FUTUREINTERNET OF THINGS

POWERING THE

M A R K W O N G

OF THE

3 0 t h M A R 2 0 1 6I o T A s i a 2 0 1 6

IoT is…

Sensors Controller Communication

20,797,000,000Smart connected devices by 20201

1Gartner, November 2015

“Audio-Visual HeadsetAugmented Reality (AR), event recorders, communication headsets

Mobile DeviceCentral Gateway to all smart devices and wearables

Smart-apparelWearable body/cardiac metrics, comfort-regulation, fatigue-detection

Smart-watchesSecondary GUI interface, short-cut access

Peripheral devicesPower cords, chargers and energy banks, laptops, tablets, entertainment devices etc.

OUR POWER CONSUMPTION IS RISINGThe way we consume power is more complex than before

TODAY’SCHALLENGESAs smart-devices becomes more pervasive, so will the problems

90’s 00’s 10’s

1Paradiso, Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2005

Storage1,000

100

10

Computing Power

Wireless Communication

Battery EnergyDensity

CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS

Snail’s Law

Moore’s Law

ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES

Energy Density (Wh/kg)

101100 102 103

Longer usage / lighter101

102

103

104

105

SCPeak Power (W/kg)

SLANiCd

NiMH Li-Co

Li-Mn Li-Air

Fuel Cell

GasolineAlcoholsAl-Air

104

Rapid release

Emerging technologies

Established technologies

Fuel-based technologies

ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES

Nickel Metal Hydride

LithiumChemistries

Metal-Air Chemistries Gasoline

C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N

S E N S O R SP O W E R

I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S

TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A SMART DEVICE

M I C R OC O N T R O L L E R

C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N

S E N S O R SM I C R O

C O N T R O L L E RP O W E R

I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S

TYPICAL CONSUMPTION OF A SMART DEVICE

LoRaWiFi HaLow

14mA

50mA

APPLICATION TRADE-OFFS

More challenging to store energy than it is to pack transistors

COMPLEXITY IN DESIGN FORM FACTORS

Image: Athos smart apparel Image: Amazon fulfilment centers

Unusual shapes

Massive deployment

Inconvenient locations

Image: WJE's DAT Team

ENERGY HARVESTINGAugmented power solutions for the next-generation IoT smart device

REMEMBER THIS?

Energy Harvester

Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic

SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY

Storage

PMIC / PMU / Load

device

Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic

SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY

Thermoelectric Photovoltaic Kinetic RF

High duty cycle (~100%)

Low duty cycle <50% Dependent High duty cycle

(~100%)

Low energy density Low energy density High energy density Low energy density

DC DC AC Half-wave AC

Temperature-dependent impedance

Low impedence Very high impedence High impedence

SOLAR ENERGY

Image: Skylock

Image: Chanel’s Eco-Couture

Single-junction Photovoltaic Panels

KINETIC ENERGY

Image: AMPY Move linear kinetic generator

Image: Solepower insole power generator

Piezoelectric generator

Kinetic eccentric mass generator

THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY

Image: Seiko Thermic TEG watch

Image: Powerpot thermogenerator

Thermoelectric generator (TEG)

RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

Image: Hatem Zeine, CEO of Ossia demonstrating the COTA power system

Image: Nikola Labs iPhone RF-harvesting casing

Rectennas

Image: WattUp wireless energy charging

AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES

Controller I/OPower EH

Lifetime

Battery life

100%

0%

Perpetual operation

ENERGY STORAGE

Lithium-Ion battery (Li-Ion)

Thin-Film Battery (TFB), LiPON

Super capacitor (SC, EDLC)

Solid-State Energy Storage

Cycle Life ~500 > 1,000 Millions 5000

Self-discharge 10% / week <2% / year >10% / minute Very Low

Energy Capacity (mAh) 1-10,000 0.1 - 10 0.01 – 1.5 0.012 – 0.05

Charge Time Hours Few minutes Seconds 30 – 50 minutes

ENERGY HARVESTER SOLUTIONS

STMicro SPV1050

Maxim MAX17710

Linear LTC3330

Analog ADP5090

Spansion MB39C811

Texas Instruments

BQ25570

Power Levels ~1mW ~10mW ~100mW 16µW-

200mW ~200mW ~200mW

Sources or and or and or

Energy storage Various Supercap MECs Various Supercap Various

49%51%

EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

EH

EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

ENERGY CAPACITY

SMART DEVICE

Power Requirement

s

Application and

environment

Systematic design

considerations

Size constraints

AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES

Remaining Power

Time

Primary power source Batteries with no EH

Battery depleted, device ceases operation

“Perpetual” operation Eharvest ≥ Econsume

“Decaying” operation Eharvest < Econsume

Device lifetime extended

Device “revives”

EMERGENT DESIGN TRENDSFOR FUTURE SMART DEVICES

FLEXIBLE & STRETCHABLE CIRCUITRY

Image: IMEC ultra-thin chip package (UTCP)

Image: 2011 University of Illinois/Northwestern flexible epidermal sensor

Image: Bluespark’s Temptraq bluetooth Temperature sensor

ULTRA-THIN BATTERIES

Image: Bluespark UT, 1.5V. 12 mAh

Image: Infinite Power SolutionsThinergy MEC 4.1V, 0.7mAh

Image: Prologium Lithium-Ceramic, 26mAh, 3.75V FLCB 255-290Wh/Kg

Image: Sekisui Chemical film-type lithium-ion battery

Image: Front Edge NanoEnergy1-5 mAh, 50microns thick

Image: Stmicroelectronics EnFilm™ micro-battery, 3.9V, 0.7mAh

Image: Powerstream battery 0.5mm thick, 3.6V, 45mAh

Image: Cymbet Enerchip 12µAh - 50µAh

HYBRID ARCHITECTURE

Battery

SC

Peak Output Assist

EH/PMIC Load 1

SCBattery

Load 2Load 3Load 4

Battery Load Reduction

SC

Energy Smoothing

Battery+SCBattery only Harvested energy

FUTURETECHNOLOGIESAugmented power solutions for the next-generation smart device

Rectenna (RF) / kinetic-EH AAA battery

Semi-flexible TEG 0.6mm-thickness, RoHS compliant 1.25V, 34.5mA,

4.5mW at 10K ΔT ~1-3 W/cm2

MICRO-OPTIMIZED EH RESEARCH AT ARTIC

EH-AUGMENTED CONSUMER BATTERIES

1. Huang, P., et al. (2016). "On-chip and freestanding elastic carbon films for micro-supercapacitors." Science 351(6274): 691-695.2. Lei Li et al. (2015) High-Performance Pseudocapacitive Microsupercapacitors from Laser-Induced Graphene, Advanced Materials3. Zhang et al. (2013) doi:10.1038/ncomms4026 – “A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway”

4. Xu, Sheng (02/2013). "Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems". Nature communications (2041-1723), 4 , p. 1543.5. IBM creates a breathing, high-density, lithium-air battery http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126745-ibm-creates-breathing-high-density-light-weight-lithium-air-battery

6. Kwon, Y. H., S.-W. Woo, et al. (2012). "Cable-Type Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Based on Hollow Multi-Helix Electrodes." Advanced Materials: 1-6.

BATTERY INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ACADEMIA

Enzymatic sugar-based biobattery3

Lithium-Air battery5

Increasing Energy Density

Silicon-based micro-supercapacitors1

laser-induced graphene (LIG) micro-supercapacitors2

Increasing Power Density /

Charge Cycles

Stretchable lithium battery4

Novel Form Factors

Cable-type flexible lithium-ion batteries6

NEW POWER SOURCES

Kraftwerk Portable Pocket Fuel Cell Power Generator1

Fujitsu Laboratories Hybrid EH for from Heat and Light

(photovoltaic + thermoelectric)2

1. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ezelleron/kraftwerk-highly-innovative-portable-power-plant2. http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2010/1209-01.html

“Thank you

Image: Deviantart - artist FMHQBattousai (2011)