Orientation%20to%20 report%20writing writing%20process[1]

Module 1, Unit 1

Analyzing Workplace Reports

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this module, students will beable to:

D. Identify the various factors that shape a report.

F. Define the term “report”.

H. Determine the qualities that make a report effective.

Objective A: Factors that shape a report.

When reading a report you should be able toanswer the following 7 questions…

Questions Elements

1. Who is asking that this report be written?

Authorizer

2. Who is writing the report? Writer (Sender)

3. To whom is the report being written? Audience (Receiver)

4. What is the report about? Subject Matter

5. Why is the report being written?• Informing or analyzing• What is the writer hoping to accomplish?

Purpose• general• specific

6. How is the report being sent?• Oral or written• Letter, memo, formal report, telephone, fax, oral, e-mail, Internet

Format

7. How often is the report being sent?• Periodic reports (internals – daily, weekly, monthly, annually)• Special report – single occasion for a unique situation

Time Frequency

Due date

APPLICATION #1

Identify Common Reasons for Writing Reports

Refer to page 4 of your Study Guide.

Complete the following sentences:

Reports are generally assigned by…

• Authorizer: The person who has asked/instructed that the report be written in the first place.

Reports are written by…

• Writer (Sender): The person who has developed/written the report.

Reports are written to…

• Audience (Receiver): – This group of people are the ones the

report is intended for.

– The group of people to whom the writer is writing.

– The people who will be reading the report.

Reports are written about…

• This question refers to the subject matter of the report

Reports are written for a…

Purpose– General– Specific

Why is the report being written?• Informing or analyzing• What is the writer hoping to accomplish?

Reports are presented using formats such as…

• What channel of communication:

– oral– written

• In what medium will the report be presented:

– letter - telephone– memo - fax– formal report - oral– memo - e-mail

Reports written regularly are called…

• Periodical reports:– Daily

– Weekly– Monthly– Annually

Reports written for one occasion only are called…

• Special reports:– Written for a single occasion in response

to a unique situation.

Objective B: Working Definition of the term“report”

A “report” is an organized1, objective2

presentation of facts3 sent to one or more

persons4 for a specific purpose5.





1. Organize your report.

• If a reader cannot follow the writer’s organization…communication will not occur.

To be organized a report must:

• Follow an established format that fits the occasion.

• Follow a writing pattern (sequence) that fits the occasion.

• Adopt a direct or indirect approach.

1. Follow an established format suitable for the occasion.

a. oral vs. written,

b. forms,

c. memo vs. long and formal

d. Etc…

2. Follow a writing pattern (sequence) appropriate to the occasion.

• Incid e nt R e ports : chronological ord e r

(accid e nt re ports… how d id it all occur?)

• E valuating Re ports : (com pare /contrast and

e valuate a pe rson, prod uct, or se rvice

accord ing to your crite ria)

• Inve stigative R e ports :(id e ntify the proble m ,

e stablish the cause and propose a solution)

3. Adopt a direct or indirect approach.

• direct approach: the main message goes right up front so that the reader knows exactly what is happening as soon as they begins to read.

• indirect approach (the diplomatic method), the writer explains the problem or the reasons before giving the main message. Used when the writer thinks the reader may not be receptive to the message.

Direct approach…eg.

• When Gerry writes up his investigation report about Cathy, the missing camper, he will want to put his recommendations right up front at the beginning of the report. Because the directors had already asked him to investigate the situation, he does not need to persuade them that changes should be made.

Indirect Approach…eg.

• As a team leader, you feel that the members of your team would benefit from a workshop on empowerment. However, after researching the project, you realize that it will be costly. As a result, you will need to persuade your boss that the benefits of this workshop justify the cost.





2. Write Objectively

• To be objective, a writer must present facts without bias, prejudice or opinion and include all relevant data.

• Although a report should always seek to present the true picture, it is not possible to be totally unbiased:

– Each person sees life based on his or her own PRECEPTIONS

– We often make INFERENCES about different on-the-job situations,

• HOWEVER…you must always be prepared to prove that your conclusion is based on facts, not on bias, prejudice, or opinion.





3. Presentation of the facts:

• As such, the information must be:

– Complete: get all the details

– Accurate: make sure info. is correct… don’t assume

Application #3

Distinguishing Between Fact and Inferences

Pages 3 & 4 in your handout.

Page 6 of your Study Guide





4. Direct the report to one or more persons:• Reports are written to people who

need your information in order to make decisions and take action.

1. Primary Audience

3. Secondary Audience

• Primary Audience: the main person who needs your report in order to be informed.

• Secondary Audience: anyone else who might read your report to:

– become informed – help in the decision making process– carry out instructions

Types of Communication Audience/Receiver Function

UpwardCommunication(Internal)

• President or director• Administrators• Supervisors

• To inform about what is happening

• To facilitate problem-solving• To facilitate decision-

makingDownwardCommunication(Internal)

• Personnel within different departments (financial, human resources, plant, training, maintenance)

• Front-line workers• Secretaries

• To inform• To request information• To request cooperation

HorizontalCommunication(Internal)

At the same organizational level:•Between colleagues•From one department to another

• To inform• To facilitate problems

solving• To facilitate decision-

making

ExternalCommunication(directed upwards, horizontally and/or downwards)

• Clients/customers• Public• Government• Financial sources• Workers and/or supervisors

in agencies, businesses, industries

• To inform• To facilitate problem-solving• To facilitate decision-

making





5. Write for a purpose!

• Why have you written your report?

• What do you want to happen as a result?

Each report should have a:

Common reasonGeneral purposeSpecific purpose

Each report is written for a reason or a

purpose and often one report can suit

several purposes at one time…eg…

Double purpose reporting:

• A supervisor reports to her boss about the high turnover of staff at their work place. In doing so, she is informing her boss about possible problems in the workforce while at the same time, helping her boss resolve situations and make long-term plans.

Common reasons for writing reports could include…• To document services and

statistics

– Employee progress reports

– Inventory

– Profits/losses

• To provide legal documentation.

– records of all accidents and incidents (WSIB)

• To provide continuity of service.

– Passing off a client from worker A to worker B.

• To share information.

– provide necessary data about a customer/client or services to third parties.

• To control quality standards

– To investigate and evaluate in order to improve and maintain high standards.

• To make decisions and long-term plans.

– To provide a supervisor with complete and correct information so that he/she can make good decisions and long-term plans.

Application #4

Common Reasons for Writing Reports

Page 5 in your handout

Page 11 in your Study Guide

“General” purposes for writing reports:

• In “general” people write reports to either inform or analyze

Informing vs. Analyzing

• Writers write to:

– Inform (present the facts) or,

– Analyze (Analyze the facts in order to come to a conclusion and make recommendations).

1.

Informational Reports

• They present facts, observations, and/or experiences without any analysis, interpretation, conclusions, or recommendations.

– daily logs - financial reports

– service documentation, - sales reports

– statistical reports

Analytical Reports

• Also inform, but they go a step further.

• They present information about an issue, a problem or a situation. The report then offers an analysis or interpretation of the information presented.

• After the writer has evaluated the problem or situation, he may go on to present conclusions and recommendations.

– Gerry, the camp director, will present the data on the three applicants for the position of camp assistant; he must then analyze his data so that he can make the best selection.

Application #5

General Purpose of a Report

Page 7 of your handout


“Specific” purposes for writing reports:

• Besides identifying whether you need to inform or to analyze, you must also determine why you are writing your report.

• What do you want or expect to happen because of your report?

– To help you shape the direction of your report writing, picture handing the report to the boss and saying, “When I hand you this report, I want such and such to happen.”

– What you want to happen is your “specific” purpose.

Application #6

Specific Purpose of the Report



Application – Group Activity(time permitting??)

Analyze a Report According to the Definition of a Report



Investigation Report - 206

Objective C:Qualities of an Effective Report

• Workplace readers require efficient reports.

• They want reports that:

– waste no words;– do not use pompous language;

– state the main point quickly, clearly and concisely.

• What is liability?

LIABILITY!!!

YOU ARE LEGALLY ON THE LINE FOR EVERYTHING YOU WRITE.

Writers are accountable for their documents.

• In questions of liability, faulty writing is no different from any other faulty product.

• If you’re inaccurate or unclear or incomplete information leads to injury or damage or loss, you can be held legally responsible.

To make your report effective, you must include the following qualities:

• Content

• Organization

• Style

• Format

1. Content

• Content that is complete and accurate:

– What the report is about.

2. Organization

• Organization that displays logical thinking and correct emphasis:

– How the report is organized.

3. Style

• Style that is clear, concise and correct:

– How the report is written.

4. Format

• Format that is accessible and attractive:

– How the report looks.

REFERENCES

• Sulis, M.A. (Revised 2007) Write and present technical reports: Open Learning Study Guide (In-

class version). Northern College.

Technology

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