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Perception
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Perception
Nature and Importance of Perception
• Cognitive process involves the ways in which people process information.
• People’s individual differences and uniqueness are largely the result of the cognitive process.
• Perception is an important process in understanding OB.
DEFINITION
• Perception is a process/ by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions/ in order to give meaning to their environment.
• It is a unique interpretation of the situation not an exact recording of it.
External environmentSensory Stimulation
Physical Environment• Office• Factory Floor• Climate• etc.
Sociocultural Environment• Management styles• Management Values.
Consequences(e.g. reinforcement/
Punishment or some org. outcome)
Consequences(e.g. reinforcement/
Punishment or some org. outcome)
Behavior(e.g. overt such as
rushing off orcovert such as
an attitude)
Behavior(e.g. overt such as
rushing off orcovert such as
an attitude)
FeedbackFor clarifications
(e.g. kinesthetic orPsychological)
FeedbackFor clarifications
(e.g. kinesthetic orPsychological)
InterpretationOf stimulus (e.g.
Motivation, learningand personality)
InterpretationOf stimulus (e.g.
Motivation, learningand personality)
Registrationof stimulus (e.g.
Sensory and neural mechanisms)
Registrationof stimulus (e.g.
Sensory and neural mechanisms)
ConfrontationOf specific
Stimulus (e.g.Supervisor or new
Procedure)
ConfrontationOf specific
Stimulus (e.g.Supervisor or new
Procedure)
STIMULUS OR SITUATIONSTIMULUS OR SITUATION PERSONPERSON
PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY• Numerous stimuli are constantly confronting
everyone. The principles of perceptual selectivity explain how and why people select only a very few stimuli at a given time.
The principles are • External Attention Factors Intensity Size Contrast
TURNOFF THE
THE ENGINE
• Internal Set Factors
Learned aspect of perceptual set
Motivation
Personality
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
• Once the information from the situation is received because of perceptual organization the person will perceive organized patterns of stimuli and identifiable whole objects.
• The person’s perceptual process organizes the incoming information into a meaningful whole.
Factors Influencing Perception:
1.) Perceiver
2.) Target
3.) Situation
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION
Factors in thesituation:•Time•Work setting• social setting
Factors in thesituation:•Time•Work setting• social setting
Factors in the target:NoveltyMotionSoundsSizeBackgroundProximitySimilarity
Factors in the target:NoveltyMotionSoundsSizeBackgroundProximitySimilarity
Factors in the perceiver:•Attitudes•Motives.•Interests•Experience•Expectation
Factors in the perceiver:•Attitudes•Motives.•Interests•Experience•Expectation
PerceptionPerception
Person Perception:
Making Judgments About Others
Shortcuts in Judging Others:
1.) Selective Perception
2.) Halo Effect
3.) Contrast Effects
4.) Projection
5.) Stereotyping
Selective PerceptionDescription• We will tend to perceive things according to our beliefs more than as they
really are, and react accordingly.• This is how placebos work. We will also ‘become’ drunk when we drink
what we believe is alcohol.
Research• Wilson and Abrams (1977) found that people’s heart rate changed in the
same way as when drunk when talking to an attractive member of the opposite sex after taking what they had been told was alcohol (but was not).
Example• Any book which is published will have been read possibly hundreds of
times, including by professional proof readers. And yet grammatical and other errors still get into print. Why? Because the mind is very kind and corrects the errors that our eyes see.
Halo Effect
Description• When we consider a person good (or bad) in one category, we are likely
to make a similar evaluation in other categories.• It is as if we cannot easily separate categories. It may also be connected
with dissonance avoidance, as making them good at one thing and bad at another would make an overall evaluation (which we do anyway) difficult.
Research
Edward Thorndike found, in the 1920s, that when army officers were asked to rate their charges in terms of intelligence, physique, leadership and character, there was a high cross-correlation.
Example• Just because I dress like a rock star, it does not mean I can sing, dance or
play the guitar (come to think of it, the same is true of some real rock stars!).
Contrast Effect
Principle• We notice difference between things, not absolute measures.
Perceptual contrast• Put your left hand in a bowl of cold water and your right in
hot water. Leave them there for a while, then plunge both together into a bowl of lukewarm water. Surprise! The left feels hot whilst the right will feel cold.
• This is the principle of Perceptual Contrast by which our senses work. Put light next to dark and it seems lighter. A stale smell will seem worse after a sweet smell. The same effect also applies to more our complex cognitive constructions.
Projection
Description• When a person has uncomfortable thoughts or feelings,
they may project these onto other people, assigning the thoughts or feelings that they need to repress to a convenient alternative target.
Example• I do not like another person. But I have a value that says I should like
everyone. So I project onto them that they do not like me. This allows me to avoid them and also to handle my own feelings of dislike.
• An unfaithful husband suspects his wife of infidelity.• A woman who is attracted to a fellow worker accuses the person of
sexual advances.
Stereotypes
Description• Stereotypes are generalizations about a group of people whereby
we attribute a defined set of characteristics to this group. These classifications can be positive or negative, such as when various nationalities are stereotyped as friendly or unfriendly.
• It is easier to create stereotypes when there is a clearly visible and consistent attribute that can easily be recognized. This is why people of color, police and women are so easily stereotyped.
Example• Stereotyping goes way beyond race and gender. Consider
conversations you have had about people from the next town, another department in your company, supporters of other football teams, and so on.
Specific Applications in Organizations:
1.) Employment Interview
2.) Performance Expectations (Self Fulfilling Prophecy)
3.) Performance Evaluation
4.) Employee Effort
Thank You