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Seismic Refraction
Some uses of seismic refraction
• Mapping bedrock topography • Determining the depth of gravel, sand or clay
deposits • Delineating perched water tables • Determining the depth to the water table • Detecting subsurface caverns • Estimating rippability • Detecting shallow faults and fracture zones • Detecting large boulders
ACTIVE STANDARD: D5777-00(2006) Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for
Subsurface Investigation $42.90 for PDF
• Developed by Subcommittee: D18.01See Related Work by this SubcommitteeAdoptions: Book of Standards Volume: 04.09
• 1. Scope
• This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method.
• Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental, mineral exploration, petroleum exploration, and archaeological investigations.
• The seismic refraction method is used to map geologic conditions including depth to bedrock, or to water table, stratigraphy, lithology, structure, and fractures or all of these.
• The calculated seismic wave velocity is related to mechanical material properties. Therefore, characterization of the material (type of rock, degree of weathering, and rippability) is made on the basis of seismic velocity and other geologic information.
Refraction Lay Out
Seismic Refraction
• Advantages– Simple layout– Low manpower requirements
– Limited Equipment Requirements– Rapid data reduction and analysis (computer
not needed)
– Easy interpretation
Seismic Refraction
• Disadvantages– Relatively large energy input required– Relatively long layout (10 times depth)
– Limited number of model layers– Limited velocity differences– Limited interface geometry (assume smooth)
Rippability versus seismic velocity. (Caterpillar.
Handbook of Ripping, 8 th Edition)
Direct Wave
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0 20 40 60 80
Meters
mil
isec
on
ds
0.00
Simple Plot
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance (meters)
Tim
e (m
ilis
eco
nd
s)
Distance TimeD Time R
0 0 30
6 8 32
12 16 34
18 24 36
24 32 38
30 40 40
36 48 42
42 56 44
48 64 46
54 72 48
60 80 50
66 88 52
72 96 54
78 104 56
84 112 58
Direct and Refracted Waves
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0 20 40 60 80
meters
mil
isec
on
ds
Series1
Series2
Two Equations for Simple Refraction
These two equations should give the same answer. It should be less than half the crossover distance.
Steps in solving for depth
• 1 Determine the velocities of both layers in meters per second or feet per second
• 2 Determine the crossover distance
• 3 Determine the time intercept for V2
• 4 Determine the depth to layer 2 using
• Both refraction equations (internal check)
Up DipDown Dip
Dipping Bed Equations
+
=
−
=
−−
−−
udc
ud
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
2
11
2
11
2
11
2
11
sinsin2
1
sinsin2
1
θ
γ