R callaghan DT774 Energy and Retrofit Presentation

Richard CallaghanD11125988

DT774 PG Cert DAER

Energy and Retrofit

Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013

In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex


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Energy and Retrofit In relation to the Flat Top Block ComplexProject 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013

What do we mean by ‘energy use’ in this context?

How do we measure energy use in dwellings?

The energy required for the space heating, ventilation, water heating and lighting of a dwelling.

Where does the energy used in dwellings come from?

Energy used may be from the electricity grid, the combustion of natural gas, fossil fuels and biomass, renewable technologies (solar, wind, etc.)

BER assessment: an indication of the energy performance of a dwelling.In-use measurement: monitoring energy bills.


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What is energy use measured in?

What is primary and delivered energy usage in dwellings?

There are many units that energy is expressed in(Joules, Calories, Horsepower, BTU, etc.)Kilowatt-hours (kWh) of Energy are used in BER assessments.

What can one Kilowatt-hour do?

Run a 11W CFL Bulb for 90 hours.Run a 3kW kettle for 20 minutes.Run a 20kW Gas boiler for 3 minutes.

Delivered energy is the amount of energy expended at the point of use. e.g. The energy measured at the electricity meter.Primary energy is the total amount of energy used including the energy requirements for the conversion of primary sources (oil, gas, peat) and the transferring of the energy to the dwelling. e.g. Energy used in oil refining and electricity losses during transmission.


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Source: SEAI Energy Statistics Databank from www.cso.ie

Irish Energy Use by Sector for 2011Transport (40%)

Residential (25%)

Industry (20%)

Commercial services (7%)

Public services (5%)

Agricultural and Fisheries (3%)

Importance of creating sustainable energy supply for dwellings

http://www.cso.ie/px/sei/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=SEI06&ti=Fuel+Consumption+(ktoe)+by+Sector,+Fuel+Type+and+Year&path=../DATABASE/SEI/Energy%20Balance%20Statistics/&lang=1

http://www.cso.ie/px/sei/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=SEI06&ti=Fuel+Consumption+(ktoe)+by+Sector,+Fuel+Type+and+Year&path=../DATABASE/SEI/Energy%20Balance%20Statistics/&lang=1


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Sustainable Energy / Energy Conservation

There are many reasons why dwellings should be made more energy efficient:

Societal: no fuel poverty, national fuel security, health and wellbeing, ensuring sustainable energy supply for future generations.

Financial:Lower operating costs, less wastage (through inefficiency), counteract increasing oil & gas prices.

Environmental: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce airborne particles and pollution, less mining, fracking or oil drilling.


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Energy Conservation Targets and Controls

International Policy Drivers:

• Kyoto Protocol

• EU Climate and Energy Package (20-20-20 targets)

• Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC and Re-cast 2010/31/EU)

• EU Renewable Energy Supply - Electricity Directive

National Policy Drivers:

• National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2 (NEEAP)

• National Spatial Strategy

• National Development Plan

• National Climate Change Strategy

National Regulations & Guidance Documents:

• Part L (2011) Conservation of Fuel and Energy

• Part F (2009) Ventilation

• Part J (1997) Heat Producing Appliances


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Energy Conservation and RetrofitSimilar benefits exist as to why retrofit is a progressive policy in relation to both monetary expenditure and energy expenditure.

• Existing building structure.

• Embodied energy of existing building.

• Embodied CO2 of existing building.

• Future-proofing of asset.

• Existing Infrastructure.

• Existing Local Services.

• Existing Communities• Quicker return on investment

through lifecycle cost savings


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DEAP Assessment Tool

The Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) is the official Irish method for calculating and assessing the energy required in dwellings.

Used to demonstrate compliance with the EPBD and elements of Part L.

DEAP calculates the primary energy per square meter per annum. ( kWh/m²/y ) The BER grade is based on this figure.

Items included in calculations of the required energy input:• Space Heating – fabric heat loss (planar + LTB), ventilation heat loss.• Domestic Hot Water – based on floor areas / occupancy and efficiency of

boiler and controls and insulation of pipework.• Lighting – proportion of energy efficiency lightbulbs• Fans and pumps – for ventilation (heat recovery), for renewables (pump

SHW), for flues (in boilers).

Energy use that DEAP doesn’t count:• Non-fixed appliances and heaters.• Energy used to construct building and produce building fabric.• Actual in-use measurements.


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DEAP Calculator as a Design Tool

During the design process DEAP can be used to measure the progress of the proposal to meet any energy performance targets set.

Input geometry and areas of proposal.

Input ventilation systems

Input u-values of Fabric.

Input lighting values.

Input window u-values and orientation.

Input SH & DHW system specifications

Check Preliminary Result

Redesign proposal (if required)


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Energy Targets Set in Flat Top Block Retrofit Performance Specification

• Hygrothermal analysis for all enclosing elements using the Glaser (steady state) method in accordance with Irish Building Regulations.

• Surface temperature/condensation risk (fRsi) calculation for internal surfaces of the thermal envelope in ground and fifth floor rooms adjacent to the gable in accordance with Irish Building Regulations.

• Full compliance with Irish Building Regulations as if it were a new building.

• BER of A2 using the DEAP methodology (with calculated y-factor).

Criteria indirectly affecting energy strategy.


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Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Existing Flat Top Block

Unit 9 located in the Long Block. BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y

Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Pumps and Fans0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000 Delivered EnergyPrimary EnergyRenewable Energy

kWh/

y


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Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Retrofitted Flat Top Block

Mid Floor Type A2 Unit. BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y

Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Pumps and Fans0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500 Delivered EnergyPrimary EnergyRenewable Energy

kWh/

y


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Heat Loss Comparison - Existing and RetrofitUnit 9 located in the Long Block. BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y

-v-Mid Floor Type A2 Unit. BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y

Ventilation Fabric - Planar Fabric - LTB0

50

100

150

200

250 Existing Building

Proposed Retrofit

W/K


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Methods Employed to improve Energy Performance in Flat Top Block Retrofit

Improvement of u-values of building envelope. Reduction of heat loss through linear thermal bridgesIncreased air-tightness of envelope.

Group heating system with high efficiency, and Solar Thermal Panels and CHP incorporated.


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The Benefits of Renewable Energy Production

For the environment: Renewables reduce the need to burn fossil fuels and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is a more sustainable energy system.

Financially: After the initial expenditure the energy costs from renewables are negligible in comparison to energy utility costs. Payback period from reduced utility bills varies for different technologies and projects.

There are many varieties of renewable technologies available to choose from:solar thermal, photovoltaic panels, micro-wind power, biomass combustion, heat pumps, etc.


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The importance of Renewable Energy Production

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Solar thermal were employed in the Flat Top Block Retrofit proposal.

Within DEAP: The net energy produced by the technology is subtracted from delivered energy in the DEAP assessment. Thus the associated primary energy factor and CO2 emissions are reduced.

Flat plate solar panels have been shown above the balcony areas and on the main roof. These provide a substantial proportion of heat energy to the DHW and SH systems.

While gas fired CHP is not considered to be a renewable energy source, the lack of transmission losses allow for much greater electrical efficiencies and lower CO2 emissions within the scheme. Other micro-generation systems have a similar advantage.

TGD Part L: The minimum requirements for dwellings is 10 kWh/m²/y contributing to water and space heating or 4 kWh/m²/y to electrical energy.


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Energy Use versus Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Different fuels and energy sources have varying CO2 emission factors. Some examples are shown in the table to the right.

TGD Part L prescribes the Maximum Permitted Carbon Performance Coefficient (MPCPC) for dwellings as 0.46.

The average MPCPC for the dwellings in the existing building is approximately 1.8.

The average MPCPC for the Flat Top Block design proposal is 0.235 which indicates that the proposed scheme will comply with the requirements of Part L for CO2 emissions.

Primary energy factor

CO2 emission factor

[kg/kWh]Gas mains gas 1.1 0.203Oil heating oil 1.1 0.272

Solid fuelmanufactured smokeless fuel 1.2 0.392

peat briquettes 1.1 0.377 wood logs 1.1 0.025

Electricity electricity 2.42 0.524

Group heating

waste heat from power stations 1.1 0.057


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Energy in the Retrofit Context - Reflections

A successful retrofit scheme will deliver a building that will be sustainable and future-friendly.

This will largely be achieved through a robust and highly efficient energy strategy for the proposed dwellings.

The cost of implementing a retrofit scheme should be lower than that of constructing a new-build similar project. Thus the payback period for renewable technology and highly insulated fabric should be achieved in a shorter period.

Ultimately what will determine the success of the project is the increased health, wellbeing and quality of life for the residents.

Technology

R callaghan DT774 Energy and Retrofit Presentation