

An ecosystem is The complex of An ecosystem is The complex of a community of organisms and a community of organisms and its environment functioning as its environment functioning as

an ecological unitan ecological unit

Interactions in EcologyInteractions in EcologyEXAMPLES OF INTERACTONS:EXAMPLES OF INTERACTONS:

1.1. The food web-predators and preyThe food web-predators and prey

2.2. Mating-sexual reproductionMating-sexual reproduction

3.3. Fighting- competitionFighting- competition

4.4. Co-evolution-plant and animal adapt only Co-evolution-plant and animal adapt only to each otherto each other

Food websFood websA diagram of what eats what in a A diagram of what eats what in a

certain environment.certain environment.

Population StudiesPopulation StudiesMany scientific experiments can be done by Many scientific experiments can be done by

testing and doing studies on a certain testing and doing studies on a certain organism population. For instance, if the organism population. For instance, if the

population of fish in a pond is 200 in 2001, population of fish in a pond is 200 in 2001, then only 100 in 2003, scientists can use then only 100 in 2003, scientists can use

this information to find out why the this information to find out why the population decreased.population decreased.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is the process by Photosynthesis is the process by

which plants convert water and carbon which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, using dioxide into carbohydrates, using

sunlight as the source of energy and sunlight as the source of energy and the aid of chlorophyll.the aid of chlorophyll.

Greenhouse effectsGreenhouse effects

The greenhouse effect is when energy is absorbed from the sun and stays inside the particular environment, resulting in a constant recycling of energy inside the environment.

Human impact in the biosphereHuman impact in the biosphere

Humans have a huge impact in the biosphere. Every time we run our cars, dump our trash, and release toxins into the environment, we pollute the atmosphere and hurt the earth. Humans also help the biosphere by planting crops and trees, decomposing nutrient rich compost, and breeding animals.

BibliographyBibliography

• http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/excite/files_in_use/steps_of_the_scientific_method.htm

• http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cells.htm• http://www.biology-online.org• http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm• http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/DNA_structure.php

Bio-Related Movie Clip & Bio-Related Movie Clip & explanation from…explanation from…

Jurassic Park movie clipJurassic Park movie clipThis Clip relates to biology because of the way the dinosaurs were born and the way they reproduced. The dinosaurs were reincarnated by scientists using genetic engineering and biotechnology. The DNA of a dinosaur found in the prehistoric mosquito was spliced in with the DNA of a frog. When the frog mated, a dinosaur was conceived.

Also, all the dinosaurs put in the theme park were females. They then changed into males because of the frog DNA. In the clip, it was mentioned that the frog could change spontaneously from a female into a male. This explains how the dinosaurs mated and had eggs. A more probable explanation would have been that the dinosaurs inherited a trait that would allow for asexual reproduction.