Cell Biology Life Processes

Evolution and the Diversity of LifeEcology

Which of these organelles leads to immediate cell death upon removal?

Golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum: Manufactures membranes & performs many other biosynthetic functions

Mitochondria: Sites of cellular respiration; energy transformer of the cell

Golgi apparatus: Finishes, sorts, and ships many products of the cell

Nucleus: Contains the genetic material

What will happen to a red blood cell that is 80% water if it is placed in a 40% salt solution?

It will prevent movement of water across the membrane.

It will prevent movement of salts across the membrane.

The cell will swell as water molecules accumulate inside it.

The cell will shrink as water molecules move out of it.

Water flows across a membrane from the side with a lesser concentration of solute (hypotonic) to the side with the greater concentration (hypertonic). No net osmosis occurs across membranes separating solutions of equal concentration (isotonic).

LEGEND:•Violet spheres = water molecules•Salt not graphically represented

Inside the cell:80% water, 20%

salt

Outside the cell:60% water, 40%

salt

Which term refers to the movement of molecules across a membrane that is against a concentration gradient?

osmosis

diffusion

dialysis

active transport

Active transport

The pumping of solutes against their gradients

Dialysis The process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

Diffusion The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from an area of more concentrated to less concentrated

Osmosis The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Which releases the greatest amount of usable energy per molecule of glucose broken down?

lactic acid formation in a muscle cell

fermentation by a yeast cell

glycolysis in a liver cell

aerobic respiration in an amoeba

In the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, the final electron acceptor is

PO43-

CO2

H+

O2

Which is a correct statement about photosynthesis?

The color of light most used in photosynthesis is green.

O2 generated from photosynthesis comes from CO2.

O2 is given off during the dark reaction.

Products of the light reaction of photosynthesis include ATP and NADPH.

• The light reactions in the grana produce ATP and split H2O, releasing O2 and forming NADPH by transferring e- from H2O to NADP+.

• The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma and uses ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power to form sugar from CO2.

Respiration in green plants takes place

in the dark only.

in the light only.

intermittently both in the light and in the dark.

continuously in both the light and in the dark.

All of the following are homeostatic mechanisms except

Perspiration and evaporation of water from the skin lowers the body temperature.

Phagocytic cells in a rabbit detect and engulf bacteria.

A small cut in the fingers triggers the clotting reaction.

A frog deposits its egg in a pond.

CO2 is NOT carried in the blood

attached to hemoglobin.

as bicarbonate ions.

in red blood cells.

in white blood cells.

RBCs/erythrocytes: for O2 transport

WBCs/leukocytes: defend body vs. infectious disease & foreign materials

What is the function of the T cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system?

to destroy antibodies

to produce and release antibodies

to engulf cellular antigens

to move antibodies to sites of invasion of pathogens

NK cells Lysis of virally infected cells and tumour cells

Helper T cells Release cytokines and growth factors that regulate other immune cells

Cytotoxic T cells Lysis of virally infected cells, tumour cells and allografts

Gamma/delta T cells

Lysis of virally infected cells, tumour cells and allografts

B cells Secretion of antibodies

After a strenuous physical activity, a person continues to breathe heavily until

the food energy that was stored in the muscles is replaced.

lactic acid is consumed or converted into something else.

glucose breakdown begins.

accumulated carbon dioxide is removed from the muscles.

The kidney is a homeostatic organ because it

removes digested food from the body.

keeps tissue fluid at a constant level.

prevents the loss of urea in the blood.

regulates the ionic content of the blood.

osmoregulation

Water balance, salt regulation

excretion Forms urea-containing urine

Homeostasis: the steady-state physiological condition of the body

Which of these is a function of cutin in plants?

to provide a cue for stoma opening and closing

to direct chromosomes during meiosis

to transport minerals from the roots

to form a barrier to water loss on a leaf surface

What is the process that often results in the formation of three layers of cells?

gametogenesis

fertilization

blastulation

gastrulation

What is the process whereby a zygote is formed?

gastrulation

gametogenesis

blastulation

fertilization

Which term refers to the programmed cell movements within the embryo?

gametogenesis

fertilization

blastulation

gastrulation

blastulation Formation of a hollow ball of cells

fertilization Union of haploid gametes to form a zygote

gametogenesis

Process by which gametes are produced in the mammalian body

gastrulation

Rearrangement of cells of the blastula to form a 3-layered embryo w/ a primitive gut

The greatest risk in childbirth by an Rh-negative (Rh-) mother and Rh-positive (Rh+) father is caused by

the combined toxic effects of antigens produced by an Rh- fetus and Rh- mother.

antibodies produced by an Rh+ fetus.

Rh- antigens produced in the mother.

the production of antigens by an Rh+ fetus, which then elicits production of antibodies in the Rh- mother.

• The Rh factor is a RBC antigen

• A mother who is Rh- (no Rh factor) and a father who is Rh+ (w/ the Rh factor) may have a child who is Rh+

• If small amounts of fetal blood cross the placenta, the mother mounts a humoral response against the the Rh factor

• In subsequent pregnancies with an Rh+ fetus, the mother’s memory B cells will produce antibodies that will destroy the RBCs of the fetus.

Which bird is the most evolutionarily successful?

lays 9 eggs, 9 hatch, and 3 reproduce

lays 9 eggs, 8 hatch, and 2 reproduce

lays 7 eggs, 5 hatch, and 4 reproduce

lays 2 eggs, 2 hatch, and 2 reproduce

Which of the following statements about viruses is correct?

Like the protists, viruses contain organelles such as mitochondria and plastids.

Viruses are able to replicate and reproduce independently.

Viruses can produce enzymes within themselves.

Some viruses are composed of RNA molecules that are enclosed in a protein coat.

Which plant group produces flowers?

gymnosperms

ferns

bryophytes

angiosperms

Which plant group consists of non-tracheophytes?

gymnosperms

ferns

angiosperms

bryophytes

Angiosperms Flowering plants; includes monocots and dicots

Bryophytes Nonvascular plants; includes mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Ferns Earliest vascular plants; closely related to club mosses and horsetails

Gymnosperms

Plants that bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones

Which belong(s) to the kingdoms that may contain autotrophic organisms?

A B C

D E F G

Which has/have no definite nuclei in their cells?

A B C

D E F G

Which is/are most closely related to the blue green algae, also known as cyanobacteria?

A B C

D E F G

Which possess(es) a backbone?

A B C

D E F G

What process is accelerated by runoff of phosphorus into lakes?

interspecific competition

ecological succession

biological magnification

eutrophication

What process involves persistent chemicals doing harm to animals at the top of the food chain?

interspecific competition

eutrophication

ecological succession

biological magnification

Which process often leads to a complex and stable ecosystem?

interspecific competition

eutrophication

biological magnification

ecological succession

Which of the following processes returns nitrogen in animal cells back to the atmosphere?

transpiration

photosynthesis

respiration

decomposition

Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level?

eagle – tertiary consumer

cyanobacteria - producer

fungi - detritivore

zooplankton – secondary consumer

“Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.”- Thomas Alva Edison